If you disturb water that has been supercooled or cooled below its freezing point, it will suddenly

crystallize into ice. Vi..Cult..., Creative Commons License

You can cool water below its stated freezing point and then crystallize it into ice
on command. This is known as supercooling. These are step-by-step instructions
for supercooling water at home.
Supercooling Water - Method #1
The simplest way to supercool water is to chill it in the freezer.
1. Place an unopened bottle of distilled or purified water (e.g., with reverse
osmosis) in the freezer. Mineral water or tap water will not supercool very well
because they contain 'impurities' that can lower the freezing point of the water
or else serve as nucleation sites for crystallization.

2. Allow the bottle of water to chill, undisturbed, for about 2-1/2 hours. The exact
time needed to supercool the water varies depending on the temperature of
your freezer. One way to tell your water is supercooled is to put a bottle of tap
water (impure water) into the freezer with the bottle of pure water. When the
tap water freezes, the pure water is supercooled. If the pure water also freezes,
you either waited too long, somehow disturbed the container, or else the water
was insufficiently pure.

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3. Carefully remove the supercooled water from the freezer.

4. You can initiate crystallization into ice in several different ways. Two of the
most entertaining ways to cause the water to freeze are to shake the bottle or to
open the bottle and pour the water onto a piece of ice. In the latter case, the
water will often freeze backwards from the ice cube back into the bottle.
Supercooling Water - Method #2
If you don't have a couple of hours, there is a quicker way to supercool water.
1. Pour about 2 tablespoons or 20 ml of distilled or purified water into a very
clean glass.

2. Place the glass in a bowl of ice such that the level of the ice is higher than the
level of water in the glass. Avoid spilling any ice into the glass of water.

3. Sprinkle a couple of tablespoons of salt onto the ice. Do not get any of the salt
in the glass of water.

4. Allow about 15 minutes for the water to cool below freezing. Alternatively, you
can insert a thermometer into the glass of water. When the temperature of the
water is below freezing, the water has been supercooled.

5. You can make the water freeze by pouring it over a piece of ice or by dropping a
small piece of ice into the glass.


Firebreathing can be accomplished using a non-toxic, less-flammable fuel than the ones used by
traditional firebreathers. Corn starch is the fuel being used for this firebreathing. Anne Helmenstine
Firebreathing involves breathing a fine mist of fuel over an open flame to form a
fireball. It's playing with fire in a big way, so there are obvious risks involved. It's
adult-supervision-only time here, okay? I stronglyadvise you never to attempt
fire breathing with a flammable fuel because this carries a risk of the fire
traveling back to you and setting you on fire. Additionally, most of the traditional
flammable fuels are toxic. Here's how to breathe fire with a non-toxic, non-
flammable fuel. You probably ought to try this project outdoors, not because of
the risk of a fire, but because you're going to make a big mess with the fuel, which
is corn starch. A video tutorial of this project is available, if you would like to see
what to expect.
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Open Fire Fuel
Firebreathing Materials
big container of corn starch
big spoon
big glass of water
big flame
How to Breathe Fire
1. Fill your mouth with a big scoop of corn starch. Do not breathe in any of the
corn starch! The biggest risk from this project is inhaling corn starch, which
could damage your lungs (like any fine powder). Laughing is your biggest
threat here. The corn starch doesn't have a bad taste, but the texture is every bit
as nasty as whatever you're imagining.

2. Blow the corn starch out over a large flame. There is some skill to this: try to
whistle out the corn starch. It's easy to blow out a candle or lighter, plus it puts
your hand in harm's way, so I used a big burning piece of cardboard. You could
blow the starch over a campfire or whatever, just be careful not to blow it
toward anyone or anything that might catch fire.

3. Repeat as desired and then swish the water around in your mouth. Spit it out
and repeat to clean your mouth. The big advantage of using corn starch over
flour (which would also work) is that the corn starch rinses out pretty easily.
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How It Works
A mass of corn starch will not easily burn (try it), but when you disperse the
starch into a fine powder you can ignite it as a fuel. Starch, like sugar or flour, is a
carbohydrate and can be burned. In fact, the dust burns instantly. If you've heard
of a grain elevator explosion, this is the most common cause. A much smaller
quantity of starch is used for this firebreathing

The writing for this invisible ink technique is done using corn starch. An iodine
solution is used to reveal the writing.
Difficulty: Average
Time Required: 15-30 minutes
Here's How:
1. Essentially you want to make a thin corn starch gravy. You will write using the
gravy, allow the writing to dry, then reveal the message using an iodine
solution.
2. If you don't have a pre-made iodine solution, you can make some by adding a
teaspoon of iodine to about 10 teaspoons of water. Set the iodine aside for later.
3. Mix about 2 T cornstarch with 4 tsp water in a pan. Heat, while stirring, until
smooth. You can boil the mixture to make a gravy - just be careful not to burn
it!
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4. Remove the cornstarch gravy from the heat. Dip a toothpick, small paintbrush,
or cotton swab into it and use it to write your message on paper.
5. Let the paper air-dry.
6. Brush a small sponge, swab, or paintbrush dipped in the iodine solution over
the paper to reveal the hidden message. The message should appear purple.
Tips:
1. You can use simple corn starch in water to write the message, but the writing
won't be as invisible as it is using corn starch gravy.
2. If the heat source is a problem, try using very hot tap water to hydrate the corn
starch rather than using a stove or hot plate.
3. Iodine binds to the starch molecules to reveal the message.
4. Try using other starches instead of corn starch, such as diluted mashed
potatoes or mashed cooked rice with water.
What You Need:
Corn Starch
Iodine
Water
Toothpick or Cotton Swab
Hot Plate or Stove
Paper


https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=W8BtVdeEOkQ

Learn four ways to make fire using chemical reactions. No matches or lighter are
needed to start the fire.
Chemical Fire #1
potassium permanganate
glycerin
water
Add a few drops of glycerin to a few crystals of potassium permanganate.
Accelerate the reaction by adding a couple of drops of water.
Chemical Fire #2
acetone
sulfuric acid
potassium permanganate
Soak a tissue with acetone to make it more flammable. Draw sulfuric acid into a
glass pipette. Dip the pipette into potassium permanganate so that the tip of the
pipette is coated with a few crystals. Dispense the sulfuric acid onto the tissue.
The potassium permangante and sulfuric acid mix to produce manganese
heptoxide and fire.
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High School Chemistry
Fire Matches
Chemical
Burning Wood Fire
Chemical Fire #3
sodium chlorate
sugar
sulfuric acid
Mix a small amount of sodium chlorate and sugar. Initiate the reaction by adding
a few drops of sulfuric acid.
Chemical Fire #4
ammonium nitrate powder
finely ground zinc powder
hydrochloric acid
Mix together a small amount of ammonium nitrate and zinc powder. Initiate the
reaction by adding a few drops of hydrochloric acid.
Chemical Fire Safety
If you are performing a demonstration of chemical fire using any of these
reactions, use very small amounts of the chemicals listed for each project. Wear
proper safety gear and work on a fire-safe surface.

Have you ever wondered whether you could set ice on fire? These are instructions
for how to make ice appear to burn and also instructions so that you can actually
set it on fire.
Making Ice Appear to Be on Fire
Most of the photos you might see of burning ice were probably made using
Photoshop, but you can get theappearance of burning ice very easily without
resorting to image processing tricks. Get some glass cubes (craft stores carry
them), set them on a surface that can withstand fire (metal pan, pyrex,
stoneware), pour something flammable over the 'ice', and set it alight. You can
use 151 rum (
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Dry Ice Cleaning
Flame
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Isopropyl Alcohol
ethanol ), rubbing alcohol (try for 90% isopropyl alcohol, not the 70% alcohol
stuff), or methanol (Heet fuel treatment from the automotive section of a
store). These easy-to-obtain fuels burn cleanly, so they won't set off your smoke
alarm (I know... I tried). If you want colored flames, you can add any of the
usual flame colorants to the ethanol or rubbing alcohol. If you use methanol, try
adding a little boric acid for a brilliant green flame . Use caution with methanol,
since it burns very hot. One little display tip: You can give glass cubes the
imperfect, crackled appearance of water ice by setting one on fire and then
tossing it (with tongs) into water after the fire goes out. The glass may shatter,
but if you have the temperature just right you'll just create internal fractures that
look very pretty in photographs.
Flaming Ice
I basically told you how to set ice on fire when I explained how to make a flaming
B-52 drink. High-proof ethanol (like 151 rum) or 90% isopropyl alcohol will float
on the surface of water and mix with it so that as long as there is fuel, your ice will
appear to burn. Don't use methanol... as the ice melts, it will extinguish the flame
(methanol is highly toxic too). You can use ethanol on ice used for human
consumption (or flaming ice cream drinks). Rubbing alcohol is toxic and should
only be used for decorative purposes.
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Really Burning the Ice
You may be thinking it is impossible to burn ice. Strictly speaking, that is not
true. You can burn ice, just not water ice. If you make ice cubes from any of the
alcohols I have listed, you can burn them. For pure alcohol ice cubes, you'll need
a way to freeze the liquid down to about -100C, give or take a few degrees
depending on the specific alcohol. You don't need to get quite that cold for 75%
alcohol/25% water ice, which will burn if you spritz it with a little liquid alcohol
to get flammable vapor over the ice. You may be able to freeze the 75% solution
over dry ice.
Flaming Ice Safety
Just remember two things: (1) If you want to ingest the flaming ice, only use
food-grade ethanol, not some other fuel. (2) Methanol burns very, very hot! You
can get away with using almost any surface if you use ethanol or isopropanol
(hey... you can even touch the flame briefly). The uncontrolled-fire and burn risks
are much higher using methanol because it produces so much heat.