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,
2003
.
:
, 2003. - 432. ISBN 5-94836-015-6
,
,
. ,
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
-,
,
.
Digitaltechnik
Lehr- und Obungsbuch ffir
Elektrotechniker und Informatiker
2., durdigesehene Auflage
Mit 147 Abblldungen und 86 TabeUeu
Herausgegeben von Otto Mlldenbei:ger
vie)^
ISBN 5-94836-015-6
ISBN 3-528-13861-0 (.)
1.
2.
2.1.
2.2.
2.3.
2.3.1.
2.3.2.
2.3.3.
2.3.4.
( , two's complement)
2.3.5.
2.3.6.
2.3.7.
2.3.8.
2.4.
2.5.
2.6.
2.7. -
2.8. -
2.9.
3.
3.1.
3.2.
3.3.
3.4.
3.5.
3.6.
3.7.
(KDNF)
(KKNF)..
KKNF KDNF
16
19
19
20
22
22
23
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
30
31
32
32
34
34
36
38
40
41
42
44
3.8.
3.9.
3.9.1.
3.9.2.
3.9.3. (G)
3.9.4. (V)
3.9.5. EXOR (N)
3.9.6. (Z)
3.9.7. (X)
3.10.
4.
4.1.
4.2.
4.3. ,
4.4.
4.4.1. (open collector) ...
4.4.2.
4.5.
5.
5.1.
5.1.1.
5.1.2. NAND NOR
5.1.3.
5.1.4.
5.1.5.
5.2.
5.2.1.
5.3. -
5.4. (I^L)
5.5.
5.6.
45
46
46
47
47
48
49
49
49
50
52
53
54
56
58
60
61
62
64
64
66
67
68
69
69
71
72
73
74
76
78
.
.
79
.1.
79
.2.
.2.1. ....
.2.2.
.2.3.
..
.3.1.
.3.2.
.3.3.
.4.
.4.1.
.4.2. -
.4.3.
.4.4.
.5. ..
.5.1.
.5.2.
.5.3.
.6. ...
.6.1.
.6.2. CMOS
.6.3.
.7.
.7.1.
.7.2. -
,
.8.
6.
6.1. -
6.1.1. KDNF
79
81
84
93
105
106
114
116
118
119
121
128
130
132
133
136
145
149
150
153
157
161
161
165
172
173
173
173
6.1.2.
6.1.3.
KKNF
177
- ;\ 2, 3, 4, 5, 6
178
6.1.4.
178
6.2. --
180
6.3.
184
6.3.1. / - . 185
6.3.2. /
-
186
6.4.
187
6.4.1.
187
6.4.2. ... 189
6.4.3.
190
6.5.
190
7.
193
7.1.
194
7.2.
194
7.3.
196
7.4.
198
7.5.
201
7.5.1. 5-
201
7.5.2. JRS-Tpnrrep
201
7.5.3. 1?-
204
7.5.4. D-
205
7.5.5.
210
7.5.6. J--
211
7.5.7. -
212
7.5.8.
213
7.5.9.
213
7.6.
216
8.
219
8.1. ( 1)
219
8.1.1.
219
8.1.2.
220
8.1.3.
221
8.1.4. 222
8.1.5.
8.2. ( 2)
8.2.1.
8.2.2.
8.2.3.
8.2.4. ^
8.2.5.
8.2.6.
8.2.7.
8.3.
9.
9.1.
9.1.1.
9.2.
9.2.1. -
7442
9.2.2.
9.2.3.
9.3.
9.4.
10.
10.1.
10.1.1. 8
10.1.2. 6
10.1.3.
10.1.4.
10.2.
10.2.1. 4-
10.2.2. 6 ...
10.2.3. 4-
74191
10.3.
1 1 .
11.1.
222
225
225
225
226
226
227
228
229
231
234
234
235
238
239
240
241
243
244
247
247
247
248
249
250
251
252
254
256
257
258
259
11.1.1. 74194
11.2.
11.2.1. ,
11.2.2.
11.3.
12.
12.1.
12.2.
12.3. (ripple-carry-adder) ..
12.4.
12.4.1.
12.4.2.
12.5. -
(,)
12.5.1.
12.6.
12.6.1. 2-
12.6.2.
12.7.
13.
13.1.
13.2. ROM
13.3. PROM
13.4. EPROM
13.5. EEPROM
13.6. EAROM
13.7. NOVRAM
13.8. RAM
13.8.1. RAM
13.8.2. RAM
13.9. RAM
13.10. DRAM
13.11.
13.11.1. FIFO
13.12.
13.13.
13.14.
261
262
264
266
268
269
269
269
270
271
274
275
276
280
283
284
286
286
288
289
289
291
292
294
295
295
296
296
297
301
306
307
307
308
309
309
13.14.1.
13.14.2.
13.14.3.
13.15.
311
312
314
315
14.
318
14.1. ASIC
14.2. (PLD)
14.2.1.
14.3. ROM, EPROM, EEPROM
14.4. PLA
14.5. PAL
14.6. GAL
14.7. PLD
14.7.1.
14.8. (FPGA)..
14.8.1. FPGA
14.8.2. (CLB)
14.8.3. -
14.8.4.
14.8.5. FPGA
14.9. EPLD
14.9.1. EPLD:CY7C343
14.10. Gate-Arrays
14.10.1. ..
14.11. ASIC
14.12. ASIC ....
14.13.
319
322
323
324
326
332
334
337
339
339
340
342
342
343
344
345
345
345
346
350
351
351
15.
353
15.1.
15.2. -
15.3.
15.3.1.
15.3.2.
15.4.
15.5.
15.6.
353
354
355
355
357
358
360
362
16.
,
16.1.
16.2. 8085
16.3.
16.4.
16.5. 8255
16.6.
16.6.1. (OF)
16.6.2. (MR, memory read)
16.6.3. (MW, memory write)
16.6.4.
16.7. (interrupt)
16.8.
16.9.
16.10.
16.10.1. Register
16.10.2. Register Indirect
16.10.3. Immediate
16.10.4. Direct
16.11.
16.12.
16.13. (carry
flag)
16.14.
16.15.
16.15.1.
16.16. ,
16.17.
16.18.
16.19.
16.19.1. 8255
16.19.2.
16.20.
363
363
366
369
370
371
372
374
375
376
377
378
380
380
381
381
382
383
383
384
386
387
387
387
388
389
392
394
397
. 397
398
400
401
.1.
401
405
427
428
.
, .
,
,
.
, 10^
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,
. ^ .
, , , ,
. . .
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F . . 1-1
.
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( )
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Uq.
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10
11
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d)
. 1.1. .
a) t
b)
c)
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d)
01, 10 11.
F.
Us
Uq 4-
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1, 2 3 01, 10, 11.
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1.
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2.1.
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2.1. .
b
i
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_ ..
1^
1 1
g
h
q
r
- - -
- -
2.
.
,
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.
(word).
,
.
.
, N'^ .
N"^ ,
. N^ ,
.
,
[8].
2.2.
,
. ,
1 ,
, .
,
.
.
, { {0,1}.
. z
, :
ZB = Cn-lCn-2'"CiCo,C-iC-2-"C-m-\-2C-m+lC-m
(2.1)
. ,
, 2 \
ZIQ:
^--^
2.2,
10110,001^,
(binary).
:
g{z2) = 1 2 4 2 4 1 2^+ 1 2 4 2^+ 2"^ + 1 2 - 4 1 2"^ =
-2rio = 22,375io
( ) ,
;
. (2.2)
,
.
.
.
22,375io ;
:
.
2 ,
0.
22:2:
1
11 :2 = 5
5 2= 2
2 2 == 1
1 2= 0
0
1
1
0
1
iS
S 3
^
t^
f4
5tr
W
tr
22
101102.
.
2.
,
.
, .
0,375 2--= 0,75
+0
0,75 2-.= 0,5
+1
0,5- 2- = 0 +1
2.
, 0.
.
.
.
0,375io 0,0112.
10110,0112-
2.3.
.
,
. , ,
, .
.
.
, .
.
2.3.1.
, .
,
an Cn-i (. 2.2) Sn
. :
01111110
^00110101
-10110011
1 1 1 1 1 0 0
,
8
8 , .
2.3.
2.2. ,
-\- 5
^
-1
Sn
2.3.2.
,
, ,
. , 8
, , .
:
01100,010
00110,111
= 1100,110
100 1 1 , 0 0 1
2.3.3.
^ , (hard
ware) ,
. ,
.
( , )
( ).
. ,
(one's complement) 0001 1110.
-^. ,
- :
. + - 2^ - 1
(2.3)
24
2.
, 8- :
10110011 + 01001100 = 11111111 - 2 ^ - 1
(2.3),
^ :
-. = 2^ - 1 -
(2.4)
2.3.4.
( , two's complement)
2 -^
1:
2 = ---1
(2.5)
, (2.4) :
2 ^
(2.6)
, ,
. ,
^ -\ .
J\A^ 10101100:
2 - - + 1 = 01010011 + 1 - 01010100
4- ,
. 2.1, .
7/),
8^). ,
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:
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\^' * )
. 2.1 , ,
, ,
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2.3.
.
, ,
, ,
, .
1000^ (8/)). ,
0. , 0. ,
0000^, -i-Oo
1111^, 0/^.
1111
0000
_ - # - - _ 0001
0010
2
1100 1 ^
1001
1000
0111
. 2 . 1 . 4- 4- .
2.3.5.
,
(2.6)
:
-
= -
+ 2-2 = --{-2-{2''-)
(2.9)
= + 2-2''
(2.10)
2'^?
73 = 4 4- .
2.
7 3
:
,0111
1101
7io
-
-10100
-10000
= 0100
tio
10000^,
(2.10), 0100^.
4- ,
. , ;
4.
. .
2.3.6.
(overflow)
.
.
,
.
, ; 4- .
:
0101
0101
5io
5io
= 1010
-610
, .
3- 4- ,
.
, ; ,
-1- ^ ( ; ^)
4 5 Carry {).
.
2,3.
:
1011
1011
-5io
-5io
-(1)0110
6io
.
Cn-i 3 4,
4 5.
:
1111
1101
-lio
3io
= (1)1100
-4io
c^-i.
,
, . ,
. 2.3, ,
, -
,
.
2.3. -
.
-\-
= 0, C n - l = 0
~ 0, - 1 = 1
= \
--
= 1, - 1 = 1
^^ -L) 1 ^^^ vJ
, ,
= c^i-i, Cn-i2.3.7.
, .
2.
IOD X UD = I I O D :
1010
""ion
1010
1010
10 1
11 1
:
; = (2^ - 1) . {2'' -I)
, -
2 . ,
; 2 2^^ 1.
.
[20],
,
.
.
: ;
-f / .
2.3.8.
,
.
lOi^ : 2> = 5 D :
10
10 1
1 0
0 1 0
1 0
0 0 10
1 0 1
2.4'
29
. :
10,10-101,1 = 1101,110
[20].
2.4.
,
.
. 2.4.
A-F.
,
.
,
.
:
1 1 0 0 1 1 1 1
G
, 0110011001III2 = GCFi^.
2.4. .
0000
1000
0001
1001
0010
10
1010
11
1011
0100
12
1100
0101
13
1101
14
1110
0111
15
1111
,
.
,
30
2.
.
(2.2).
2.5.
,
3 .
7,
0.
:
110 1 0 1 100 0 1 1
, 110101000112 = 65438-
2.6,
,
.
,
.
-
.
lio 2io :
0001
I
0010
0000
^^
1
.
, 0000,
1, 0010.
1 ,
.
,
; . . 2.5
4- .
,
, (15D)
2.7, -
.
^ .
2.5. 4- .
()
()
0000
1100
0001
1101
10
1111
0010
11
1110
12
1010
0111
13
1011
0101
14
1001
0100
15
1000
2.7. -
, ,
- .
- (BCD-).
,
4- .
8, 4, 2 1,
8-4-2-1.
- 2, 4, 2, 1 (Aiken-Code).
- (3-ExcessCode) - (BCD-Gray-Code) [5].
2.6. - .
8-4-2-1
0
0000
8-4-2-1
0101
0001
0010
0111
1000
0100
1001
2.
2.8. -
,
- .
ASCII (Ame
rican Standard Code for Information Interchange),
.
2.7. ASCII (, )
ASCII
1 ASCII
00
10
01
1 1^
1 ^2
02
03
13
04
1 1^
05
15
06
16
07
17
08
18
09
19
lA
IB
0D
ID
IE
OF
IF
2.9.
2.1.
:
) 1110,101
) 10011,1101
2.2.
:
) 22,125
) 45,33
2.9.
2.3.
6 . ,
.
) 010101 - 001010
) -010111-011011
2.4. :
) 110101-010101
) 1101110 : 110
2.5. 6.
2.8. ASCII (.2).
ASCII
20
SP
21
22
"
23
1 ASCII
1 ASCII
1 30
1 40
1 ^1
0
1
1 ASCII
@
1 42
33
43
24
#
$
34
44
25
35
45
26
&
36
46
27
37
1 28
38
29
39
49
)
*
2D
3D
54
74
1 55
64
1 65
75
56
1 66
76
47
57
67
58
68
g
h
77
48
78
59
69
79
7A
[
\
]
7B
7C
6D
7D
7E
}
"
6F
7F
DEL
5
5
<
4D
5D
4F
5F
2F
3F
73
q
r
63
70
53
60
Q
R
=
>
1 ASCII
i
1 ^^ 11 52 ^^ 1
^^ 11 72^
'^
1 62
1 32
50
1 ASCII
, ,
, ,
.
.
,
4.
3.1.
. ,
1.
. :
= f (1, 2, ,... )
Xi, {0,1}
(3.1)
- .
1.
,
2'^ .
.
,
X , . 3.1.
,
, ,
1.
. 3.1 = f{x)
, (NOT).
- :
= ^,
(3.2)
3.1.
35
3.1. :
, .
, . 3.1:
1 b
X-
. 3.1. .
?
4,
. 3.2.
. ^ = = 1
, .
^\
= ~iX,
3.2. .
0
= ^
=1
,
,
,
3.
3.2. .
.
,
.
a^i
.
1 X = [a:o,:ri].
4
X,
. 2 , a^i = 1 = , ,
-, 2 = [x^.xi] = [0,1].
, . 3.3.
AND ; OR
.
3.3. .
XI
XI
,
=
Axi
XI
AND,
,
= xoV
xi
XI
>1
OR,
. ,
,
.
y{xi^xo)
(. 3.4).
2^ = 16
3.2.
.
. 3.6.
DIN [43].
3.4. .
XI
2/(0,0)
2/(0,1)
2/(1,0)
2/(1,1)
NAND, NOR,
EXOR ( , )
.
.
,
AND, OR
NOT.
.
NOR, NAND.
.
. , ,
}\ EXOR
AND, OR NOT:
(3.3)
. 3.5 .
OR,
, .
, ,
( EXOR).
3.5. .
XI
-1^0 ici
^ -"Xi
xi
0^
3.
3.6. : ,
(AND, NOT, OR),
.
XI
[ 11 [0
1 |oJ
0 0 0 ]
01
1j
0j
^ 0
y =0
= ^(xo\/
=
xi)
(xo^xi)
= xo
y =
Xo
Xi
>1 0
A-^xi
NOR
^xi
= ->xo Axi
y = ->xo
= (-1^0
/\xi)\/
V(xoA xi)
Xo
Xl
=1
EXOR
= {xo<^ xi)
1
0I
= ^{xo
Axi)
= xo Axi
= {xo
Xo
Xl
y=:{xoAXl)
Xo
Xl
NAND
AND
Axi)\/
V(-ixo xi)
= (xo ^
Xo
Xl
xi)
0]
y = xo
1]
= ->xi
= ^1
= xi W -ixo
__\
A\
T]
1 1 _o]
j j l] 1]
1
= xi
Xo
Xl
2/ = l
>1
OR
3.3.
.
.
3.3.
.
() :
Xi = 1
XQ
xi =
(3.4)
(3.5)
() :
{ xi) /\2 =
XQ
[xi 2)
( V xi) 2 = ^ {1 V 2)
(3.6)
(3.7)
( ):
(xi V 2) = ( xi) V (^ 2)
V (xi 2) = ( V xi) ( V 2)
(3.8)
(3.9)
( ):
( V xi) =
(3.10)
V ( xi) =
(3-11)
:
1 =-
(3.12)
VO = xo
(3.13)
:
-.==0
(3.14)
V ^ x o = 1
(3.15)
-:
XI = ->(-> V - xi)
(3.16)
V xi = -' (-1 -I xi)
(3.17)
.
, ,
AND OR 1.
. ,
, (3.16) (3.17)
. F ' ,
3.
F AND OR 1, ,
F,
, NAND NOR
. , :
{xo^Xl)
(3.18)
(3.19)
3.4.
(KDNF).
AND, OR NOT.
,
, . 3.7.
.
(KDNF).
3.7. ^ KDNF.
2
XI
XQ
, ,
~ f{x) 1. , ,
f{xi) 1. ^^
^27 ^35 ^5 ^- J\
( , ) ,
J\ 1.
^ :
^ 2 f\^x\ f\X{)
(3.20)
77i5 .
, .
3.5. (KKNF)
,
, ,
1 ,
:
= -> ^2 - ^1 -I
2 = -> 2 rci ->
(3.21)
(3.22)
= -> ^2 a:i
2 /\xi f\-^XQ
(3.23)
(3.24)
,
1.
( ) . 1,
, , 1.
(KDNF).
:
=
(- 2 -1 1 -1 ) V (- 2 1 - ) V
V (-> 2 ^1 ) V {2 -1 a;i ^) V (2 xi - ^)
(.25)
3.5.
(KKNF)
^\
^,
, f{xi) = 0.
. 3.7, xi, 4
xj.
. ,
, xf,
1=2 xiW -^XQ
4 = ^2 XQ
(3.26)
(3.27)
7 = ^2\/ ^
(3.28)
-^XQ
, , 1,
. ,
, . , ^
2 , 1 = = 0.
3.
,
, , , 0.
,
(KKNF), :
= (2 V 1 V -1 ) (-> ^2 V 1 V ) (-:2 V -> ;1 V -1 XQ)
(3.29)
3.6. KKNF
KDNF.
,
.
(parity) /, . 3.8.
, 1 ,
1.
fp{x2^ XI^XQ).
,
1.
,
1 .
. . 3.8
.
3.8.
=
fp{x2^xi,xo).
XI
KDNF. ,
6,
5, 3, 0. .
KDNF :
{2 ^1 -1 {^) V {2 -a;i ) V
V (-1 ;2 1 XQ) V (-12 - a:i -> )
(3.30)
4 ,
.
^
^1
^2
Vf\
lb
Vf\
8L
&
>1
&
&
. 3.2. KDNF,
.
KKNF 1, 2,
4, 7. . KKNF
:
= (^2 V XI V -1 ) {2 V -1 ^1 V )
(-12 V 1 V ) (- 2 V -1 a;i V -I )
:
^1
W\
>1
>1
Tm
Tni
(3.31)
&
>1
>1
. 3.3. KKNF,
.
KKNF
. ,
,
1,
3.
, ^
0. KKNF
KDNF .
-, , ,
:
= /(xo,:ri,...,x^,A,V,4+>,0,l,0)
, , .
, :
= {2 -i^o) {2 V -ij;i V^o).
:
-1 = (-1 :2 -1 X i ) V (-13^2 X I - XQ).
KKNF
, KDNF .
:
-^y={-^
2-^ ^Xl
^ ) V (-1 2 XI ^ ) V
V (2 -> X I -1 ) V (2 X i )
KKNF:
= (2 V X I V - ) (2 V -^ X I V )
(-12 V X I V ) (-12 V -1 x i V -1 )
3.7.
KKNF KDNF
.
.
3.8.
45
,
:
{XQ
, :
{XQ A^i) V { --:!) =
(3.34)
:
( V xi) {XQ V -> xi) XQ
(3.35)
. :
{XQ
-^ xi 2 ) V ( X I ;2 ) V (; x i -> 0^2 ) V
, , , 1 2, 2
3, 4 5. ,
, ^ :
=
( 2 ) V ( x i 2 ) V ( x i -12 ) V
V (-' X I 2 ) V (-1 X i - 2 )
( 2 ) V ( xi ) V (- xi )
:
= ( 2 ) V ( x i )
.
AND OR.
6.
3.8.
:
/ ( , 2 , ) = (-^ A - n X 2 ) V ( x 2 3) V ( - 1 X 1 A x 2 ) V ( x i )
(3.36)
3.
,
. ,
, .
(3.36) :
/ (, 2, XI, XQ) = ^ XQ-^ 2 V 2 V XQ-^ 0:1X2 V ^10:3
(3.37)
3.9.
,
, DIN 40900.
,
, ,
.
,
.
.
.
.
3.9.1.
,
, (. 3.4).
&, > 1, = 1, 1.
, .
,
,
. 3.4. .
3.9.
, , .
.
. 3.4 ,
.
.
, ^ (
4),
. .
,
. 3.5 .
, . 3.5 .
-
-
-1
. 3.5.
.
3.9.2.
( )
. .
.
, .
.
3.9.3. (G)
G, ,
, . . 3.6
X G1.
XQ 1,
3.
^ 1 , . 2 - i l .
,
XI .
.
. .
^0
"&1
. 3.6. (G).
. 3.7,
^\ .
G1
'&\
G1
&
-
)
. 3.7. (G), , )
; ) .
(. 3.8),
.
'
'l
G1
"2
&
>1
G1
. 3.8. (G) ,
01.
3.9.4. (V)
V^
1, ,
, 1. V^^
3.9.
,
. . 3.9.
'0
VI
>1
'
)
-
VI
1
>1
. 3.9. (V).
3.9.5. EXOR (N).
N^^
,
EXOR. N^ 1,
.
.
N1
=1
3,
Z1
XQ
1U-
XQ
)
XQ.
|G1
XQ
^0
&
\-\
1Z2
-|
)
. 3 . 1 1 . (Z).
:^
XI
1
1/^1 \
->1
= 1, yi .
= 1, 2/1 /2 .
. 3.12. (X).
(, S, R, EN, , )
.
3.10.
3.1. (3.10) (3.11)
.
3.2.
:
= { /\xi f\X2 /\-^ ^) V ( /\xi
/\2 /\ ^) V
/\-^2 /\ ^)
3.10.
) KDNF (3.30).
) KKNF (3.31).
3.5. :
) -16 = -. ( )
) / = > > ,
-1 / = -,
-^-^.
,
. 5
.
,
.
. . 4.1
,
. .4.lb
x{t), Ue{t)^ . 4.1
(^), .
,
:
- .
,
, .
,
.
- 1
.
.
-
.
.
,
,
.
4.1.
.
,
,
. , 1
, ,
3 .
.
.
. ,
, .
)
x{t)^u,{t)
b)
yit)^u^{t)
. 4 . 1 . ) Ue{t)
Ud{t)\ b) x{i)\
) y(t).
4.1.
,
.
H(=High), L(=Low).
1.
.
4'
, ,
1, 0.
. .
4.1. .
. . 4.2.
. ,
.
,
.
, ,
.
^0.
Xti .
&
&
XQ
L
L
UL.
&
XI '
-i9
0
0
1
1
0
1
0
1
.J.
0
1
1
1
1
0
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
01
. 4.2. : )
; ) ; )
.
4.2.
. , {low)
{high) ( )
4-2.
55
1 "
0.9
0,1
1.,.,
/"" "1"'
.
I
1
^
\
1
iv
^^
low
high tpiH {propagation delay time low - high)
high low ttHL {propa
gation delay high - low)
,
50%
.
:
tp {tpHL +
tpLH)/^
(4.1)
4-
,
.
.
,
, tp.
. fp = 1/.
. 4.5. tp
.
4.3. ,
. ,
,
. . 4.6
.
Ue = Us, UH
UL-
.
, .
,
L.
. 4.7
. ,
.
.
, Ua UaHmin UeLmax VDD ,
^VDD .
4.3. ,
Ue UeLmax-
, .
4
1
Ui
t4
. 4.6.
.
Ue
1 t>
. 4.7.
. 4.8
Ua Ue ,
, :
,
{high), ,
.
,
.
.
4-
, ,
.
,
,
.
Ue^
High
aHmin
^eLmax
Low
ov
Ua
Ue
P . 4.8.
.
. 4.8
. {high)
UjiH {low) UnL
:
{high):
{low):
^ ^^ ^
^ eHmin
~
, (
)
. ,
, .
4.4.
,
. ,
4^4'
. . 4.9
. = ,
X = L,
. 4.9. .
X = . = L,
,
^
(. 4.10). , ,
.
. 4.10. .
X = ^ ,
, , , L. ; = L,
VDD-, , , .
, , ,
totem pole ( ).
, .
^ -
-- -- .
4-
4.4.1.
(open collector)
, ,
. 4.11. RQ
Vcc-
. ;
.
. 4.11.
, .
( = 1)
. , ^ Xi
Xi 1^
, (=High).
4.2.
(. 4.11)
.
XI
XI
XI
wired-or wired-and (
). ^ -
4.4'
, ,
. . 4.12.
, ;
. 4.11, .
, .
& <>
(
2
&
&
= (,
. 4.12.
.
4.4.2.
,
, . ,
,
, . .
. ; ,
, {three-state^ , TS).
,
(enable) ,
() .
. 4.13 ,
; enable ( ; ) .
,
. ^ ;
1 , , 1,
- ,
1, enable .
.
4-
Enl
. 4 . 1 3 . . :
(enable) . :
.
. 4.14
, ,
.
; "^1 = 1 .
.
. ,
.
\
1^
lEnl
Xso
Xal
1
lEnl
Xsi
Enl
^2
^2
. 4.14. 5,
.
4.5.
4.1.
) .
)
, .
4.5.
&
- ^
--,
&
>1
i ' /
_
-^
&
4.2.
. 4.2.
. ,
.
,
. ,
. 4.6
Us 1; .
.
];
.
5.1.
- ( =
--).
() ; , ,
. . 5.1
, - - - . -
N- -
.
Uth^ (th thresh
old, ). Uth N-MOn , -
.
, N-MOH
- Ugs ,
Uth' - Ugs, , Uth, , ,
, .
5.L
65
5.1. N- - .
k I
NMOS
hi
UDS
VGS^
-UDS
6 S
'J
UDS
UcGS
UDS
6S
N- ,
- .
, ,
. 5.1.
, Ugs^NMOS) = Ue Ugs(PMOS) = Ue- VDD-
Uth VDD ,
, ,
. ,
/ = N-MOn , -
. Ua = VBD- , Ue VBD
- N- ,
/ = .
. 4.10.
.
, . ,
}\ - NAND (-) NOR ().
Ua f{Uc)- . 5.2,
- ,
.
5.
QVDD
UGS(PMOS)
PMOS
i ID(PMOS)
ID(NMOS)
Ue
Ua
NMOS
H-i
UGS(NMOS)
. 5.1. -.
.
Vnn=\SB
. 5.2. -
5 15 .
5.1.1.
[fan-out)
,
, . ,
.
-
(, 50) ,
.
, -
, fan-out, 50.
.
5.
I4
VDD
1-1
XQ
>-
- . 5.4.
:
1.
.
^ ,
, 1; .
^ ,
.
2.
(
.
68
5.
3. ,
.
4. ,
,
.
. 5.4. - - (HEF4001).
5.1.3.
. 5.5
{transmission gate).
. , 4,
,
Ti 2. S i/,
2 , Ti L.
Ti 2 ,
. ,
(low) Ti 2
. -
- .
, , ,
-
5,1.
TS.
[12].
XI
1
S
. 5.5. - .
1,
, ,
1, , 1
1.
5.1.4.
-
, , ,
. . 5.6.
5.1.5.
( ), VDD ,
.
(latch-up)
. -
.
.
- ,
, .
5.
- , -,
,
.
,
. ,
.
^DD
10 ^ En1
1
d
1
0
~\
1
0
-
EN1
IV
. 5.6. . ) )
)
, .
(fan-out)
,
.
, -, .
,
. ,
,
.
5.2.
5.2.
- () (. 5.7).
Ti .
(if),
,
. 2 (. 5.7),
L. ,
,
Ti 1.
.
L, Ti
( ).
-
, 2 .
.
,
,
- .
.
- S.
'- .
)
" ,
1 1
0 J
0
0
1
0
1
0
1
1
1
1
. 5.7. ) - - (74S00); )
; ) .
5.
- {TS) . 5.8,
^
().
^
0
0
1
1
d
-^
^}
X]
0
1
0
1
d
En
1
1
1
1
0
1
1
1
1
0
hoch-
ohmig 1
XI
b)
:^
&
1 V|
^1
En
ENl
)
)
. 5.8. a) - tri-state (NAND);
b) ; )
1-.
L,
.
Ti,
. 2 ,
2 , ^ .
^ ,
.
i7,
.
-.
5.2.1.
.
. -
,
. 5.2.
, -
10 . -
5.3. -
- 10,
,
.
(fan-out)
(drive-factor)
(load-factor).
5.2,
-.
16
1,
0,4
0,04
- :
Vcc = 5
(-)
:
UoLmax
= , 4
UoHmin
= 2, 4
UiLmax == , 8
,
()
.
5.3. -
- (ECLy emitter-coupled logic)
,
(. 5.9).
.
xi .
xi L, Ti 2 ,
5.
. , , xi , Ti
2 , . ^ .
, -.
,
.
0V
>1
~-
-^
)
. 5.9. -- ELC: ) ; )
.
ELC-:
ELC
, ,
;
;
.
5.4. (PL)
(I^L)
,
.
. 5.10 . Ti
IQ .
(), 2,
5.4' ()
75
. 1 2 (L).
(L), IQ
, ().
\ 2
99
\ 2
|,,......,
. 5.10. ) I^L-; )
I^L
, 1 .
. . 5.11 -
, I^L .
.
^
tl
2 -
. 5 . 1 1 . -, I L .
5.
5.5.
,
.
,
. 5.12.
Ron Roff-, , .
, ,
Ci.
Ron
'Ua
Roff J B G
a) -
b)
Roff
'Ua
URon
Ci
. 5.12. ) -; ) ; )
.
Ci
, Cos .
.
,
Ron
,
.
.
,
, ^
L:
Ua = VDD(l-e-'/''-^^)
(5.1)
^ L:
Ua = -''^-^'
(5.2)
:
^5 ^ RonCi
(5.3)
5.5.
,
.
(5.1) (5.2)
/ ,
{VOD/ROU ~^ Roff)^ :
:
-
, ,
W ( ).
- ,
,
.
-
.
-
.
. 5.13. .
. 5.13
^
. - - , , ,
- (GaAs).
5.
(high-electron-mobility transistor ). ,
(5.4)
.
-,
GaAs-.
5.6.
5.1.
) -- .
) -- .
5.2.
. 5.8,
.
5.3. , = /(1,)
,
.
. I.
,
, ^ .
- .
. ,
, ,
.
.
, .
,
.
,
-
.
.2.
.
. ,
.
,
,
^\ ,
,
.
,
.
,
, ;
( )
.
.
.
, ^\
, ],
,
:
-
;
-
;
- ];
.
,
.
.
,
, ,
, ; .
.
J\RR
^\
. ,
.
.
.2.
.
, .
.
, ,
.
, ,
. ,
, ,
.
.
, ()
.
.
. .
,
.
.2.1.
,
.
,
,
.
.
,
:
, ,
. ,
.
:?1
, ^\
. ,
.
.
.
,
.
, ,
.
.
,
,
. ,
,
.
, .
J\
, , :
.
.
.
.
.
,
,
.
.
,
, .
-
, -
.2.
.
. ,
,
, ,
.
.
,
.
,
.
,
.
,
.
, . .2.1.
.
. ,
,
.
: ,
.
,
, , .
.
.
.
1
.
. ,
.
. .4.
.
, .6,
,
, , .
, ;
( III
), .
, ,
;.
.6.
.
,
. ;
];,
. ,
. .2.1.
.
,
.
.
.2.2.
. . .2.2
,
. to ti
, ,
tio ^oi
.
. -
.2.
,
, .
.
.
-
III
^
II
. . 2 . 1 . .
,
^\
.
.
.
. -
,
.
J\RR
.
. . 2 . 2 . .
^^, ^
,
:
W}^ = , 5 {W^p + W^^ + W^~' + < - i ) ,
(.2.1)
W^p , 1
,
f/i;
^ , /;
pyj~^ , ,
, ;
W^~^ , 1,
, .
W^^^ 1,
^
(
) C/i
.2.
:
t^i-W7T^.
(.2.2)
( )
,
.
W}^^
,
( ).
.
^
,
.
.
.
-
.
. ^^Qjji VF^^
ti ^2
, .
W^^
W^^ -
, ,
.
W^^ W^^
C/i /,
. ,
,
-
.
P{t) :
= ^ .
(.2.3)
(.2.1) :
^10
h
^1+^10+^0
j
^1+^10
"
rr.
(.2.4)
PL{t)dt+ I P^Ht)dt
^1+^10+^0
: P^^ (t)
;
^ (^)
1;
^ (^) ;
( 1.
^^ ^^
,
V^a .
^^ ^^
.
,
. .2.2. (.2.4)
,
.
,
t /
W^ = W^p-f-t.
(.2.5)
.2.
. .2.3
, .
,
.
,
.
, /^
lOOOOf
1000 +
peorropi
0+
+ 4004
8008
^ i ^ 26
'^
/ ^ ^ 3 8 6
^^^^
Pentium
8080 8085
70
'80
70
'00
. .2.3. .
, .
.
.
, .
, -,
, ,
:
W
I^R.
(.2.6)
,
,
. .2.1.
^ .
,
,
(, ,
..). .
. .
.
/ , , ,
().
( 10^ 10^^ ), , ,
, .
, '^ = 1
(10~^ 10~^^) , ,
, Nli
N = 10^ (10~^ 10^) .
-
.
,
, ,
.
-
.
, ,
, .
-
.
.
, .
-
.2.
, .
.
,
(
, ;
).
(;)
.
; , ;
VFo?
:
^ - ,
: ; ;
.
^ ,
, . WQ
(
,
..) .
( )
,
;
, ,
, :
WQ const.
.
.
;
,
, ]; .
^
N
=1
Q ,
t\
W^ - ;
fi - .
,
.
. .
,
. , ,
.
.
, ,
,
.
, ,
, ,
.
,
:
N
=1
v = 1^
v 0.
,
, v -^ 0.
.
.2.
.2.3.
, ,
, .
,
,
,
.
.
.
.
,
. ; ,
;
, . .2.4.
.
,
, ;
.
]; () ,
/ .
;
.
.
, -
94
:
=
dh
dU,
-..| |-..|
| 1 |. 0.1
AlAsGal
r-J Si I |5 | I]
IsiGe I
|AsGa|
. . 2 . 4 .
.
. -
.2,
.
.
,
, .
,
1; .
, ; ,
,
.
]; :
/ , /
.
, ,
];
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.
.
;
.
;,
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.
.
,
.
, ,
()
, .
,
.
,
,
.
- .
, .
,
.
,
:
,.
/ ,
, / ().
.
.
, ,
. ( ~ , -
)
, ,
, .
: - ,
(
, - ).
.
- (-). --
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:
.
,
,
.
j ^ ^
.
-
-.
.
.
- ().
:
.
,
, ,
().
. .2.5 .2.6.
. I >0
--
N+
UB3=0
--
Us3=0
>0 / -
. . 2 . 5 . .
,
- ,
.
()
.
. .2.6.
,
, ,
.
. ,
, , (. .2.5
.2.6).
.
.
1; ( ) .
, ]; ~- . ,
.
..
N-
>0
-UcH
i ^
^=0
N-
/~0
,
r^^i
>0
=0
<0
. . 2 . 6 . ( ) .
( ) . ,
, ,
.
(. .6).
,
, .
.
;
.
.2,
.
.
,
, - (
).
, ,
- - -.
-
.
-
.
, ,
,
, .
-
LjDi)-CTpyKTypa {Lightly Doped Drain)^
. .2.7.
. .2.1.
( ,
).
,
.
( )
, - .
4 10^^ 8 10^^ ~^. "^-
(5 10^^ 1 10^^ ~^).
,
. -
00
1//)>- ,
.
. . 2 . 7 . -.
; 300 .
,
,
.
. 2 . 1 .
,
,
250
180
4-5
3-4
- , 50 - 100 3 6 - 7 2
, /
/,
130
100
70
2-3
1,5-2
< 1,5
26-52
20-40
15-30
10
70
93
121
120
,
TiSi2
CoSi2 40 ,
5 .
.2.
S3N4. ,
, 5 10^^ 1 10^^ ~^.
,
^ 100 ,
- .
]; ^\ 0,1
1,5-2. ; tox L
;
Z/ = 45 ^ -
.
,
, .
; ,
0,25-
{LOCOS).
10 70- 0,06 1;
.
130
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1
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(.7.3)
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hV
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II
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(KNF).
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^
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.
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6 . 1 .
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
1
1
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0
1
1
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1
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1
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1
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1
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1
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8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
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0
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13
15
11
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1110 1010
=1
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; ) .
KDNF
.
:
1
1
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. 6.2. - ,
. 6.1.
,
,
6.1. -
( (3.34)):
{ :ri) V (; ^ xi) =
(6.1)
1.
1, 2, 4, 8 .. .
, .
,
. , 4
, (
).
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.
X,
__
1
2 - ^
1 1
LiJ
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> XQ
X, <
1
2
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1 :
/i = ~'^1^2
,
. , - / , .
(DNF)
(product term).
1 5. .
;
6.
,
:
2: I2 = ^2^
3: / = -i 3:1X2X3
4: /4 =
-^x^^xix^
5: /5 = -^-^2
^\
,
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:
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1,
.
DNF.
- 4:
( )
,
. .
- PR\
.
DNF.
, :
PK =
{hJ2jb)
= 0
PR =
{h,h}
, . ,
6.1. -
177
,
4:
f {XS,X2,XI,XQ)
(6.2)
, 3:
f {xs,X2,xi,xo)
(6.3)
6.1.2. KKNF
KKNF . .
.
1
N,
2 \
\^
3,^
Xi
) '
liJ
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1
0
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1^
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10
1 0 1^
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, DNF,
0. . 6.4
(KNF).
,
, 1:
1: 1\ = ^ ^2 ^
2: /2 = -> : V ;2
3: 1^ = -^ -^2 xz
4: 1^ = -^^ -^2 ^
5: /5 = V -> ^i V -^2
178 6.
, :
= 0
/*
(6.4)
= ( V -I 2 V xs) (-> V 2) (-> 1 V -12 V ) (^ V -11 V -12)
KNF
:
f {xs,X2,Xi,Xo)
(6.5)
{ V ^ :2 V ) (-^ V 2) (^ V -^ V xs) (: V ^ ^i V -12)
6.1.3. - 2, 3, 4, 5, 6
.
- ,
.
2 1
. 6.5. - 2 3 .
6.1.4. .
.
.
d (don't care). don't care
6,1, -
179
^ .
(. 6.8) ,
.
12
24
28
20
16
13
25
29
21
17
15
11
27
31
23
19
14
10
26
30
22
18
-^0
. 6.6. - 5 .
^4
Xs
1 ^' 8
*2
2"4~ 16
48
56
40
32
25
17
49
57
41
33
27
19
51
59
43
35
10
26
18
50
58
42
34
14
30
22
54
62
46
38
15
31
23
55
63
47
39
13
29
21
53
61
45
37
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12
28
20
52
60
44
36
<
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> *!
80
6.
1 ^
1 1
. 6.8. .
d, ,
. d
1.
2
1
2;^
~^ 1
~1
^
^
0
. 6.9. , . 6.7.
:
/ ( , 2 , 1 , ) = -^2
XI
(6.6)
don't care ( d = 0)
:
f {,2,1,)
= Xo-^Xi^X2
V -^X()Xi-^X2
N/^0^:1X2
(6.7)
, don't care
.
6.2. -^
,
, --.
6.2. --
,
(3.34):
{XQ
(6.8)
,
. 1,
(-).
:
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: 10-1
,
. 6.1.
(. 6.2),
1-. :
(
) .
6.2. 1-
.
XI
10
12
13
15
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(6.8). ,
, (-).
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.
1 ,
xi. ,
, . 6.2 (
, , 1 ,
6.
. 6.2 ).
,
(
).
6.3. 1- ( 1).
XI
0,2
0,8
2,10
8,10
8,12
5,13
12,13
13,15
. 6.4 .
, . 6.3. ,
.
, , , .
,
- .
.
, :
8, 12
5, 13
12, 13
13, 15
, 2, 8, 10
6.4. 1-
(2- ); 3- (1 ).
XI
0, 2, 8, 10
0, 8, 2, 10
, ,
6.2.
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.
, .
, . ,
, .
, ,
.
. , 2 10
, 2, 8, 10,
DNF. , 2, 8 10
, , .
6.5.
8, 12
10 12 13 15
5, 13
12, 13
13, 15
X
X
0, 2, 8, 10 X
5, 1313, 15
, 5 15. 5, 3 15 (0).
6.6.
, (8).
5, 13
10 12 13 15
(8)
8, 12
12, 13
13, 15
0, 2, 8, 10 (8) (8)
(8
(8
(8 (8
(8) (8
,
,
,
.
184
6.
. , ^ 12
8, 12 12, 13.
6.7. .
8, 12
^1-^
5, 13
a:2~'a:ia:o
12, 13
2-'1
13, 15
2,20
0, 2, 8, 10
-^2^
, 12, 13 :
/(,2,;1,;) ^ X2-^xiX() V XSX2XQ \/ x^X2-'Xi V -1X2-'^
(6.9)
, 8, 12:
f {xs,X2,Xi,Xo)
= X2-^XiX{)
V 320 X^^XI-^XQ
V - 1 ^ 2 ^
(6.10)
,
-.
6.3.
, KDNF
KKNF DNF KNF,
. ,
,
.
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:
-
, , NOR NAND;
- ,
;
- ;
6.3. 185
- ,
.
.
&
&
>1
&
&
Xi
2 -iX2
1X3
&
&
1
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(
Xi
1^
<
2 -iX2
1X3
&
rUzz: &
<
<>
<
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<
1
Xi
2 -2
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; ) .
6.3.1. / -
. 6.10 ,
DNF, ,
-.
186 6.
(. 6.10 ).
-
-, ,
- (. 6.10 ).
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<
>
--2
>1
-^
<1
<
1
-nJC2
&
11
>1
>1
>1
b)
iXs
>1
1
^J
<
(
>
<
1
-^
^3 ~-^
>1
>1
)
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6.3.2. /
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/
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. . 6.11 ,
- (. 6.11 )
6.4' 187
(. 6.11 ) ,
-.
6.4.
6.4.1.
, .
, ,
.
. , ,
. .
. 6.12 , :
(6.11)
= :1 Vx2-^rro
2
4
>
&
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to
>1
XI
&
. 6.12. .
to-
,
- .
X{^{t\ yi{t)^ 2{^) y{t)
. 6.13. y{t)
^^ -
. .
- (. 6.14)
,
.
188
6.
, 1;2-
:
(6.12)
\^ V 2-' ^0 V \2
J?o(t)A
yi{t)A
*^xh\
2(0
. 6.13. :
, . 6.12 {\ 2 1).
^
0
0
J
1 J
. 6.14. - ,
. 6.12; (
).
, DNF ,
,
, .
(6.11) \2 = 1.
,
.
6.4-
6.4.2.
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,
1.
, (. 6.15).
1 -
Xi {
ox
1 1
(2b
2
. 6.15. ,
.
.
y(t)
2
t
. 6.16. ,
. 6.16,
.
90
6.
6.4.3.
( 4
. 6.17. ().
6.5.
6.1. /(;,^27^1^^)
(. 6.8).
) ;
)
KDNF / ;
) ,
;
) / ;
) KDNF --.
6.2.
.
don4 care. f{x/^^x^^X2^xi^X{))
{^: MSB, XQ: L S B ) :
mo, m2, m4, mr, mie, m2i, m24, ^25, ^28,
:
M l , M9, M i l , M i 3 , Mi5, M18, Mi9, M26, M27, 30, M31.
6.5.
) .
)
. don4 care
.
6.8.
XI
fix3,X2^Xl^Xo)
6.3.
(: MSB, XQ: L S B ) :
fl{xs,X2,Xi,Xo)
=,
7714, ^
/ 3 ( ^ 3 , ^ 2 , ^ 1 , ^ 0 ) = ^ 3 , r7l5,77lj, m n ,
mi5.
) DNF,
.
) ,
, .
) .
6.
6.4. ,
.
(, , -) to.
) = /(,^2?^^)) -.
) - ,
.
) ,
.
,
, , ,
.
SN1. .
, ^,
. .
,
Zi.
-N
+1
SN1
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Y^
. 7 . 1 . : ,
X Z,
m m -h 1.
J\AR
. ,
,
.
m m + 1.
^,
.
,
.
.
7.
7.1.
.
SN1,
, .
,
SN2 (. 7.2):
(Moore's Automaton)
Z ^
(Mealy's Automaton), ,
SN2
Z ^ , ,
.
SN1
SN2
-1
SN1
i>
SN2
fiix^
z^'
]/LA
b)
. 7.2. ) ; ) .
7.2. .
- (NOR).
(. 7.3). 5 i?,
, (set) (reset).
Qi, Q,
Q2
Q.
, .
1.2.
(-0
ei(0
. 7.3. NOR (
).
,
.
1. S = 1, R = 0.
NOR- Q2 = 0.
NOR- ,
Qi = 1. .
. 7.1,
.
2. , 5 = , i? = 1,
Qi =
Q2 = 1- .
3. , 5 = , = ,
.
Qi == 1,
1 Q2 = 0.
Qi = 1,
0.
.
, Q2 = 1^
, Qi = Q2 = I.
. 7.1 ,
{Q^ = Q^^^). . 7.1
,
Q Q + 1.
4. S = 1 R = 1.
0.
, .
96
7.
7.1.
/25-.
Q"^
Q"^-^^
-Q"^
Q"^+i
-iQ"^+i
Q"'
0
1
7.3. .
/ i /2 (. . 7.2) SN1
SN2. . 7.4
ti.
Z\
>1
+\
2\
. 7.4. ) (-
^^-).
SN1
i t , D , ZJ-^
z^+^ = ^ (- ( 5 V z ^ ) V ) = -^RS V
-^Rz^
(7.1)
SN2^
SNl^
-:
(7.2)
Q"2
. (5 V z"^) = ^S-^zf
(7.3)
l.S.
. 7.1.
,
, (. 7.2).
7.2.
-.
^1
^1
0
1
-5-
5-
VI
-5/
-^S-^R
S-^R
SR
-n5i?
01
00
00
01
10
10
10
10
5 ?2
Z'^'^ .
. ,
Q'^ Q'^^,
.
Z'^ = Z'^^^.
.
i? = ,
S 1 Z'^^^ = 1.
. 7.5. ,
Z]^~^ , .
. ^^ ,
, .
.
, , , Z ^ =
Zf^ 1 i? = , 5 = 1, ,
Zj^ = , R = S = I; Z^^ = 1
R S,
^/01
RS/00
-^5/00
- > ^ -
R/IO
. 7.5. ; ZJ^,
QiQ2-
7.
, 7.2,
.
7.4.
, ];,
. ;
. - ,
, NOR-
(. 7.6).
<J
tl
=:^<
>1 ^
or
Q'
7?
i\
Z2
Z2
>1
<3
^
/1
Z\
. 7.6. (^-S-NOR-xpHrrep),
ti t2.
, ,
. . 7.6
:
(7.4)
(7.5)
:
(7.6)
(7.7)
KV-.
Zj^"^ , Z^^ i?,
5, Z]^, Z'2' (. 7.3). .
, Z]^"^^ Z p Z^"^^ Z'^',
.
.
^
, ,
.
. .
.
1; .
7.3. iiTF-
.
'-\-1 1I ^-\-\
-/-5
-^RS
RS
R^S
00
01
(00)
10
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
01
11
10
. 7.3
. . ,
i? = 1, 5 = 1
^2^771 _ QQ g . 7.3
^m+i^m+i ^ QQ R = 0^ S = 0.
, ,
.
Z'2'Z'i^ 00 ,
,
. Z^"^^Z]^~^^ = 11. , ,
, .
:
1. (t\ < ^2)7
Z^~^^Z]^~^^ = 01.
2. ^1 > ^2,
3. ti = t2^ Z^^ Z^'^ = 1 1 .
.
, Z^'^^Z^'^^ = 00,
.
, ,
.
race, ,
,
. ,
RS = 11 RS = 00,
7.
,
.
. 7.7 .
11 ( Z'2'Z'^ 00) RS = 00
.
, iiS'-NOR-Tpnrrepe
. , 11.
tiXi
=/2
h<t2
)
. 7.7. ) /?5'-0-
RS = 11 ( Z^Z"^ = 00) RS = 00,
.
) .
. 7.7 b
. , 00
.
RS = 11,
00
. ,
.
10, S = 0.
.
SR = 10,
00 01, 00.
, , :
1. R = S = 1 jR^-NOR-Tpnrrepa
.
2. ; RS = 11
RS = 00, . 7.7
7.5,
: 00 11,
10 01.
, .
,
RS 00.
3. ,
.
SN1 ,
.
4. ,
, ,
.
7.5.
,
.
, .
(flip-flop, FF),
. .
7.5.1. ^-
^- NAND- NOR-. '- NAND-
.
^ 5- ,
R S
.
'-, ,
,
, .
7.5.2. ^-
RS- ^-
(RS-latch) (. 7.9).
NAND-,
.
^- 7.9.
202
7.
,
, S = 1
Q^ = 1 -uR = 1, -^ = 1.
.
ri"
"
1
0
1 1
0
0
1
1
-^' 1
" -.R
^1
"
1
-"
0
"
0
0
1
1
0
1
1
0
0^
^0^ \
g^i
11
0
1 "
-^' 1
+1
. 7.9 ,
. , ,
S R ,
= 0.
.
.
. 7.10 ^-.
, ,
1,
.
, -
7.5.
203
. . 7.10
.
.
S IS
CI
R IR
b)
a)
[s R
11 ^ 00
0
1
Id
1
1
d
e^' -e^' 1
1
1
1
1
0
or1
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0
c)
1 1
e" 1 -ng" 1
. 7.9. 725- , ) ; )
; ) .
|
t
^t
in
.
t
|
t
Q\
->
-\
toLH
. 7.10.
^DHL
^DLH
tpHL
7?5-; .
7.5.3.
7.
1?-
, , 5-,
,
. D- (. 7.11).
/^- ^^-
, {D) , D = S -^R.
.
, (7.8) D =
= S = -^R. :
Q +1 _ DC V - C Q ^
(7.9)
)- , = 1
, =
.
"
^ .
-^' 1
hj"
1
1
0
0
1
1 1
0 1
-ng" 1
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.
. 7.12
D-. ,
D- .
D-
(D delay).
.
, -
7.5.
205
tpLH
tpHL
hlM
. 7.12.
D-.
,
D-, High (..
) ^^ (. 7.13).
,
.
(setup) tg (hold) th-
,
.
tk-
.
7.5.4.
D-
,
D-,
, D- .
,
.
. ,
.
J\KK
206
7.
^^
'.
tK
. 7.13. (setup) is
ih-, iw t^
. 7.14. D-, - 7474.
.
.
. 7.14. D-
(7474). .
1,5.
R 1. -^S 1.
.
. 7.14 :
' { ( - (;^+^- [Dz^])))
^m+1 _
= - V z'^-^D V z'^^z^
(7.10)
(7.11)
(7.12)
,
. :
(7.13)
Q = zT
7.4.
D- 7474 Z^""^^ , Z^+^ , Z^-^\
ryra lym
Z/i Z^2
fym
^3
-C-nJD
^CD
CD
C^D
000
111
111
001
111
111
010
111
111
on
on
on
on
111
111
on
on
on
Con)
101
101
no
no
100
100
no
Cm)
no
no
Cno)
010
100
111
Cm)
Cm)
on
101
Cm)
Cm) Cm)
Ha (7.10)-(7.12)
(. 7.4).
,
6 .
000 001
. - .
.
, . 7.15,
D-.
001 000 ,
. , = , -
208
7.
:
: Q = z^ = 1
zfzlj^zf
= 111
: Q = z^^ =
. 7.15. D- 7474.
. .
, ,
= 0.
110.
:
1. D = 1, 010
D 011. D
, ,
. ,
D
.
111. ,
Q = ZJ^, 1.
.
.
2. D = , 100.
0. D ,
D.
110.
.
, 111
.
1.5.
, , 1-4, ,
,
1.
D (. 7.16).
/
D
-^^
1 ^
V
. 7.16. D-.
7.16 ,
(
tgu
^),
.
,
D-, .
,
, . ,
,
.
, D-.
h- Q
^^Q
. 7.17. D-
7474 .
7.
7.5.
D- 7474
( ).
|D
gm + l
-5
t
t
g"^
Qrn
-i?
D-
(. 7.5)
. (. 7.17)
.
7.5.5.
, D-
,
,
. ,
,
. ,
, D-
. ,
(clock-skew),
,
.
, ,
,
,
(. 7.19). master-slave. , D-
D-
7.5. 21 I
,
, .
. 7.18. D-.
D-
ID
>1
>1
b--^Q
>
b)
. 7.19. D- : ) ; )
.
7.5.6. J-K-TpMrrep
JK- RS- mas
ter-slave Q -iQ
R S
:
S = CJ-^Q"^
(7.14)
R = CKQ"^
(7.15)
,
. R
S 1,
Q = 1 -iQ = 1.
JK-
RS-
(7.14) (7.15):
gm+i ^sy-^RQ"^
(7.16)
7.
(7.17)
Q"^+i = CJQ"^ V -KQ"* V -CQ
&
J
1
&
(7.18)
'
1 ^
>
:>n
'~
. 7.20. JK-.
, . 7.21.
1
1
1
1
0
J
0
0
1
1
d
0
1
0
1
d
Qm
0
1
-"
2"
~1
- 1
^Q
. 7 . 2 1 . ) ; ) JK-.
, JK- RS-master-slave-, J 1.
J = = 1^
.
JK-.
7.5.7. -.
- (. 7.22) JK-,
, JK-: = J = \,
- toggle-flip-flop.
l.b.
7.5.8.
D-
74175. 4
D-,
.
R.
0
0
6^' 1
-Q
gm
C-|>C1
&"
1 1j j
Jo
-ig" 1
a)
.Q
b)
. 7.22. a) )
-.
CLK
>1
-1 - NR
D,
ID
-.
Q2
D,
D,
. 7.23. 74175, 4 D-
.
7.5.9. .
. 7.6 . ,
. , , , D-
.
. 7.6
.
214
7.
nCLR
CLK
1 ^
<J
D,
ID
'>
>1
R
ID
-&
Q2
/N^
-^>1
1
ID
D,
-
>4
\
<J
>1
D
R
ID
<J
/^>1
L.
R
. 7.24. 74175, 4 D- .
. 7.7
.
.
RS-.
.
, , .
.
-
7,5.
215
.
.
7.6. .
S
RS
IS
1
1R
IS
- 1
1R
ID
1
ID
- 1
JK 1
IS
>1
1R
~1
ID
>1
-1
IT
- 1
>1
1
~1
-1
~1 0
IS
1R
-1 1
ID
>1
-
-1
- 1
1
IT
>1
- >1
1
IT
>1
-
~1 01
~1
.
,
.
.
,
. , -
7.
.
,
7.5.4 D-,
-.
7.7. .
-/~^_7
W
7.6.
7.1.
.
.
)
.
) .
) ?
, .
) .
(
&
~11
1
>1
'
i ^
1
&
>
>1
1 J
&
zo
7.6.
217
7.2.
, Q.
,
1,
. , ,
.
)
. ^ 3 . ()
= I . =
() .
) ^ .
,
. ,
, .
) , .
7.3. ,
7.12, D-.
7.4.
D- . .
1^XI
D
1 -
'ixi
1
ixi
1
'!
KLH
1
-2
-- (
).
:
) , ,
,
.
) , .
, ,
.
218
1,
) ()
().
) .
) .
.
( , ,
, )
,
, CLK.
-N
-]
SN1
F^
CLKi
SN2
^
. 8 . 1 . (Mealy) CLK.
,
.
. ,
(races) ,
.
8.1. ( I)
.
8.1.1.
()
, -
8.
().
JK-.
. ^ =
4 ,
. 8.1.
^ = 1
1.
, 1.
{'^
) .
8.1. ()
Ml, 2, (^ = 0).
1
Ml
8.1.2.
0/110
1/000
. 8.2.
(: ^/Mi 2 ).
,
1. ^ = .
"^. "^ = 1,
8.L
1)
1 "^ 1.
000.
:
1. (Mealy),
^ .
^ 1,
4
1.
2. 1
. "^ = 1.
8.1.3.
^
3 (. 8.3).
4 , JK-.
SN1
fi(r^
^0,
1 4
q 1|
CLK.
Jx
1 <|-
1|
SN2
. 8.3. .
8.
, JK-, 4
.
. ,
.
. , ,
.
JK-
Zi^ . 8.2.
-
.
8.2. .
Zl
Z2
^ SN1
SN2.
.
8.1.4.
, . 8.2.
,
.
, m m 4-1,
. (. 8.3) Mi,
2 ,
z
,rr
^ , ^ ^ z!^
n+l
^m+l
ZQ
8.1.5.
^ JK-, J i , i^i, J2 2 -
8. ( 1)
J ^
z'^
z'^'^^.
8.3.
^1
^0
0
0
0
0
1
1
1
1
0
0
1
1
0
0
1
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
^1
0
1
0
1
0
0
0
0
^0
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
Ml
1
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
1
1
0
0
0
0
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
, , z'^ = ,
J = .
= I =
. z'^ = 0.
,
.
8.4. JK-
.
0^
0
0
1
1
^ + 1
0
1
0
1
. 8.4 KB-,
. 8.3 .
JK-,
SN1, -. (. 8.5):
Jo = ^'^-
(8.1)
Jl = -.r'^z^
(8.2)
(8.3)
(8.4)
224
8.
JiKi
JoKo
JiKi
JoKo
MiMiMi
1 Od
Id
Od
Od
111
Id
do
Od
dl
! oil
1 dO
dl
dl
dl
010
1 dl
Od
dl
Od
110
MiMzMj
000 1
000
000 1
000 1
'zo
'z\
KB- ,
SN2:
Ml = ^"*--z^
2 = -"*
= -r^'-zj" = Jo
(8.5)
(8.6)
(8.7)
&
/^
&
zo
-iZo
dr
CI <f K.
IK
A^
CLK.
Jx
-iZi
dr
IJ
CI < Ks
IK
Hdi
. 8.4. .
, JQ .
-. -
8.2. ( 2) 225
Ki = - Ji
8.2. ( 2)
8.2.1.
,
- --.
. D- . 8.5.
. D-, ^
D-.
, SN2
.
, CLK.
SN1
D:
ID
ID
-iZz
Di
-^1
zo
CLK
Zo
D.
ID
-iZo
. 8.5. .
8.2.2.
,
J\RR
8.
. . 8.6,
. 4 8 .
. 8.6. (
^, ^, ^').
8.2.3.
(. 8.6)
. 4 ,
.
. ,
, -
,
. .
8.6.
.
^0
8.2.4.
^ + 1
^ + 1
^0
,
D-,
KB-. ,
D- , D-,
: Di = z^'^ . (d).
. 8.7 :
D2 _ m+l _
^z'P^z^ V
^2 ""^
(8.8)
8.2. ( 2)
(8.9)
Di = 2^"+^ =
^m+1 Zi Z2
Do
Z2
Di^zi"
02= "
(8.10)
d
.
4^
Zo
V . . _
^.
>
Z\
22
Do-=zo"
zo
0 j
. 8.7. KB- D.
8.2.5.
000, 011, 101 111. (. 8.7)
.
8.7.
.
^
^2"
^1
ZQ
^2
m+l
^0
^1
228
8.
8.2.6.
(. 8.8),
, , ,
. 2 .
. 8.8.
.
, -
don't KB- (. 8.7)
. 001, 010, 100
.
&
&"
>1
&"
/~^
-^2
L,
ID
I D^
1<
"^
{/\)
'"
<
ID 1
^'
1<
\^
/~
-^0
^
^
CLK
. 8.9.
ID
1<
Do
8.2. ( 2)
, ,
,
. ,
,
. , ,
don't care.
8.2.7.
, (. 8.10) ,
.
.
\/\
W+-1
SN1
V/U
CLK'
. 8.10.
, CLK (. 8.11).
tkHt
.
(clock skew)
, .
D-,
.
,
tkrit .
. 8.11 z'^.
.
. "^
, .
SN1.
.
8.
CLK
FF
^WK
^
j
2'"
X'"
^\\
1
h
*-min
^
i
i
ti>0
t2>0
. 8.11. .
,
tmin .
tmin (
). .
.
.
tmax .
.
,
tmin
. tmax 5
,
2:^+1 (. 8.11).
. ;
,
; .
8.3. 231
z'^^^
.
^1 0.
^1 "= tmin '^krit >
(8.11)
tmin-
,
.
.
.
,
,
.
:
^2 = twK
- tmax >
(8-12)
,
SN1 SN2.
SN1.
SN1,
, z^^^.
,
,
'^ z'^ (. 8.12).
8.3.
8.1. ,
, , D. R{= reset)
V (= Vprvarts, forvard, ) :
R = 0 V = I , , , D, , ;
8.
= V == D, , , , DC;
R = 1 V.
) .
) .
) D - .
J \ l
-||
SN1
HJ
CLK.
SN2
"
. 8.12.
8.2. 8.1
, JK-:
) RS-;
) D-.
.
8.3. ,
,
1,5 .
.
1,5 ,
, , .
] ,
50 1 .
, .
, JI^JIK
(1,1)
.
;.
8.3. 233
^
{XI^XQ)
00
50
01
10
5 = 1 ,
.
. = 1 50
)
.
) .
:
.
.
9.1.
,
.
() .
--{1}
h
&
HI>-^
&
&
&l-i
&
&
&
xo (}{}>-
>i
Xa~
--ny
X\
X7~
MUX
EN
^1 G 02)
/o- 0
/ l -
hhhhhh-
. 9 . 1 . 8:1- 74151 .
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
9,1.
. 9.1 74151.
8:1,
8 li
. -
(transmission gates),
^2, ::1, XQ /^ .
-I JE ( enable, ). ,
-iE = 1. -1 ? = .
:
XQIQ V -> 2-^ XIXQII
V 2 XIXQI^
X2-^Xi-^Xol4
V - X2Xi-^Xol2
V 21-^1
V ->
X2XiXoh\/
X2XiX()l7)
(9.1)
. 9.1 8:1-
74151 MUX.
U(G) Xi .
XQ 2 2'
9.1. 8:1- 74151 {
G {0,1})
I?
/i
/o
Xi
0
0
0
9.1.1.
. .
, . 9.2.
8:1.
9.
8:1 ,
.
.
1 ^^h
1
XQ
1
Xi
]M
a)
b)
. 9.2. a) - , ;
) .
/^,
. .
,
. , :2, ^
KB-
2- . . 9.2 ,
.
:
2^, 2 2^, xi 2^.
. -
1, 0.
1.
, 1, ,
1.
, . 9.2 b , Ii
-1 , / 1 ,
XQ.
9.1.
16:1.
1.
8:1.
- --
. 9.3. ,
. 9.2.
li,
1
1
Xl
h j
1
1
Xo
XI {
a)
X2
b)
. 9.4. a) - ,
; ) .
4:1
,
9.
DNF ( KNF),
. . 9.4.
0:2,
.
4:1-,
(. 9.5).
XI ,
.
MUX
-,-dEN
^^
41 b
. 9.5. ,
. 9.4.
9.2.
,
, 1, ,
, 2.
.
, 9.6, .
. 9.6.
:
, , -
;
9,2. 239
;
. , .
^ ,
.
(lb
bI
xi
4
5
[]>
&
X3\l}
HIb
%
9
. 9.7. 7442
-
9.2.1. -
7442
. 9.7
7442. - 1 10.
1 10 , ,
, , , 1.
4 10 .
1
0.
.
=Mi
0,1,..., 9
(9.2)
,
:
= MQ = -^2 -'XiW = -^ {-^xsX2Xi-^)
(9.3)
9.
7442
, .
BCD/DEC, -
. - (BCD)
.
j\jisi .
9.2. 7442 -
0
1
2
2/8
XI
XQ
1 0
1 1
1 0
1 0
1 0
0
0
0
1
1 0
10
1 0
1 0
11
1 0
1 1
12
13
14
15
9.2.2.
,
1 , .
,
. ,
.
- .
(. 9.8).
2, xi ; . .
7.
9.2.
(. 9,2). , xs
, ;25 ^i XQ
1.
,
8- .
BCD/DEC
\
2
4
5
Hi
6
1
Xi
. 9.8. .
,
. . 9.9.
7.
li
.
.
(time division multiple access, TDMA,
).
9.2.3.
,
1 , .
? 2^ 1 2^ xi XQ. . 9.5.
, 74138,
3 8 .
,
9.
.
.
BCD/DEC
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8 9 -
MUX
7
/
/i
h
h
/4
/5
/
Ii
'3^2
2
Xi
XQ
. 9.9.
.
9.3. ^/, 2, yi,
3^1
?/1
2/0
,
,
. DNF,
KNF.
, ,
:
, ^\
1, NAND- (. 9.10).
74138
NAND ODER,
DNF.
9.3.
BIN/OCT
0
--
f\
p.
_____
r^
...
11
^2
5 J
6 ^
7
""
4 > - "
-/W6
& II
JPr
'
>'l
'
. 9.10. DNF
BIN/OCT
--/
,
/2
^0 1
Xi - | 2
/4
/5
-/
&
&
&
&
. 9.11. KNF .
KNF . , ,
, ,
- (. 9.11), KNF
.
9.3.
(trans-
9.
mission-gates).
,
. . 9.12.
, , .
BIN/OCT
7
6
\ 5
^
\
1
1
S1
1
S6
1
S5
1
54
so-i
1
53
1
S2
1
51
1
50
. 9.12. (
) (
)
9.4.
9.1. /(a2,ai,ao)7
(. 9.13),
. !{ Xi.
9.2.
Fo(ai, 2, ) Fi(ai, 2, )
. . 9.4
9.4'
ai
0
0
0
0
1
1
1
1
0
0
1
1
0
0
1
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
MUX
EN
/
0
0
1
0
1
1
0
1
lo
h
h
f>-- ^y
0
1
2
3
. 9.13.
a) 74138 (. . 241)
.
9.4.
2
Fo
Fi
)
74153,
2
4:1. 74153
.
74153
XQ
\ -
MUX
EN
0
/| 1
h 2
h 3
^ 1 - < :
/in
- ^ 7 ^
/~
/l
EN
0
1
h2
h 3
246
9.
9.3.
.
9.5. ^/2, 2/i,
210
2/2 2/1
2 XI
2 1
000
000
100
110
001
001
101
111
010
011
110
101
011
010
111
100
, , ,
.
.
10.1.
, .
.
.
.
10.1.1. 8
8 JK-
, . 10.1.
J- - JK- 1.
.
.
. 10.1. 8, JK-
.
10.
, . 10.2. 111
000.
8, 8
.
L
I
&
1 .
. 10.2. 8,
. 10.1.
.
. 10.2,
.
10.1.2. 6
6
8. , JK-
R.
,
6(100).
Qi Q2 (. 10.3). 6
110.
. 10.4,
. , ,
.
10.1.
249
. 10.3. , JK-
^*
Qo i i
11
2
/
.. i
Qi i i
fc_
. 10.4. 6,
. 10.3
10.1.3.
,
Qi , -^Qi (. 10.5).
JK-
, ,
. 10.6.
, .
.
10.
10.1.4.
, ,
tpd . . 10.7
,
. ,
.
^1
. 10.5. 8, JK-
^1 4
Qo 1 i
.,
1 1
11
1 1
Qi i i
'
. 10.6. 8,
. 10.5
100 .
.
fmax ,
tpd^
(10.1).
.
/ = ^
(10.1)
10.2. 251
.
.
.
^1 4
Qo
010 011
^^QI
101
110 111
. 10.7. . 10.1
8, .
10.2.
D,=Qr'
ID
."
U
^,""
>1
ID
So"
t>ci
CLK
. 10.8.
,
8 . . 10.8
D-. RS- JK-.
-
10.
.
.
8 .
.
10.2.1. 4-
.
4- ,
JK-.
^ 1111 0000.
(. 10.1).
10.1. 4-
.
\/^ Q-+1 Q^+1
V3 42 41 40
"^' Qo^'.
! 0
L^m /^ +1 gm + 1
QT'^' Qo^^'
\! 42 41 40
11
1 0
11
1 0
1 1
1 0
1 0
1 1 0
1 1
1
0
1 1 0
1 1 0
1 1 1 0
1 1 1
1 1 1 1
1 0
JK-.
. 8.4,
. KB- (. 10.9),
JiKi.
JK-
:
(10.2)
Ji Ki Q^
(10.3)
(10.4)
Jz = K^ = Qlo^QTQT
(10.5)
10.2. 253
J2K2
Qi"
."
fod' Od
dO
dO
Od
Od
dO
dO
Od
Id
dl
dO
Od
Od
dO
dO
r b d dO
do
Od
Od
dO
dO
Od
Id
dl
dl
Id
Od
dO
dO
Od
\Qo'
Qr I
02"
Qi"
JiKi
JQ^O
or
Qi"
Qr \
[Qo"
rod
Od
Od
Od
rTd~
Id
Id
Id
Id
Id
Id
Id
dl
dl
dl
Id j
dl
dl
dl
dl
dl
dl
dl
Id 1
do
dO
dO
do
Id
Id
Id
Id
Qr I
\QO^
Qi"
62"
, ,
KB-.
, ,
,
1.
4 .
:
4 =
QfQ^QTQ'i
(10.6)
. 10.10
10.
Q^
Qi
&l
<i>ci
<j>Cl
JlK
&
P-
&
JlK
IK
|R
IK
|R
HlJ
-<|>C1
-JR
RST^
CLK^
. 10.10. 4-
10.2.2. 6
6 . 6 ,
,
. D-.
(. 10.2). 6
. , 100,
1.
KB- D-:
10.2.
6 .
QT
QT
Q^
0
Q-+1
Qr+'
Q^S"^'
10.2. 255
D-:
(10.7)
D2 = Q r ^ = QT-Qo
(10.8)
(10.9)
Q2
1
Q<r
1
d
Do=Qo'
D,=Q'
^"
QT
1
1
" 1 1
d
.
fio"
<i
1
1
<i
^
er
er
. 10.11. KB- D-
6
^ D\ don't care
1, don't care
0.
010.
KB-
= ^Q'S^^QTQ?
(10.10)
. 10.12.
, . 10.13,
,
.
"
Do,
ID
|-|>1
^^}
&
-.Q"
^.
Di
^1
62"
ID
."
ID
>1
^Qi"
& *
CLK.
. 10.12.
256
10.
. 10.13.
6,
10.2.3. 4-
74191
74191
CTRDIV16
D/^U
CLK
G1
M2[Down] 2(CT=0)Z6
M3[UP] 3(CT=15)Z6
1,2-/1,3+
tr
MAX/MIN
nRCO
^LOAD .
xo
C5
5D
^'^'^
Qo
[1]
^1
[2]
X2
[3]
^3
[4]
Qi
23
. 10.14. 4-
74191
4-
(forward-backword counter).
. . 10.14.
CTRDIV16 (counter dividing by 16) ,
16. -^CTEN (counter enable)
. D/^
.
10.3.
CLK .
1, 2 1, 3-h. ,
^CTEN ( GI) .
( ),
2 ^
DI-. ,
-^RCO , G4.
MAX/MIN
( 3) ( 2). ,
. MAX/MIN
1, ,
== 0.
= 15. MAX/MIN ,
, Z- (Z6) MAX/MIN,
CLK = (- G4) CTEN
(- 04). 6, 1, 4
-^RCO^ Z
G. , -^RCO ,
MAX/MIN .
(:,^2,^^) = 1000,
7 1111.
^ = 0. ->LOAD^
1000 .
,
16,
16 -iRCO.
10.3.
10.1. ,
000, 111, 110, 101, 100, 011, 000 ..
10.2. , = 1
000, 001,
010, 011, 100, 000. F =
. 3 D-.
10.3.
74191, .
11
,
(bucket-brigade). , , D- JK-. . 11.1
JK-. ,
,
.
02
Qi
J\
Ess
>C1
/^
IK
Kx
CLK
(1
Ji
Q3
/
IJ
>C1
IK
JA
>C1
IK
Q4
IJ
>C1
IK
KA
As
!p -
. 1 1 . 1 . JK-.
Es Ag.
Qi,
:
gm+l ^ ^
gm+1 ^ gm ^
-Qr
(11)
< i < 4
(11.2)
(11.3)
(CPU)
. ^[^
- -
. ,
(first-in first-out, FIFO, ).
11.1.
:
11.1.
,
,
(clock skew).
, ,
.
,
.
-
.
,
D- (. 11.2).
D- to.
Es
Dx
\QxJ>i
IFi
IJJ
As
>C1
p("
tA
. 11.2. D-
.
. 11.3 (^ = 0)
. ,
.
. 11.3 b
^-
260
11.
W2
1 ,
, .
CLK
/?>
W1
"V
W1
__
.
|^^2
. 11.3 . ,
. 11.2, (fo = 0).
to Q^
, Q\
.
.
D.
"V
CLK
\_
"V
f
Wl
f
_
X^^Ki
QxPi
W2
Qi
^ ^ ^
W2 _
\^K2
W2
\ ^ K 2
...
. 11.3 b . ,
. 11.2, (^ = 0).
,
. -
11.1.
.
I 1.1.1. 74194
4- . 11.4
74194.
, S'o Si (. 11.1).
.
74194
SRG4
3
R
1>4
CLK
ESR
1,4D
3,4D
QA
3,4D
QB
3,4D
V-Qc
3,4D
2,4D
ESL
-QD
. 11.4. 4-
74194.
11.1. 74194.
So 5i
1
1
0
0
0
CLK
EsR
EsL
QA
QB
Qc
QD
QA
QB
QC
QA
QB
QC
Qc
QD
t
t
QB
QB
Qc
QD
QA
QB
Qc
QD
, 5 ,
, D. So = 1 Si = 1
11.
3.
. , 5 , ,
D, ESL ( ) ESR ( )
.
2, 2
ESL-
QA QB-,
.
ESR
ESL
So-\\b
>1
S^-^\p
&
&
CLK-A I
1
>l
8c
&
&
&
>1
&
U.^ l t >
&
&
&
&
1
>1
Clear-\ 1
ID
t>Cl
ID
1>C1
ID
{>C1
MR
Si?
ID
1>1
P-
Qc
t>
QD
. 11.5. 4-
74194.
I 1.2.
. . 11.6
.
:
g-+i=/(Q-Qr,Qr)
QT' = QT
QT^ = QT
(11.4)
(11-5)
(11.6)
11.2.
f{QT^Q2^^QT)-
.
. 11.4
, . 11.6.
D-
. + 1 D-
, . Q^^
Q2^ D- 2 3.
m^Qi^.Qn
CLK
. 11.6. .
11.2.
. 11.6.
QT^'
Q-+^
QT"-'
/(0,0,0)
/(0,0,1)
/(0,1,0)
QT
Q^
0
\QT
/(0,1,1)
1 1
/(1,0,0)
/(1,0,1)
/(1,1,0)
/(1,1,1)
, ,
: 000, 100, 101, 001, 000 ..
As
000100010001. ,
4. , -
11.
, , ,
.
4.
. , . 11.3,
, .
11.3. :
000, 100, 010, 001, 000.
Q7^'
/iTF-
/ ( Q f , Qf, Qf).
M+l
Qt
fiQT,QT,Q?) = -^QT-Qf^Q:
(11.7)
I 1.2.1. ,
( ).
. . 11.7
JK-.
, ,
.
CLK
. 11.7. , JK-.
11.2.
= Ki = f{QT,QT,QT,QT)
= ^Q?
(11.8)
Ji = Ki =
, Ji =^ Ki = 1 .
. ,
, ,
.
.
.
11.4. ,
. 11.7.
1 0
1 1 0
1 0
Q3-+1
Qr^'
1
1 0
1 1 1 0
1 0
1 1 1 1
1 1 0
1 1 1
o i l
1 1
1 0
1 0
, . 11.8.
. 11.8. ,
. 11.7. QT, Q?, Qf, Qf.
11.
I 1.2.2.
,
,
.
.
.
( , exclusive NOR).
. 11.9 ^\ = 7.
=1
ev
Q2
ID
1>1
ID
h>Cl
ID
ID
4>1
Qy"
L_
ID
ID
>1
J>C1
ID
CLK
. 11.9.
.
As
.
,
.
-. .
,
-, :
= 2^ - 1
(11.9)
, 0. ,
-
11.2.
.
, , 1
, 0.
.
.
.
. 11.5
= 8.
, , 0.
,
.
11.5.
(-
, X ).
3
7
15
31
63
127
255
. 11.10
= 3.
.
=1
0"
ID
>1
ID
t>Cl
0"
ID
t>Cl
A.
CLK
. 11.10.
= 3.
11.
Ag ,
: 1 1 1 0 0 10.
,
1 1 1 .
I 1.3.
11.1. D,
:
0 1 0 0 1 1 ..
D- ?
11.2. ,
.
,
.
11.3.
, JK- 2 D-.
) Es = f{QT^Q^->Q^) -^^
.
)
.
) .
CLK
12
12.1.
3
. ,
, .
,
.
^
Fi (carty) +
Fi = -^ -^ Xiyi V -^ CiXi-^ V - ^i"^ yi V CiXiyi = Xi yi iW Ci
(12.1)
(12.2)
, tp^ t^^ = 3tp.
: t^ 2tp.
S
,
CI
Xi
. __
i;
F.
. 12.1. ,
(12.1) (12.2).
12.2.
, ,
,
(full adder)
. .
,
X. .
, -
- ,
t^ = .
270
12.
. 12.2. m .
- .
12.3.
(ripple-carry-adder)
- ,
(. 12.3).
xi
. 12.3. 4
-
? Ci ,
. ,
Cm :
ZiJlhL'p
(12.3)
{tu -^ bergang = )
, , ,
(most significant bit (MSB)).
,
12.4-
( 1) ^
Fm-i- MSB Fm-i
:
t s = (2 (m - 1) + 3) tp = (2m + 1) tp
(12.4)
.
( ),
3tp. ,
8-
2^"^ = 131072 (8 + 8 + 1() = 17).
.
12.4.
(carry-lookahead adder). ,
, ^
. ,
.
(12.2)
:
1 = { V ) == ^0 V
(12.5)
^0
(12.6)
Pi
(12.7)
C4 = VC3 (X3 V ) = ^3 V =
93
= V 2 V giP2P3 V 12 coPoPiP2P3^
(12.8)
12.
:
9i =
=
(12.9)
(12.10)
gi 1 , +i
.
1 (
(12.9)). (car
ry generate). pi
, , Ci = 1^ pi 1,
1 ( (12.10)). Pi
(carry propagate). . 12.4
. ,
^ npi.
12, 5 12,7 -^CQ -i .
,
Fi. , :
=gi^Pi
(12.11)
(12.1):
Fi = Xi^Xi^Ci
= Qi i\>pi^Ci
(12.12)
-iF^,
^.
^ F i -^<+>^-^
(12.13)
, . 12.4
,
. ,
-iP -iG,
(12.8) (74 , Fi
4 , :
tE = 4tp
(12.14)
-^ ^G :
tp = tg = 3tp
(12.15)
12.4'
273
>1
\=^
^3
&
-./^
&-
^3
.
'
-1
^~1
-lOI
pi
ts
is
g2
>1
2 .
5*2
"1
^1
^2
-|2|
>1
^1
XI
51
.^1
-iC^l
>1
&
>1
go
.
so
=1
.Fo
-iCO
. 12.4. -^d
(carrylook-ahead).
(hardware) ,
- ,
(12.5)-(12.8) ( 4).
Ngi
^. = '
=0
(12.16)
274
12.
^ Ne
Ne = m
(12.17)
. 12.5. , . 12.4.
12.4.1.
,
4-
.
16- ,
4-
(CLA).
4- i ( = 1 . . . 4)
-iPi -iG^
CLA-.
12.5-12.8.
4, Cg .
74182.
4 - Go V - - ( - G o - P o V -c^Go)
(12.18)
8 = Gi V 41 = Gi V GoPi V coPoPi =
- - {- G i - Pi V - G o - GiPo V - cn-- G o - Gi)
(12.19)
12.4- 275
12 = 2 V CsP2 = G2 V G1P2 V G0P1P2 V 0012 =
= -n(-nG2-P2 V ^ G i - G 2 - P i V
V - G o - G i - G 2 - Po V - Cn- G o - G i - G2)
(12.20)
C16 = G3 + C12P3 =
= G3 + G2F3 + G1P2P3 + GQP1F2P3+C0 P0P1P2P2
G
(12.21)
-1P = -^ Po V - Pi V ^ P2 V -1P3
(12.22)
(12.23)
74182 Gie ,
-iG ( ) ( ),
(
(12.21)) Gie . 12.6
, 74182. ^ G^
Geppyc, ,
. 12.4.
74182 . 12.7.
16
4 - (, ALU)
. 12.4, 74182.
. 12.8.
12.4.2.
. 12.1 3
. ,
CLA- .
12.1. /tp.
4
16
64
12
48
192
33
129
CLA-
12
276
12.
47
^&
~
1 1 1
[>T
i 1
-/'
-^3
4^p
144
\\\
-/>,/^
1 W^j
1~
{-
1
1 |_i
L
L
IT1
~L_
1J
>1
iX
"" 2
i
iT
T JX
J T
,
/^
-.]
.
/^
>1
-.Go
[T]J
. 12.6. 7418.
12.5. -
(1,)
- (., arithmetic logic unit=ALU)
. ,
j\RR . ,
, , , -
.
12.5. -
CPG
CI
-iGo | CGO
1
nG,ClCG 1
2
-.G
G2_dCG2
-dCP3
-,dCG2
-.
C G t > - ^^G
COl
02
. 12.7.
74182.
4- 74181.
, 4- S',
.
.
ALU 74181
, . 12.4.
pi gi [ [
:
= - {^\/
Siyi)
(12.24)
(12.25)
S = (1,0,0,1) p[ = pi VL g[ g.
. 12.9.
pi ^^, . 12.4.
ALU 74181 . 12.10. ,
(EXOR) (12.13).
tf.
= 9i^Pi
= ^ {ss^Xi-^yiW
S2^Xiyi\/
-81\/ -^SQXi^yi)
(12.26)
S
, .
? ,
-> .
,
0.
(12.5)-(12.7)
12.
CI (0.15)
(0... 15X^0
-.G
CI
<1CP0
-qcGO
qcpi
qcGi
qCP2
CI (..5)
(0. 15)0
-,G
dCG2
CPG
cpb
-.P
-?
n,>1
Cl6
CGf>
coo
CO I
C02
10
II
CI (.^
-iP
-iG
(0...15)CGp
. 12.8. CLA ( )
16 , 4- CLA.
12.5. - 279
^ UQ [/3- = /^
Ct:
= -^ )
ui = -^ {- ' V - ')
(12.27)
(12.28)
^2 = - ( - [ V - '^[ V - MpJjp'iCo)
(12.29)
(12.30)
&
&
-iV/
&
&
>1
g-'
S2
S3
. 12.9. 16 .
= ( )
(12.5)-(12.7). = 1
Ui = l.
. 12-4, ->{
(EXOR)
:
-^Fi=UiMti
(12.31)
(12.8):
-. = V 52 V 9'iP'2P'3 V 9oP'lP'2P3
(12.32)
-- - = PoP'iP2P3
4 = G Pop[p2p'sCQ
(12.33)
(12.34)
280
12.
12.5.1.
:
: S =
= (1, 0,0,1). :
[ = ^ {-.\/
-^) = = Qi
(12.35)
- = -1 (- ^ ) = Xi\/yi=pi
(12.36)
U = 9z<^Pi
(12.37)
= , :
= -^
(12.38)
= -- {)
(12.39)
U2^^
(12.40)
(12.41)
Ui = ", , ,
:
^Fi = Ui^ti
= ^Cii\^Xii\>yi
= -^ {CiZ )
(12.42)
(subtraction)
: = ( 0 , 1 , 1 , 0 ) 5 .
[ [:
- = ^ (- V yi) = -^
(12.43)
'. = ^{-^
(12.44)
) =\/-^
, (12.35) (12.36)
. == 1,
1, (
) .
.
(negation)
iS = (0,0,0,0) = 1.
(12.26):
= ^ {Xiyi V -^) = ^ Xi
(12.45)
= 1, /^ = 1,
(12.31) ^:
^Fi = UiM>ti = ^ti = -- {-^Xi)
(12.46)
12.5. -
281
^1
>1
-n^~rfib
8L
&
-^-
-1
W3
&^
\2
gxCS
-
4-{1>
>1
IS
>\ w^1
-1X2"
-1
-11
-Ki>
-ni^2
U2 r-L
^
}
>1
^ ' ^
X^Y
1^^
-1
-:
=1
i/i
-/^1
>1!
-!}^
>1
^0
-^0
-So
}
^2
^3
/[1>
~/
282
12.
74181
ALU
^0
(0...15)CP
-31
1
jCi
"^2
Cm"
(0...15X:G
6(P=Q)^
(0...15)CO
-J'
-.G
X=Y
[1]
[2]
Cn+4
[4]
- dp"
[8]
. 12.11. ALU 74181.
(disjunction)
S = (1,0,1,1)- ^ 3 = 1.
(12.26):
t^ = -. (-. Xi^ ) =Xi\/
(12.47)
= 1, 7^ = 1,
(12.31) Xi yf.
^Fi = UiM>ti = ^ti = -^{xiV yt)
(12.48)
(conjunction)
S = (1,1,1,0) = 1.
(12.26):
= - - ( - Xi-^ yi V V Xi^ ) = - {- XiM -^) = ^
(12.49)
= 1, /^ = 1,
(12.31) Xi yf.
xFi=Ui<Wti
= ^ti
= ^ ()
(12.50)
32 ,
. . 12.2
,
ALU 74181.
12.6.
12.2. ALU 74181.
51
So
Fi
= 1
= 0
S3
S2
-i(xy)
() - 1
1
1
-> V
(-, ) - 1
-1
- (^ V ?/)
X -\- ( -^)
-"
-\- { -> )
-1
= 0
= 1
- \
- (^ )
X V -/
- - 1
-\- { )
4>
->
-\-
(x-iy) +
0
-^(-^)-\-1
}- { -> ) -{-1
-
V -It/ + 1
-\-()-\-1
+ 2/ + 1
() (x^y)-\-{xyy)
+ l\
-\-
X+X
X -h X -}- 1
-\- X
-\- X -{-1
-> -\- X
x~iy -\- X + 1
+1
,
74182
. .
12.6.
,
, , . ,
, , .
, ,
, , ,
.
.
12.
12.6.1. 2-
^\.
2- ,
{ = ) > < .
(. 12.3).
:
< = ^ xiyi V ^ V ^ V ^
> = ^ 1 ^ 1 V "- ^^ xiXQ-^ yi
(12.51)
(12.52)
^^^ ,
1 , 0:
-^ V
' -^<?/~' -^
^=2/
(12.53)
}\
. . 12.12
.
12.3. 2- .
1
2/0
X=
<
X>
12.6.
285
^0
Xl
1
1b
1
1
&
&
&
&
>1
&
>1
>1
<
>
. 12.12. 2- .
r^
^0
X,
^2
\^
jc<y
<
^3^ =
> >
^
\^Q
P<Q
P=Q
P>Q
. 12.13. 4- 7485.
&
12.
12.6.2.
. 12.13 4-
7485, ^^^ (; = ), ^ >
X < . ,
,
.
12-
, . 12.14.
,
1,
0.
; . ,
.
.
.
4.
8.
XI .
5.
2.
7 .
\\ _
^
\^
\\
P=Q
P>Q
\
2
12.7.
12.1. 74181
4- ?
12.2. 74181
= 1 5 = 0110.
12.3.
.
16 .
4, 5 7
1-, 2- 3- ().
12.7. 287
.
,
tp (
2tp).
^0...3
MUX
0...2
Cl
1
h - ^4...
|1 S S
iQ
..
'
- /
4.
CI S 2
IQ
col
Cl
^,CI
7
9...15 -ir
1 -J|1
&
>1
MUX
G
1
I ^
&
>1
13
.
1;
. :
.
,
,
. ,
CD-ROM . .
, .
, .
FIFO (first in, first
out). ,
.
( )
,
.
.
,
.
, .
. .
.
IS.l.
.
.
().
13.1.
.
.
. :
,
.
; ,
. , 1;
; ^ (chip select, CS).
, ;
. ; - ];
(read-write, RD-W).
.
, ,
, tristate (
).
output enable (, ),
.
13.2. ROM
ROM ,. read only memory (
, , ).
ROM ,
.
.
.
13.
ROM- , .
1, 4, 8 16 .
ROM, ,
(. 13.1).
. ,
1 .
(word line),
(data line).
. ? 2
^ .
(word line) ^
2 .
.
,
. 8 x 8 .
BIN/OCT
,.
~^
I IIIIII I
1234567
BIN/OCT
1
A-i As
. 13.1. ROM 8 x 8 .
ROM 4 x 4
. 13.2. 16 -
.
( High), .
, , ,
,
.
13.3. PROM
^ -
. ;
.
^ -
, ;
, ,
, L.
VDD-
,
.
, ^\
, .
ROM 1 8
. 13.3.
{^CS) {-^).
-iCS ROM,
ROM. ->0
L, .
ROM
. .
. 8
,
. tristate
( ).
13.3. PROM
PROM ROM, ,
. PROM
,
.
. 13.2.
PROM ; (fusible link).
. 13.4. ,
,
. , ^
; .
.
292
13.
.
.
OTP-ROM ( one time programmable),
ROM .
PROM ROM (. 13.3).
^
DX
IJ 1
'DD
1 1
1 1
n
IJ
DX
h ^
h ^
&
Q
EN
. 13.2. ROM 4 x 4 .
13.4. EPROM
EPROM erasable programmable ROM,
, . EPROM
ROM PROM
.
13.4-
EPROM
ROM lKx8
Ai.
AV
AV
Ai.
AV
A,.
As.
Ae.
1023
-Q2
AV
AV
Ai.
A%.
A9.
nC5
-Qo
AV
AV
-q&
AV
lEN
. 13.3. ROM IK x 8.
(. 13.5).
- ,
. .
.
Ul
^ +
. 13.4. PROM.
- -
.
. L
,
.
, , ]; .
13.
.
;
.
.
.
,
.
20 , ,
, .
.
.
'^
Si02
Up
MOSFET
. 13.5. , .
,
.
EPROM ROM (. 13.3).
13.5. EEPROM
EEPROM
, (electrically erasable programmable
ROM).
.
EPROM,
. -
13.6. EAROM
.
,
, ;
. .
EEPROM flashEEPROM ( EEPROM).
, .
ROM, PROM, EPROM, EEPROM
,
PROM EPROM,
ROM PROM.
EEPROM
ROM (. 13.3).
13.6. EAROM
EAROM ,
(electrically alterable ROM). EAROM
EEPROM.
EAROM EEPROM.
,
:
EEP
ROM,
EAPROM
EEPROM, flash-EEPROM,
, .
EAROM ,
.
13.7. NOVRAM
NOVRAM (not volatile RAM)
RAM (random access memory).
( random access memory)
- ,
.
EEPROM.
RAM
13.
EEPROM. RAM,
,
EEPROM, .
13.1. .
PROM (
ROM)
ROM,
PROM (OTPROM)
(20
),
EEPROM (electrically
erasable ROM)
flash-EEPROM
(20-100 )
EAPROM (electrically
alterable ROM)
,
(20-100 )
NOVRAM
(nonvolatile RAM)
,
(100 )
13.8. RAM
RAM random access memory (
, ). ,
. RAM
RAM (DRAM). RAM
.
, .
13.8.1. RAM
RAM . 13.6. . .
.
.
, DL,
. , 4 .
13.8.
RAM
L.
. L ,
DL. ];
. .
DL
-.DL
. 13.6. RAM, -.
J\RR
. .
13.8.2. RAM
RAM.
2 8 , 2 .
. 13.7.
-^CS (chip select, ),
-^ ,
. -^CS = ^
.
,
tristate ( ),
]; ->0 .
11
AQ-AIQ, RD/-^WR
, RDf-^WR = L .
13.
,
As
Ai
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
Ai
RAM 28
2047
_
\ _
-^OEAQX
-CSA G2
2C3 [WRITE]
1,2 EN[READ]
Do
A,Z4
V4
^>
Ds
De
D,
. 13.7. RAM 2 x 8 .
(. 13.8)
.
RD/^WR
= .
,
-^CS ,
^. RAM
.
:
tjic read cycle time.
. ,
.
1 address access time.
,
, ,
.
13.8. RAM
299
tco ^ = L
.
too , ;
, -^ .
tRC
!
j
in ,
..
1
-,5
/
t
tco
'^
^
~ \
i
i
! ho
>
RDI-.WR
t
\ ?
\
i
t
. 13.8. RAM.
. 13.9 .
-^ = ; (
, )
.
RD/-WR
= L ^CS = L. :
1. (early write).
RDj-^WR = L,
-^CS.
. 13.9.
2. (late write).
-iC5 = L,
300
13.
RD/-^WR = L.
RDj-^WR = L -^CS = L .
twc
1
(
nCS
(AS
tAH
(fv
-^OE
RDI^WR
( /-<-
:
iwc write cycle time.
.
IDS (setup time).
toH (hold time) D-.
.
tAS (address time set).
IAH (address hold time).
13.9. RAM
IAS ,
-iCS'- tw
.
1 ,
-^CS.
^ RAM.
13.9. RAM
DRAM ( RAM)
,
.
DRAM .
DRAM . 13.10.
.
.
, L
.
,
().
11
. 13.10. RAM.
RAM ,
.
, ,
.
; .
, ,
.
13.
TMS416400. DARM
4 4 .
64 .
, .
(. 13.11) TMS416400
10 12.
^RAS (row
address strobe, ), ^CAS (column address strobe,
).
4 .
4h
DQo
D(2^
>
I I I I I 1 I II
-JUS
-^CAS
. 13.11.
(TMS416400).
DRAM
4 4
TMS416400 . 13.12.
, -^RAS (
20) AQ
( 21).
. 13.13.
,
-^RAS. ,
-^CAS.
13.9. RAM
20 (721. ->WR 1
t^^,
. -^CAS ( 21)
-^RAS = ( 23 24) -^ =
( 25).
.
RAM4194Kx4
20D10/21 DO \
iV-
TMS416400
) 4194303
Ai -
\\\--
20D19/21D9
20D20
20D21
/
24[PWRDOWN]
G23[REFRESH ROW]
'-d> C20[ROW]
-,CAS- G24
1-Cf>C21 [COLUMN]
&
23,2ID
G25
-DQo
ZL
A,22D
V26
t> 23C22
24,25EN
JI
A,Z26-f
. 13.12. TSM416400.
, ,
, .
(. page mode),
.
->RAS = 0.
-
13.
^CAS.
TSM416400 ,
-^RAS ,
-yRAS ( hold time).
page mode (
). -^CAS^
. ^\
enhanced page mode tcAC
1-
(^- (
!,
I'
he
^RAS
UA
.CAS
-.
.WR
. 13.13. TSM416400.
,
-^RAS. ,
-^CAS.
13.9. RAM
305
, 23
-^RAS L. ,
-^CAS -^WR L,
. . 13.14 ,
-WR L
-^CAS . early write.
,
-^CAS (setup time) tus
(hold time) ^
.
DC
^RAS
-.CAS
-^WR^
late write.
64 (
),
.
. J\RK -
13.
4096
, ^ .
TSM416400
:
(refresh) RAS
^CAS .
,
->CAS -^ L. ,
,
.
,
. ^RAS
.
(hidden refresh).
. ^CAS
L. ,
. -^RAS
L .
.
CAS RAS {AS before RAS).
-^^
->RAS.
.
, .
-^CAS
L ->RAS L .
,
.
13.10. DRAM
DRAM ^
,
DRAM,
RAM.
13.11.
13.11.
,
.
,
. FIFO (first
in first out).
,
, , ,
. , ,
.
LIFI (last in first out),
(stack).
LIFO FIFO.
13.1 . FIFO
FIFO 64 (SN74ACT2226,
Texas Instruments).
,
RAM
(. 13.15). RAM,
.
.
. ,
. ^
. ,
.
FIFO (. 13.16) RAM
, .
,
{RdClk WrClk)^
. D ,
WrEn = 1 (write enable),
(input-ready flag) InRdy = 1, WrClk
. .
RdEn = 1, OutRdy = 1
RdClk , Q
.
, RAM
, .
13.
,
,
. , 1 ,
.
, .
1.
,
, -. flag
() {F/F).
HF.
DL2
DL,
^DL 1
-DL2
. 13.15. RAM- .
-1RST (reset)
, .
FIFO . 13.17.
13.12.
. , :
1. . ,
.
13.13. 309
2. ROM
.
3. -
.
D.
RdEn.
RdClk.
-.RST.
WrClk WrEn-
]
"
"
Reset
""
1
2
Dual- Port
SRAM
64 1
61
62
63
Q
- InRdy
OutRdy
F/E
HF
. 13.16. FIFO- SN74ACT2226.
13.13.
, ,
8 ,
4 . ,
. 13.18. (
) .
3-
,
]\ 4- 7- .
13.14.
, ,
.
13.
^\ 8 8 .
4
2 X 8 .
16 .
8 . 2 8 11
--
FIFO 64 1
^RSTQ RESET
WrEn
INRDY
InRdy
WRTEN
OUTRDY
>WRTCLK ALMOST FULL/EMPTY
RDEN
HALF FULL
>RDCLK
WrClk
RdEn
RdClk
OutRdy
F/E
HF
1^
. 1 3 . 1 7 . F I F O - SN74ACT2226.
11 -
RAM 24
RAM 24
.^_
/
2047
lO;
G1
AV^
G2
D
r Q 1C3[WR]
1,2EN[RD]
DQc
2047
A,3DH-
,-
Gl
AV^
C|G2
D
r Q 1C3[WR]
1,2EN[RD]
DQs
DQ.
DQy
8-
.CS
nOE
RbW
. 1 3 . 1 8 . 8
,
, -
13.14'
311
-^^
,
RAM ROM.
13.14.1.
.
, 4
, ->5
(. 13.19).
^.
Ai^
;
, , IFFFY {
) .
(. 13.19) . 13.2.
. ,
.
( ),
- .
IFFFH = 4 X 2048 1, 8 .
13.2. ,
. 13.19.
.
()
(
)
0 0 0 0
15 14 13 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2
(ROM)
(RAM)
3
(RAM)
4
(RAM)
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
1 0
1
1 8
1
1 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
, 14.
3 12 13.
RAM2KX8
-N /
00
2047 AV
nCS
-
~^^^" G1
R/-.W
Do\
A,3D
G2
1 [WRITE]
1,2EN[READ]
RAM 2Kx8
-N
10/
2047
DX
1C3 [WRITE]
"131,2EN[READ]
nCS
EN
1
2
Qo
A,3D
dG2
//-1^.
AV
RAM 2Kx8
Vlio/
2047
AV
aN
W
-.cs
rO Gl
^^OE
A,3D
G2
hr~m
^-^^ 1C[WTE]
Do\
1,2EN[READ]
>\
ROM 2Kx8
Hi
-N 1 0 /
2047
AV
Adressbus
a N
re^
EN
Datenbus
. 1 3 . 1 9 . 8 .
13,14.2.
. , . 13.20
. ,
,
13.14-
313
^13 Ai5 .
, , don't care.
RAM 28
^
10/
2047 AV
Qo
-Qi
5
^ G1
A,3D
G2
IC3 [WRITE]
1,2N[READ]
RAM 28
- /
.CS
A,3D
^UE G1
02
R/^W,
1C3[WRITE]
1,2EN[READ]
DX
2
1
.
2047 AV
Do\
-v^
RAM2Kx8
-H
^Aiof
2047 AV
Qo
iCS
~=^Fr G l
A,3D
G2
RZ-^W
ROM 2Kx8
10/
2047 AV
nCS
Qo
^T
-^^^EN
. 13.20. 8 .
, . 13.3,
8 , 3
don't care.
13.
15 = 14 = = 0.
.
13.3. ,
. 13.20.
.
(
)
0 0 0 0
15 14 13 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2
d
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
(ROM)
1 1 1 1 1 1
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
(RAM)
1 1 1 1 1 1
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
1 1 1 1 1 1
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
1 0
3
(RAM)
4
1 8
(RAM)
1 ()
1 1 1 1 1
1 0
1 1 1 1
1 1 1 1
1 1 1 1
1 1 1 1
13.14.3.
.
Ai^
CS . , ,
, . 13.21
GS.
.
5
2 X 8 = 16,
5 .
.
. 13.4 ,
. ,
,
, .
15 = 0.
. , 7800
.
,
.
13.15.
315
RAM 28
lO;
^10
1/414
2047 AV
Gl
R/~.W
/)o
A,3D
qG2
"^
1C3 [WRITE]
t3 1,2EN[READ]
RAM 2Kx8
Hi/
Qo
2047 AV
^10
Ul3
i)o
cs
Gl
A,3D -.OE
R/-^W < 1 G 2
"^
J<\ 1C3[WRITE]
I 1,2EN[READ]
RAM 2Kx8
lO/
^10
Ul2
R/-^W
2047 AV
C^
nO
Gl
G2
R/-^JV
t-q 1C3[WMTE]
^ l,2EN[READ]
ROM 28
^0
0^^.
Qo
1/11 / 2047 AV
CS
& EN
. 13.21. 8 .
13.15.
1 3 . 1 . 16-
8- . ,
3 16
13.
, ROM 4
RAM 2 , 2 8 .
1. .
.
2. .
?
3. , ,
,
.
?
13.4. , . 13.21
.
.
1
(ROM)
()
(
)
0 8 0 0
15 14 13 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2
d
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
1 1 1 1 1 1
1 0
1 1 1 1
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
(RAM)
1 1 1 1 1 1
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
1 0
1 1 1 1
(RAM)
1 1 1 1 1 1
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
(RAM)
1 1 1 1 1 1
1 1 1 1
1 1 1 1
13.2.
8
8 . ,
, , 2 , 4
8 .
.
) .
?
) .
13.3. ,
16 .
13,15.
, ,
- Si - CS2 CSs) .
) .
) /\
,
?
) ?
10
11
'
>
-^CSi
>1
& ~1
<
&
!?
(
(
&
<
>
'
>1
1
1
&
>1
&
-,CS2
-^CSi
14
.
,
.
,
.
.
, , ( =
= printed circuit board)
(SSI = small scale integration)
(MSI == medium scale integration).
.
,
. ,
.
.
. -
.
(softuare)
.
,
.
(harduare)
.
-!' ASIC
ASIC application specific integrat
ed curcuit). ,
( )
.
ASIC (
) J\AR
, ,
^\
.
14.1. ASIC
ASIC.
ASIC .
{programmable
logic
devices, PLD)
(. 14.1)
ASIC.
,
.
- -
, .
(PLD)
ASIC
15DDLD-,
. 1 4 . 1 . ASIC
ASIC
ASIC,
. ASIC
.
,
14'
,
.
ASIC , ASIC^
. ,
, ASIC.
{gate arrays) ASIC
.
ASIC .
ASIC ,
.
.
.
.
. -
.
.
, .
. 14.2 ,
,
,
. ;
.
ASIC.
, , .
ASIC.
,
.
;
:
.
ASIC .
. ,
ASIC
, ASIC
.
,
, ..
14'1- ASIC
.
.
.
.
14.1. ASIC .
ASIC
.
ASIC
ASIC
ASIC
/,
PLA,
PAL,
PROM,
EPROM,
FPGA
(segof
gates)
ASIC
,
,
ASIC .
ASIC . ASIC
:
, ASIC
, ,
.
14-
.
.
ASIC ,
. ,
, .
ASIC ,
, ;
.
14.2.
ASIC.
ASIC
ASIC
14.2. (PLD)
(PLD)
,
.
,
.
14-2. (PLD)
. ,
, , PLD
.
. PLD J\A^
, .
,
.
, .
.
programmable logic devices (PLD).
PLD ,
.
14.2.1.
:
(fuse link),
.
(anti fuse),
.
1- RAM-; .
EPROM-: ,
.
-: ,
.
PLD - -.
PLD:
PLA
PAL
- -;
-,
-;
324
GAL
EEPROM
FPGA, LCA
CPLD, EPLD
, PLA,
;
-,
-;
;
, ,
.
PLD -
-, , ,
(. 14.2).
^0
Xi
Xl
^
V^
1^
1^IP*
1 ^
Xl
- t
= -^o^ixi
()
. 1 4 . 2 . - P L D .
325
.
. ROM,
, . ,
.
ROM :
.
.
( ).
, .
.
ROM ,
: -,
, - (. 14.3).
1 11
LLJ
^1
'> .
IIP
-
()
'
^2
U
1 1 Y
>1
>1
-
()
. 14.3. ROM 8 x 4 (32 ) - .
14-
14.4. PLA
. 14.4,
PLA (programmable logic array) -. PLA
DNF, (product term)
-,
-.
2^.
.
^0 -
1
-
()
"1
1 -
&
1&
&
>1
fo
>1
f.
>1
>1
-
()
. 14.4. PLA.
, . 14.4,
.
, ^
.
tri-state ( ).
,
.
. PLA
.
144' PLA
327
.
.
PL (EXOR),
. 14.5, .
,
, 1,
. ,
,
.
-
41
^1
]
1
1
&
&
&
&
&
&
>1
>1
-
=1
=1
&
EN
*-<
-^
4EN
, PLA . 14.5
tri-state.
PLA, (enable)
,
. -
14'
tri-state,
. -.
PL .
PL . 14.7 , , ,
(;) (complement array).
, ,
.
, ,
]; - (BCD)
,
.
; ; . 14.6.
g 1
I I I
I _ _
I J L
. 14.6. 10
7- .
9 10
. .
.
,
( 10 15),
, ; .
. 14.8 ; PLA, ;
; (). PL
(sequencer).
:
PQ^ Pi 2.
-.
/-> ,
enable, , tri-state-,
preset ( ) D.
144' PLA
329
,
. (complement array)
,
.
^0
TFi
Vf,1
* - *
*-^
v^
^^-*
1 \>
"
* - *
>ci
7
ff
& & & & & & & & & & & &
^^
*-~*
*-*
^^-*
>1
>1
>1
>1
>1
>1
>1
>1
1
-
f
g
. 14.7. PL ,
( ).
, , . 14.8 PLA,
5,
= XQ = Q ^
X = = 1 .
. 14.3.
(. 14.4) , RS- .
KV- (. 14.9).
KV- ( -)
, ,
. ,
, -
330
14-
(? - -2) ( 0 , 0 , 0 ) .
"-
* - *
* - *
* - *
*~*
41}^
^-
-*
>1
>1
*-^
>1
>1
>1
-)^
>1
^1
* - *
CLK/^-
IvkPo
IS
t>ci
IR
HEN
IS
t>ci
IR
EN
IS
i>ci
IR
S
EN
kPi
kP2
&
&
. 14.8. PLA (
, sequencer),
5.
14.3.
5.
= 0
?"
pm + l
^2
-\-1
^2
-{-1
= 1
pm+l
^1
pm + l
^0
RiSi
R2S2
RoSo
R2S2
01
01
01
10
Od
01
10
do
do
do
do
10
do
do
do
do
01
10
10
dO
dO
b
Po
do
dO
(5
dO
dO
RQSO
do
do
do
10
10
01
Od
10
01
01
T
5
do
dO 2 )1
j,y
(op
dO
5
1
do
RQSO
Od
RiSi
RiS,
R2S2
dO
Xo = I
Od
fb\\
Px
dO
P,
10
10
do
d
'\
P,
. 14.9. - RS-.
- :
(14.1)
1
So = ^PQ^PIP2X
V
V --'- V -^PQ^PI^X
'
2
V
'
"
Rl = ^PoPi^P2Xy
^
(14.3)
PoPi^P2^X
'
'
'
(14.4)
Si = ^PQ --PI 2 V PQ ^ f i ^ A -^
2
2 = -Po-^-P2a;V-nPo-jPi^2-a;
^^
(14.2)
V -
'
"^
(14.5)
'
52 = 0 1 - 2 - V - P o - P i - P 2 a ;
(14.6)
, 1 8
8 - -, . 14.2.
8 -
.
,
.
- 10 - 1 R-
RS- . -
(14.1) (14.6).
P/-iE ,
.
, 1.
XQ
Xi
>1
io
>1
>1
. 14.10. PAL 3 , 3 4
.
14.5. PAL
PAL (Programmable Array Logic,
), . 14.10,
PLD). -. ( . 14.10 )
.
PAL
, PLA. -
14^5. PAL
333
pa PAL
, PLA.
. - j ^
12
16
20
24
28
31
>1
EN
Vi
^1
EN!
78
224
256
vlPr
X\6
EN
VIPf
Xl5
480
^3
512
^1
736
4
VJ>
^1
EN,
V
__5
X\4
992
1024
>1
EN
V!
4
Xi2
1248
1280
>1
EN
VIPr
_^
Xu
1504
XI
1536
&
>l
EN
>1
EN
VlPr xn
xs
1792
vl
2016
X, - l [ l >
^lU
. 14.11. PAL 16 L 8.
-
(product terma).
,
PAL .
PAL
(product term steering).
, ,
, .
PAL :
PAL 16 R 8
R
Ra
S
(product term steering)
, (high)
L
, L (low)
V
X
EXOR
EXOR
XPR EXOR
(complement output)
14.6. GAL
GAL (generic array logic, )
PAL,
PAL (OLMC, output logic macro
cell).
, .
GAL EECMOS,
- (EEPROM).
.. GAL 335
11 1
CLK
16
12
20
24
28
=
i=
8
2
9
111 ~]
II
II
111 1
J V r T' r~T-^*
OLMC
19
'^
_Hi
V
LH E N
16
;1
17
_Ji 1
1111
' 1 M11{{
1 II 1
i l 11111
1 II ^
1
hL
-17C b p - | 6
OLMC
17
M rr^^
^J1
2^1
L
-IENI
OLMC
1 11I 1 11 1 1111 ( I I I
2
5
^?,
40
?_fT>
-HM 1
^j
4-1- \-\-i-\ 1
M T I H I H I I I M H T H
_fn-
1
1
48
-^ "
'
II
49
1 Tlrl
J-
[-
1
g
56
JTg
57 1
Till
III
M i l II II i 1 II
'
CJ
1 1 1 1
1 1 1 1
1 1 1 1
1 1 1 1
hs
m
m
444+4444444H-44-Hm
'
1 ^
1 Ml
T i 11
Nil MM Nil l i l l
L
-[EN > t y *
OLMC
1^
'
-iV
L-IbN]
Ji
^-L-'
J V Ch^<
OLMC
4V
L-IENI
J V
OLMC
-dM i
^V^
V5
4V
-^M
TITJ
11 I I I
M l
41
VT
n^T
V
WH441
1~
^
2'[
J V
OLMC
18
hL
-[EN
OLMC
^1
^
1
"Vi
,
J ^
^J
'fio
-lO/i"
.
( 2000 ) . GAL
,
. ,
GAL ,
(PLD). GAL 16V8 -
14'
. 14.12. GAL 16V8 8
(OLMC). OLMC
8 . xi
CLK^
(output enable) .
14.5. SYN, 1{).
OLMC
(
)
(
)
SYN
1{)
/
tri-state
,
/
tri-state
,
/
tri-state
tristate, ;
;
OLMC 12-14
17-18.
;
;
8
;
OLMC.
;
7
^
.
CLK
( );
;
7
14-7. PLD
OLMC . 14.13. OLMC
, OMLC 15 16
. OLMC
, -.
. 14.13, 16 ,
32 -.
CLK . . ^ 0
MUX
ACJ(n)-[
& PHG
MUX
AClin).
ACQ. 1> \
1 .
I I
2
>1
-
XOR{n)
=1
MUX
.
1{^
53
EN
V
i>ci
ID
MUX
7
-ACI(m)
^ACl{n)
ACO
h-0
OLL
OLMS
. 14.13. OLMC Nn, GAL 16V8, OLMC iVm OLMC, GAL 16V8,
XOR{n), SYN, ACO ). SYN ACO
OLMC, XOR{n) 1{) ^
OLMC. XOR{n) . XOR{n)
LOW.
14.7. PLD
PLD-
, J E D E C (Joint Electronic Devices
Engineering Council). Ha . 14.14 ,
-
GAL 16V8. ,
, *L.
32 , GAL 16V8
32 32 -,
. 14.12. 1 ,
, , .
*L0000
*L0032
*L0064
*L0096
*L0128
1111110110111101110111111111111
1111010111111011111011110111111
1111111111010101111110101101111
1110111101111111110111111111111
1111111110111110111111111011111
.
()- ^1^ OLMC 12-19.
: 64 ^
.
()- ^1, OLMC 12-19.
63.
SYN-6VIT.
-.
]\ GAL
( 2 = 16,8). 6 ( 18,
3- 7-)
SCLK ( 8) ,
SDIN ( 9),
GAL, .
,
. .
GAL 10 .
.
14-8. (FPGA)
14.7.1.
()
, ,
.
. GAL
16V8 ,
. 15 PRLD
( 11).
DCLK ( 1)
SDIN ( 9)
.
SDOUT ( 12) .
,
.
14.8.
(FPGA)
(FPGA, field program
mable gate arrays)
, .
PLD,
.
FPGA :
FP
GA .
- ,
.
,
.
.
FPGA ,
.
,
.
340
.
.
FPGA .
.
,
.
1 Block
1 ^^" 11
Block
- 1 1 - 11 - 11 loBlock
Block
Block
1 lo-
Block
Block
1 Block
'SMN fff^jSM^
1 Block
! (
(ill
1 J,
1
11 " 1'^ L l i
(11111
|_
^ ^ S M "
i l l ]TTjT|
" 1
-.LJL5
[1
Block
1 Block
11 1
: L B [
1 -
^LU
|_
I
1 ] 1 1 jnMI
j 11 jnin^
^
S M E 1 | S r v f l = ^
[
mil ^ \jf
11
.IHIII
10- 1
Block
CLL
IHIU
II h1
IHIII
^ ^ S M
10- 1
JCLE^1
Block
-
- 1
^ S M
Block
Block
Block
~1 II ii
[TBI
SM[zr= ^ ^ S N f e
1
lO- 1
^ S M
^Lli
If
CLi
1 JJIlii
. 1 1 1 IHIII.
8 [~[ 1 1 S M ^
1 j
1 1 1 1 1
1 ^ r> 11 1
1
-^ >
"1
... /^
1 -
10Block
\==f\= 8 1
Block
- 1
Block
10- 1 1 I
Block
Bl
0- II - 11 ^^'
Block
Block
10- 1
Block
. 14.15.
14.8.1. FPGA
FPGA
,
PL ( ). -
14'S. (FPGA)
,
RAM, .
RAM ROM.
FPGA , ,
.
FPGA ,
Xilinx
. logic cell arrays ( ).
Data In .
MUX
10
ID
j>Cl
^0
Xi
PLD
yi
MUX
iO
EN.
ID
j>Cl
ENCLK.
CLK
DIRRST-
>1
INHIBIT.
Global
RST'
FPGA 3 ,
:
(CLB, configurable logic blocks). CLB
PAL
. CLE
FPGA.
input/output
(lO-blocks). , , tri-
14'
state . -
FPGA .
, CLB -.
CLE.
14.8.2. (CLB)
CLB . ,
FPGA. , , 3090,
, 12 12 == 144 CLE. CLB
5 , ,
,
. D-
.
Data In.
(direct reset) DIR DST^ CLK
(enable) ENCLK.
. D- (
)
.
14.8.3. -
-
( -). , 3090 166
-. -
, :
(- ),
(pull-up resistor).
.
.
.
tristate. .
14-8.
(FPGA)
14.8.4.
FPGA
. nFPGA ^\
.
(PIP, programmable
interconnect points). CLB -
, .
OTE
1
]
MUX
EN
1 '
OUT ,
=1
ID
t>Cl
R
Dir IN
Reg. IN
ID
CI 4
TTL
CMOS
lO-PAD
Global
RSTCLKlCLK2-
-
-
. 1 4 . 1 7 . .
:
CLB 5 5
.
(general purpose interconnect).
344
(direct
interconnection).
.
14.8.5. FPGA
FPGA :
, ,
, , VHDL
(VLSI hardware description language) ABEL.
FPGA Xilinx
, XNF-.
.
, , .
(net list)
.
XNF-
CLB (implementation, -).
.
(place and route).
, ,
..
LCA- (line control array).
.
LCA- ,
. FPGA ,
.
FPGA 12 420 .
FPGA
( , daisy chain).
, FPGA
FPGA.
FPGA.
.9. EPLD
14.9. EPLD
EPLD (
erasable programmable logic device), CPLD,
-.
^ .
14.9.1. EPLD:CY7C343
EPLD CY7C343, Cypress,
, -EPROM.
44-,
2,5 .
, 100 . EPLD
. 14.18.
EPTD ,
. 28 ,
-, 8 .
4 , 16 .
PL (
). ,
.
-. .
14.10. Gate-Arrays
Gate-arrays
(ASIC's),
(.. mas
ter-slaves, ).
. gate-arrays,
25000 . ,
, -.
Gate-arrays :
:
channeled gat -arrays,
( )
'
sea-of gates, (
).
Input
Input
1>
1
2
3
4
5
6
lO-Ports
7-16
Input/
CLK
^
56
55
54
53
52
51
50
49
-CZ]
-d]
lO-Ports
-CZ]
-d
57-64
EZh
lO-Ports
EZh
[IZh
[ZD-
CZh
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
38
37
36
35
34
33
4ZD
4ZD
-ZZ] lO-Ports
-zz:
-CZ
39-48
25-32
. 1 4 . 1 8 . E P L D C Y 7 C 3 4 3 Cypress.
14.10.1.
Gate-arrays (. 14.19)
, .
^ . gate-arrays
.
- . , .
.
. , -
.. Gate-Arrays 347
.
, , - (NAND)
.
1 8 .
.
1/-
. 14.19. .
-
\\ \ 0
^1
' 1
1 []
1 01
^1
0 f 1 011 []
^1
1
\\ 0 1 0 1 []
1 0 ^1| 011] []
1
'
n-
'
I
[] [
nj
[nj 1 n]
n]
1
'
rl
Fl
rl
Iml d
[gj J
~i
0
0
0
0
0
348
.
.
(, --)
. ,
,
().
-
-
^
\
[~1 ^
[~
. 14.21. ,
. 14.20.
-
. \/11,
: - ,
a:i, :2 .
. 14.22
, NAND- . -
14-10. Gate-Arrays
, ,
, . .
,
.
2 .
,
.
, .
, ,
(, process controle module),
, , .
,
.
'DD
1 1
Xi
. 14.23. : --
, a:i, 2 .
ASIC
. , ,
, , ,
. (gate
arrays) ,
,
, , ( ,
SSI), ( , MSI)
(, LSI).
, -
350
14-
,
() .
14.1 I. ASIC
ASIC ,
(gate-arrays).
:
,
;
;
;
( );
: ROM RAM,
;
;
() .
ASIC ;
:
, gate-arrays,
;
,
gate-arrays, ASIC
30000 ;
;
, gate-arrays.
ASIC
.
, gate-arrays.
.
14-12. ASIC 35
14.12. ASIC
ASIC
.
.
,
.
14.13.
14.1.
(PL) /,
/1^/2-
PLA.
/ (, 6, , d) = ady
^a^bcd
-^){-^ d) (- V V ^d))
>
11
1>
1>
i 1
i 1
>1
fo
>1
fl
12
14.2. PLA
2 / / i .
.
/ (, 6, , d) = ^a-^b-^c^d V ab-^c-^d V a-^b-^c-^d V -^ab-^cdM
V -^a-^bcd V -^abcd
/1 (a, 6, c, 6?) = ^a^b-^c^d V ab-^cd V -^a-^bcd V -^abc-^ d
^352
>1
^
>1
fl
15
15.1.
,
,
.
. ;
.
.
, .
. 15.1.
Si ,
. , ,
12 -
. Zi
.
s.
Z.
iz
. 1 5 . 1 . .
, ,
, -
15.
.
, , .
, , - (ALU)
.
.
, .
. ,
.
15.2. -
-,
,
. -
.
, -
, .
, ,
,
.
. ,
, .
(, PASCAL).
- . 15.2.
.
,
, .
, , ,
(RD) (WR) .
.
- :
, .
, .
15.3.
^ .
.
J\
.
.
- ,
. ,
. RAM,
.
ROM. ,
.
, ,
, .
, ,
.
.
(RAM ROM),
, , .
,
.
. ,
,
.
15.3.
15.3.1.
. -
j\RK -
.
. , ,
, ..
(DSP, digital signal processor). , , ^\
356
15,
, (FFT,
fast Faurier transformation).
. 15.2. -. , , .
- . 15.3.
.
(accumulator). .
.
.
- .
- ,
, ,
(carry). - ^
.
^\ ,
.
15.3.
357
CLK
I
I
ID
ID
>2\
P^^G2
G2
. 15.3. - .
,
,
.
15.3.2.
.
, .
:
tri-state
,
, .
.
,
,
Enable
15.
.
,
. ]; ;
Enable (];) disable (1;) ; , ;
. ; ,
,
,
.
, ,
.
; ,
, ,
, ,
.
15.4.
]; .
. ,
. ^\
RISC (reduced instruction set computers,
).
;
,
.
, J\ .
. 15.4. ROM
, ROM
, ;
, . ,
,
.
256 .
ROM ROM
, ,
; :
15.4'
ROM
;
1;
. ,
. -,
.
( )
256x1 OBit
mmmmJf
%,
'
lKx32Bit
32Bit
MUX
8:1
()
. 1 5 . 4 . .
. ,
,
.
15.
15.5.
. ,
, .
.
:
, -
, ,
;
, .
, , ^
,
();
(jump)
. ,
.
, . 15.5
, .
1 ,
= (, ^ 2 , ^ 1 , ^) .
13 ,
,
, . 15.5
, . 15.1.
15.1. ,
. 15.5.
52
Si
So
AL
^ .
, J\ , , , S
= (5,52,51,5) = ( 1 1 0 1 ) = 0.
15.5.
= I 1^
(accumulator)
.
AL = 1 ALU
, 1 i (, ^ 2 , AI^AQ)
.
= (, 2, Ai, AQ)
, ,
.
. 15.5. ,
. 15.2.
;
0011 d = :
0000010011000
0000001010011
1101010100000
15.
= ^
= I
. 0011 .
{S = (5, ^2, S^i, So) = (HOI)
== 0) { = I).
, {Ai = 1).
15.2. .
S2
5i
So
AL
IM
A2
Al
Ao
. ,
.
,
,
.
.
15.6.
15.1.
?
15.2. , ,
. 15.5, ^ \ VL 1^ = 1 ?
J\RR ?
16
,
16.1.
8085 Intel [19, 22]. 8085
8- , ,
8 . 16 ,
64 .
8 .
8085 5 .
.
3 6 .
.
, . 16.1 :
()
, 15. 8 . ; (accumulator) ;
.
-
- .
8 ; 6 :
Z
S
S
Z
D5
D4
D3
D2
Di
Do
CY
(sign-flag), 7
.
(zero-flag) ,
0.
16. ,
(auxiliary-carry-flag),
3.
- .
(parity-flag) ,
.
(carry-flag)
. , ,
8 . ,
0.
(overflow-flag)
2.3.6.
(,), (D,E), (H,L),
8 . 1; (
, ), (, ).
,
. ,
,
2 . ;
,
(- ; )
.
,
. .
; ;
; ,
, ;
.
;
/\ ,
.
16.1. 365
-^NTA
INTR
RST6.5
f^T5.5
TRAP
SID
1 RST7.5 1
1 11 i
(interrupt-driven)
(8)
/
(serial lO-control)
SOD
>
(8)
(8)
D(8)
(8)
(8)
8)
(16)
(16)
^zzni
/
DMA
CLK
I t
^^^
^ ^
\-.RD-^WR
I
JQ^^Q
(8)
W i I t
ALE
So
S^
IO/-^M\
HLDA^
I
rjTj^
/
(8)
RESET
^s'Ais
ADo'ADj
OUT ^^^"^^ \
. 1 6 . 1 . 8085 ( ) .
8 .
,
(, I/O).
-
- ,
,
(, I/O) . ,
. 8
, 8 .
16. ,
8085 5
.
, ,
.
I / O
( /)
8085
, . SOD Se
rial Output Data ( ),
(Serial Input Data).
16.2. 8085
8085 40 (. 16.2):
Xi, 2
.
CLK(OUT) 8085
.
RESET IN
.
L (low),
.
0000 .
RESET OUT .
TRAP
RST7.5
RST6.5
RST5.5
INTR
-INTA
interrupt acknowledge ( ),
.
SOD/SID
.
ADQ-ADJ
tri-state.
.
As-Ai5
tri-state .
ALE
ALE (address latch enable,
)
, A D Q - A D J ( ).
16.2. 8085
ALE
(latch).
HOLD
HOLD ( )
. HOLD
,
(DMA-controller, direct memory access controller,
)
.
HLDA
, HOLD.
READY
, (ready) .
.
READY 3
VccSi/So
, (.
).
-^RD^ -^WR -^RD L (low),
.
-/^-. L (low) -WR
,
.
10/-^
/-:
, .
8085 8
, . 8
.
. 8085 (
ALE) ^ .
,
.
ALE.
16. ,
RESET
SOD
SID
TRAP
RST7.5
RST6.5
RST5.5
INTR
-^NTA
ADo
ADx
ADi
AD3
ADA
ADs
ADi
ADe
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
jl5
16
17
18
19
20
40
39 1
38
37!
HOLD
HLDA
CLK(OUT)
36 1 -JIESETIN
35 j
READY
34
IO/~M
33
32
31
30
8085 29
28
27
26
25
24
23
22
21
Si
^WR
ALE
So
Al5
Al4
An
An
An
A\o
A9
As
. 16.2. 8085A.
16.1. ^ S*!.
Si
So
HLT
(1-)
8085 :
1. R E S E T .
2. :
.
3. Interrupt.
(interrupt-routine).
4. HOLD HTL.
,
DMA-controller (direct memory access controller) -
16.3. 369
.
.
5. READY
, .
^ (8)
Do
. 16.3. .
16.3.
.
, , .
13.
. .
:
1. (memory mapped,
). 16 .
10/-^ = 0.
. ,
, ,
, .
, ,
,
.
,
(MOV, MVI, LDA, STA, . . . . ).
2. (
/, lO-mapped).
16. ,
( ) 8
10/-^ = 1. , IN OUT.
8 . 8085
8-
(address latch) .
,
(memory-mapping, ):
^
.
(memory-mapping):
. ,
, ,
Ai^.
32 .
,
16- .
16.4.
.
. ,
. , ,
,
. ,
, .
.
. ,
.
. 16.4 , ,
, . i
8 .
. Di
tri-state.
tri-state,
.
16.5.
8255
. .
. -^WR = ,
. tri-state-
enable (),
.
CLK'
^fflJ
E/Ai
Cl<h
fm
[73^^
&
ID
-.WR'
|C1
m^^
. 16.4. .
i .
= 0.
, ; ,
. -ii?D =
.
;.
, , ,
, ,
, ,
. ,
;, , .
16.5.
8255
8255.
16. ,
, , 8 .
Ai ^
.
, , .
,
,
.
,.,,
...
7...0
(8 )
.CS-xWR-^RD .
RESET
D,...Do
. 16.5. 8255.
DQ D^ ,
,
-^CS. ^ , Bj ^
, , ,
. .
Ai
. 16.2.
16.6.
. -
16.6.
, .
. (PC, program counter)
, .
16.2.
,
, , .
STA 0F12H.
(accumulator)
0F12H. STA
; ,
store accumulator.
, ,
.
.
16.3. ,
STA DF12H.
3 .
STA
0F12H
32
OF 12
0010
. (OF,
operation code fetch).
. ,
,
. , ; ,
.
1.
( OF ).
16. ,
; .
(MR, memory read). ^
.
1. ; ,
; MR-, .
;
, .
(MW, memory write).
16.6.1. (OF)
,
4 . ,
, ,
. OF- STA 0F12H
. 16.6.
CLK
/-
10/=, si=i,so4i
\r\. spezifi lert
|(
ADo'AD-j
i PCL O U T ) ( ~ D^^mji-...
ALE
-,)
I/
-
\_
. 16.6.
STA 0F12H.
1
. /^ ^ , 5i = 1, ^ = , INTA = 0.
.
,
ALE
.
16.6.
2
-^RD
L (low). ,
1. ,
, .
. -^RD
(high). OF-,
.
1.
4
. ,
,
DCX.
16.6.2. (MR, memory read)
376
16. ,
READY L (low),
T^j , READYne
(high), ,
.
MR
MR
CLK
\
/-, S1-1,SO
AD^'AD-j
ALE
B^K9B^
Jr\
|(
IO/M="0, S1^LS040
IDC
L
xA-A,OU|HPZE
FN
r~\
READY
. 16.7. .
.
. 16.8 memory-write,
, .
1
.
,
.
2
, ->WR
L (low).
(high)
READY, . ^WR
, READY ;
(wait state).
16.6.
377
-write (
/), 10/-^ = 0.
MW
MW
T2
r1\-j~i
CLK
/-
T,
IO/M4.S1=0.S0-
IO/M=f S1=0.S0'
DC
ADo-AD-j' )[A.-A. \
n-n^irr
- - , ( D - D , (PUT
r~\
ALE
J
-nWR
READY
. 16.8. memory-write
(wait state).
lO-write.
16.6.4.
STA IB02H, 3
:
1001
32
STA
1002
02
1003
Id
];
: .
. 16.9 ,
STA, (02)
(IB).
1, 1001 1003. 4-
102 ;
.
378
16. ,
OF
Zvklus
Takt
- _ 1
)[
10
-ALh \ 01
\-{
32
IN
ALE
^
11
MR
}2
IB
) ^ 02
IN
:^
oLrr
; IB
IN
1 10
1 10
^ 02
MW
.J
\vvK
16.7.
(interrupt)
. , ,
, - ,
,
. (in
terrupt line) ,
(ISR,
interrupt-service-routine),
. .
interrupt High- ()
.
,
interrupt .
. .
(stau).
(ISR) . -
16.7. (interrupt)
. ISR
RET
.
16.4. 8085.
0024
002
56.5
55.5
0034
TRAP
57.5
:
: EI (enable in
terrupt, ) DI (disable in
terrupt, ) ,
TRAP, (mascable inter
rupt, ). ,
, -.
(reset), DI (disable interrupt).
: SIM (set inter
rupt mask, )
.
, , .
(ISR),
. 16.4 .
INTR
, .
.
INTR-INTA.
reset (
).
0000.
16. ,
16.8.
,
( )
. ,
.
source code ( ),
object code (
).
. .
. [42].
, .
^\ .
"source code"
STA F 7 3 4 H
"object code"
0010
1 1 1 1 0111
0100
. 1 6 . 1 0 . .
16.9.
8085.
,
.
:
addr
data
data 16
byte
port
, 1, 2
16-
8-
16-
-
8-
, , , D, , , L
16.10.
rh, rl
PC
SP
()
(( ))
( , )
(; ), DE ( D), HL ( )
()
16- . PCL
PC
16-
,
,
,
16.10.
. J\^R
,
.
8085 Regis
ter (), Register Indirect ( ), Di
rect ( ), Immediate ().
,
.
16.10.1. Register
,
.
MOV.
move ( ).
MOV , ,
. .
MOV .
16.5. Register. = ,
Z = , = .
1 , 2
(1) ^ (2)
SPHL
(SP) ^
(H)(L)
XCHG
() ^
(D), (L) ^
PCHL
MOV
()
16. ,
Register Indirect
, ,
.
.
16.6. Register Indirect.
= , Z = , = .
MOV
((H)(L)) ^ ()
MOV
() ^
LDAX
(, D)
() ^ (())
STAX
(, D)
(()) ^ ()
16
XTHL
((H)(L))
(L) ^ ((SP)), ()
((SP)+1)
MOV , , L ,
. ,
(memory).
: MOV ,.
, HL, .
LDAX Load accumulator indirect (indexed) (
,
). , ,
.
DE.
STAX store accumulator indirect (indexed) (
, , ),
BD DE.
XTHL exchange stack with and L (
L).
HL. L
, ,
16.10.
1. ;
.
16.10.3. Immediate
2. MVI , 8 FH
8 FH. 2 .
2- , ;
, . Immediate Register In
direct MVI M,data. 2
, HL.
16.7. Immediate. = ,
Z = , = .
MVI
, data
() ^ (byte 2)
MVI
, data
((H)(L)) - (byte 2)
LXI
, datal6
16.10.4. Direct
2 3 Direct
, .
LHLD addr Load and L direct. HL
. 5
OF, MR ( ),
MR ( ), MR (
), MR ( ).
, 2 .
SHLD addr Store and L direct, L,
.
IN p o r t Input (). ,
port ,
; . Port 8-
.
(memory-mapped) 3 : OF, MR, MW.
OUT p o r t Output, .
;
, port.
IN OUT lOj-iM = 1.
. 16.8 IO|-iM = 0.
16. ,
16.8. Direct. = ,
Z , = .
LDA
addr
13
STA
addr
13
16
16
(L)<-((byte3)(byte2)),
LHLD
addr
(H) ^ ((byte 3)(byte 2)+l)
SHLD
addr
IN
port
(A) ^ (data)
10
OUT
port
(data) ^ (A)
10
16.1 I.
,
-.
, ,
X. 1 ,
, .
, Register, Register indi
rect Immediate. ,
- (carry-bit).
Register indi
rect , carry-bit (ADC )
(ADD ):
ADD
: () - ((H)(L))
ADC
: () <- ((H)(L)) + ()
CPI () -Byte 2
.
, :
MVI , OFH
CPI OFFH
, - :
S = , Z = , = 1, = , = 1.
OFH.
J\RA , J\ , J\
. . ,
16.11. 385
. . 16.9. carry-bit ( )
,
.
16.9. 8- .
INR
() ^ () + 1
INR
((H)(L))4-((H)(L)) + 1
10
DCR
() ^ () - 1
DCR
((H)(L))^((H)(L))-1
10
^
(. 16.10). ,
DAD add register pair to H and L
Carry-bit .
- .
16.10. 16-
Register.
z s z
DAD
( ( H ) ( L ) ) ^ ( H ) ( L ) + (rh)(rl)
10
INX
(rh)(rl) ^ (rh)(rl) + l
DCX
i-p
(rli)(rl) ^ (rh)(rl) - 1
J\jiK -
, -
(. 16.11). -
(
9) , 6 .
16.11.
.
S Z
DAA
386
16. ,
DAA :
1) 4
, 9, = 1,
6.
2) 4
, 9, = 1, 4
6.
,
- .
- (BCD):
00101000
28io
+00110111
37io
01011111
l l l l 2 > 9 ,
IIO2 =
+00000110
01100101
65 10
:
MVI , 28
OOIOIOOOBCD 28io
ADI 37
O O I I O I U B D C 37IO , () == 5FH
DAA
() = OHOOIOIBCD
16.12.
.
AND, OR EXCLUSIVE OR. ,
.
.
. J\A^
.
. ,
4 .
Z. }\ AND immediate
( ).
16.13.
(carry flag)
CMC (complement carry,
) STC (set carry, )
(carry flag).
16.14.
, carry-bit
, .
.
"1
16.15.
, .
(jump)
. JMP ,
PCHL, . , JNZ, JZ,
388
16. ,
JNC, JC . . ,
. , ,
. 16.12. .
16.12. .
,
(PC) ^
(byte3)(byte2)
10
>3
2/3
7/10
JMP
addr
JNZ
addr
JZ
addr
JNC
addr
CY-0
JC
addr
CY = 1
JPO
addr
JPE
addr
JP
addr
S = 0
JM
addr
S = 1
Z = 0
Z = 1
I (PC) ^ (byte3)(byte2)
P = 0
P = 1
16.15.1.
, LXI MOV.
.
JMP
LXI ,
HL
MOV V,
....
;
,
. ,
( ). ,
, 1000.
1007 .
1000
1001
1002
1003
1004
1005
1006
1007
07
10
21
77
JMP
Adress Low-Byte
Adress High-Byte
LXI
Operand Low-Byte
Operand H i g h - B y t e
MOV M,A.
S p r u n g z i e l ( A d r e s s e 1007)
16.16.
.
.
.
(label) LOOP,
ANA
JNZ
LOOP
; ,
;
LOOP
16.16,
CALL ().
CALL :
1. CALL
,
.
1 ,
.
(SP)-2.
2. 2.
, ,
,
.
CALL
(top of stack = TOS).
3. ,
.
.
RET (return)
:
L ,
, .
16. ,
1
PC (PC = program counter = instruction counter =
= ).
2. 2.
16.13. .
CALL
addr
,
((SP) - 1) ^ ()
18
((SP) - 2) ^ ()
(SP) 4- (SP) - 2
(PC) ^ (byte3)(byte2)
CNZ
CZ
addr
CNC
addr
addr
addr
addr
addr
addr
addr
1 RET
Z=0 \
Z=l
((SP) - 1) ^ () CY = 0
1 ((SP) - 2) ^ (PCL) C Y = 1
>3 2/5 9/18
I (SP) ^ (SP) - 2
P =0
(PC) ^ (byte3)(byte2) P = 1
S=0
S =l
J
/
1 3
(PCL) ^ ((SP))
10
N
() <- ((SP) + 1)
(SP) -S- (SP) + 2
RNZ
RZ
RNC
(PCL) ^ ((SP))
1 () ^ ((SP) + 1)
1 (SP) ^ (SP) + 2
RC
RPO
RPE
RP
RM
RST
G {0..7}
J
((SP) - 1) ^ ()
((SP) - 2) ^ (PCL)
(SP) ^ (SP) - 2
(PC) ^ X 8
Z =0
Z =1
CY = 0
CY=:1
1/3 6/12
P =0
P =l
S=0
S= l )
1 3
12
.
,
.
16.16.
RST (restart, )
PC .
8.
, J\. RST = 112
0000000000011000.
PUSH POP
( )
,
. PUSH PSW POP PSW
( - = proces
sor status word, PSW, ). XTHL
HL TOS (top of sta, ).
HL
LXI ,
DAD SP
.
, RAMH-1.
1,
.
LXISP.
16.14. .
,
i-p
((SP) - 1) ^ (rh)
12
(rp SP)
((SP) - 2) ^ (rl)
1
12
10
10
PUSH
(SP) ^ (SP) - 2
PUSH
PSW
((SP) - 1) ^ (A)
((SP) - 2) ^ (?????????)
(SP) ^ (SP) - 2
POP
rp
(rp SP)
(rh) ^ ((SP) + 1)
PSW
(???????????) 4r- ( ( S P ) )
(A) ^ ((SP) + 1)
(SP) ^ (SP) + 2
16. ,
. 16.15 ,
. ,
.
,
.
16.15. .
.
31 01 18
LXI
SP, 1801H
1000
1003
01 OF
LXI
B, OFECH
1006
11 D1 80
LXI
H, ICFEH
1009
21 FE 1
LXI
H, ICFEH
CD 00 12
CALL
UTPR
1200
05
PUSH
UTPR
1201
D5
PUSH
1202
PUSH
1203
F5
PUSH
PSW
()
120F
Fl
POP
PSW
1210
El
POP
HL
1211
Dl
POP
1212
01
PGP
1213
C9
RET
. 16.16
. 16.15. ,
- 08.
16.17.
HLT (half, )
.
RESET TRAP.
,
(halt).
16.17.
NOP operation (, ).
(place holder) ,
, .
EI ( ) DI ( )
-. - ,
.
16.16. ,
. 16.15. ,
(TOS = top of staca)
17F7
08
17F8
PSW (A)
1 17F9
FE
17FA
17FB
D1
E
D
PSW (FLAG)
17FC
80
17FD
17FE
OF
17FF
OF
PCL
1800
10
PCH
1801
FE
<-TOS PC = 1204
<TOS 1
Di
Da
D2
Di
Do
SOD
SOE
R7.5
MSE
M7.5
M6.5
M5.5
RST5.5
RST6.5
RST7.5
J\
3 1
394
16. ,
4:
(reset) RST7.5
(87.5-
, , .
87.5-
4 ).
5:
6,7: SOD.
(RIM):
D-,
Db
Di
D2
Di
Do
SID
17.5
16.5
15.5
IE
7.5
6.5
M5.5
1: ^\ RST5.5 (
)
2: ^ RST6.5 ( =
)
3: INTE- (1 = )
4
15.5
16.5
17.5
16.18.
.
(., LDA 09FEH)
(source-code)
^
(source code) (object code).
; ,
, ];
. , ORG 1000
, ; 1000.
16.18.
, ; . ; (source code)
, :
1. 1;
. ,
.
.
,
(
) .
,
. :
OR G addr
2. , ,
. ^. END.
3.
name, .
8- .
DB
Data
8-
DW
Data 16
16-
.
DS
4. ,
.
5.
.
6. (macros, )
.
(pass).
.
.
; ,
^[^ .
16. ,
16.17. .
.
( code)
EQU
OAIH
PRT
EQU
OIH
ORG
lOOOH
A, Kl
1000
1002
10
JMP
MK
; 1
1005
ADl
Kl
;
VAR1
1007
32 00 13
STA
VARl
100
D3 01
OUT
PRT
; VAR2
01 13
LDA
VAR2
ORG
1300H
VAR1
DS
VAR2
DB
IFEH
1300
1301
FE
; 1 VAR
;
ORG, EQU,
DS, DB.
ORG ,
( 1000) (
1000).
.
.
1000.
.
EQU 1 PRT.
,
.
.
DS
. VAR1
1300. VAR1
, ,
Direct (, LDA addr. STA addr.).
DB, DS,
.
16.19.
DB .
1301 FE.
.
.
16.19.
16.19.1. 8255
8255
. , CLow CHigh
.
. 16.11. 8255 (
).
,
, . 16.11. ,
0004 007.
. 16.11 = ^ i = 1.
0007. . 16.18.
16.18. 8255.
. 16.11.
0004
0005
0007h
398
16. ,
^ ;
:
1>7
Db
Db
Di
Di
D2
Di
Do
CL
- ,
; CL = CLow, = CHigh.
.
16.19.
8255.
.
( code)
ORG
lOOOH
' 1000
90
MVI
A, 90H
1002
70
OUT
07H
1004
04
IN
04H
; ,
1006
05
OUT END
05H
; ,
;
;
,
16.19.2.
, , . ,
.
, . 16.20,
1F88H. XTHL
PC . INXH JMP,
HL
.
. INXH
,
.
.
8085
, [18] [16].
16.19. 399
16.20.
[16, 18].
1 1000
1 1003
1006
( code)
CD 00 12
ORG
lOOOH
09 10
CALL
PROG
88 IF
JMP
LIST
; (skip)
DW
1F88H
1008
LIST
1 1200
1201
1 1202
1 1203
D5
F5
1204
23
INX
;
12050MXJMP
1 1205
23
INX
__
1206
23
INX
1207
MOV
E, M
1208
23
INX
1209
MOV
D, M
PROG
XTHL
; PC HL
; PC ("
")
PUSH
; DE
PUSH
PSW
; PSW
PUSH
; ,
;
; ,
; 1
; 1
1210
F1
PGP
PSW
; PSW
(" ")
1211
D1
POP
; DE
1212
POP
1213 1214
; PC
; HL PC,
16. ,
16.20.
16.1.
) ,
8085.
)
8085.
) ?
) .
) CALL RET
.
16.2. , 1;
. ,
DE HL.
^\ ?
,
2 ?
16.3. ,
{ < 255)
.
. HL
;
DE .
16.4. ,
1; .
; ,
; .
.
. I.
1 -^
1 ^^
=
EXOR-
2+1
^
<\
1
1
X/Y
MUX
DMUX DX
P-Q
CPG
7
1
,
carry-lock-ahead-generator (
)
ALU
SRGm
CTRm
, 2^
CTRDIVm
RCTRm
m
2^
ROM
(read-only-memory)
RAM
FIFO
first-in-first out (
)
402
,
, :
( 0
1)
.^d_
, L,
, L, N2
1
2
3
>-
8
9
, L, N1
6
7
( 0
1)
^^
- >
>
:
:
10
11
^
12
13
;;i:
14
:::
A.l. 403
.
.
-^h
---
^
---
tri-state
EN
J, , R, S, D,
</
-^
:
,
, N^ = 1
:}
0 .
.
=15
,
,
=15
"1"
?,
:::
.
164
EN
,
tri-state
(enable)
82
38,39
(mode)
(negation)
29
(reset)
80
(set)
80
30
29 1
27
135
28
2.1.
)
(1110, ) = l2l2l202l2-02~^+l2-^ = 14,625io
)
9(10011,11012) = l - 2 4 l - 2 4 l - 2 + l - 2 - 4 l - 2 - 2 + l-2-^ = 19,8125io
2.2.
)
33 : 2 = 16
16:2 = 8
8:2 = 4
4:2 = 2
2:2 = 1
1:2 = 0
0,125-2
= 0,25
0,25-2
0,5
+0
0,5-2
^ ^ ^
t^ fH
1
+0
+1
33,125io = 100001,0012)
45 : 2 = 2
2 2 : 2 = 11
11 : 2 = 5
5:2 = 2
2:2 = 1
1:2 = 0
406
0,33 2 - 0,66
+0
0,66-2-0,32
+1
0,32-2 = 0,64
+0
0,64-2 = 0,28 + 1
.
45,33io ^ 101101,01012.
2.3.
) 001010 110110
(1)
1 0
1 0
21io
-
1110
^ , .
) 010111 101001,
011011 100101.
1
-23io
-27io
(1)
14io
5 = = 1, .
2.4.
) 110101 010101 - 010001011001
) 1101110 : 110 = 10010, .
2.5. : 000, 001, 011, 010, 110, 100.
3.1.
.
407
3.11
3.10
Xl
0
0
1
1
XQ
0
1
0
1
V \
;(; Va;i)XQ
0
1
1
1
0
1
0
1
\ XQ XQ
0
1
0
1
0
0
1
1
0
1
0
1
f\X\
V ( ^Xl)
XQ
0
1
0
1
0
0
0
1
0
1
3.2.
= { ^1 2 -I ) V { f\xi /\2 f\ ) V (- -1 Xl 2 )
V (^ ; - XI - 2 ) V ( -1 Xl 2 ) V
V ( - Xl -12 ) =
=
( Xl 2) V (- -I Xl ) V ( -< x i ) =
== ( Xl 2) V (-1 Xl )
.
3.3.
0
0
0
0
1
1
1
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
1
0
1
S\
SQ
KDNF ( ) SQ:
So = ( - ' - > 6 ) \ / ( - ' - 1 ) \ / ( - | 6 - 1 ) \ / ( )
KDNF ( ) Si:
si = (-. 6 ) V ( - 6 ) V ( 6 -^ ) V ( 6 )
KKNF ( ) SQ:
so = {a\/b\/
^) {^\/
^bVc)
408
K K N F ( ) si:
51 = ( V V ) ( V b V ^ ) ( V -- V ) (- V 6 V )
3.4.
51 = (6 ) V ( ) V ( ) oder si = { Ab) W { ) {b )
5,
, 2 .
3 . 5 .
) a f ^ - i b = a b V - i a - ' b = -ia<->->b = -' { ^ b)
Q'jf = ai-)^b^c=>-^f
= ^{a^b)^c
=
-^a^b^c
:
3.6.
)
1 = 1;2^ V ^a;2^3
= 12; V ->;2^^1 V -"^2^3 ( )
= xixs V -^X2Xs ( 1 2 3.34)
= xs {xi V -"^2) ( )
)
2 = -^Xi^X2^Xs\/
-^12 12
-^1-^2 xi^X2-^X2,\/
^xi-^X2XsX4,
^1^2^4^
(-)
409
)
4 = ^ (-> (^ x i ^ ;2-^ ) - (- a:i V -1 ^2^))
= - 1-< 2-' ^4 V -> ^1 V 2 V -1 (-)
= -":! V -'2 V -'^ ( )
)
4 = ^ (-112^ V ^ (rri V 2 V )) {xi V ^ :2)
^bV-^cd
(7
>!
/,
(?
':
,
&
4.2.
NAND
NOR
XI
XI
1 5.1.
NOR
NAND
'--
410
5.2.
)
En
\-
5.3. :
5 = -I (rro^i);
6.1.
)
) : / = a;o^2~'^i V-ia;o^i3;2V:ria;o^3
) --
XI
V
V
13
14
13
15
V
V
XI
5,13
6,14
11,15
13,15
14,15
1
1
,
:
5
5,13
11
6,14
11,15
13,15
14,15
13
14
15
0
(8)
(8)
0
0
X
X
X
412
[ ^
"^
d 1~"- - = . _ ^
1 0
1 ^
1 11 ^
X, J
71 1 ^^
V
v_
1 -/' V
0'"1
0 1 d 1 ^
-TO
6)
= {-^xiW -^ Xi) (-1 xs V 4) (- V xi V 4)
1 0
r'd^
...
1_
d
! 0
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d
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} xo
6.3.
)
X3
X3
Tl
[Ti
-
r* r
"2
"Xo
LLJ
xr
Ji
X2
:
/ i = -^XQ-^xi-^xs \/ -^12-^;
/2 = ^ 12-1 ^ V -1 :2^ :/ = :;:2^ V - j;o^i
) / i /2, /2 /, ,
.
413
) 7 17
XI
>1
XI ^^
&
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&
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6.4.
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2^
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LJ
6
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4" 1 :>
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z^^ ZQ"
po mn
.
l l 01
11 10
"
loo 10 1
) :
)
:
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z^^'
= -.Cz^V
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^m+l __
= ^Cz^yC^z'^
z^z"^
^C^z^yz^^z'^
r) :
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416
8.1
)
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RV
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417
RS-,
SN, -:
So = JQ = -^ ^-^ Z^\
Ri=Ki=r'^\/
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^Q
1/
--br^z^)
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J K - . 1)- :
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2^ 2 2^.
.
10
0
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MUX
EN
f
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1 3
P e n i e n n e 9.2.
a) .
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Fo
1 1
1
0
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1
1
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0
1
0
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2-4 1 J
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Fo
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2
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6) :
BIN/OCX
BIN/OCX
1
2
3
4
5
6
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Fo
Fi
Fo
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10.1.
&
1
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1 1
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R
^
R
,
419
10.2.
:
V = 1
Z2
Zl
V = 0
^0
^ + 1
^ + 1
+1
^0
^ + 1
^2
^1
^0
- ^[^
D-:
D\=zx
^2=Z2"
z\ J
zo
zr
Z2
Z2
Do=zo
/77+1
Zo
Zl
:
Do = z^^^ = {z^-^ V) V (^1^- z^) V ( F - z^-^ z^)
ZQ
Di
+l
- {z^^ V) V {z^-^ z'^V) V {z'^'z^-^ V) V {z"^^ z^^V)
^z m
1
D2 = z:m+1
^z^-^V)y{z'Pz^V)
(-
11.1.
.
Q'^.
.
Q'^ (52^, Q'^
.
Q^^^^ ^2^^^ Q^~^^.
111 000 .
QT
QT
QT
QT^'
Q-+^
g-+i
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Qi"
d
1
1
d
Di^Q^-^Qr^-^Qs^Qi
J&
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an
HID
PbJ
CLK
HID
J>ci
-t>ci
p-^\
1 1
421
12.1. 74181
, .
5 = (, 1, 1, 0), = CQ = 1.
, 4 =
X :
^
>
X
4 1, =: 1
4 = 1, xz=:y =^
<
4 = 0, = = 0
12.2. 5 = = 1
(12.26):
= -^bXiyiV
= 1, 1 .
(12.31) :
13.1.
) .
:
(Hex)
15 14 13 12
11 10 9 8
7 6 5 4
3 2 10
0000
0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0
(4)
OFFF
0 0 0 0
1111
1111
0 0 0 0|
1 1 1 l{
1000
0 0 0 1
0 '
0 0 0 0
"~]
(2)
17FF
0 0 0 1
0{1 1 1
1111
1800
0 0 0 1
1 1 1 l{
1 [0 0"0" ~~~~ "^"!
(2)
1FFF
0 0 0 1
1 il 1 1
2000
0 0 1 |" 0 0 0 0
1 1 1 ll
1111
0 0 0 0 ~0""0]
3FFF
0 0 ill
1111
1 (8)
1111
1 1 1 ll
....
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.
,
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8 2 . ^
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6
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-^rs(4)
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13.2.
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^2-
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.).
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()
08
1 0
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09
1 0
1 0
(4 )
1 3
0
0
()
20
(8 )
27
1 0
0
1 1
1 1 1
423
RAM 8x8
,
Aj
2)
>
G1
/- G2
A,3D
1C3[WRITE]
" 1,2EN[READ]
N-
RAM 4x8
-N
AV
AV
Gl
A,3DH~W^JV4 G2
1C3 [WRITE]
1,2EN[READ]
->-
13
RAM 2x8
Qo
^T
AV
-.cs
, - { >
Gl
A,3D
~W=JV4 G2
1C3 [WRITE]
1,2EN[READ]
"13
-^
N-
-
A
^7
R/-.W
14.1. 3
-. ,
, 5
. - :
/.
^ \
'
~
(fyd
424
^<
ZL
zJ
N1
&
5 :
\ = ci-^d, 2 = ad-^c, Ps = adc, P4 = -^a-^b^cd, P5 = -^ab-^cd.
_
1 p
In
L_r
1 P
1 ~ <
L_P
^ <
1 ^11
l>il
fi
f2
fo
14.2. / ,
4
. J\RA /1 :
/(, , c,d) = ^a-^b-^c-^dV a-^c-^dW ^ abd V -1 acd,
/1 (a, 6, , d) -1 a- b-^c-^dV ab-^ cdV ^a-^ bed V -^ 6-< d
III
1I 1l 1 l \E.
\E.
1 1 1
I I &
[
1T1
T T
1*
>1
i^i
15.1.
Z0, Z0, Z1, Z1, Z2, Z2, Z0, Z1, Z0.
16.1.
. ,
, .
, !) .
.
^ (.. ).
16.2.
AL = 1, / = 1, tri-state, ;
, .
.
, .
17.1.
MOV ,
() ^ ((H)(L)
LDAXD
() <- ((D)(E))
MOV ,
((H)(L) ^ ()
MOV ,
() ^ ()
((D)(E)) f- ()
STAXD
2 :
32 0 , 5 = 16 .
17.2. , , 6 1000
1200.
LOOP
MVI
LXI
, lOOOH
LXI
D, 1200H
MOV
A,M
() ^ ((H)(L))
STAX
((D)(E)) ^ ()
INX
(D)(E) ^
INX
(H)(L) ^ (H)(L)+1
(D)(E)+1
426
; () ^ ()-1
DCR
JNZ
LOOP
17.3. Quer
]; :
QUER:
ANF:
PUSH
MVI , 08
MVI ,
RAR
(LSB)
JNC
, =0
INRC
1,
carry=1
DCRB
JNC ANF
MOV ,
POP
RET
[1] .. . . ,
2002 .
[2] .., .., ..
: , 1991 .
[3] .. , .. , .. .
, . , 1973 .,
, 1987 .
[4] . . , , ., 2002 .
[5] .. , .. ,
. , 1997 .
[6] . . .
-, , 1983 . .
[7] . . . , 1991 .
[8] . . ; ,
, , 1989 .
[9] .. , .. , .. .
. , 1977 .
[10] .. , .. . -
. , 1976 .
[11] . . , . ,
1973 .
[12] .. . . .: -,
2002 .
2-
7-
ABEL
(addition)
Direct
Immediate
Register Indirect
Register
(accumulator)
ALU ()
Antifuse (
:
125319 , / 594
e-mail: knigi@technosphera.ni
sales@technosphera.ru
: (095) 956 33 46
!
http://www.technosphera.ru
http://www.benran.ru
.
..
.
..
70 X 100/16. .
Computer modem LaTeX.
.. 27. 5000 . . 8505.
1, 65 / ^.
, . , 10 3
,
121099 , ., 6