1

(2012) Microelectronics III midterm exam date: 2012/11/06

1. (25%) The circuit shown in Fig. 1(a) can be used to approximate an inductor; assuming the
opamp is ideal.
(1) For Fig. 1(a), derive an expression for the input impedance, Z
in
. (10%)
(2) Z
in
can be modeled as that shown in Fig. 1(b). Please find expressions for L, R
S
, and R
P
, in
terms of C, R
1
, and R
2
. (10%)
(3) To realize a high-Q inductor, how would you choose R
1
and R
2
. You must explain your
reasons. (5%)
v
in
R
2
R
1
C
v
in
R
S
R
p
L
Z
in
Z
in

Fig. 1(a) Fig. 1(b)
(Solution)
(1) For Fig. 1(a), derive an expression for the input impedance, Z
in
. (10%)
Answer:

( )
( )
2
in 1 2 in in in
1 2 2 1 2
2 2
in in
2 2 1 2 2 1 2
1
in in
2 1 2 1
1 1 1
1
1 1
1 1 1 1

1 1 1 1 1
1 1

1 1
a a
sCR sC
I I I v v v v v
R R sCR R sCR
sCR sCR sC sC
v v
sCR sCR R sCR sCR R sCR
R sC sC
v v
sCR R sCR R
| |
= + = + = +
|
+ +
\ .
( ( | | | | +
= + = +
( ( | |
+ + + + +
\ . \ .
( | | +
= + =
( |
+ +
\ .

( )
( )
1
2 1
2 1
in
in
in 1
2 2
in in
2
2
1
1
1
:
1
1
a
R
sCR R
sCR R
v
Z
I sCR
R sCR
where v v v
sCR
R
sC
(
(
+

+
= =
+
= =
+
+


2
(2) Z
in
can be modeled as that shown in Fig. 1(b). Please find expressions for L, R
S
, and R
P
, in terms
of C, R
1
, and R
2
. (10%)
Answer:
v
in
R
S
R
p
L
Z
in2
I
in

( )
( )
( )
( ) ( ) ( )
( )
( )
( ) ( )
1 1
in2
2 2
1 1 2 2 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 2 1
in
1 1 1 1
1 2 1
1
1
1
// ..... 1
1 1
1
:
1 1
1 1 1 1
..... 2
1
Comparison 1 with 2
P
S P S S S
P
P P
sL R
sL
Z R sL R R R R
L
R sL
s
sL R R
where
R sCR R sCR sCR sCR R R sCR sCR R R
R sCR R
Z
sCR sCR sCR sCR
sCR R R
R
sCR
Z
= + = + = + = +
+
+ +
+ + + + +
+
= = = =
+ + + +

= +
+
( ) ( )
( )
( )
( )
in2
1
1 2 1
1 2 1 1 2 1
in 1 1
2 1
1 2 1 1
2 1
1
1
1
S
S
P
P
sL
R
L
s
R R
R
L CR R R
sCR R R sCR R R
Z R R
R R R
CR R R sCR
s
R R

= +

+
=

=



= + = +
=

+
+

(3) To realize a high-Q inductor, how would you choose R
1
and R
2
. You must explain your reasons.
(5%)
Answer:
For a high-Q inductor, R
P
should be larger, and R
S
should be very small. According to the statement,
we should choose large R
2
and small R
1
.

Note: The following derivations are only for reference. Those who take the exam do not need to
provide them on their answer sheets.
( )
2 2 2 2
in2 in2
1 1 1 1
2 2 2 2
1
P
S S
P
P
sLR sL
P s Z I I R I R I
L
R sL
s
R
| |
|
| |
| = = + = +
|
+
|
\ .
+
|
\ .


3
( )
( )
( )( )
( )
( )
( )( )
2 2
in2
2 2 2
2 2 2 2
in2 2 2 2
2
2 2
2 2
loss 2 2 2 2 2 2
1 1
2 2
1 1 1 1
2 2 2 2
1 1
2 2
average energy sto
P
P
P
P P
P P
S
P P
P P P
S S
P P
P
S
sLR R sL
P s I R I
R sL R sL
j LR L R j LR R j L
P j I R I I R I
R j L R j L R L
LR
L R
I R j I P j W
R L R L
Q
e e e e
e
e e e
e
e e
e e
e

= +
+
+
= + = +
+ +
| | | |
= + + = + | |
| |
+ +
\ . \ .
=
( )
2 2
2
2 2 2 2 2 2
2 2 2 2
2
2 2 2 2 2 2
2 2
2 2
2 2 2 2 2
1
1
2
red
energy loss/second
1
2
, for 1
P P
P P
P P
P P
P
S
P P
S S
P
S
P
S P
R
LR LR
I
R L R L
L R L R
I R R
R L R L
LR LR
R
R
L R L
R R L L R
e e
e e
e e
e e
e
e
e e
e e
<<
| | | |
| |
| |
+ +
\ . \ .
= =
| | | |
+ +
| |
| |
+ +
\ . \ .
= ~ = <<
+ +




4
2. (25%) Plot the transfer characteristic of the circuit in Fig. 2.

Fig. 2
Answer: 15 5
2
a
R
V V V
R R
= =
+

(1) If v
in
< V
a
= 5V (i.e., V
+
> V

), v
out
= L
+
. and D
1
OFF, D
2
ON.

( ) ( )
( ) ( )
out in
in out in out
out in in in
2
2
2
2 5 2 10 2 15
V v v V R
v V V v v V V v
R R R
v V v V v v




= = =
= = = +

(2) If v
in
> V
a
= 5V (i.e., V
+
< V

), v
out
= L

. and D
1
ON, D
2
OFF.

in 1
in 1 1 in out in
2 10
v V V V
v V V V V v V v v
R R



= = = + = +

5
3. (25%)
(1) For the circuit in Fig. 3, find the transfer function T(s) = V
o
/V
i
. (10%)
(2) Choose C = 2 nF. If the circuit is used to reject a frequency component at 10 kHz, find the
value of R. (10%)
(3) For a 5-kHz input sine wave with amplitude of 2 V, find the voltage amplitude at the output.
(5%)
Fig. 3
(1) For the circuit in Fig. 3, find the transfer function T(s) = V
o
/V
i
. (10%)
2
1 1
1 1 1 1
2 // 2 //
1 1
2 2
1 1
//
1
1
1 1 1 2 2 2 1 1

1 1
1 2 1 2
2 2
2 2 1 2

1 2 1
o i i i i o
i i i o i i i o
i
R R sC sC
sC sC R R
V V V V V V V
R R sCR sCR
R
sC
sC
R
sC
s RC
R
V V V V V V V V
sCR sCR s RC s RC sCR sCR
sC sCR
R
s RC
V
s RC sCR s
+ +
| |
= = +
|
\ .
+
+
+ | | | |
= + = +
| |
+ +
\ . \ .
+ +
+
=
+ +
( )
( )
( )
2 1 2
2 1 2 1 2
2 1 2 2 2 1 2
1
1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2
2 2 2
1 2 2 2 2 2
2
2
2 2
2
2
1 2
i i o
o i
o i i
o
i
V V V
RC s RC sCR s RC
s RC
V V
sCR s RC s RC s RC sCR s RC
V s RC s RC V s RC V
sCR sCR sCR
s RC
s RC sCR
V
sCR
V sCR s RC sC
s RC
sCR
+
+ +
+ | | | |
+ =
| |
+ + + +
\ . \ .
| | ( (
+ + = + =
|
( (
\ .


= =
+
+ +
( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( )
2
2
2 2 2
2 2 2 2
2
1
2 1 1
1
2 2
2 2 2
1 1
2
1
1
: ,
1 1 1 1
i o i o
i i i i o i i o i i o
s
s R C RC
R s R C sRC
s s
RC RC
sC
where V V V V V
R sCR
R
V V V V V V V V V V V V V V
R sCR sCR sCR sCR
| |
+
|

\ .
= =
+ + +
| |
+ +
|
\ .

= + = +

= + = = + = + + = +
6

(2) Choose C = 2 nF. If the circuit is used to reject a frequency component at 10 kHz, find the value
of R. (10%)
Answer:
0
0
2
2
2 2
2
2 2 0
2
0 3 9 5
1
,
1 1
2
1 1 1 1
10 , 7.96
2 2 10 2 10 10 2 10 4 10
o
i
s
s
V RC
V
s s
s s
Q
RC RC
f kHz R K
RC kHz C
e
e
e
t t t t

| |
+
|
+
\ .
= =
| |
+ +
+ +
|
\ .
= = = = = = O



(3) For a 5-kHz input sine wave with amplitude of 2 V, find the voltage amplitude at the output.
(5%)
Answer:
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( ) ( )
( )
( ) ( )
( )
( )
2 2
2 2
2 2
2 2
2
2
2
2
2
2
5
1 1
,
1 1 1 1
2 2
1
2
1 2
1 2 1 1
2 2
2
1
1
2
o o
i i
o
i
o
i
f kHz
s
V s V j
RC RC
T s T j
V s V j
s s j
RC RC RC RC
f
V f f RC
RC
V f
f RC j f RC
f j f
RC RC
V f
V f
e
e
e
e
e e
t
t
t t
t t
=
| | | |
+
| |
\ . \ .
= = = =
(
| |
| |
+ + +
( | |
\ . \ .
(

| |

|

\ .
= =
(
+
| |
+
(
|
\ .
(

=
( )
( )
( ) ( )
( )( )
2
o
2
2 1
5 5
5
0
5
3
3 3
4
0.95 18.43
3 1 1 3
1 1
3 1 tan
1
4 4 3
2 4
0.95, 0.95 0.95 2 1.9
1 1
: 10 ,
2 2 10
2 5
2
o
o i
f kHz f kHz
i
f kHz
f kHz
j
j
j
V f
V f V f V
V f
where f kHz RC
RC kHz
kHz
a f RC
t t
t
t

= =
=
=
| |
|
\ .
= = = = Z
+ | | | |
| | | |
+ + Z
+ | |
| |
\ . \ .
\ . \ .
= = = =
= = =

= ( )( )
5
1 5 1
,
2 10 2 2 10 4
f kHz
kHz
b f RC
kHz kHz
t
t
t t
=

= = =



7
4. (16%)
(1) Symbolically derive the loop gain of the Wien-bridge oscillator (4%) shown in Fig. 4.
(2) Determine the frequency of oscillation (4%) and the condition to start oscillation (4%).
(3) Find the frequency of oscillation numerically in units of Hz when R = 10 k and C = 16 nF
(4%).
R
2
R
1
V
o
R
C
C
R
V
a
Z
s
Z
p
Fig. 4
(Solution)
(1) Symbolically derive the loop gain of the Wien-bridge oscillator (4%) shown in Fig. 4.
Answer:
( )
( )
2
2 1
1
2 2 2
1 1 1
1
1
1
1 1 1
1
1 1 1
3
1 3
1 1
: ,
p
p s s p
s P
R
Z
R R
L s
R Z Z Z Y
R R R
R R R
L j
j CR
R j C j CR
RC
j C R j RC
where Z R Y j C
j C R
e
e
e e
e
e e
e
e
+
(
= + =
(
+ +

+ + +
= = =
| | | | | |
| |
+
+ + + + +
|
| | |
\ .
\ .
\ . \ .
| |
= + = +
|
\ .

(2) Determine the frequency of oscillation (4%) and the condition to start oscillation (4%).
( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( )
2
1
0
2
1 2
0
1
4%
4%
1
1
,
1
3
1
1, 2 Condition to start oscillation
3
R
R
L j
RC
j CR
RC
R
R R
L j
R
e e
e
e
e
+
+
+
= =
| |
+
|
\ .
+
= = =

(3) Find the frequency of oscillation numerically in units of Hz when R = 10 k and C = 16 nF
(4%).
( )
0 0 4 9
4%
1 1 1
994.72
2 2 10 16 10
f Hz
RC RC
e
t t

+ = = = =


8
5. (9%) Consider a modification of the circuit of Fig. 5 in which R
1
is replaced by a pair of diodes
connected in parallel in opposite directions. For L
+
= L

= 12 V, R
2
= R = 10 k, C = 0.1 F,
and the diode voltage as a constant denoted V
D
, find an expression for frequency as a function of
V
D
.

R
2
v
o
R
v

v
+
C
D
1
D
2

Fig. 5 Fig. 5(a)
(Solution)

( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
1
1
1 1 2
1 1
1 1
3 6
1
0 , 12 , 0 , , ,
2
During : 12 12 , 12 12
12 12 12
ln ln 10 10 0.1 10 ln ,
2 12 12 12
2
t
RC
C B B D B D
t T
RC RC
B D B D D
D D D
D D D
T
V t V V V e V V V V V T V T T
T V t V e V T V V e
V V V T
T RC RC
V V V
T

= + = = = = = (

= + = = +
| | | | | | + +
= = = =
| | |
+
\ . \ . \ .
=
3
3
12 1 1 500
10 ln ,
12 12 12
2 10 ln ln
12 12
D
D D D
D D
V
f
V T V V
V V

| | +
= = =
|
| | | | + +
\ .

| |

\ . \ .