Physiology Study Guide 1: Introduction 1

Steven A. Fink; Instructor

PHYSIOLOGY STUDY GUIDE 1
True/False
____ 1. The cell is the smallest unit o lie that can e!hi"it all the characteristics o living
things.
____ #. $olecules held together "y ionic chemical "onds tend to dissociate in %ater.
____ &. An atom that gains electrons %ould "ecome negatively'(olari)ed.
____ *. A goiter can result rom a (otassium deiciency in the daily diet.
____ +. $aintaining the organi)ation o living matter re,uires the continuous utili)ation
o energy.
__F__ -. .lood normally has a (/0 +.1. 1.*
____ 1. The increase in (igmentation that occurs ater re,uent e!(osure to ultraviolet
light 23tan34 is an e!am(le o homeostasis.
_T___ 5. Metabolism refers to the biohemial reatio!s ourri!" #ithi! a!
or"a!ism.
_T___ 6. Atoms 2 are only inorganic com(ounds e!: c7#8 (hos(hate4 that tend to
release electrons are called 3metals3. $etals have electrons on 9:TT;<
or"it
_T___17. The hydrogen and o!ygen atoms #ithi! a %ater molecule are held together
"y (olar covalent "onds.
_T___11. =ells can convert sugars into atty acids.
_T__1#. $ore than hal o a (erson>s "ody %eight is due to %ater.
__F__1&. A solution %ith a (/01#.+8 %ould "e considered an acid.
$ase %al&ali!e' 1 neutral 17 ai(i 1)
__T__1*. $olecules that release hydrogen ions 2/
?
4 %hen they dissociate in a li,uid are
called acids.
I you take a molecule o /=l 2hydrogen and =hloride4 they %ill "reak a(art
and "e charged. / ? cl0 ' the / %ill make it acidic.
1
Physiology Study Guide 1: Introduction #
Any molecule that can donate a hydrogen ion (H
+
) is called what? ACIDIC the
donor ex:
Any molecule that can accept a hydrogen ion (H
+
) is called what? ALALI!"
ex: water
_F___1+. 39rganic molecules3 are those that contain "oth car"on and nitrogen atoms.
*lass !otes+ Or"a!i moleules 2car"ons and hydrogens4 %h,(roarbo!' are ho% a
class o chemicals act8 organic acids8 there are (roteins8 li(ids8 car"s8 ats8 Carbs. They
have hydrogen atoms attached. Carbon and hydrogen needed
1. Lipids (fats)
2. Proteins
3. Nuceic acids
I!or"a!i moleules - anything that DOES./T ha0e arbo! a!( h,(ro"e! e1+
,!a(i(e %1 arbo!2 1 !itro"e!'
33T3314. 5or(i!" to the Perio(i *hart of the Eleme!ts2 all eleme!ts that ha0e
the same !umber of eletro!s i! their outer orbit "e!erall, ha0e
similar hemial 6ro6erties.
The num"er o electrons outside usually determines the atoms (ro(erties.
;lectrons determine ho% the atoms "ehave.
33T3317. 5ll the atoms of or"a!i moleules are "e!erall, hel( to"ether b,
o0ale!t hemial bo!(s.
__T__15. The re6ro(uti0e s,stem is !ot esse!tial for sustai!i!" the life of the
6erso!.
__T__16. Phos6holi6i(s !ormall, aou!t for most of the li6i( o!te!t of a
6erso!8s bo(, #ei"ht.
Lipids we are 15% even if we are skinny, cell membranes are made up of phospholipids! 60
trillion cells have fatty liquid so even if you arent fat the cell membranes are fat!
_F___#7. A solution that has a @/
9
A 0 1!17
:1;
$ %ould "e considered acidic.
#
Physiology Study Guide 1: Introduction &
__T__#1. $loo( 6lasma is !ormall, <ust slightly basi %al&ali!e'.
.ecause our normal (/ levels 0 1.* so anything a"ove 1 0 "asic B alkaline
$ase %al&ali!e' 1 neutral 17 ai(i 1)
Multi6le *hoie
____##. Chich o the ollo%ing is .OT considered a 3living organism3D
2a4 algae
2"4 "acteria
2c4 molds E milde%
%(' 0iruses - the, a!/t re6ro(ue o! their o#! !ot #ithout a li0i!"
host.
2e4 (rotists
____#&. 9n a hot day you "egin to (ers(ire. This is an e!am(le o:
2a4 homeostasis
2"4 evolution
2c4 metamor(hosis
2d4 metastasis
2e4 s(ontaneous generation
____#*. =ovalent chemical "onds:
2a4 involve the transer o ions
2"4 involve the mutual sharing o neutrons "et%een atoms
2c4 i!0ol0e the mutual shari!" of eletro!s bet#ee! atoms
2d4 involve %eak electrical attractions "y hydrogen atoms
2e4 orm "et%een non'metal atoms and metal atoms
____#+. Fou are told that a (articular hair sham(oo is "asic. This means that:
2a4 it contains a detergent
2"4 it contains an emulsiier
2c4 it contains triglycerides
%(' it o!tai!s a! e1ess of OH
:
io!s
2e4 it consists o a metal and a non'metal
.asic B releases 9/ ions
&
Physiology Study Guide 1: Introduction *
____#-. The study o ty(es o tissue ells is called:
2a4 micro"iology
2"4 (hysiology
2c4 teleology
2(' histolo",
2e4 (athology
____#1. T%o or more atoms held together "y a chemical "ond orm a2n4:
2a4 ion
2"4 isoto(e
%' moleule
2d4 neutron
2e4 "uer
=hemical "onds hold molecules together8 and atoms are Gust a(art o
chemical molecules.
____#5. All atoms of h,(ro"e! (ossess the same num"er o:
2a4 electrons B negative charged su"atomic (article
2"4 neutrons: %ith no net electric charge and a mass slightly larger than that
o a (roton
isoto(es same num"er o %' 6roto!s dierent electrons
2d4 ions: atom or molecule %here the total num"er o electrons is not e,ual
to the total num"er o (rotons. The atom %ill have a net (ositive or negative
electrical charge.
2e4 all o the a"ove
Ciki: H,(ro"e! is a chemical element %ith chemical sym"ol H and atomic num"er 1. Cith
an atomic %eight o 1.7716* u8 hydrogen is the lightest element on the (eriodic ta"le
isoto(es same num"er o %' 6roto!s dierent electrons
____#6. The %eight o an atom is associated %ith its:
2a4 (rotons
2"4 (rotons and electrons
2c4 (rotons and neutrons
2d4 neutrons and electrons
2e4 neutrons and ions
____&7. Chich one o the ollo%ing is a! or"a!i moleule= %!ee(s h,(ro"e! 5.D
arbo!'
2a4 Ha=l 2inorganic B cause no hydrogen4
2"4 /=l 2inorganic4
2c4 =9
> %i!or"a!i'
*
Physiology Study Guide 1: Introduction +
2d4 /
>
S9
)
%e' *
>
H
4
O
2a"4 /H9
?
____&1. =hlorine8 luorine8 and iodine are called:
2a4 metals
2"4 transitional elements
2c4 inert gases
2d4 halogens
2e4 car"on'com(ounds
____&#. Chich one o the ollo%ing is .OT a sugarD
2a4 sucrose' the organic com(ound commonly kno%n as S:GA<
2"4 ructose ' It is one o the three dietary monosaccharides8 along %ith glucose
and galactose8 that are a"sor"ed directly into the "loodstream during digestion
2' leui!e It is encoded "y si! codons 2::A8 ::G8 =::8 =:=8 =:A8 and =:G4
and is a maGor com(onent o the su"units in erritin8 astacin8 and other >"uer> (roteins.
Ieucine is an essential amino acid8 meaning that the human "ody cannot synthesi)e it8
and it thereore must "e ingested.
2d4 lactose' disaccharide
2e4 ri"ose monosaccharide 2sim(le sugar4 B a(art o <HA
9se B usually sugar
H*l 9 .aH*O
?
H
>
*O
?
9 .a*l
____&&. The a"ove reaction %ould "e "est descri"ed as a2n4:
%a' buffer reatio!
2"4 ioni)ation reaction
2c4 dehydration synthesis reaction 2this is organic molecule8 /ydrogen and
car"on involved B %hen / is taken a%ay4 loss o a %ater molecule rom the
reacting molecule
2d4 hydrolysis reaction' o((osite o dehydration synthesis ' %ater is added to
an unsaturated su"strate
2e4 neutrali)ation reaction
____&*. In an electrically neutral atom:
2a4 (rotons 0 neutrons
2"4 electrons 0 neutrons
2c4 electrons 0 (rotons
2d4 there are no neutrons
2e4 the outer or"it has 5 electrons
____&+. Ana"olic steroids are drugs that increase:
2a4 (hysical gro%th in si)e
+
Physiology Study Guide 1: Introduction -
2"4 energy (roduction
2c4 "rain activity
2d4 evolution
2e4 se!ual activity
____&-. H,6oth,roi(ism causes:
2a4 inlammation
2"4 increased energy (roduction
2c4 (erease( metaboli rate
2d4 decreased "one density
2e4 dia"etes
____&1. /ydrolysis o surose %ould result in the ormation o:
2a4 sucrase
2"4 glucose ? %ater
2c4 glucose ? ructose
2d4 maltose
2e4 glucose ? galactose
____&5. Chich one o the ollo%ing is held together "y Ionic =hemical .ondsD
2a4 glucose
2"4 methane
2c4 hydrochloric acid
2d4 o!ygen gas
2e4 ri"ose
____&6. An atom that has a dierent num"er o electrons than (rotons is called:
2a4 an isoto(e
2"4 an ion
2c4 radioactive
2d4 an acid
2e4 an isomer
____*7. The maGor sugar in milk is:
2a4 sucrose
2"4 glucose
2c4 cellulose
%(' latose
2e4 ructose
____*1. The maGor com(ounds that make'u( living organisms are "ased (rimarily on
the element:
2a4 o!ygen
2"4 hydrogen
-
Physiology Study Guide 1: Introduction 1
2c4 nitrogen
2d4 (otassium
2e4 car"on
____*#. The thyroid gland re,uires %hat essential mineralD
2a4 sodium
2"4 iodine
2c 4 iron
2d4 (otassium
2e4 (hos(horus
____*&. The "reak'do%n o ood %ith O
>
or energy is an e!am(le o a2n4:
2a4 neutrali)ation reaction
2"4 ioni)ation reaction
2c4 cata"olic reaction
2d4 ana"olic reaction
2e4 nuclear reaction
____**. Chich one o the ollo%ing contains the most stored energy 2on a %eight
"asis4D
2a4 sucrose
2"4 starch
2c4 unsaturated ats
2d4 saturated ats
2e4 all o the a"ove 2a'd4 contain the same amount o stored energy
____*+. In humans8 car"ohydrates are stored (rimarily in the:
2a4 s(leen as glycogen
2"4 s(leen as starch
2c4 (ancreas as glycogen
2d4 (ancreas as starch
2e4 liver as glycogen
2a"4 liver as starch
____*-. Starch %ould "e "est descri"ed as a:
2a4 li(id
2"4 monosaccharide
2c4 car"ohydrate
2d4 steroid
2e4 (rotein
____*1. Inlammation is associated %ith all o the ollo%ing E@*EPT:
2a4 redness
1
Physiology Study Guide 1: Introduction 5
2"4 anemia
2c4 (ain
2d4 s%elling
2e4 %armth
____*5. All o the ollo%ing statements a"out the chemical "ond "et%een a car"on atom
and a hydrogen atom are correct E@*EPT:
2a4 involves a sharing o electrons "et%een them
2"4 is called a hydrogen chemical "ond
2c4 is a very strong and sta"le chemical "ond
2d4 %ill release a large amount o energy %hen "roken
2e4 is ty(ically ound in organic molecules
____*6. In dehydration synthesis reactions:
2a4 large molecules are s(lit a(art into smaller ones
2"4 %ater is s(lit a(art
2c4 %ater is ormed
2d4 %ater is needed
____+7. Arrange the ollo%ing anatomic structures in the order that air normally (asses
through them during inhalation:
214 alveoli
2#4 (haryn!
2&4 laryn!
2*4 nasal cavities
2+4 trachea
2-4 "ronchi
214 "ronchioles
The orret seAue!e shoul( rea(+
2a4 #8 &8 +8 -8 18 *8 1
2"4 #8 +8 &8 *8 18 -8 1
2c4 *8 18 #8 &8 18 -8 +
2d4 *8 #8 &8 +8 -8 18 1
2e4 *8 #8 +8 &8 18 -8 1
2a"4 *8 &8 #8 +8 -8 18 1
2ac4 *8 18 -8 +8 #8 &8 1
''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''
____+1. Arrange the ollo%ing anatomic structures in the order that %ater (asses
through them as it is iltered out o the "ody:
5
Physiology Study Guide 1: Introduction 6
214 (ro!imal convoluted tu"ule
2#4 urine collecting duct
2&4 ne(hron loo( 2o /enle4
2*4 glomerular 2.o%man>s4 ca(sule
2+4 urethral canal
2-4 ureter
214 distal convoluted tu"ule
254 urinary "ladder
The correct se,uence should read:
2a4 18 &8 18 #8 *8 +8 58 -
2"4 18 &8 18 #8 *8 -8 58 +
2c4 #8 *8 18 &8 18 -8 58 +
2d4 *8 18 &8 18 #8 +8 58 -
2e4 *8 18 &8 18 #8 -8 58 +
2a"4 none o the a"ove
____+#. The alveoli are to the Iungs8 as the _______ are to the Jidneys.
2a4 ureters
2"4 urethra
2c4 urine collecting ducts
2d4 ne(hrons
2e4 glomerular ne(hritis
____+&. Arrange the ollo%ing anatomic structures in the order that foo( %ould normally
(ass through them:
214 (haryn!
2#4 duodenum
2&4 oral cavity
2*4 eso(hagus
2+4 ileum
2-4 rectum
214 stomach
254 colon
The orret seAue!e shoul( rea(+
2a4 &8 18 #8 18 *8 +8 58 -
2"4 &8 18 #8 18 58 *8 +8 -
2c4 &8 18 *8 18 #8 +8 58 -
2d4 &8 18 *8 18 +8 #8 58 -
2e4 &8 18 +8 18 *8 #8 58 -
6
Physiology Study Guide 1: Introduction 17
2a"4 &8 18 +8 *8 18 58 #8 -
2ac4 &8 18 +8 18 #8 *8 58 -
''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''
____+*. The normal (/ o the "lood and "ody luids is a"out:
2a4 1.7
2"4 -.5
2c4 1.7
2d4 1.*
2e4 5.7
____++. The ;!cretory System is another name or the ________ System.
2a4 Gastro'Intestinal
2"4 <enal
2c4 Integumentary
2d4 ;ndocrine
2e4 Immune
____+-. Ater %ater8 the ne!t maGor su"stance that makes'u( living organisms 2"y
%eight4 is:
2a4 minerals
2"4 car"ohydrates
2c4 cellulose
2d4 (rotein
2e4 calcium salts
____+1. .y deinition8 elements dier rom one another in their:
2a4 num"er o (rotons
2"4 num"er o neutrons
2c4 num"er o electrons
2d4 Atomic Ceight
2e4 num"er o ions
____+5. The Goining together o smaller molecules to orm larger more com(le! organic
com(ounds is an e!am(le o a2n4 _____________ reaction.
2a4 ana"olic
2"4 cata"olic
2c4 metamor(hic
2d4 hydrolysis
2e4 nuclear
____+6. Chich one o the ollo%ing is .OT a unction o the JidneysD
2a4 e!cretion o e!cess %ater
17
Physiology Study Guide 1: Introduction 11
2"4 e!cretion o e!cess salts
2c4 the iltration o meta"olic %astes rom the "loodstream
2d4 (roduction o urea
2e4 e!cretion o e!cess acids
continued on back-side
continued on back-side
continued on back-side
____-7. Arrange the ollo%ing anatomic structures in the order that s(erm %ould
normally travel through them during se!ual intercourse:
214 eGaculatory duct o (rostate gland
2#4 Fallo(ian tu"e
2&4 e(ididymis
2*4 vas deerens
2+4 urethral canal
2-4 uterus
214 vaginal canal
The orret seAue!e shoul( rea(+
2a4 18 &8 +8 *8 18 -8 #
2"4 18 *8 &8 +8 18 -8 #
2c4 18 *8 +8 &8 18 -8 #
2d4 #8 18 &8 *8 +8 18 -
2e4 &8 18 *8 18 +8 -8 #
2a"4 &8 #8 18 18 *8 +8 -
2ac4 &8 *8 18 +8 18 -8 #
2ad4 &8 *8 18 18 +8 -8 #
11
Physiology Study Guide 1: Introduction 1#
2ae4 &8 *8 +8 18 -8 18 #
2"c4 &8 +8 18 *8 18 -8 #
2"d4 +8 &8 18 *8 18 -8 #
2"e4 +8 *8 18 &8 18 -8 #
2cd4 -8 +8 *8 &8 18 18 #
1#