OFFICE AUTOMATION

OFFICE AUTOMATION
The embedded system is a combination of hardware, software and additional mechanical parts designed to
perform a specific function. A good example is the ROAD TRAFFI !"!T#$. %ere the traffic signal changes
periodically according to a predetermined program that is fed into the I. !o an embedded system is designed to
do a specific tas& with in a gi'en time repeatedly, endlessly and with or without human inter'ention.
The pro(ect 'OFFICE AUTOMATION' is based on embedded technology that uses MICROCHIP'S
PIC MICROCONTROLLER, PIC16F877 This has 'ery much influence in industrial application. The chip is
programmed according to the re)uirement of the user. *rogram coding is done using assembly language.
Microchip+s Inter!te" #e$e%op&ent En$iron&ent MPLA' is used to simulate and assemble the written
code.
,ew millennium gi'es importance to 'arious ad'anced automation technologies in 'arious phases of
human life. The OFFICE AUTOMATION S(STEM is a uni)ue 'enture, which gi'es a complete automation
and security for an office building. It not only automates 'arious utilities but also sa'es a good amount of
con'entional electrical energy by switching off the electrical appliances, which is not effecti'ely utili-ed. The
e)uipment allows automation for doors, fan and lighting de'ices. !o the main concern of this pro(ect is
conser'ation of the con'entional electrical energy and its efficient usage and pro'ides security of the office.
It monitors an authori-ed entry to the office with real time sur'eillance system. Acti'e IR sensors sense
the entering or lea'ing of persons to the office or from the office. An intelligent display gi'es the current count
of the persons inside the office. .nwanted use of electrical e)uipments are monitored and controlled by sensors.
Once the system is installed there is no need of any human interface except for the password entry. This reduces
the chance of unauthori-ed entry and theft.
/y using the micro controller the hardware expense is reduced. It is 'ery simple to install and easy to
maintain. This system is highly reliable, cost effecti'e and compact in si-e. All these ha'e been enhanced by the
use of micro controller.
CONTENTS
I) A'STRACT
0. FLO* CHART
1. A'OUT PIC+THE 'RAIN OF THE S(STEM
2. *H( PIC IS USE#
3. A'OUT PIC 16F87,
4. S(STEM FEATURES
5. PRO-RAM
67. CIRCUIT #IA-RAM
II) #ATASHEET
68. CONCLUSION
69. 'I'LIO-RAPH(
A'STRACT
,ew millennium gi'es importance to 'arious ad'anced automation
technologies in 'arious phases of human life. The automatic office management
system is a uni)ue 'enture, which gi'es a complete automation and security for any
office building. It not only automates 'arious utilities but also sa'es a good amount
of power by switching off electrical appliances, which is not effecti'ely utili-ed.
The e)uipment allows automation for doors, fan and lighting de'ices.
It monitors unauthori-ed entry to the office with real time sur'eillance entry
to the office with real:time arbitration process, allows precision and error free
8. I,TROD.TIO,
9. /;O< DIA=RA$
sensing of instructions. An intelligent display gi'es the current count of the people
inside the office. .nwanted use of electrical e)uipments are monitored and
controlled by built in light.
INTRO#UCTION
The new millennium gi'es top priority for energy management and effecti'e
utili-ation of generated electrical power. It is studied that more than 07> of the
total electrical power generated is wasted due to improper monitoring or
consumption. As we see in most of the offices most of the electrical appliances li&e
fan, lights will be left O, from day brea& to e'ening e'en if the personnel+s are not
in the infra red seta. It becomes difficult for them to switch it O, or OFF all the
appliances before they lea'e or enter the office. As a result a huge amount of energy
is wasted. $oreo'er the need ensuring security is recei'ing a 'ital importance in
our day:to:day life. It is essential to ensure security in factories, ban&s, and
confidential areas of research centers, power plants etc /ut now in these areas the
tas& of maintaining security has become an enormous technological challenge. This
pro(ect pro'ides efficient security and a'oids the chance of unauthori-ed entry.
The office management system is a ,o'ell networ&, which considers the
abo'e concepts and monitors inefficient use of electrical energy using embedded
systems. #mbedded system is one of the fast emerging trends in our day:to:day life,
which has been gi'en more importance and popularity since the past decade or two.
It has ta&en into 'arious fields of life. It ranges from small toys to sophisticated
control and functioning of machines. #mbedded system is basically a combination
of hardware and software systems. Depending on the input recei'ed we can control
or operate different output de'ices with the help of software written on to the
system depending on our needs. These programs can then be upgraded for more
functioning which will be needed later.
. ?ith the help of an embedded system here a design for an office
management is being de'eloped. The main concern of the pro(ect
is conser'ation of the con'entional electrical energy and its efficient usage
and pro'ides security of the office. The core of the system is a flash memory
programmed micro controller. The system
employs a 'ariety of sensors, which are used to measure the different parameters
inside the office, and they pro'ide the information to the micro controller. The
system pro'ides a 'ariety of sensors, which are used to measure the different
parameters inside the office and they the information to the micro controller through
their corresponding hardware. $ain steps of the sensors used are for sensing the
luminance, temperature, presence of occupants etc, depending on the status obtained
from the sensors the micro controller decides to switch OFF . the electrical
e)uipments li&e fans, lights, when they are not needed as they are pre:programmed
on the micro controller. It also guards one office complex against unattached entries
and causalities li&e fire.
All the sensors are suitably calibrated and gi'e signals to the micro
controller, which uses intelligence to control different de'ices. The entry is password
protected. The programmed password is stored in ##*RO$ @non:'olatile memoryA,
which preser'es the data when the system is un:powered. Once the system is
installed there is no need of any human interface except for the password entry. This
reduces the chance of unauthori-ed entry. This reduces the chance of unauthori-ed
entry and theft.
7 SEGMENT DISPLAY
KEYBOARD
LDR DRIVER FAN
DRIVER
LIGHT
IR SENSOR 2
THERMISTOR
'LOC. #IA-RAM
PIC16F877
IR SENSOR 1
FEATURES
B The system conser'es con'entional electrical energy.
B *ro'ides security for the office.
B This system reduces the chance of unauthori-ed entry to the office and theft.
B Acti'e IR sensors allow precision and error free sensing.
B An intelligent display gi'es the current count of the persons inside the office.
B .nwanted use of electrical e)uipments are monitored and controlled by sensors.
B !ystem offers password protection.
B A 0x0 &eyboard is used for entering password.
B It is simple to install and easy to maintain.
B This system is highly reliable and cost effecti'e.
STU#( OF PIC MICROCONTROLLER
*I micro de'ices are grouped by the si-e of their instruction word. The
three current *I micro families areC
/ase:;ine C 68:bit instruction word length $id:
Range C 60:bit instruction word length %igh:#nd C
62:bit instruction word length
D#DI# !TR.T.R#
#ach part of a de'ice can placed into one of three groupsC
6. ore
8. *eripherals
9. !pecial Features
T%# OR#
The core pertains to the basic features that are re)uired to ma&e the
de'ice operate. These includes
6. De'ice Oscillator
8. Reset ;ogic
9. *.@entral *rocessing .nitA
0. A;.@Arithmetic ;ogic .nitA
1. De'ice memory map organi-ation
2. Interrupt Operation
3. Instruction set re'ision
: 5 :
*#RI*%#RA;!
*eripherals are the features that add a differentiation from a microprocessor.
These ease in interfacing to the external world @such as general purpose IEO,
;D dri'ers, AED inputs, and *?$ outputsA,and internal tas&s such as &eeping
different time bases@such as timersA.The peripherals areC
6. TI$#RO
8. TI$#R 6
9. TI$#R8
0. AD
1. IEO *ORT!
2. .!ART
3. *
!*#IA; F#AT.R#!
!pecial features are the uni)ue features that help to decrease system cost
or increase system reliability or increase system flexibility. The *I
microcontrollers offer se'eral features that help to achie'e these goals. The
special features discussed areC
6. De'ice configuration bits
8. On:chip *ower:On Reset@*ORA
9. /rown:Out Reset@/ORA ;O=I
0. ?atchdog timer
1. ;ow power mode @sleep modeA
VDD
MCLR "
INTERNAL PGR
PWR
PWRT TIME-O-
UT
OST
TIME-OUT
INTERNA
L RESET
OSCILLATOR
The internal oscillator circuit is used to generate the de'ice cloc&. The de'ice
cloc& is re)uired for the de'ice to execute instructions and for the peripherals to function.
Four de'ice cloc& periods generate one internal cloc& cycle. There are up to eight different
modes which the oscillator may ha'e. There are two modes which allows the selection of the
internal R oscillator cloc& out @;< O.TA to be dri'en on an IEO pin, or allow that IEO pin
to be used for a general purpose function. The oscillator mode is selected by the de'ice
configuration bits. The de'ice configuration bits are non'olatile memory locations and the
operating mode is determined by the 'alue written during de'ice programming. The
oscillator modes areC
6 ;* ;ow fre)uency @*owerA rystal
8 FT rystal E Resonator
9 %! %igh !peed rystal E Resonator
0 R #xternal Resistor E apacitor @same as #FTR with ;<O.TA
1 #FTR #xternal Resistor E apacitor
2 #FTR #xternal Resistor E apacitor with ;<O.T
3 I,TR Internal 0$%- Resistor E apacitor
4 I,TR Internal 0$%- Resistor E apacitor with ;<O.T
STATUS RE-ISTER
/it 3 addressingA
IR*R*6R*O67*DGDRE?:7 RE?:x /it 3RE?:7 2RE?:7 1R:6 0R:6
9R3?:8x RE? 6:x
The status register contains two bits @TO and *DA, which when used in
con(unction with the *O, register bits pro'ide the user with enough information to
determine the cause of the reset.
/it
O
: 66 :
IR*C
Register
/an& !elect
/it @used for
indirect
lH/an& 8, 9 @lOOh:lFFhA
7H/an& 7, 6 @lOOh:FFhA
For de'ices with only /an& 7 and /an& 6 the IR* bit is reser'ed,
always maintains this clear
/it 2C 1
addressingA
R*6C R*OC Register /an& !elect /its @used for direct
6 6 H /an& 9 @647h:lFFhA 6 7 H
/an&8@677h:63FhA 7 6 H /an& 6
@47h:FFhA 7 7 H /an& 7 @77h:
3FhA
#ach ban& is 684 bytes. For de'ices with only /an& 7 and /an&
6 the IR* bits is reser'ed, always maintain this bit clear.
/it 0
instruction
TOC Time:Out bit
6 H after power up, ;R?DT instruction or sleep 7 H A
?DT time out occurred.
/it 9 *DC *oer:Down bit
6 H after power up or by the ;R?DT instruction.
: 5 :
7 H by execution of the !;##* instruction.
/it 8
-ero.
GC Gero bit
6 H the result of an arithmetic or logic operation is -ero. 7 - the
result of an arithmetic or logic operation is not
/it 6
DC Digit carry E /orrow bit
@ADD?F, ADD;?, !./?F, !./;? instructionsA @for borrow the
polarity is reser'edA
6 H A carry out from the 0
th
low order bit of the occurred. 7 H ,o
carry out from the 0
th
low order bit of the result.
/itO
C arry E /orrow bit @ADD?F, ADD;?, !./?F, !./;?
instructionsA
6 H A carry out from the most significant bit of the result occurred.
7 H ,o carry out from the most significant bit of the result occurred
@means the result is negati'eA
ARCHITECTURE
The high performance of the *I micro de'ices can be attributed to a number of
architectural features commonly found in RI! microprocessors.
6 %ardware architecture
8 ;ong word instructions
9 !ingle word instructions
0 !ingle cycle instruction
1 Instruction pipelining
2 Reduced instruction set
3 Register file architecture
4 Orthogonal @symmetricA instructions
13
OPTION RE- RE-ISTER
The O*TIO,IR#= register is a readable and writable register which
contains 'arious control bits to configure the T$RO E ?DT prescalar ,the external I,T
interrupt ,T$R7 ,and the wea& pull:ups on *ORT /.
RE?:l
RE?:l
RE?:
RE?: RE?: RE?:l RE?: RE?:
/it 7
R/*.C *ORT / *ull:.p #nable bit 6 H
*ORT / pull ups are disabled
7 H *ORT / pull ups are enabled by indi'idual port latch
'alues
/it 2
I,T#D=C Interrupt #dge !elect bit 6 H
Interrupt on rising edge of I,T pin
7 H Interrupt on falling edge of I,T pin
/it 1 TO!C T$RO cloc& !ource !elect bit
6 H Transition on TO<6 pin
7 H Internal instruction cycle cloc& @;<O.TA
%iiulwtiie
Architecture
R/*.I,T#D=TO!TO!#*!A*!8*!6*!O/it 3210986
/itO
/it 0 TO!#C T$RO !ource #dge !elect bit
6 H Increment on high:to0ow transition on TO<6 pin
7 H Increment on low:to:high transition on TO<6 pin
/it 9 *!AC *rescalar Assignment bit
6 H *rescalar is assigned to the ?DT
7 H *rescalar is assigned to the Timer 7 module
/it 8:7 *!8:*!7C *rescalar rate select bits
*!8 *! 6. T$RO Rate ?DT Rate
*!O
7 7 7 6C8 6C6
7 7 6 6C0 6C8
7 6 7 6C4 6C0
7 6 6 6C62 6C4
6 7 7 6C98 6C62
6 7 6 6C20 6C98
6 6 7 6C684 6C20
6 6 6 6C812 6C684
*RI=RA$ $#$OR" OR=A,IGATIO,
$id:range $. de'ices ha'e 69:bit program counter capable of addressing an
4< J 60 program memory space. The width of the program memory bus @instruction wordA is
60:bits.!ince all the instructions are a single word, a de'ice with an 4< J 60 program
memory has space for 4< of instructions. This ma&es it much easier to determine if a de'ice
has sufficient memory for desired application. This program memory space is di'ided into
four pages of 8< words each @7h:3FFh,477h:FFFh,6777h:63FFh,and 6477h:lFFhA.Figure
shows the program memory map as well as the 4 le'el deep hardware stac&. To (ump
between the program pages, the high bits of the *rogram ounter @*A must be modified.
This is done by writing the desired 'alue into a special function register called *;AT%
@*rogram ounter ;atch %ighA.If se)uential instructions are executed, the * will cross the
page boundaries without any user inter'ention.
#ATA MEMOR( OR-ANI/ATION
Data memory is made up of the !pecial Function Registers @!FRA area, and the
=eneral *urpose Registers @=*RA area. The !FRs controls the operation of the de'ice, =*Rs
are the general area for data storage and scratch pad operations. The data memory is ban&ed
for both !FRs and =*R areas. =*R area is ban&ed to allow greater than 52 bytes of general
purpose RA$ to be addressed. FR! is for the registers that control the peripheral and core
functions. /an&ing re)uires the use of control bits for ban& selection. These control bits are
15
located in the !TAT.! register @!TAT.! K3C1BA.The entire data memory can be accessed
either directly or indirectly. Direct addressing may re)uire the use of the R*6CR*7 bits.
Indirect addressing uses the Indirect Register *ointer @IR*A bit of the !TAT.! register for
accesses in the /an& OE/an& 6 or the /an& 8E/an& 9 areas of data memory.
'AN.IN-
The data memory is partitioned into four ban&s. #ach ban& contains =*Rs and
!FRs. !witching between these ban&s re)uires the R*O and R*6 bits in the !TAT.! register
to be configured for each ban& extends up to 3Fh @684 bytesA.The lower locations of each
ban& are reser'ed for the
!FRs. Abo'e the !pecial Function Registers are the =eneral *urpose Registers. All data
memory is implemented as static RA$. !ome high use !FRs from /an& 7 are mirrored in
the other ban&s for core reduction and )uic&er access.
PORTS
=eneral purpose IEO pins can be considered the simplest of peripherals. They
allow the *I to monitor and control other de'ices. To add flexibility and functionality to
a de'ice, some pins are multiplexed with an alternate function@sA.In general when a
peripheral is functioning, that pin may not be used as a general purpose IEO pin. For most
ports ,the IEO pin+s direction @input or outputA is controlled by the data direction register
,called TRI! register .TRI! KxB controls the direction of *ORTKxB .A +6+ in the TRI! bit
corresponds to that pin being an input .while a +7+ corresponds to that pin being an output.
The *ORT registers are the latch for the data to be output. ?hen the *ORT is read, the
de'ice reads the le'els present on the IEO pins.
PORT A !n" TRISA RE-ISTER
The RA0 pin is a !chmitt Trigger input and an open drain output. All other
RA port pins ha'e TT; input le'els and full $O! output dri'ers. All pins ha'e data
direction bits @TRI! registerA which can configures these pins as output or input. !etting a
TRI!A register bit puts the corresponding output dri'er in a high impedance mode.
learing bit in the TRI!A register puts the contents of the output latch on the selected
pin@sA.
PORT ' !n" the TRIS' RE-ISTER
*ORT/ is an 4:bit wide bidirectional port. The corresponding data direction
register is TRI!/. !etting a bit in the TRI!/ register puts the corresponding output dri'er
in a high impedance input mode. learing a bit in the TRI!/ register puts the contents of
the output latch on the selected pin@sA.
PORTC !n" the TRISC RE-ISTER
*ORT is an 4:bit bidirectional port. #ach pin is indi'idually configurable as
an input or output through the TRI! register. *ORT pins ha'e !chmitt Trigger input
buffers. ?hen enabling peripheral functions, care should be ta&en in defining TRI! bits
for each *ORT pins. !ome peripherals o'erride the TRI! bit to ma&e a pin an input.
PORT# !n" the TRIS# RE-ISTER
*ORTD is an 4:bit bidirectional port. #ach pin is indi'idually configurable as
an input or output through the TRI!D register.
PORTE !n" the TRISE RE-ISTER
*ORTD is an 4:bit bidirectional port. #ach pin is indi'idually configurable as an
input or output through the TRI!# register.
PRO-RAMMA'LE INTERFACE CONTROLLER 0 PIC1
*H( PIC IS USE#1
SPEE#2
?hen operated at its maximum cloc& rate, a *I executes most of its
instructions in .8 micro seconds or 1 instructions per microseconds.
HI-H PERFORMANCE RISC CPU
INSTRUCTION SET SIMPLICIT(
The instruction set consists of (ust 91 instructions.
INTE-RATION OF OPERATIONAL FEATURES
*ower on reset and brown out protection ensure that the chip operates only when
the supply 'oltage is within specificationL a watchdog timer resets the *I if the chip e'er
malfunctions and de'iates from its normal operation. Any one of four cloc& options can
be supported, including a low cost R oscillator and a high accuracy crystal oscillator.
17
PRO-RAMMA'LE TIMER OPTIONS2
Three 'ersatile timers can be characteri-ed inputs, control outputs and pro'ide
internal timing for program executions.
INTERRUPT CONTROL2
.ptol8 independent interrupt sources, which can pro'ide useful interrupting as
when needed.
EPROM 3OTP 3ROM OPTIONS2
.ltra'iolet erasable, programmable parts support de'elopment. /oth small and
lower cost one time programmable parts supports large production runs.
IN'ULT MO#ULES2
The *I microcontroller has a number of inbuilt modules such as AD, .!ART
that increases 'ersatility of micro controller.
LO* POER CONSUMPTION2
*I#E OPERATIN- 4OLTA-E RAN-E2 8.1 TO 2.7 4
PRO-RAMMA'LE CO#E PROTECTION MO#E2
PO*ER SA4IN- SLEEP MO#E2
PIC16F87,
+++++++++++++++++
6. %igh *erformance *.
8. Only 91 Instructions
9. All single cycle instructions expect program branches operating speed C D87
$%- ,cloc& inputC D877ns instruction cycle
0. .p to 4< J 60 words of flash program memory .p to
924 J 4 bytes of data memory @RA$A .p to 812 J 4
bytes of ##*RO$ data memory
1. *in out compatible to the *I 6239/E30/E32E33
2. Interrupt compatibility @up to 60 sourcesA
3. *ower:on reset @*ORA
4. *ower:up timer @*?RTA and oscillator startup timer @O!TA
5. ?atch dog timer @?DTA with its own on:chip oscillator for reliable operation.
67.*rogrammable code protection power sa'ing sleep mode 66.;ow:power
,%igh speed $O! Flash:##*RO$ technology 68.In circuit serial
programming @I!*A DIA two pins 69.!ingle 1D in circuit serial
programming capability 60.6n:circuits debugging DIA two pins
61.*rocessor readEwrite access to program memory 62. ?ide operating
'oltage range 63.%igh sin& or source current 64.;ow power consumption
PIN OUT OF PIC16F877A
PDIP
<NOT>MCLR/Vpp/
THV RAO/AN 0
RA1/AN1
RA2/AN2/Vref-
RA3/AtJ3Mef+
RA4/T0CKI
RA/AN4/<N0T>!!
R"0/<NOT>RD/AN

R"1/<N0T>#R/AN
$
R"2/<NOT>C!/AN
%
V&&
V''
0!C1/CLKIN
0!C2/CLK0(T
RCM10!0/T1CKI )
RC1/T10!I-/CCP2
RC2/CCP1
RC3/!CK*/!CL
RDO/P!PO
RD1/P!P1
PIC16F87
7
S(STEM FEATURES
6 *A!!?ORD *ROT#TIO,
8 !#,!OR!
9 R#;A"!
0 <#"/OARD
1 DI!*;A"
2 DI!.A; I,DIATIO,
*A!!?ORD *ROT#TIO,
The system is fully password protected. A four digit password is used for the system.
The password of the authori-ed persons is pre'iously stored in the ##*RO$. Only by
the entry of the 'alid password the access into the room is accepted otherwise it will
set out an alarm. On the entry of the password we get a single beep which indicates
that the password entered is correct and the relay connected to the door latch is made
to open immediately, which ma&es the door open. There is a pro'ision of three trials
for entering the password beyond which an alarm is setout which indicate that an
attempt for entry by an unauthori-ed person.
SENSORS
As explained earlier, the system+s main consideration is effecti'e power
management.
For this it has to monitor and measure different parameters within the office so as to gi'e
the corresponding intelligence to the microcontroller which ma&es different decisions
which in turn controls the different electrical appliances inside the office .For this we use
different sensors for measuring different parameters. The different types of sensors used
are infrared diodes, temperature and light dependant resistors. All the abo'e sensors used
here are highly sensiti'e and ha'e correctness in the infrared outputs, which is 'ery
reliable. #ach of them is calibrated according to our needs.
INFRARE# #IO#ES
Infrared diodes are similar to the normal diodes. Infra red diodes emit infrared rays
instead of light in the case of ;#Ds. In this system they are used for finding count of the
persons entering or lea'ing the room. %ere two infrared diodes are used named infrared A
and infrared /. They are placed immediately after the door. The sensor near to the door is
ta&en as sensor A and that placed far from the door is ta&en as sensor /. the sensor A and
/ are placed at a distance of about lm. The infrared diodes acts as a transmitter circuit and
the photo detectors are placed at the other end of the infrared diodes, which acts as the
recei'er circuit. The rays from the infrared diodes are focused on to the photo diodes.
?hene'er the ray cuts between infrared diode and photo diode, a signal is gi'en to the
microcontroller. An entry is detected when the sensor A cuts first and then sensor /.
Otherwise an exit is detected if sensor / cuts first and then sensor A.
LI-HT #EPEN#IN- RESISTOR
Another sensor used in this system is ;DR, which detects the illumination in a
particular area. In presence of light the resistance of the sensor goes into a range of mega
ohms. In the absence of light the resistance of the sensor falls to a few ohms thereby
changing the conducti'ity of current. The ;DR is suitably calibrated such a way that if
the luminance inside the room is below a specified 'alue it gi'es out a signal to the
microcontroller, which ta&es the decision +put O, the light+.
RELA(S
Relays are used here as dri'er for the different electrical appliances so as to ma&e
the de'ice O, or OFF. The help of relays can pro'ide sufficient amount of isolation for
the system from the line 'oltage. !ince the microcontroller cannot directly pro'ide
sufficient dri'e to the relays 68' supplies are used for dri'ing he relays.
.E('OAR#
This is the only human machine interface of the system. The &eyboard is normally
a 9J0 matrix type. ,ormally a telephone &eypad is used. The &eypad has an electronic
circuitry to determine which &ey is pressed. Then a standard 4:bit code is generated and
sends to the *I. Detecting which &ey is pressed and generating the corresponding code
is &nown as encoding. %ere it is used for the password entry and it+s editing.
#ISPLA(
This system uses three segment dynamic displays for displaying the number of
persons inside the room in the run mode. ?hene'er the infrared rays are cut which detect
an entry or exit it gi'es the signal the signal to the microcontroller, which in turn
decrements a register. This count is con'erted to decimal format by the subroutine and is
displayed on to the displays.
IN#ICATIONS
DI!.A; I,DIATIO,!
There are fi'e different ;#Ds.
6. <eyboard chec&
8. Right password
9. ?rong password
0. ;ight
1. Fan
.E( 'OAR#
<ey board is the only human interface to the system. %ere we are using a numeric &ey
pad .An employee enters his password through this &ey board .<ey board is interfaced to
the system through *ORT/.R/7:R/9 are configured as output. Remaining pins are
configured as input.
figC &eyboard connection
*ressing a &ey causes a change in the amount of current flowing in the circuit associated
with that &ey. /y detecting the increase and decrease in current the microcontroller that is
constantly scanning the &eyboard can detect when a &ey is pressed and when it has been
released. %ere we initially place -ero to one of the row and one to all columns. Then we
read the columns. ?hen any one of the &ey is pressed the corresponding column 'alue
goes low and the &ey press is detected. The 'alue gi'en to the row is rotated and the
abo'e process continues until a &ey press is detected.
3 !#=$#,T DI!*;A"
A'ery common re)uirement in modern electronics is that of displaying alphanumeric
characters. Digital watches, calculators, digital multimeters are examples of de'ices that
ma&e use of such displays. The best &nown type of alphanumeric display is the se'en
segment display that consists of se'en independently accessible photoelectric segments
such as ;#Ds or ;Ds arranged in the form shown in the figure.
- 2 3 -
figC se'en segment display
The segments are named from a to g in the manner shown in figure and it is possible to
display any number from 7 to 5 or alphabetic character from A to F by acti'ating the
signals to 'arious combinations to produce a one, segments b and c are energi-edL to
produce a 8 ,segments a, b, g, e, and d are use dL and so on
One common type of se'en segment display consists of ;#Ds .#ach segment is an ;#D
that emits light when current flows through it. There are two types of displays a'ailable :
common anode arrangement and common anode arrangement. ommon anode
arrangement re)uires a dri'ing circuit to pro'ide a ;O? le'el 'oltage in order to acti'ate
a gi'en segment. ?hen a ;O? is applied to a segment input, the ;#D is forward biased
and current flows through it.
The common cathode arrangement re)uires a dri'ing circuit to pro'ide a high le'el
'oltage in order to acti'ate a gi'en segment. ?hen a %I=% is applied to a segment input ,
the ;#D is forward biased and current flows through it.
figC common cathode internal wiring
Lect5re 7) #iit!% #i6p%!7
Binary num!r" ar! n!#!""ary$ u% &!ry 'ar( %) r!a( )r in%!r*r!%+ W'a% i"
a&ai,a,! %) (i"*,ay inary %) (!#ima, in-)rma%i)n. A sevense!"en#
L$E$D$ %&s'()*$
A "!&!n-"!/m!n% (i"*,ay may 'a&! 3, 4, )r 5 ,!a(" )n %'! #'i*+ U"ua,,y ,!a(" 4 an( 5
ar! (!#ima, *)in%"+ T'! -i/ur! !,)0 i" a %y*i#a, #)m*)n!n% an( *in ,ay)u% -)r a "!&!n
"!/m!n% (i"*,ay+
r-c$s DA.
+1 frf
-a.::r
PIN ASSIGNMENT
+,-(& .1/N(0(1237' 4
) % 5 +i 1 " ! r 2 3
3 SEGMENT 4ISPLA5
T'! ,i/'% !mi%%in/ (i)(!" in a "!&!n-"!/m!n% (i"*,ay ar! arran/!( in %'! -i/ur! !,)0+
6
A
4IO4E PLACEMENT IN A SE7EN SEGMENT 4ISPLA5$ NO 4ECIMAL
T'!r! ar! %0) %y*!" )- (i"*,ay" a&ai,a,!$ #)mm)n an)(! an( #)mm)n #a%')(!+ T'!
0irin/ -)r a #)mm)n an)(! i" "')0n !,)0+
1
COMMON ANO4E INTERNAL WIRING
T'! %ru%' %a,! "')0n !,)0 i" u"!( %) #)n-irm %'a% %'! (i/i%a, "i/na, "!n% %) %'!
(i"*,ay ,i/'%" u* %'! #)rr!#% "!/m!n%+
TRUT8 TABI9
In*u%" Ou%*u%"
LE BI LT 4
c
B A a # ( a - 9 4i"*,ay
: : ; : : : : 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 <
: C : : = : ; ;
c
; ; # ; B,an>
; 1 1 ; ; ; ; 1 1 1 1 1 1 ; ;
; 1 1 ; ; ; 1 ;
6
1 ; ; ; ; 1
; 1 1 ; ; 1 6 1 1 1 1 ; ; 6 2
; 1 1 ; ; 1 1 6 1 1 1 ; ; 6 3
; 1 1 ; 1 ; ; ;
6
1 ; ; 1 6 1
; 1
6
; 1 ; 1 1 ; 1 1 ; 1 1 5
; 1
1
i
; 1 1 ; ; ;
6
1 1 1 1 ?
; 1 A ;
6
1 1 1 1 1 ; ; ; ; 7
; 1 1 1 ; ; ; % 1
!
1 1 1 6 <
; 1 1 1 4 ; 1 1 1 1 ;
I@
1 1 y
; 1 1 ; 1 ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; B,an>
; 1
%
1 ; 1 1 ; ; ? ; ; ; ; B,an>
; 1
I
1 1 ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; B,an>
; 1 1 1 1 ; 1 ; ; ; ; ; ;
-%
B,an>
; 1 1 1 1 1 ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; B,an>
; 1 1 1 1 1 1 ; ; ; ; ; G ; B,an>
1 1 1 : : : : 5
8
: - 4)iAB% Car!
B4!*!n#" u*)n %'! BC4 #)(! *r!&i)u",y a**,i!( 0'!n IE C 0
TR.T% TA/;# FOR T%# !#D#,:!#=$#,T DI!*;A" The internal
circuitry and logic gates for the display is shown below.
INTERNAL CIRCUITR5 AN4 LOGIC GATES 9OR 7 !#= DI!*;A"
T'! 0irin/ -)r %'! #)mm)n #a%')(! i" "')0n !,)0+
X
COMMON CAT8O4E INTERNAL WIRING
T) #)n&!r% %'! inary num!r" %) "i/na," %'a% #an (ri&! %'! L+E+4+" in %'! (i"*,ay y)u
n!!( a (i"*,ay (ri&!r+ In %'! ,a 0! u"! an MC11516 #'i*+ T'! *in)u%" ar! "')0n !,)0+
U17
B 7##
C -
LT /
B, a
LE
4
#
A (
GN4 !
MC60166
PINOUTS 9OR T8E MC11511 SE7EN-SEGMENT 4ISPLA5 4RI7ER
A$ B$ C$ an($ 4 ar! %'! inary in*u%"+
a$ $ #$ ($ !$ -$ an( / ar! %'! (ri&!r "i/na," %) %'! (i"*,ay !,!m!n%"+ LT i" %'! Li/'%
T!"% #)n%r),$ %urn" a,, "!/m!n%" )n$ a#%i&! ,)0+ BL ,an>" a,, %'! "!/m!n%" 0'!n
a#%i&a%!($ a#%i&! ,)0+ LE i" %'! ,a%#' !na,! #)n%r),+
1
69
1:
4-
+
-
a
1;
6
68
,-f.
MB......:
11
-
n
1<
9
a
T'! "*!#i-i# "!&!n-"!/m!n% (i"*,ay u"!( in ,a i" an LN513RD+ T'! "#'!ma%i# !,)0 i"
"imi,ar %) %'! )n! y)u 0i,, u"! in ,a+
vcc
)-
6
2
6
9
6
8
6
6
6
7
LT
B,
GN4
$I 02660s

c (
t
E A M
la I o
AT8
g
L4P
l.N 66
R4I-B
SE7SEG
SE7EN SEGMENT 4ISPLA5 WIT8 4ISPLA5 4RI7ER
T) 'a&! %'! (ri&!r #)n&!r% %'! inary in*u% %) "i/na," r!a(y -)r %'! (i"*,ay$ %i! *in 3$ LT$
an( *in 1$ B,$ %) 7CC+ C)nn!#% *in 5$ LE$ %) /r)un(+ In %'i" #)n-i/ura%i)n 0'a% !&!r %'!
inary in*u%" a% A-4 ar! 0i,, ! #)n&!r%!( an( %'! (i"*,ay 0i,, "')0 %'! (!#ima,
!Fui&a,!n%+
COUNTING ;-3
CL
C$L$
K
CO
LD
TE
PL
P6 71
P/ 72
P. 7/
P1 76
1Y 1A
1B
1C
ID
2A
2Y 2B
2C
20
60
1
1
6
6
<+ = circ5it
16 I 16
1/ 12
G@ 1
12
11
81+
+ + +GGi+r
1+
4 10
i
6
in
LE
GND
)
9
#
%
e 1
CAT6
CAT/
CAT2
CAT1
LDP RDP
;-3 COUNTING CIRCUIT
T'! "%ar% )- %'i" #ir#ui% i" %'! MC111?1 inary #)un%!r+ T'! -un#%i)n /!n!ra%)r i"
#)nn!#%!( %) %'! #,)#> in*u% %) "%ar% %'! #)un%in/ #y#,!+ T'! MC11;12 NAN4 /a%!
m)ni%)r" %'! )u%*u% )- %'! inary #)un%!r+ W'!n %'! #)un% !Fua," 3 %'! )u%*u% )- %'!
NAN4 /a%! "!n(" a "i/na, %) %'! ,)a( #)n%r),$ L4$ )n %'! #)un%!r %) ,)a( %'! &a,u!" )n
P1-P1$ in %'i" #a"! %'! num!r H!r)+ A" %'! #)un%!r i" in#r!m!n%in/ -r)m ;-3 %'! (ri&!r
"i/na, i" #)n"%an%,y u*(a%in/ %'! (i"*,ay an( %urnin/ )n an( )-- %'! a**r)*ria%! "!/m!n%"+
I- n!!( ! y)u #)u,( u"! a 555 %im!r #ir#ui% in *,a#! )- %'! -un#%i)n /!n!ra%)r+
I
SET R 1C;
R2C; R3C;
R1C; R5C;
+LE4 ON
INCREMENT COUNT 4ECREMENT COUNT
6
1
r
CON7ERT COUNT 9ROM 8E: TO 4ECIMAL+
4ISPLA5
COUNT
I
GGGGGGGGG
@+
"
9AN ON
% LIG8T O99
r N
PRO-RA
M
i
1
I
L.*rogram for office automation
;I!T *H*I62F433
66
OI,;.D#P*62F433.I,P
/;O< 7F87
FI F8 F9 F0 "l
"8 "9 "0
Rl Ldeclaring registers
I R8
R0 R1
I R2
R#= ! I
!8 Tl
!67 ! l l
#,D
OR= 7 L starting of the program
,O*
,O*
,O*
=OTO /#=I,
;OO< ADD?F *;,6
R#T;? /+76666667+
R#T;? /+76677777+
R#T;? /+67667667+
I R#T;? /+67766667+
R#T;? /+l 6776677+
R#T;? /+l 6766767+ Lloo&up table for se'en:segment display R#T;? /+l
6666767+
I
I

I
I
R#T;?/+77776667+
R#T;? /+l 6666667+
Q li
I II ,, II
,, iJ
I
I I
I
I
R#T;? /+l 6766667+ /#=I, ;RF
*ORT/ ;RF *ORTA ;RF *ORT
;RF *ORTD ;RF *ORT# ;RF ! I
;RF R0 ;RF R1 ;RF R2 ;RF Tl
;RF R0 ;RF R1 ;RF R2 $OD;?
D+75+ $OD?F FI $OD;? D+71+
$OD?F F8 $OD;? D+OF $OD?F
F9 $OD;? D+79+ $OD?F F0 /F
!TAT.!,2 /!F !TAT.!,1 $OD;? /+l
6667777+ $OD?F TRI!/ /F O*TIO,
R#=,3 /F TRI!A,1 $OD;? 7F73
$OD?F ADO,6 /F !TAT.!,2 K
/F !TAT.!,1 $OD;? /+77776666+
$OD?F *ORT/ ;RF *ORTA ;RF
*ORT/ ;RF *ORT
clearing *ORT!
Lstoring user password
onfiguring *ORT / as half input and half oEp
CLP$F PORT#
CLRF PORTE
/!F *ORTA,1 $OD;?
/+l 6667666J $OD?F
*ORT/ /TF!! *ORT/,0
=OTO O,# /TF!!
*ORT/,1 =OTO T?O
/TF!! *ORT/,2 =OTO
T%R##
$OD;? /+l 666 6766+
$OD?F *ORT/ /TF!!
*ORT/,0 =OTO FO.R
/TF!! *ORT/,1 =OTO
FID# /TF!! *ORT/,2
=OTO !IF $OD;? /+l
6666676+ $OD?F
*ORT/ /TF!! *ORT/,0
=OTO !#D#, /TF!!
*ORT/,1 =OTO #I=%T
/TF!! *ORT/,2 =OTO
,I,# $OD;? /+l 6666667+ $OD?F *ORT/
/TF!! *ORT/,1 =OTO G#RO /TF!!
*ORT/,3 =OTO #,T#R =OTO !TART /TF!!
*ORT/,0 =OTO O,# $OD;? D+76+ $OD?F
Rl
I
L
chec&in
g for
pressing
one
Lchec&in
g for
pressing
two
Lchec&in
g for
pressing
three
L
chec&in
g for
pressin
g
four
Lchec&i
ng for
pressing fi'e Lchec&ing for
pressing six
Lchec&ing for pressing se'en
Lchec&ing for pressing eight
Lchec&ing for pressing nine
Lchec&ing for pressing -ero
Lchec&ing for pressing enter
Lstoring the number,blin&ing ;#D,exchang
A;; /;I,< A;; #F%A,=# =OTO
!TART /TF!! *ORT/,1 =OTO T?O $OD;?
D+78+ $OD?F Rl A;; /;I,< A;;
#F%A,=# =OTO !TART
/TF!! *ORT/,2 =OTO T%R## $OD;? D+79+
$OD?F Rl A;; /;I,< A;;
#F%A,=# =OTO !TART
/TF!! *ORT/,0 =OTO FO.R $OD;? D+70+
$OD?F Rl A;; /;I,< A;;
#F%A,=# =OTO !TART
/TF!! *ORT/,1 =OTO FID# $OD;? D+71+
$OD?F Rl A;; /;I,< A;;
#F%A,=# =OTO !TART /TF!! *ORT/,2
=OTO !IF $OD;? D+72+ $OD?F Rl A;;
/;I,<
I
Lstoring the
number,blin&ing
;#D,exchanging
Lstoring the
number,blin&ing
;#D,exchanging
Lstoring the number,blin&ing ;#D,exchanging
Lstoring the number,blin&ing ;#D,exchanging
Lstoring the number,blin&lng ;#D,exchanging
A;; #F%A,=#
=OTO !TART
/TF!! *ORT/,0
=OTO !#D#,
$OD;? D+73+
$OD?F Rl Lstoring the number,blin&ing ;#D,exchanging
A;; /;I,< A;;
#F%A,=# =OTO
!TART
/TF!! *ORT/,1
=OTO #I=%T
$OD;? D+74+
$OD?F Rl Lstoring the number,blin&ing ;#D,exchanging
A;; /;I,< A;;
#F%A,=# =OTO
!TART
/TF!! *ORT/,2
=OTO ,I,# $OD;?
D+75+
$OD?F Rl Lstoring the number,blin&ing ;#D,exchanging
I
A;; /;I,< A;;
#F%A,=# =OTO
!TART
/TF!! *ORT/,1
=OTO G#RO $OD;?
D+OO+
$OD?F Rl Lstoring the number,blin&ing ;#D,exchanging
A;; /;I,<
A;; #F%A,=#
=OTO !TART
/TF!! *ORT/,3
=OTO #,T#R
A;; /;I,<
$ODFF6,7
!./?F "6,7
/TF!! !TAT.!,8
=OTO !TART
$ODF F8,7 !./?F
"8,7 /TF!!
!TAT.!,8 =OTO
!TART $ODF F9,7
!./?F "9,7 /TF!!
!TAT.!,8 =OTO
!TART $ODF F0,7
!./?F "0,7 /TF!!
!TAT.!,8 =OTO
!TART =OTO O*#,
Lchec&ing the entered password
Lwrong password,reentering password
Lopening the door
/;I,< /F !TAT.!,2 /!F
!TAT.!,1 /F
TRI!A,1 /F
!TAT.!,2 /F
!TAT.!,1 /!F
*ORTA,1 /F
!TAT.!,2
/!F !TAT.!,1 Lblin&ing ;#D for a &eypress
$OD;? /+77777666+
$OD?F O*TIO,R#= /F
!TAT.!,2 /F !TAT.!,1
$OD;? D+76+ Ldelay for ;#D
I
P $OD?F T$RO
FF $ODF T$R7,7
/TF!! !TAT.!,8
=OTO FF
/F *ORTA,1
R#T.R,
#F%A,=# $ODF "8,7
$OD?F "l
$ODF "9,7
$OD?F "8 $ODF "0,7
$OD?F "9 exchanging the entered password
$ODF R 6,7 $OD?F "0
R#T.R,
/F !TAT.!,2 /!F !TAT.!,1
/F TR.I !A, 6 Lopening the door
/F !TAT.!,2 /F !TAT.!,1 /!F
*ORTA, 6
L !#,!I,= !#TIO, /F !TAT.!,2 /!F
!TAT.!,1 /F TRI!,8 /!F TRI!D,7 /!F
TRI!.0 /F !TAT.!,2 /F !TAT.!,1 /!F
*ORT,8 /F !TAT.!,2 /!F !TAT.!,1
$OD;? /+ OOOOOl l l + $OD?F O*TIO,
R#= /F TRI!#,8 /F !TAT.!,2 /F
!TAT.!,1 $OD;? D+61+ $OD?F R#=
$OD;? DT+ $OD?F T$RO $ODF T$R7,7
/TF!! !TAT.!,8 =OTO /D D#F!G R#=,6
=OTO ;A!
/!F *ORT#,8
A;; DI!*;A"
/F !TAT.!,2 /!F
!TAT.!,1 /!F
TRI!D,7 /!F
TRI!,0 /F
!TAT.!,2 /F
!TAT.!,1 A;;
DI!*;A" /TF!
*ORTD,7 =OTO GG
A;; D#;A" 6
/TF!! *ORTD,7
=OTO AA =OTO
GG A;; DI!*;A"
/TF! *ORT,0
=OTO AA A;;
D#;A" 6 /TF!
*ORT,0 =OTO AA I,F ! l , l
A;; D#;A"1 A;; DI!*;A"
=OTO GG A;; DI!*;A"
/TF! *ORT,0 =OTO ""
A;; D#;A" 6 /TF!!
*ORT,0 =OTO // =OTO ""
A;; DI!*;A" /TF!
*ORTD,7 =OTO // A;;
D#;A" 6 /TF! *ORTD,7
=OTO // $ODF !6,7
I
displaying
count L
chec&ing for
entry
Lchec&ing for
entry
Lchec&ing for
entry
L chec&ing for entry
incrementing sensing register
Lchec&ing for exit
Lchec&ing for exit
Lchec&ing for exit
Lchec&ing for exit
/TF! !TAT.!,8
=OTO ;O!#
$OD?F ! I
D#F !6,6 Ldecrementing sensing registor
A;; D#;A"1 A;; DI!*;A" =OTO ""
D#;A" 6 /F !TAT.!,2 /!F !TAT.!,1
$OD;? /T 7777666+ $OD?F O*TIO, R#=
/F !TAT.!,2 /F !TAT.!,1
$OD;? D+810+ L87 micro second delay
$OD?F T$RO
$ODF T$R7,7
/TF!! !TAT.!,8
=OTO
R#T.R,
DI!*;A" ;RFR0
;RF R1
;RF R2
/F !TAT.!,2
/!F !TAT.!,1
$OD;? /+77777776+
$OD?F TRI!D
$OD;? /+77766766+ Lhex to decimal con'ersion
$OD?F TRI!
/F !TAT.!,2
/F !TAT.!,1
I
$OD;? DT 77+
$OD?F !8
;RF R0
$ODF !6,7
$OD?F ! l l
DD $ODF !8,7
!./?F ! I 6,6 I,F
R0,l /TF!
!TAT.!,7
II II
II
##
!!
=OTO DD D#F
R0,l $OD;? 7F20
ADD?F ! I 6,6
$OD;? 7F7A
$OD?F !8 ;RF
R1 !./?F ! I 6,6
I,F R1,l /TF!
!TAT.!,7 =OTO ##
D#F R1,l ADD?F
! I 6,7 $OD?F R2
$OD;? D+1+
$OD?F !67 /F
!TAT.!,2 /!F
!TAT.!,1 /F
TR6!,1 /F
TRI!,2 /F
TRI!,3 /F
!TAT.!,2 /F
!TAT.!,1 /!F
*ORT,1 /F
*ORT,2 /F
*ORT,3 $ODF
R0,7 A;; ;OO<
$OD?F *ORTD
A;; D#;A"8 /F
*ORT,1 /F
*ORT,3 /!F
*ORT,2 $ODF
R1,7 A;; ;OO<
$OD?F *ORTD
A;; D#;A"8 /F
*ORT,2 /F
*ORT,1
Ldisplaying 1 times
displaying count on 3 segment
I
/!F *ORT,3 $ODF
R2,7 A;; ;OO<
$OD?F *ORTD
A;; D#;A"8 /F
*ORTR /F
*ORT,2 /F
*ORT,1 D#F!G
!I7,6 =OTO !! ,O*
/F *ORT#,7
/F *ORT#, 6
$ODF !6,7
/TF! !TAT.!,8
II R#T.R,
/F !TAT.!,2
/!F !TAT.!,1
/F TRI!#,7
/F TRI!#, 6
/!F TRI!A,7
$OD;? 7F73
$OD?F AD O, 6 LAD for temperature sensing
/!F TRI!A,0
/!F TR6!A,7
/F !TAT.!,2
/F !TAT.!,1
$OD;? /+l7777776+
$OD?F ADO,7
I /F !TAT.!,2
/!F !TAT.!,1 $OD;?
/+77777666+ $OD?F ADO,6
$OD;? /+l7777666+ $OD?F
O*TIO, R#= /F !TAT.!,2
/F !TAT.!,1
$OD;? D+811+ L97 micro second delay
$OD?F T$R7
$ODF T$R7,7 /TF!!
!TAT.!,8 =OTO FF
/!F ADO,7,8 /TF!
ADO,7,8 =OTO S:6
$ODF ADR#!%,7
$OD?F Tl $OD;?
D+97+
I
I

I
/
0

I
!./?FT6,7
/TF! !TAT.!,7 Ltemperature chec&ing
=OTO O,
=OTO OFF
/!F *ORT#,7
=OTO ;I=%T
/F *ORT#,7
=OTO ;I=%T
Lpowering on fan
Lpowering off fan
/TF!! *ORTA,0 Lchec&ing light
=OTO O,; =OTO
OFF;
/!F *ORT#, 6 Lpowering on the light
=OTO R#D
/F *ORT#, 6 Lpowering off the light
=OTO R#D
,O*
R#T.R,
/F !TAT.!,2 /!F
!TAT.!,1 $OD;? /J
67777666+ $OD?F O*TIO,
R#= /F !TAT.!,2
/F !TAT.!,1
$OD;? D+817+
$OD?F T$RO
L 6 millisecond delay
RR $ODF T$R7,7
/TF!! !TAT.!,8
=OTORR ,O*
R#T.R,
;O!# /F !TAT.!,2 /!F
!TAT.!,1 /F
TRI!A,6 /F
TRI!#,7
/F TRI!#,67 Lclosing door,fan and light
/F !TAT.!,2
/F !TAT.!,1
/F *ORTA, 6
I
/F *ORT#,7
/F *ORT#, 6
=OTO ""
D#;A"1C /F !TAT.!,1 L177$ !# D#;A"
$OD;? D+2+
$OD?F I
A=AI,8C $OD;? DT
$OD?F T$RO
/!F !TAT.!,1
$OD;? /+77777666+
$OD?F O*TIO,R#=
/F !TAT.!,1
$ODF T$R7,7
/TF!! !TAT.!,8
=OTO S:8
D#F!G.
=OTO A=AI,8
R#T.R,
,O*
#,D
CONCLUSION AN# FUTURE SCOPE
*hen %i$e in ! "7n!&ic >or%" o? ?!6t ch!nin technic!%
?rontier6, the con$ention!% 676te&6 !re @ein rep%!ce" @7
6ophi6tic!te" !n" !"$!nce" techno%oie6) .eepin the %!te6t !n"
tren"6 I &in", the "e6ine" pro"5ct i6 !n inno$!ti$e one to
?!ci%it!te6 the !5to&!tion reA5ire&ent6 o? !n o??ice)
/
The "r!>@!cB6 o? the eCi6tin &!n5!% 676te& in o5r o??ice6,
>hich in$o%$e6 >!6t!e o? e%ectricit7 "5e to in e??icient oper!tion
o? ?!n6 !n" %iht6, c!n @e 6o%$e")
The 6!%ient ?e!t5re6 o? the 676te& !re
T Entr7 !n" ECit checB
T S>itchin ON !n" OFF o? %iht6 !n" ?!n6 !6 reA5ire"
T It c!n @e e!6i%7 "e$e%ope" !n"
pror!&&e" to ?it the reA5ire&ent6 o?
"i??erent o??ice6
I
The 6cope o? ?5t5re %ie6 in the ?!ct th!t >e h!$e not con6i"ere"
th!t the centr!%iDe" %iht !n" ?!n 676te& c!n @e &!"e
"ecentr!%iDe" on the @!6i6 o? the n5&@er o? ch!ir6 occ5pie" in
the o??ice)
The 676te& i6 eCpecte" to @e >i"e%7 !ccepte" "5e to technic!%
e??icienc7 !n" !"!pt!@%e n!t5re)
Office Automation
REFERENCES
6.PDesign with *I $icrocontrollersP Rohn /. *eatmann, 1
th
Indian reprint
8.PAssembly language programming with *IP /. R. %aris and ?olf, *enram
Ul International *ublications
UU 9. www.picboo&.com
0.www.atnel.com
v 1. www.microchip.com
UU 2.www.microcontroller.com
, 3.www.electronicsforyou.com
%
i
I
I

I
I
I
1

2
I
I

I
I
lU
I

i