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HUBS 192
Module -1, Lecture 2 Cardiovascular
System
Anatomy of the Heart, part I
Objectives
After you have revised this lecture you should be able to:
Describe the general organization of the
cardiovascular system.
Orientate the heart within the thorax.
Describe the chambered structure of the heart
and related this to the pumping action of the
organ.
Name the layers of the heart wall.
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Levels of organisation: applying the concept to the
Cardiovascular System
Organs
Heart
Veins /
Lymphatics
made
up of
Arteries
Capillaries
consist
of
consist
of
made
up of
Vascular
tissue
Cells
made
up of
epithelia
consist
of
Connective
tissues
muscle
Pump
Supply
Exchange
Drainage
Cardiovascular
system
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Cardiovascular System Anatomy
Blood Vascular System
A closed supply and drainage system.
~a continuous loop

Lymphatic (Vascular) System
A open-entry drainage system.
~ a one-way system
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Blood and Lymph Vascular Systems
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Patton & Thibodeau, Figure 23-5
General Principles of Organisation of the
Cardiovascular system
- Arteries are the only supply path.
- Major arteries are situated to avoid damage
(eg: deep in the trunk; on exor aspect of limbs).
- Important structures often receive supply from two
sources (two separate arteries).
- Arteries change their name at each major branch.
(A) Supply side
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Capillaries of varying degrees of permeability
Continuous (controlled ~ tight)
Fenestrated (leaky)
Sinusoidal (very leaky)
(B) Exchange network
General Principles of Organisation of the
Cardiovascular system
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We will look at these in more detail in CVS lecture 5
(C) Drainage
3 pathways for drainage:
Deep veins
Supercial veins
Lymphatics

Cross-sectional area of veins is at least twice that of


arteries (to shift the same volume of blood / second).
General Principles of Organisation of the
Cardiovascular system
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Diseases of the Cardiovascular
System
Blood Vascular System
Cardiovascular disorders at least 50% of all deaths.
Arteriosclerosis (Latin ~ hardening of the arteries).
Heart disease (coronary artery disease).
Cerebrovascular diseases (stroke).
Peripheral arterial disease (lower limb amputation).

Lymph Vascular (Lymphatic) System
Spread of metastases (cancers).
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Heart Structure
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Heart; Shape
Blunt, cone shaped

Pointed end - Apex

Broad end - Base
Apex
Base
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Netters Atlas of Human Anatomy 4
th
Ed.
Saunders Elsevier
Plate 216
Size approximately that of a closed st
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PMI (point of
maximal impulse)
Apex beat
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11 Saladin, Anatomy & Physiology 3
rd
Ed.
McGraw Hill
Figure 19.2
Anterior view
Right
Atrium
Left
Atrium
Left
Ventricle
Right
Ventricle
Interventricular
Septum
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The Left & Right Atria
thin walled (receiving) chambers
Right atrium receives:
superior vena cava
inferior vena cava
coronary sinus
Left atrium receives:
four pulmonary veins
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Right Atrium & Ventricle, sternocostal view
Through to the pulmonary trunk
Pulmonary semilunar valve
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Right
pulmonary
veins
Left
pulmonary
veins
Left
Atrium
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Aorta
Heart; Structure
Layers of the heart wall
! Endocardium
! Myocardium
! Epicardium


Pericardium
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red region =
ventricular heart
wall
Endocardium
Epicardium
Tissue Structure of the Heart
Ventricular
Chamber
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Myocardium
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Squamous epithelium (endothelium)
Loose irregular FCT
(small) Blood vessels
Purkinje bres (see lecture 3)
Myocardium
Endocardium
Heart chamber
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Endocardium
Myocardium
Epicardium
Tissue Structure of the Heart
Ventricular
Chamber
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(1) Visceral pericardium, (2) Blood vessels (large)
(3) Loose irregular FCT, Adipose
Myocardium
Epicardium
Pericardial space
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1
2
2
3
The Left & Right Ventricles
1.5cm
0.5cm
Pulmonary arteries (Lungs)
A
o
r
t
a

(
S
y
s
t
e
m
i
c
)

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Marieb, Human Anatomy & Physiology 4
th
Ed.
Benjamin Cummings Publishing
Figure 19.6
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Pericardium
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Marieb, Human Anatomy & Physiology 4
th
Ed.
Benjamin Cummings Publishing
Figure 1.10 Saladin, Anatomy & Physiology 3
rd
Ed.
McGraw Hill, Figure 19.5
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Fibrous pericardium
Parietal layer of
serous pericardium
Pericardial cavity
Epicardium
- visceral serous
pericardium
- loose irregular FCT
- blood vessels
- adipose
Myocardium
Endocardium
= heart wall
Saladin, Anatomy & Physiology 3
rd
Ed.
McGraw Hill
Figure 19.5

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