Al Ajurroomiyyah - Notes On Classical Arabic

Al Ajurruumiyyah Chapter 1 ( The Chapter About Speech) Aug28 by Classical Arabic
Language
Studies
The author, and he is Ab Abdullaahi Muhammad bin Muhammad bin Dwd a-anhaaj
known as Ibn Aajurruum who was born in the year 672 and who died in the year 723 after the
Prophetic hijrah may Allah have mercy on him said after :
1 (The Chapter About Speech)
Arabic Text:
()
English Translation:
( Speech) ( is) ( expression [which is articulated]) ( composite)

(informative)
( in accordance with customary usage and [regulated] by conventional
Arabi rules
Explanation of Text in Arabi :
Explanation of Text in English:
(Speech) is informative composite expression which is articulated according to

onventional Arabi rules Undoubtedly, Arabi spee h is onstru ted on four things They are
that it (Speech) is ( expressed), ( composite [composed of two or more parts]),

(informative), and ( regulated by onventional Arabi rules And so the
meaning of its being is that Arabi spee h is expressed vo ally by using some of

(the letters of the Arabi alphabet like when you say: ( Muhammad) and ( Al
and ( He went). Each word from these three words is vocalized by using some of
( the letters of the Arabi alphabet
As for the meaning of its being , Arabi spee h is omposed of two or more words like
( Abdullah and ( if Muhammad comes) and
( the rising of the sun).
Each expression from these expressions is ( composed of two or more parts) without
being ( informative
As for the meaning of its being , it is when the silence of the speaker becomes sufficient,
wherein the listener does not expect to hear anything else. If you say: ( If
Muhammad comes), this expression is not ( informative), because it does not convey
omplete information to the person being spo en to that is to say, the one who heard it
However, if you say:( If Muhammad comes to my house, will honor

him.), This statement is completely informative and enough. The person who hears it does not
expe t more than this
As for the meaning of ( speech) being ( regulated by onventional Arabi

rules , it o urs in three ases:
The first case is the expressions that are used in that have been onstru ted by the Arabs
to define the essence of a person like when you say: ( Muhammad) and the expressions
used in whi h the Arabs have onstru ted to define the nature of a pla e like when you
say:
( masjid [place of prostration]) and the expression used in that the Arabs have
constructed to define the nature of a thing like when you say: ( book). Each of these
expressions is called ( a noun).
The second case is the expressions used in whi h the Arabs have onstru ted to define the
occurrence of something in one of three time periods. They are ( the past tense
verb) that is to say, the expression which shows an occurrence that occurred before the time
of the conversation like when you say: ( he went), and

( the present tense
verb) that is to say, the expression which shows the occurrence of a thing during the time of
the conversation or soon after it like when you say: ( he is going), and the
(the
command tense verb) that is say, the expression which shows the occurrence of a thing that is
being sought after the time of the conversation like when you say: ( go
The third case is the expressions used in that have been onstru ted by the Arabs their
purpose is not completely understood until they are placed next to another word. They are like:
and and and so if you say: ( did he go) and
( from the masjid) and
(he did not leave), the purpose of these three expressions ( and and ) was not
completely understood until they were placed next to another word. Each of these three
expressions is called ( a letter [particle]).And so, are the three cases of
whi h the Arabs have been regulated with onventional Arabi rules
Arabic Text:
(
)
( And its parts) ( are three): ( a noun) and ( a verb) and ( a letter
parti le oming with for a meaning
And its parts are three: ( a noun) like: ( Zayd) and ( man), and; ( a verb) like:
(He beat) in the past tense, ( He beats) in the present tense and
( Beat) in the
command tense; and ( a letter coming with a meaning) - that is to say one letter
by itself or two or three letters joined together that have a specific meaning like:
( an
interrogative particle that introduces a question) and ( A preposition meaning in orinto
among other things) and ( a particle of negation that is used to negate the occurrence of an
a tion in the past
Arabic Text:
(

:

)
( the lowering [of the vowel])

( And so the noun) ( is known by)

( and
tanwiin [adding the nuun sound to the end of the word]);
( and the prefixing of
the alif and the laam - the

( and the particles of khaf letters of lowering and they are:
( and the parti les of swearing and they are:
( The noun) is known by:
the lowering of the vowel (that is to say placing the vowel =beneath the noun) as

you would say: ( passed by the man and the boy
and by
( tanwin = [the expression of ([the nuun sound bearing sukuun = ]at the
end of a noun]) as you would say: ( Zaydun) and ( rajulun) and ( muuminaatun
and by
to the front of the word) as you would
( the prefixing of alif and laam =
say: ( the man and the servant boy) formed from the words: and
( the letters parti les of haf lowering]) mainly

and by the prefixing of

prepositions which cause the noun to carry / = as its final vowel) and they are:
(from), ( to), ( about, from), ( on), ( in, into), ( how many a ,
=
(by, in,
with),
=(like, as), =

(to, belonging to, for) as you would say:
(I traveled from Barah to Kuufah),

( I departed from the country),
(I climbed upon the stallion),
( I sat in the house), ( Many a noble
man I have met), ( I wrote with the pen), ( Zayd is like the lion), ( The
praise belongs to Allah
and by
=( by) and
( the particles for swearing) and they are ( =by) and
( =by) like when you say:
( I swear by Allah) and
( I swear by Allah)
( I swear by
Allah ,
Arabic Text:
(

)

( And the verb) ( is nown by ) and
( and the particles and )

and
( and the taa of femininity bearing su uun
Explanation of Text in Arabic:
The verb is known by as you would say: ( He definitely stood up) and ( He might
stand) and by
( the particle )and the particle as you would say: ( He will stand)
and ( He will stand) and by
( the taa of the feminine doer bearing sukuun =
[which occurs at the end of the past tense verb to show that the pronoun [she] or [it
feminine] is the doer of the verb]) like when you say:
( she stood) and
( she spo e
Arabic Text:
(

)
( And the particle is) ( the [(part of speech) for which]), ( the distinguishing signs
of the noun)
( and the distinguishing signs of the verb)
( are not permissible
with it
( the particle) is the (part of speech) for which none of the distinguishing signs of the noun
and the distinguishing signs of the verb are permitted, because it is void of signs. For instance,
it does not receive nor tanwiin (,,) nor do the prepositions ( etc.) come in
front of it nor do or
or come in front of it. You can not say or or
nor do
you say or or . Although ( the parti le is void of distinguishing signs, it is
a distinguishing sign for other words
A More Extensive Discussion About ( The Chapter About raab nfle tion from The
Ajurruumiyyah with Endnotes Nov25 by madanitimbukti
( The Chapter About raab nfle tion
Arabic Text:

)(
The Explanation of the Role of Each Word in the Text:
is ( the subje t in the ase of raf The sign whi h demonstrates that it is in the ase
of raf is a ammah which has been clearly affixed to its end.
is a phrase which consists of which is ( a pronoun of separation) and the
noun which is ( the predicate of the subject noun) in the ase of raf The
sign which demonstrates that is in the ase of raf is a ammah which has been clearly
affixed to its end. is also ( a constructed noun).
is ( the noun conjoined to it [ )]and as a result, it is ( the noun in

the case of jarr due to the iaafah construction). The sign that
is in the case of jarr is a
kasrah which has been clearly affixed to its end. is also ( a constructed noun).
is ( the noun conjoined to it [ ) and as a result, it is ( the noun in

the case of jarr due to the iaafah construction). The sign that is in the case of jarr is a
kasrah which has been clearly affixed to its end.
is a phrase which consists of which is ( a preposition) and which

( the noun in the case of jarr because of the preposition). The sign which
demonstrates that
is in the case of jarr is a kasrah which has been clearly affixed to its
end.
is a phrase which consists of the noun

which is ( a conditional phrase) in the

case of nab and which is ( a conjunction) and which is also in the case of nab
and ( a noun that which has been conjoined to it [)].

A noun conjoined to another
noun in the case of nab is also in the case of nab. The sign which demonstrates that the two
and are in the case of nab is a fat-ah which has been clearly affixed to the end
nouns
of each of them.
English Translation of the Text:

is the changing of the end (last letter) of words because of the different kinds of
( preceding or affecting them). [change] (by

( governors or governing factors)
expression) (by implication).
Explanation of the Text in Arabic:
Explanation in English:
1 is the changing of the end (last letter) of words2 because of the different (kind of)
(governors) preceding them or governing factors3 affecting. (This change) is ( by expression)
or ( by implication)4. This affixed change which is at the end of words is like
when you
say: ( Zayd came) and ( I saw Zayd) and( I passed by Zayd). It is

when you say: ( the youth came) and ( I saw the youth) and ( I
passed by the youth). And so the change which occurred at the end of the word is
(clear) and ( expressed) and the change (which should have occurred) at the end of is
(implied) and ( intended) because it ( ) is =

( its construction is
fixed on the alif maquurah5 and unchangeable). For this reason we have said, that the change
is or .
Arabic Text:

:
(

)
The Explanation of the Role of Each Word in the Text
is a phrase which consists of ( the resumptive waaw) and which is

(the subje t in the ase of raf and which is ( an attached pronoun). The sign which
demonstrates that is in the ase of raf is a ammah which has been clearly affixed to its
end. is also ( an ajoined noun) and is ( the noun conjoined to it [ )]and
as a result, itis standing in the place of ( a noun in the case of jarr due to the
iaafah construction). The sign which demonstrated that it is in the case of jarr is an implied
kasrah which cannot be affixed to its end, because it is ( fixed in its construction) on
ammah.
is ( the predicate of the subject noun) and is in the ase of raf The sign whi h
demonstrates that it is in the ase of raf is a ammah which has been clearly affixed to its end.
is ( a substitute of a part for the whole) for . If is remove from the

statement, can stand in its place. is the ase of raf, be ause the substitute for a noun in
the ase of rafis also in the ase of raf The sign whi h demonstrates that is the case of
rafis a ammah which has been clearly affixed to its end.
( a particle of conjunction) and the noun

is a phrase which consists of which is
which is ( the noun that which has been conjoined to it [)]. The noun is
the ase of raf, be ause a noun onjoined to a noun in the ase of raf is also in the ase of
raf.The sign which demonstrates that is the ase of rafis a ammah which has been
clearly affixed to its end.
( a particle of conjunction) and the

noun which is ( the noun that which has been conjoined to it [)]. The noun
is the ase of raf, be ause a noun onjoined to a noun in the ase of rafis also in the ase
of raf The sign which demonstrates that is the ase of rafis a ammah which has been
clearly affixed to its end.
( a particle of conjunction) and the


noun which is ( the noun that which has been conjoined to it [)]. The noun
is the ase of raf, be ause a noun onjoined to a noun in the ase of rafis also in the ase of
raf. The sign which demonstrates that is the ase of rafis a ammah which has been clearly
affixed to its end.
is a phrase which consists of ( the clarifying faa), which is ( the

preposition) and which is ( a noun in the case of jarr because of the
preposition). The sign which demonstrates that is in the case of jarr is a kasrah which has
been clearly affixed to its end.
is a phrase which consists of which is ( the preposition) and which is

( the demonstrative pronoun) and which has ( the laam denoting distance) and
( the kaaf of the one being spoken to [the second person pronoun]).
is standing in
the place of ( a noun which is in the case of jarr because of the preposition). The
sign that it is in the case of jarr is an implied kasrah which cannot be affixed to its end, because
which is ( the kaaf of the one being spoken to [the second person pronoun]) (is
fixed in its construction) on fat-ah.
is ( a subje t noun that follows the predi ate and it is in the ase of rafwhi h is
demonstrated by a ammah which has been clearly affixed to its end.
is a phrase which consists of which is ( a particle of conjugation) and
which is ( the noun that which has been conjoined to it [ )]. The noun conjoined to
another noun in the ase of raf is also in the ase of raf The sign whi h demonstrates that
is in the ase of rafis a ammah which has been clearly affixed to its end.
is a phrase which consists of which is ( a particle of conjugation) and
which is ( the noun cojoined to it [)]. The noun conjoined to another noun in the
ase of raf is also in the ase of raf. The sign which demonstrates that is in the ase of raf
is a ammah which has been clearly affixed to its end.

is a phrase which consists of which is ( a particle of conjunction) and
which is

( laa of absolute negation of the [kind] of thing being mentioned). causes
its noun to be ( fixed in its construction) on fat-ah and therefore, there is no for it. Its
noun is ( fixed in its construction) on fat-ah and is standing in the place of a noun in the
case of nab. This is because
does the work of causing its noun to carry fat-ah
and its predicate to carry ammah.
is a phrase which consists of which is ( a preposition) and which is

(an attached pronoun) which is standing in the place of a noun in the case of jarr (or khafd). The
sign is in the case of jarr is a kasrah which cannot be affixed to its end, because it is ( fixed
in its construction) on alif.
The explanation of for each part of this sentence is

the same as the explanation for each part of the previous sentence.
English Translation of the Text:
. And so ( the nouns)can have

( and its parts) are four:
( the ase endings of raf6, nab7, and khaf8 [affixed to their last letter] but no
t( the case of jazm9). [ the verbs]can have ( the ases of raf, nab,
and jazm) [affixed to their last letter], but not ( the case of khaf).
Explanation of the Text in Arabic:
And it ( )has four parts . One part of ( )is common between

and and another part of it is exclusive is to each of them10. As for ( the particles),
nothing from ( the parts of iraab is affixed to them, be ause they are fixed attheir
end. The common parts between ( the nouns) and ( the verbs) are: ( the raf
case) and ( the nab case), because both cases occur in and like when you
say: ( Zayd beat in the ase of and ( I never beat Zayd) in the case of
( the
. The exclusive parts are ( the khaf case) and ( the jazm case).
khaf case) is exclusively affixed to ( nouns) and ( the jazm case) is exclusively affixed
to ( verbs) like when you say: ( did not go with Abbaas
Endnotes:
1 The literal meaning of is that which is clearly apparent to the sight; obvious ; something
that is shown plainly ; something noticeable or clearly visible; something that is expressed or
pronounced; [Arabic grammar meaning]: inflection (that is to say: changing the last part of a
word).
2 This affixed change at the end of the word helps one to determine the role the word is playing
in a phrase, clause or sentence.
3 Governing factor here means : a rule of grammar.
literally means explicitly (or by expression) or implicily ( or by implication) and what

4
( expressed
is mean in the text is
or implied).
5 Alif maqsuurah which resembles the letter yaa without dots is a letter which cannot be
inflected when affixed to the end of words. This is do to its nature in that it should only be
vocalized with the a sound that is the equivalent of two fat-ahs , whike the affixing of
ammah to it would be burdensome on the tongue. Thus the end of must remain fixed in
its condition regardless of its case of .
6 The raf ase is the ase wherein a word has ammah or a substitute for ammah affixed to
its end.
7 The nab case is the case wherein a word has fatah or a substitute for fatah affixed to its
end.
8 The khaf case is the case wherein a word has kasrah or a substitute for kasrah affixed to its
end.
9 The jasm case is the case wherein a word has sukuun or a substitute for sukuun affixed to its
end.
10 That is to say: part of these ( cases / case endings) are common among both ( the
nouns) and ( verbs) and a part of them is affixed to the end of exclusively and a
another part is affixed to the end of exclusively. As for ( the particles), nothing from
( the signs of iraab pre ede them or auses their last vowel to hange That is
because they are [( fixed] that is to say their last vowel is unchangeable).
Al Ajurruumiyyah Chapter 2 (The Chapter About [ Inflection]) Sep6 by Classical Arabic

Language Studies
2 (The Chapter About raab nfle tion
Arabic Text:
(

)
( inflection) ( is the changing) ( of the end [last letter] of) ( words)
(because of the different) [kinds of] ( governors / governing factors)

( preceding /
affecting them). [The change] is ( by expression) or ( by impli ation
( Al-iraab infle tion is the hanging of the end (last letter of words be ause of the
different (kinds of ( governors) preceding them / governing factors affecting them. (This
change) is ( by expression) or ( by implication). This affixed change which is at the end of
words is like when you say: ( Zayd came) and ( I saw Zayd) and( I
passed by Zayd). It is when you say: ( the youth came) and ( I saw the
youth) and ( passed by the youth
And so the change which occurred at the end of the word is ( clear) and ( expressed)
and the change (which should have occurred) at the end of is ( implied) and

(intended), because it ( ) is
(=
)(fixed in its construction on the alif
maquurah and un hangeable t is for these reasons, it has been said, that the hange is
or
Arabic Text:
( :

)
( and its parts) ( are four): ( raf ,( nab),( khaf) and ( jazm).
(And so the nounscan have)
( from these) ( the ase endings of raf,
nab, and khaf [affixed to their last letter],( but the case of jazm does not occur in
it), ( while the verbs can have) ( the ases of raf, nab, and jazm)
[affixed to their last letter], ( but the case of khaf does not o ur in it
( the ases of raf, nab, khaf and jazm.).

And it ( ) has four parts:
One part (of ) is common between ( nouns) and ( verbs) and another part of it
is ex lusive to ea h of them
As for ( the particles), nothing from

( the parts of iraab is affixed to them,
because they are fixed attheir end
The common parts between ( nouns) and the ( verbs) are: ( the raf ase) and
( the nab case), because both cases occur in ( the noun) and ( the verb) like
when you say:

( Zayd beat in the ase of and ( I never beat
Zayd) in the case of . The exclusive part is ( the khaf case) and ( the jazm case).
( the khaf case) is exclusively affixed to ( nouns) while ( the jazm case) is
exclusively affixed to ( verbs) like when you say: ( did not go with Abbaas
Al Ajurruumiyyah Chapter 3 (The Chapter Con erning The Knowledge of Alaamaatu-l- raab
The Signs Of raab Nov1 by
Classical Arabic Language Studies
3 (The Chapter Con erning The Knowledge of Alaamaatu-l- raab The Signs Of raab
Arabic Text:
(
)

(and waaw), ) (ammah (four signs): (The ase of raf has
(and nuun). )(and alif
Arabic Text:
(

)

)(in four (for the ase of raf ) (it is a sign (As for ammah),
)(in the singular noun (places):
)(and the broken plural noun

)(and the sound feminine plural noun
(and the present tense

(anything whi h is (to its end), ) (which does not have attached )verb
ne essary for its onstru tion

(the singular noun) like (ammah is a sign for the ase of raf in four pla es: in
(the broken plural noun) unrestricted (The man came) and in when you say:
(The men and the in both the male and the female like when you say:
(the sound feminine plural) noun like when you say: girls came) and

(The believing women came) and

(the present tense
verb) which does not have anything affixed to the end of it that is necessary for its construction
(he beats like when you say:
(*note in Arabi :
(*note in English):
( The broken plural noun) is the plural in which the construction of its singular is
sound, but when it is pluralized, it is broken by changing the position of its letters like when
you say which is the plural of . is not sound in the construction of its plural,
because ( alif) has come between
( jiim) and ( laam) and so the original construction
has been broken. As a result, it is called ( a bro en plural noun
( The sound masculine plural noun) is the plural which is sound in its singular
construction. It is pluralized by adding ( waaw) and ( nuun) to its endwhen it is in the
ase of raf or by adding ( yaa) and ( nuun) to its end when it is in the case of nab and
khaf like when you say: ( the male believers came [three ormore males]) and

( I saw the male believers [three or more]) and ( I passed by the male
believers [three or more males]). The singular of these examples is . As for

( the sound feminine plural noun), it is pluralized by adding ( alif) and ( taa) like
when you say:
( The female believers ame three or more females

As for ( the present tense verb , it is in the ase of raf by

( that is to say, it
carries
( one of the two nuuns) has been attached to the
as the last vowel), unless
end of it. They are ( the nuun of the female doer) and ( the emphatic nuun).
( The nuun of the female doer) is constructed on like when you say:
(The women are going). is constructed on like when you say: ( By no

means should you beat Therefore, we have said, when nothing whi h is ne essary for its
onstru tion has been atta hed to the end of it , be ause if one of the two nuuns is atta hed to
the end of the verb, it will become ( fixed and unchangeable)
Arabic Text:
()
( As for the waaw), ( it is a sign) ( for the ase of raf

( in two
places)
( in the sound masculine plural noun) ( and in the five
nouns) ( and they are):

( The waaw is the sign for the ase of raf in two pla es: in
( the sound
masculine plural noun) like when you say: ( The male believers came) and in
( the five nouns) like when you say:
( your father),
( your brother),

(your father-in-law),
( your mouth), ( owner of wealth). And so, that ( the plural)
and these ( nouns are in the ase of raf by instead of
Arabic Text:
()
, (As for alif), ( it is a sign) ( for the ase of raf in ( in the dual
nouns) ( ex lusively
( Alif is a sign for the ase of raf in ( the dual nouns) exclusively. That is to say,
it is not a sign for the ase of raf in any other pla e t is li e when you say: ( the two
men ame
Arabic Text:
(

)

( As for the nuun), ( it is a sign) ( for the ase of raf

( in
the present tense verb)
( when has been affixed to it),
( a dual pronoun)
(or)
( the feminine singular pronoun for
( a plural pronoun) ( or)

the one who is being spo en to
( the nuun is a sign for the ase of raf in

( the present tense verb) when
( a dual pronoun) has been affixed to it for example:

( the two of them [male or
female are doing and
( the two of you male or female are doing or when

(a plural pronoun) has been affixed to it for example ( they [three or more males] are
doing) and ( you three or more males are doing or
( the feminine

singular pronoun for the one who is being to spoken to) has been affixed to it for example
( you (feminine singular are doing So when these verbs have these pronouns affixed to
the end of them, they are in the ase of raf by
(* Note in Arabi :
(*note in English):
, , Collectively, these five verbal constructions:

,
are known as and
(the five verbs).
Arabic Text:
(
:
)
(And the case of nab has
) (and the alif ) (the fat-ah (five signs):

)and (the kasrah) (and the letter yaa
(and the dropping of the letter nuun
Arabic Text:
(

)
( As for the fat-ah), ( it is a sign)

( for the nab case) ( in
three places): ( in the singular noun)

( and in the broken plural
noun)

(and in present tense verb)
( when it is preceded by)
( one of the particles of nab) ( and nothing has been atta hed to its end
anything whi h is ne essary for its onstru tion
( Fat-ah) is a sign for the case of nab in three places: in ( the singular noun)
like when you say:( I saw Zayd) and
( I beat the man) and in ( the
broken plural noun) like when you say:

( I saw the men three or more) and
( I took the girls [three or more]) and in
(present tense verb) when it is
preceded by ( one of the particles of nab) and it (
doesnt have anything
affixed to the end of it which is necessary for its construction like when you say: ( he
never beats
Arabic Text:
(

)
( As for the alif), ( it is a sign for the case of (nab)
( in (the five
nouns) ( like when you say):
( I saw your father and your brother)

(and what is similar to these).
( the five nouns ex lusively li e when

(Alif) is a sign for the case of nab in
you say:
Arabic Text:
(

)
( As for kasrah), ( it is a sign)

( for nab)

( in the
sound feminine plural noun
( Kasrah) is a sign for the case of nab in ( the sound feminine plural
noun). It becomes pluralized by ( alif) and a ( taa) which are added to its end like when
you say:
( I saw the female believers).
Arabic Text:
(

)
( As for the letter yaa), ( it is a sign)

( for the case of nab)
( in
the dual noun) and ( the plural noun
( yaa) is a sign for the case of nab in two places: ( the dual noun) like when you say:

( I saw the two men) and
( the sound masculine plural noun) like
when you say: ( I saw the male believers [three or more males
Arabic Text:
(

)


( As forthe dropping of nuun), ( it is a sign)
( for the case of nab)
( in the five verbs) ( whi h were aused to be in the ase of raf

(be ause of the affixing of the nuun to the end of them
( the five verbs)

( the dropping of nuun) is a sign for the case of nab in
whi h are aused to be in raf
by affixing nuun to (to the end of them). It is every

present tense verb on which

(the dual pronoun),
( the plural pronoun) or
(the feminine singular pronoun for one being spoken to) have been attached, like
what has been explained before like when you say:

( the two of them masculine are
doing),
( the two of you are doing [male or female]), ( they are doing [three or more
males]), ( you are doing [three or more males]. ( you feminine singular are doing
These verbs are caused to be ( in the case of nab) by ( dropping from the end of
them, the nuun whi h originally aused them to be in the ase of raf and so you say:

(those two will never do ( you two will never do , in the ase of the verbs
and
and ( they three or more will never do and ( you [three or more] will
never do in the ase of the verbs and and ( you [feminine singular] will
never do in the ase of the verb
Arabic Text:
= (and the yaa ). (kasrah (three signs): (The case of khaf) has
(and the fat-ah)
Arabic Text:
(

)
) (it is a sign (As for kasrah),

(in
)(for the case of khaf
three places):
)(in the inflected singular noun
(and the
)inflected broken plural
(and the sound feminine plural noun

( kasrah) it is sign for the case of khaf in three places: in

( the inflected
singular noun) like when you say: ( I passed by Zayd) and in ( the
fully inflected broken plural) like when you say:
( I passed by the men) and
( I passed by the
( the sound feminine plural noun). like when you say:
female believers
(*note in Arabi :
(*note in English):
( the fully inflected noun) is among those nouns to which

( the nuun sound)
and ( the case of jarr) are affixed. As for ( the indeclinable noun) or

(partially declinable noun), it is the noun that and do not enter (that is
to say: tanwiin and asrah are not affixed to the end of this ind of noun
Arabic Text:
(
)
) (it is a sign (As for the letter yaa),

)(for case of khaf
(in three places):
)(and in the dual noun

)(in the five nouns
and the sound mas uline plural noun
((
))

( the five nouns) like

( yaa) is a sign for the case of khaf in three places: in
when you say:

and in ( the dual noun) like when you
say:
and
((()) the sound masculine plural) like when you say:
( passed by the believers
Arabic Text:
(
)

( As for fat-ah , ( it is a sign)

( for case of khaf

( in
the inde linable noun only
( khaf) in
( fat-ah is a sign for
the indeclinable noun only

like when you say: ( passed by braahiim
Arabic Text:
(
)

( the case of jazm has)

( two signs) ( sukuun) and ( and the dropping
[of the final letter]) .
Arabic Text:
(
)

( As for sukuun), ( it is a sign) ( for the case of jazm)
( in the present tense verb which is sound at its end).

As for ( sukuun) is a sign for ( the case of jazm) in

( the present
tense verb which is sound at its end). The last letter of this verb is as you would say: ( he
did not beat).
Arabic Text:
(

)

( for the
( And as for the dropping [of the final letter]), ( it is a sign)
case of jazm)
( in the present tense verb which is weak at its end)
( and in) ( the five verbs) ( which are)

in the ase of raf by
affixing nuun to their last letter
( the dropping of the letter) is a sign for ( the case of jazm) in two places. One of
them is at the end of

( the present tense verb which is weak at its end). The
sign of ( case of jazm) in it is the dropping of ( the weak letter) from its end like
when you say: ( He did not fear) and ( he did not raid) and ( he did not throw) by
dropping , and ( respectively). And the roots of them are and and
with , and having been dropped from the end of them because of the prefixing of
( the particle of jazm ) as a sign of their being in the case of
The second place (in which ( the dropping a letter) is a sign of ( the case of jazm) is in
( the five verbs whi h are aused to be in the ase of raf by affixing nuun( ) to

their end like what has been previously mentioned as you would say:
and
in the
case of the verbs
and
and and in the case of the verbs and
and in the case of the verb
Al Ajurruumiyyah Chapter 4 A Section Elaborating About What Has Been Previously

Mentioned) Dec21 by Classical Arabic Language Studies
A Section Elaborating About What Has Been Previously Mentioned
Arabic Text:
( Inflected words)

( are of two kinds). ( One kind is inflected)
(with the vowels) ( and the other kind is inflected)
( with the letters).
(And so that which is inflected)
( with the vowels) ( are four kinds):
) (and the broken plural noun

)(The singular noun

(and the sound
)feminine plural noun

(for )(and present tense verb
) (And each of them which nothing has been affixed to its end).
(is caused to be
) (and in the case of nab by fat-ah: ) in the ase of raf by ammah:

(and in the case of khaf by kasrah:
(and in the case of jasm by sukuun)
(depart from these [rules]): )(Three things

(the sound
)feminine plural noun
(is caused to be in the case of nab by kasrah [instead of fat )(and the noun which ah
(is caused to ) (is not fully declinable
)]be in the case of khaf by fat-ah instead of kasrah
(and the present
) (is caused to be in the case of jazm )tense verb weak at the end
(by the dropping
of its last letter
(Inflected words) are of two kinds. One kind is inflected
) (with the vowels
and another kind is inflected

(with letters). And so that which is inflected by
(the singular noun li e when you say: are four kinds. The first of them is
and and . The second of them is

( the broken plural noun)
like when you say: and and
. The third of them is

(the sound feminine plural noun) as you would say:

and
and
. The fourth is
( the present tense verb) for which nothing has been affixed
to its end like when you say: And so all of the above mentioned are in the ase of raf
by =
and in the case of nab by = and in the case of khaf by =and
in the case of jazm by =with the exception of the word.
in the sentence
. This is because three things depart from the rule of inflection of words with
(vowels). First, the rule for
( the inflection of the noun in case of nab) is
that it should be inflected with ( fatah , however
(the sound feminine

plural) departs from this rule, because it is caused to be in the case of nab by a ( kasrah)like when you say:
with ] [on the (letter) taa instead of [
Secondly, the rule for

( the inflection of the noun in the case of khaf) is that
it should be inflected with ( kasrah), however

, (the partially declinable
( khaf)
noun or diptote) departs from this rule, because it is caused to be in the case of
by ( fatah - like when you say: with ][on and ( instead of
[
Thirdly, the rule concerning the inflection of

in the case of jazm is that it should be
inflected with , however
( the present tense verb that is weak at
its end) departs from this rule, because it is caused to be in the case of jazm by
(dropping its last letter) like when you say: and and similar to what has
been mentioned before in their explanation
Arabic Text:

( And (the words) which are inflected with letters) ( are four
kinds): ( the dual noun)
(and the sound masculine plural noun)
( and the five nouns)( and the five verbs) ( and they are): ,
,
, ,
( As for the dual noun),

( it is aused to be in the ase of raf by alif =)
( and it is caused to be in the cases of nab and khaf by yaa = .)

(As for the sound masculine plural noun),
( it is caused to be in the case of
raf by waaw = ( ) and it is caused to be in the cases of nab and khaf by yaa
=
( As for the five nouns),

( they are aused to be in the ase of raf by
waaw = ) and
( and they are caused to be in the case of nab by alif = )
(and they are cause to be in the case of khaf by yaa = .)( As for the five
verbs),
( they are aused to be in the ase of raf by nuun = ( ) and
they are caused to be in the cases of nab and jazm by the dropping of nuun [from the end of
the verb
The words which are inflected with letters are four kinds. The first of them is
(the dual
(the sound masculine plural), the third is noun), the second of them
(the five nouns), the fourth is
(the five verbs

(alif) like when you (the dual noun , it is aused to be in the ase of raf by As for
say:
(the two men came) and it is caused to be in the cases of nab and khaf by
(yaa) like when you say:
and

(the sound mas uline plural, is aused to be in the ase of raf by

) (waaw
and it is caused to be in the cases of nab and khaf by like when you say:
and (yaa)- like when you say:
(waaw) like when you (The five nouns are aused to be in the ase of raf by

say:

) (alif and they are caused to be in the case of nab by
like when you say:

like when and in the case of khaf by
you say:

(nuun) like when you (the five verbs are aused to be in the ase of raf by

and they are to be in the cases of nab and jazm by say:
. - like when you say:

in the case of nab and
in the ase of ja m
Al Ajurruumiyyah Chapter 5 The Chapter about Al-Afaal the Verbs De 26 by Classical

Arabic Language Studies
5 (The Chapter about Al-Afaal the Verbs
Arabic Text:
( the verbs) ( are three kinds) : ( past tense)
( and present tense) ( and

command tense) ( like): ( He beat and (He beats and (beat
(And so the past tense verb)
( bears fat-ah on the end) ( always); ( and
command tense verb) ( is in the case of jazm) ( always);.
the present tense
(and
verb) ( what is found at the beginning of it) ( is one of the four

affixed prefixes) ( which when joined together)
( you say): ( anaytu). ( It [the
present tense verb])( is in the ase of raf ( always), ( unless precedes
it),( a particle of the nab case) ( or)
( a particle of the case of jazm).
( the verbs) are of three kinds: ( past tense) like: ( He beat and

(present tense) like: ( He beats and ( the command tense) like: [( you]
beat And so ( the past tense verb) always bears ( fat-ah = on the end like:
.( A vowelized pronoun in the case of raf is never affixed to (the end of it

However, it ( ) does bear ( sukuun) = at its end when you say: . It ( ) is
caused to have(ammah = ( as a final vowel when
( a pronoun of the
masculine plural) [is affixed to the end of it] like when you say:
( The present tense verb) is know by what is found in the front of it from one of
( the four prefixes) like when you say: that is to say: .

. It (
is also in the ase of raf like when you say:
) is
always in the ase of raf, unless ( a particle of the nab case) is preceding it. It ([ a
particle of the nab case]) causes it (
) to be in the case of nab like when you
say:

or if they are preceded by
( a particle of the
jazm case), then they are caused to be in the case of jazm like when you say:: and so
forth. As for ( the command tense verb), its end is always inflected with the jazm case
ending like when you say:

Arabic Text:
) (
(They are ten : (And so the particles of nab).
:
:
:
:

:
:

:
:

(the particles of nab) are ten. They are:
They in turn are of two kinds. The first kind causes the verb to be in the case of nab due to the
nature of the verb. They are the first four above mentioned particles. The other kind causes the
verbs to be in the case of nab by means of the particle which is concealed () . They are
the last six particles.
These are their examples:
[ -] ( want to tea h Zayd
[-]
( I will never return to sin
[( ] Therefore, will enter the garden
[ ( ] taught him so that he would now
[ ]
( epent so that Allah may forgive you

[ -]
( Allah does not forgive those who persist in their
sins
[ ]
( traveled until entered the ity
[ ]
or
( Visit me and will honor you
[ -]( I shall certainly prevent you from entering unless you repent
Arabic Text:
(

)
And
(the particles of jazm) are eighteen and they are:

)) ((
: :
:

:
: :
:


(the particles of jazm) are eighteen and they are divided into two kind. The first kind
(particles): causes only one verb to be in the case of jazm. and they are the first six
They are used as follows:
[( ] I did not go with Amr
[]
(He has not ome yet
[ -]
(Did not say to you
[]
(have not yet given you harity
[( ] let him beat)
( May Allah have mercy on us)
( Do not testify with lies

[

]

(Used when commanding the human being to refrain from an action)
( Do not apply your justi e to us Oh ord
(Used when as ing for Allahs mer y, not to punish us
Explanation of Text in Arabi
: :
:

:
:

: :

:

:
:
:
The other kind of [particle of jazm] causes two verbs (in the same sentence) to be in the case of
(the verb of the conditional situation) and the second jazm. The first verb is called
(the verb of the answer to the onditional situation These parti les verb is called
are:
They are used in the following way:
( f you are la y, you will suffer a loss ][

][
(He who see s will find
] [
( hatever you do will meet with Allah
( hatever you do you will be ompensated for it

] [
][ -
(Whenever you arrive, I will honor you
[ (]homever you befriend will befriend
[ ( ] hen put on the turban you will now me
[ ]
( When you dismount will dismount
[ ( ]herever you go will go
[ -]( Wherever you sit, I will sit.)
[ ]
( herever you arrive you will stay
[ ( ] herever you go you will find good
[
( f poverty befalls you, be patient
-]
Al Ajurruumiyyah Chapter 6 The Chapter About Marfuaatu l Asmaa The Nouns that are
Caused to be in the Case of af De 29 by Classi al Arabi anguage Studies
The Chapter About Marfuaatu l Asmaa The Nouns that are Caused to be in the Case of af
Arabic Text:
(
)
( the nouns in the ase of raf are seven: ( they are): ( the doer) ( and
the object of the verb) ( which did not mention its doer) ( and the subject)
( and the predicate) ( and the noun of kaana and its sisters)
(and the predicate of inna and its sisters)
( and what follows the noun in the case of
raf ( and they are) ( four things): ( the attribute / adjective) ( and the
conjoined noun) ( and the emphasized noun) and ( the substitute noun
Al Ajurruumiyyah Chapter 7 The Chapter About Al-Faail the Doer De 31 by Classi al

Arabic Language Studies
The Chapter About Al-Faail the Doer
Arabic Text:
(
)
( the doer) ( is) ( the noun in the ase of raf ( which has its verb
(action) mentionedprior to it being mentioned). ( And it is)

( of two kinds):
(a clearly distinct noun) ( and a pronoun
( the doer is the noun in the ase of raf whi h has its verb being mentionedprior to it
being mentioned that is to say, that ( the doer must be a noun and in the ase of raf and
its verb is mentioned before it, because if its verb is mentioned after it, then that noun is not
( a doer), but rather, it is ( a subject noun) and ( a predicate). It is for this reason
we have said, if the verb has been mentioned prior to the mentioning of the noun like
when you say: ( Zayd stood And so, Zayd is a noun in the ase of raf and its verb has
been mentioned prior to its being mentioned. ( The doer) is of two kinds: ( a clearly
distinct noun) and ( a pronoun
Arabic Text:
( And so the clearly distinct noun)
( is like when you say):
and (the two Zayds stood)

( Zayd stood) and (Zayd is standing)

and(the Zayds [three or more stood]) and
and (the two Zayds are standing)

(the men [three or more] stood) and (the men [three or more] are standing)
and (Hind stood) and (Hind is standing
and (the two Hinds stood)

and (the two Hinds are standing)
and (the Hinds [three or more] stood) and (the Hinds [three or more] are
standing)
and (the Hinds [three or more] stood) and (the Hinds [three or
more stood)
and (Your brother stood and (your brother is standing)
and (my servant stood) and(my servant is standing)
( and what
resembles that).
(the clearly distinct doer noun) is a clearly distinguishable noun, [that is to say: that
) (Zayd is standing (Zayd stood) and is a noun rather than a pronoun] like:

similar to these are
(the two Zayds) and
(the Zayds [three or more] and
your brother stood) and so forth
Arabic Text:

(

)
( beat (like when you say): )] (is [of] twelve[kinds ) (The pronoun
and (you [mas sing beat and (we beat

and (you fem sing beat
] and (you [three or more males and (the two of you male or female beat
and (he beat ) and (you [three or more females] beat beat
and (she
and and (they two females beat and (they two males beat beat
and (they three or more females beat )(they [three or males] beat
Another kind of (
[ doer noun]) is ( a doer pronoun), that is to say
( a doer)
which is not ( a clearly distinct noun), but rather, a pronoun. It is of fourteen kinds and
also of two types: ( attached) and ( detached) each of which is a pronoun.
As for
( the attached pronouns), they are those pronouns which occur at the
beginning of the statement and which do not or occur after
( except). They are of three kinds.
(The first kind is ( the person being spoken about or what is known grammatically as the
third person). It has six attached pronouns.Three belong to ( the masculine gender) like
when you say:. . and three of them belong to ( the feminine gender) like
when you say:
. .
(The second kind is) ( the person being addressed or what is known grammatically as
the second person.) It has six attached pronouns. Three belong to ( the masculine gender)
like when you say: . . and three belong to ( the feminine
gender) like:
. .
(The third kind) is ( the person speaking or what is known as the first person.) It has two
attached pronouns like when you say: ..
( The detached pronouns) are the pronouns which begin a statement and they
occur after
The group of them is similar to what has already been mentioned You say:
and so forth.
(*note in Arabi
)(*note in English

(the third person masculine (The doer pronoun) in the example of
(he). In the example ] ) is a permissibly concealed pronoun. Its implication is [ singular
(the (the alif), and in ]), it is [ (the third person masculine dual of
]), it is [ third person masculine plural

(the third person feminine (The doer pronoun) in the example of
(The (she). ]) is a permissibly concealed pronoun. The implication of it is
[ singular
) = taa bearing sukuun
(the feminine doer). is also a sign of
]), the sign of [third person feminine - (the dual form of In the example of
(the (the feminine doer). And in ) is a sign of = the taa and the dual is
(nuun). ), the sign of the doer is [third person feminine plural form of
The sign of

(the second person (the doer pronoun) in the example of
) only, while the letters which have affixed to (the = (the taa ]) is [ masculine singular
]) and what is similar [ (the plural ]) and [ (the dual ) are signs of = taa
to that
The sign of

(the second (the doer pronoun) in the example of
[ person feminine singular
(its plural form ]) and [ (its dual ]) as well as
, it is a letter = (The nuun bearing shaddah (the taa) only. As for ]) is [
whi h is a sign of femininity
Similarly, in the example of ( the first person singular), ( the taa) is the sign of the
doer- like when say: ( I beat) which is
( the singular doer pronoun) and
( the naa) like when you say: ( we beat) which is ( the doer pronoun
of the first person plural
As for
( the detached pronoun doer), it is clearly distinct. It is as you would
say ( I) ( we) ( you
m. singular) ( you m. dual) ( you m plural and what is similar to

that
Al Ajurruumiyyah Chapter 8 (The Chapter About al-Mafuul The e eiver Of The Action
Whose Doer Was Not Mentioned]) Jan8 by Classical Arabic Language Studies
The Chapter About al-Mafuul The e eiver Of The A tion
hose Doer
as Not Mentioned
Arabic Text:
) - (the receiver of the action whose doer is not mentioned] is [ (And it

) (which does not have mentioned with it (the noun in the ase of raf
(ammah (in the past), )(And therefore,if the verb is (its doer).
(and kasrah is placed on its next to last letter). )is placed on its first (letter
)(and if it is
)(ammah is placed on its first letter (a present tense verb),

(the [ (And it (and fat-ah is placed on its next to last letter).
)receiver of the action whose doer is not mentioned)] is
(a clearly (of two kinds):
) (And so the clearly distinct noun
(an object pronoun). distinct noun) and
(is
like when you say):

and (Zayd is beaten )(Zayd was beaten

(the object and (Amr is treated indly and (Amr was treated indly and
(twelve in number )pronouns are
They are:
( The receiver of the action whose doer is not mentioned) is the noun in
the ase of raf whi h does not have its doer mentioned with it, either be ause the doer is
unknown or the doer is not mentioned intentionally. An example of this is when you say

( Amr was beaten if you do not now who beat him or you do not wish to mention him
(the doer of the beating). When the doer is left unmentioned and the receiver of the action is
mentioned in its place and the verb is( a past tense verb), ammah is pla ed above its
first letter and asrahis placed below whatever letter precedes the final letter. And so we say
in the place of ( Zayd beat Amr ( Amr was beaten and if the verb is
( a present tense verb), we place ammah above its first letter and we place fat-ah
above the letter which precedes the final letter. We say in the place of ( Zayd
is beating Amr) ( Amr is beaten
( the substitute for the doer) like ( the doer) is of two kinds. One kind is
( a clearly distinct noun) like when you say: ( Zayd was beaten) and another kind is
( the
attached pronoun) like when you say:

( He was beaten),
( The

two of them were beaten),
( They were beaten [three or more males]),
( She was
beaten),
( They were beaten [two females]),
( They were beaten [three or more
females]), ( You were beaten [masc. sing.]), ( You two were beaten [masc. dual]),
( You were beaten [fem. sing.]),

( You were beaten [three or more males]) ,

(You two were beaten [fem. dual]),
( You were beaten [three or more females]),( I
was beaten), ( e were beaten
( The detached pronoun) `is like when you say:`

( Non was
beaten except him) and

(Non was beaten except for her) and
(Non was beaten except for you).
Al Ajurruumiyyah Chapter 9 (The Chapter About Al-Mubtada The Subje t And Al-Khabr
[The Predicate]) Jan29 by Classical Arabic Language
Studies
)]9 (The Chapter About Al-Mubtada The Subje t And Al-Khabr [The Predicate
Arabic Text:
(the noun in the ase of raf ) (is ) (the subject

)(which is void of

(the noun in ) (is ) (while the predicate )(expressed governors
[ (which is traced back to it the ase of raf

-
) (Zayd is standing (as you would say):
and (the two Zayds are

and (the Zayds three or more are standing standing
( the subje t is the noun in the ase of raf whi h is
void of
(expressed governors) and ( the predi ate is the noun in the ase of raf whi h is tra ed
( The
back to ( the subject) as you would say: ( Zayd is standing) and

( The three or more Zayds are standing) and what is
two Zayds are standing) and
similar to these examples As for ( the noun to which something is ascribed), it is

and ( the noun which has been ascribed), it is
Arabic Text:

(

)
( And the subject)

( is of two kinds) ( a clearly distinct noun) ( a pronoun).
( And so the clearly distinct noun) ( is that which has been mentioned
previously) ( and the pronouns) ( are twelve) - ( and they are :

( like when you say): ( I am standing) ( and
similar to that
e are standing and what is
(a clearly distinct noun) like when you say: (The subject) is of two kinds.
and
Another ind is a pronoun of whi h there are fourteen li e
and

when you say:
(They (They [The two of them] stood), (He stood), - like when you say:
stood [three or more males] and it is the same for the rest of the male and female forms of
these pronouns
Arabic Text:

(

)
) (The predicate is
(and other than singular). ) (singular (of two kinds):

(and ) (Zayd is standing (As for the singular), it is like when you say:
(the preposition and the object (is four things): )other than singular
(and the verb with its doer) and (and the adverb),
of the preposition),
( and the subject with its predicate) like when you say:
( Zayd is in the
house)
and (Zayd is with you) and (Zayds his father stood

and (Zayd his servant is going Zayds servant is going
( the predicate) is of two kindsalso. One kind consists of one word like when you say:

( The Zayds
( Zayd is coming) and
( The two Zayds are coming) and

[three or more] are coming) and another kind consists of more than one word and it is of four
types. The first of them is ( the preposition and the object of the preposition)
as you would say:
(Zayd is in the house). The second of them is
(the adverb)
like when you say: ( Zayd is with you). The third of them is ( the verb along
with its doer) like when you say: ( Zayd his father stood, [that is to say: Zayds father
stood]). The fourth of them is ( the subject with its predicate) like when you say:

( Zayd his servant is going that is to say: Zayds servant is going
Al Ajurruumiyyah Chapter 10 (The Chapter About Al Awaamil The Governors That Enter
Upon The Subject And The Predicate Feb13 by Classical Arabic Language Studies
10 (The Chapter About Al Awaamil The Governors That Enter Upon The Subje t And The
Predicate)
Arabic Text:
()
( And it is three things): ( kaana and its sisters), ( and inna

and its sisters) ( and hanna and its sisters
Arabic Text:
(

)
( As for kaana and its sisters) ( they cause the noun to be in the case of
raf ( and they cause the predicate to be in the case of nab). (And
they are):
(he/it was), and (he/it became),

and (he/it became), and (he/it became),

and (he/it became), and (he/it became), and (he/it became), and (he/it is not),
and (he/it has not ceased [he/it continues),
and (he/it did not stop doing),

and (he/it did not stop),
and (he/it did not stop), and (he/it continued).
( And what is derived from them) - like when you say: ( he/it was) and (he/it is)
and (be [the command tense meaning you (singular mas uline be
and (he
became) and (he becomes) and (become). ( You say): ( Zayd was
standing)
( and what is similar to these
and (Amr is not leaving
examples
( kaana and its sisters) causes ( the subject) which is called ( its noun) to be
( the predicate) which is called ( its predicate) to be in

in the ase of raf and auses
the case of nab. They are thirteen verbs: ( he/it was), ( he/it became),
( he/it
became), ( he/it became),
( he/it became), ( he/it became), ( he/it became),
(he/it is not),
( he/it has not ceased [he/it continues),
( he/it did not stop doing),
( he/it did not stop),

( he/it did not stop), ( he it ontinued
It has been made conditional for

which is conjugated in the present tense as and
,
and
to be preceded by ( a particle of negation) or what is similar to it like
(the particle of prohibition) and ( the interrogative particle) and so you say:

( do not stop / continue) and
( is it still going on / are you
(he / it continued) and

[masc.] continuing / is she continuing) and it is like this with

and

. As for , it has been
made conditional for it that ( the maa ( )that is used to introduce a clause that is
equivalent to the infinitive) precedes it like when you say: ( he it did not eased
Every verb which is associated with must have a predicate and the example of these are:
( Zayd was standing), ( Bakr became awake), ( the coldness
became harsh),( the jurist became pious), ( Amr be ame
a pious man), ( Zayd stayed awake all night),
(the clay
became a jug [that is to say that it was made into a jug]), ( Amr is not as eti ,
( Ahmad continues to be kind),

( Zayd continues to be / is still
eloquent),
(Amr ontinues to be is still a friend , ( sin
continues to be / is still detestable),

( I do not need you as a companion

while Allah is present). And so it is like this with what has been derived from them and it
functions like its past tense. You say for what has been derived from :( Zayd
is benevolent) and (Be beloved) and
( was ama ed by the

friendship of Amr and so forth with the rest of them
Arabic Text:
(

)
( And inna and its sisters) ( they cause the noun to be in the case of nab)
( and they cause the predicate to be in the case of raf) ( and they are): ( verily,
that), and (that), and (but), and (as if), and (if only
and (perhaps).
(You say): ( verily Zayd is standing), and (if only Amr was leaving
( and what is similar to these examples). ( and the purpose of)

and is) ( for
emphasis); ( and lakinna is)
(for correction) ( and ka-anna is) ( for
comparison) ( and layta)( is used to express a desire).
( and lalla ( is
used to express hope and anti ipation

. . . .
.

( Kaana and its

( Inna and its sisters) perform an opposite function to that of

sisters), because it causes its subject to be in the case of nab and its predicate to be in the case
of raf Both of them the subje t and the predi ate are alled ( its noun and its
predicate [that is to say: the noun and predicate of Inna and sisters]). ( Inna and its
sisters) are comprised of six particles.
. Their examples (in usage are like
when you say): ( It has reached me that Ahmad is a pious man),
( Amr is wise but his son is ignorant , ( It is as if Zayd was lion),
(If only the ignorant were wise),
(Perhaps Allah will forgive and li e this, their
function is also like when you say:
( Surely you are kind),
( If only you were
charitable) and
( Perhaps you will arrive and what is similar to these
Arabic Text:
(

)
( And as for hanantu [hanna] and its sisters), ( they cause

the subject and the predicate to be in the case of nab) ( due to the fact that both of
them [the subject and the predicate]) ( are objects for them [hanna and its sisters]).
( They are): ( I thought) and (I thought)
and (I thought) and (I
believed) and (I believed) and (I knew) and (I found) and (I took)

and (I made) and (I listened). You say: ( I thought Zayd was leaving)
and (I thought Amr was going)

and ( thought Amr was leaving and it
is similar with what resembles these examples

. .

.

. .
.
.
. .

( hanantu [hanna] and its sisters) cause the subject and the predicate to be in the
case of nab due to the fact that they (the subject and the predicate) are direct and indirect
objects of them (
)
(that is to say: in the same sentence the subject and the predicate
are objects of . include ten verbs: ( He thought), ( He
thought),
( He thought), ( He believed), ( He believed), ( He knew), ( He found),
( He took),
( He made), ( He listened) and those verbs which have similar meaning.
These are their examples: ( I thought Zayd was standing), ( I thought

Amr was going ,

(I considered Ahmad a friend),

( I believed your
truthfulness is more acceptable), ( I saw Zayd walking),

( I know Allah is
Merciful), ( I found Zayd to be benevolent),

(I took Allah as a
helper),( I made the clay into a jug) and ( I heard that the poet is a
singer) and it is similar to this for what is derived from them. They function in accord with their
past tense. And so you say in what has been derived from dhanna: ( I believe Zayd
is truthful), ( deem the affair sound) ( I think Bakr is going)

( I am surprised you thought Zayd was standing) and ( Amr

thought his father was sleeping and it is similar with what resembles these
Al Ajurruumiyyah Chapter 11 (The Chapter About An-Nat The Adje tive Mar3 by
11 (The Chapter About An-Nat The Adje tive
Arabic Text:
(

)
( The adjective agrees with) ( the noun being described) ( in its raf ase
( and in its nab case) ( and in its khaf case) ( and in its definiteness)
(and in its indefiniteness). ( You say): ( The intelligent Zayd stood)

(and I saw the intelligent Zayd)
( and passed by the intelligent Zayd
( the adjective) ( is an appositive) which demonstrates ( a characteristic) from the
( characteristics) of ( the noun it characterizes). It follows the ( the

hara teri ed noun in its raf ase, if it is in the ase of raf, and in its nab case if it is in the
case of nab, and in its khaf if it is in the case of khaf, and in its definiteness if it is definite,
and in its indefiniteness if it is indefinite The example of this in the ase of raf is:
(The intelligent Zayd has come);and in the case of nab:
( I saw the intelligent
Zayd); `and in the case of khaf:
( I passed by the intelligent Zayd).
And similar to these you say: ( a believing man ame to me in the ase of raf,
and in the case of nab: ( I honored a believing man) and in the case of khaf:
( I passed by a believing man) and so and are attributes of and
whi h agree with them in their iraab, in the ase of raf, nab and khaf and agrees with
in its definiteness and agrees with in its indefiniteness and so forth
(*note in Arabi
(*note in English)
(The appositives) are every second noun which agrees with what comes before it in its
(the (the conjoining word , (the descriptive word), iraab They are four ( inds :
(the substitute word emphasizing word), and
Arabic Text:
(
)
) (I ) (like ) (the pronoun (five things): ) (And the definite noun is

) and (Makkah ) (Zayd (like): )(and the proper noun ) and (you
) and (this fem. (this masc.), (like): )(and the demonstrative pronoun
(and the definite noun to which )and (these masc. & fem. pl.
has been
(and that which has ) and (the servant ) (the man (like): )prefixed
(of these four above mentioned inds ) (one )been constructed to

: :
::
:

:

( the definite noun) is that word which has been constructed to indicate the individuality
of a thing. Its kind is five. The first is ( the pronoun) like: . The second is
( the proper noun) like ( Zayd) and ( Faatimah) and ( Makkah). The third is
( the demonstrative pronoun) like: . The fourth is ( the
definite noun prefixed with )like:
. The fifth is the noun which is joined to any of
the other above mentioned four kinds like: ( my servant) and ( the servant of
Zayd) and ( the servant of this [one]) and ( the servant of the man). Thus the
case is similar with the indefinite noun that has been constructed to a noun which has been
joined to one of the four above mentioned kinds: like ( The son of my servant) and
( The son of the servant of Zayd and so forth
(*note in Arabi
(*note in English)
Every indefinite noun that is constructed to one of the four kinds of definite nouns (mentioned
above) becomes definite as a result of its construction to it (the definite noun). And so for
example is indefinite, however if you construct it to the pronoun and say it becomes
definite. And similarly, if you construct it to the rest of the definite words (mentioned above it
becomes definite).
Arabic Text:
( And the indefinite noun is) ( every common noun) [wherein]

(in its
(from another). ( One of its
class),
( one noun is not distinguishable)
characteristics is) [that]

( it is every noun for which the prefixing of
is allowed) ( like when you say): ( the man) ( and t he mare
( the indefinite noun) is every common noun among its kind. One thing is not distinguished
by it from another like . And so it ( )is a noun common to the species of men, because it
applies to everyone of them while one is not distinguished from another. The sign of the
indefinite noun is that the prefixing of
is permissible for it like (the words) and ; the
prefixing of
is permissible for them and so you say: and .
Al Ajurruumiyyah Chapter 12 (The Chapter About Al-Af [The Conjoining Of Words]) Mar22
by Classical Arabic Language Studies
12 (The Chapter About Al-Af [The Conjoining Of Words])
Arabic Text:

(

)
(and (and), (They are): (ten): ) (And the conjoining particles are
(or), (or), (or), (then), so),

(but rather / on the contrary),
(but), (nor),
(until),
] (And so, when you conjoin [words (in some places).
(you apply the raf case to a word that has been [conjoined to] a with them),
) (or )word in the case of raf
(you apply the nab case to a word that has been
(you apply the khaf case to a ) (or )[conjoined to] a word in the case of nab
(you apply ) (or word that has been [conjoined to] a word in the case of khaf
the jazm case to a word that has been [conjoined to] a word in the case of jazm.
and ( saw Zayd and Amr (Zayd and Amr stood (You say):
and (Zayd did not stand and he and ( passed by Zayd and Amr
did not sit).
Explanation in Arabi :
( The conjoining of words) is the joining of the second word to the first word (which
( the conjoining
immediately precedes it) by means of ( a particle) from

particles).
( The conjoining particles) are ten. They are: ( and), ( and so),
( then), (or),
( or), ( or),
( but rather / on the contrary),
(nor), ( but) and
(until) in some places. And so if you conjoin by them what is in the case of raf, nab and khaf
you put the onjoined word also in the ase of raf or nab or khaf. And so, you say
when ( onjoining words that are in the ase of raf: ( Zayd and Amr ame and for
what is in the case nab ( saw Zayd and Amr and for what is in the ase of haf

( I passed by Zayd and). And it is like that if you conjoin by them (

[the conjoining particles]) words in the case of jazm. You put them in the case of jazm like when
you say: ( Zayd didnt stand and he didnt sit and similar are the rules for ea h
of them
(*note in Arabi
(*note in English)
[( hattaa] until) is not ( a conjoining particle) unless it includes what comes after it in
( the decree) for what comes before it, (that is to say what has been decreed for the word
preceding [ hattaa] must have also been decreed for the word that follows it) like when
you say: ( I ate the fish even its head that is to say that its head was
eaten also) and ( The people died even the prophets that is to say: the
prophets died also). It is not a conjoining particle if it is not being used like this. For example, if
the word which came after was caused to be in the case of khaf, in that case will
be a preposition with its meaning being ( up to the time; until) and what comes after it is not
included in the decree for what is coming before it that is to say, that the head was not eaten
and the prophets were not among those who died
)]Al Ajurruumiyyah Chapter 13 (The Chapter About At-Tawkiid [The Emphasizing of the Noun
Apr15 by Classical Arabic Language Studies
)]13 (The Chapter About At-Tawkiid [The Emphasizing of the Noun
Arabic Text:
(
)
)] (a noun which comes after [and agrees with ) (The emphasis placed on a noun is
in (its raf ase ) (the noun being emphasized

(its , (its nab case),
the emphasizing of nouns]) is [ (And it and (its definiteness). )khaf case
, (self , (self), (And they are): (with well known expressions). ][done
(And they (and the equivalent nouns for Ajmau ) and (all ) (each / all
(You say): and (altogether). ) and (altogether ) (altogether are):
( and )and (I saw the kinfolks all of them )(Zayd stood himself
passed by the infol s all of them
( the emphasis placed on a noun) is ( s a noun expressed as emphasis for what is
coming before it and it agrees with it (the noun) in ( its raf ase , ( its nab case) and
( its khaf case) and ( ) its definiteness like when you say:
([Zayd stood himself] and [the people - all of them]) and [( I saw Zayd
himself] and [the kinfolks - all of them]) and
[( I passed by Zayd himself]
and [the kinfolks - all of them]). The words and agree with the words and in
( their inflection) and ( their definiteness). and have been made definite by
the fact that is ( a proper noun) and has been made definite by
, while and
are both definite,
( because they have been placed in construct) with the pronoun
like when you say: ( Amr ame himself and all of the believers ,
( saw Amr himself and all of the believers , and

( pass by Amr himself and all of the believers
(*note in Arabi
(*note in English)
As for and and , they all mean , they resemble in their construction and they
follow like when you say: ( The infol s ame, all of
them
Al Ajurruumiyyah Chapter 14 (The Chapter About Al-Badal [The Substitute]) Jun15

14 (The Chapter About Al-Badal [The Substitute])
Arabic Text:
( When a noun is substituted)
( for a noun) ( or) ( a verb [is substituted])

( for a verb), ( it agrees with it [the word for which it has been substituted])
( in all
[aspects] of) ( its inflection). ( And it [ - the substitute] is) ( four kinds):
( the substitute of something) [( for its equivalent] from something) ( and
the substitute for some)
( from all)
( and the substitute for containment
[that is to say, the substitute of a thing for what it contains]) ( and the substitute for the
mistake)
( Zayd
your brother stood) and

( like when you say):
( I ate the bread a third of it) and (Zayd, his knowledge was beneficial for

me) ( I saw Zayd the mare) and
( you wanted to say): I saw
the mare),( but you made a mistake)
( and substituted ( Zayd) ( for it
( the substitute) is a ( noun for whom the statement is indirectly (intended [that is
to say an intended noun which is mentioned as a substitute for the noun which precedes it)]
like when you say:

( your brother) is a
(Zayd your brother has come). And so
substitute for (Zayd)

and is the noun for which the verb ( he
ame was intended
( The substitute) agrees with it ( the noun for which it has been substituted) in all
(aspects) of ( its iraab t ([ The substitute]) is of four kinds. The first is:
(a substitution of each for each) that is to say: (a substitution of one thing
for its equivalent) like what occurred in the above mentioned example. The second is
(a substitution for some a whole amount) that is to say:
( a
substitution of a thing which is part of what it was exchanged for) like when you say:
( I ate the bread a third of it). The third is
( the substitute for containment)
that is to say: ( the substitution of a thing for what it contains) like
when you say: ( Zayd his knowledge has been beneficial to me). The fourth is
(the substitution of the
( the substitution of a mistake) that is to say:

expression which was mentioned by mistake) like when you say: ( I rode Zayd
the mare) and you wanted to say: ( I rode the mare), but you made a mistake (and
substituted for
Al Ajurruumiyyah Chapter 15 (The Chapter About Al-Manuubaatu-l-Asmaai The Nouns n

The Case Of Nab]) Sep24 by Classical Arabic
Language Studies
15 (The Chapter About Al-Manuubaatu-l-Asmaai The Nouns n The Case Of Nab])
Arabic Text:
( The nouns in the case of nab) ( are fifteen). ( They are): ( the
direct object) ( and the verbal noun),

(and the adverb time)
( and
the adverb of place) ( and the circumstantial noun) ( and the accusative of
specification) ( and the excluded noun)
(and the noun of the laa [of negation for
generic nouns]) ( and the one who is addressed), ( and the causative
object) ( and the object that accompanies the subject in the execution of an
action) ( and the predicate of kaana and its sisters) ( the noun of
inna and its sisters)
( and the appositive for the nouns in the case of nab)
( the noun linked by the
(and they are) ( four things): ( the adjective)
(the noun use for emphasis) ( and the noun used as the substitute
conjunction)
Al Ajurruumiyyah Chapter 16 (The Chapter About Al Mafuul Bihi The Obje t of the Verb
Sep24 by Classical Arabic Language Studies
16 (The Chapter About Al Mafuul Bihi The Obje t of the Verb
Arabic Text:
( And it [( the direct object)] is) ( the noun in the case of nab)
( upon which falls) ( the action of the verb) - ( like when you say): ( I
beat Zayd) and (I mounted the mare). ( It is)
( of two kinds): ( a distinct
( And so the clearly distinct noun), ( is that which
noun) ( and a pronoun).
has already been mentioned previously) ( and the pronoun is)

( of two kind):
) (And so the attached pronouns are (and detached). (attached) and
) and (he beat us (he beat me), (They are): (twelve kinds):
and (he
and (he beat the two and (he beat you [fem. singular]), )]beat you [masc. singular
and )] and (he beat you [three or more males )]of you [two males or two females
) and (he beat her ) and (he beat him )](he beat you [three or more females
and (he ) and (he beat them - three or more males )and (he beat the two of them
(twelve). ) (And the detached pronouns are beat them [three or more females]).
) and (we ) (I (And they are):
)] and (you [masc. sing.
)] and (you [fem. sing.
and (you )] and (you [three or more males )] and (you [two males or two females
and (they [two males or two ) and (she ) and(he )][three or more females
and (they three or more females )] and (they [three or more males )]females
(the doer) falls like (The direct object) is the noun upon which the action of
(Zayd) and (I rode the mare). (I beat Zayd) and when you say:
(the mare) are the of ( I beat) and ( I rode) because

( the action of
the doer) has fallen upon them, and it is the
(the beating) and( the riding).
( The direct object) is of two kinds: ( a clearly distinct noun) like and in
the two previous examples and ( a pronoun) which is (also) divided between two kinds:
( attached) and ( detached). ( The attached pronouns) are: =and and
( the five kaafs of the person being spoken to) and they are: and
( the five haas of the person being spoken about) and they are:
li e when you say:
As for
( the detached pronouns), they are prefixed with li e when you say:
The yaa ( ) and naa ( ) in and are two letters which are signs of ( the first person
singular the person speaking) in the first case and ( the first person plural) in the
second.. ( The kaaf) in the next five (detached pronouns) is

( the letter for
addressing the second person the person being spoken to) and ( the haa) in the last five is
( the letter for addressing the third person the person absent from the onversation
As for the affixed letters which belong to ( the attached pronouns) and ( detached
pronouns), they are signs with meaning also. For example, ( the alif) in and
belongs to the signs of ( the feminine) in ( the singular) pronoun; and (the miim)
and ( alif) in and and and are all signs for ( the dual) unrestricted
in both ( the male) and ( the female) pronoun; and in and and
and belong to the signs of ( the masculine plural); and ( the nuun
bearing shaddah )in and and and belong to the signs of ( the
feminine plural
Al Ajurruumiyyah Chapter 17 (The Chapter About Al-Madar [The Verbal Noun]) Oct24 by
)]17 (The Chapter About Al-Madar [The Verbal Noun
Arabic Text:
)(the noun in the case of nab ) (is ) (The verbal noun
(which
) (the third form )occurs as

) (in the conjugation of

(like (the verb) -
(He is beating , (He beat , when you say):

) (And it is (a beating).
(and a )] (a noun that has a pronunciation that is similar [to the verb (of two kinds):
)(its pronunciation corresponds ) (If noun that has a similar meaning [to the verb]).
(a noun that sounds like the verb ) (then it is (to the pronunciation of its verb),
(like when you say): in its pronunciation) -
(it (but if), (I killed him a killing)1
(but not its ) (with the meaning of its verb [the madars meaning orresponds
(a noun possessing a similar meaning [to the verb]) - ) (then it is pronunciation),
and (I stood a standing)3 (I sat a sitting)2 (like when you say):

(and what is similar to these

((
))

( The verbal noun) is the noun which occurs as the third form in the conjugation of its
verb. It is in the case of nab, because it is ( the unrestricted object) which is

influenced by ( a governor). Its governor is ( a verb that is mentioned
with it
( The verbal noun) is of two kinds: ( a noun that has a similar pronunciation to the
pronunciation verb) and ( a noun having a similar meaning to the meaning of the verb).
( the noun having a similar pronunciation to the verb) is like when you say:

(I beat him a beating that is to say: I beat him intensely). And so
is a ( a
verbal noun) in the case of nab and the verb is ( its governor) and that which agrees
with it in its pronun iation and its meaning
As for ( a noun having a similar meaning to the verb), it is from the essence of the
meaning of ( its governing verb). It is like when you say: ( I sat a sitting - [that is
to say: I sat for a long time]). And so, ( sitting) is a in the case of nab and ( its
governor) has influenced its meaning but not its pronunciation. It ([ the governor]) is
(sat). And so agrees in meaning with without having its pronun iation
(*note in Arabi
((
))
((
))
((
))

(*note in English)
( The verbal noun) can emphasizes ( its governing verb) like:
(I beat him a
beating that is to say: beat him intensely or larify (the ind of a tion like:
(I look at him a looking that is to say: stared at him or show the number of times the action
occurred like:

( beat him two beatings that is to say: beat him twi e
( The verbal noun) is also called ( the unrestricted object). It is said to be
( unrestricted), because it is an object without restriction. When you say,

(I beat
him a beating), it is
which is the essence of the action which you did. Whereas if you say:
( I beat Khaalid), ( Khaalidan) is not the essence of the action you did. On the
contrary,
(you did an action to [ Khaalid]) and that action is
(a beating).
Therefore, it is for this reason Khaalid is called ( a receiver of it) or an object.
( the unrestri ted obje t , it is the essen e of the a tion done to him by the doer
( unrestricted), because it is the

It has also been said, that ( The verbal noun) is called
object that is not restricted by ( a preposition) like when you say: and
and so forth whi h restri ts the
Footnotes:
1
illed him a illing meaning: slaughtered him
2 sat a sitting - meaning: sat for a very long time
3 stood a standing meaning: stood for a long time
Al Ajurruumiyyah Chapter 18 (The Chapter About harfu-z-Zamaan [The Adverb Of Time]
and harful-Makaan [The Adverb Of Place]) Oct30 by Classical Arabic Language Studies
18 (The Chapter About harfu-z-Zamaan [The Adverb Of Time] and harfu-l-Makaan [The
Adverb Of Place])
Arabic Text:
) (is ) (The adverb of time

) (in the case of nab ) (the noun of time

being implied) (like when you say): ](it is expressed with [the preposition
) and (at dawn ) and (at dawn ) and (in the morning ) and (tonight )(today
) and (in the first third of the night ) and (tomorrow
) and (in the morning
) and (sometimes ) and (briefly ) and (always / never )and (in the evening

(and what is similar to these

(in the )the noun of location
) (is )(And the adverb of place
)case of nab
being implied) like when you ](it is expressed with [the preposition
) and (behind ) and (in front of and (behind), ) (across from / in front of say:
and (face to face / ) and (with ) and (with ) and (below ) and (above
)opposite someone or something
and (opposite /in ) and (opposite / face to face with
and ) and (here )front of
(and what is similar to these )(there

( the adverb of time and the adverb of place) are the nouns in the case

of nab wherein their verb [is expressed] with an implied meaning [which includes] the
preposition like when you say: ( I left on the feast day) and
( I walked behind the people); and so and are adverbial objects for both of the verbs
( and ) , because the action falls on both of these objects which is the action of
(leaving) and the action of ( walking). Both contain the meaning of the preposition
without the expression of it, because it is implied by and . Similar examples are:

( I came today and I am leaving tomorrow),

( I arose in the
morning and slept in the evening),

( sat a ross from you and stood in

front of you and so forth
(the adverb of time) is the noun which demonstrates time like when you say:

(today), ( tonight), ( in the morning), ( at dawn), ( at dawn), ( tomorrow/on the
morrow), ( in the first third of the night),
( in the evening),
(in the morning),
(always / never), ( briefly), and ( sometimes) and what is similar to these. All of these
nouns are in the case of nab because they are in the adverbial condition. And so you say:
( ame in the day and left in the evening
( the adverb of place) is the noun which demonstrates location like when you say:
( across from / in front of), ( behind), ( in front of), ( behind), ( above),
(below), ( with), ( with), ( face to face / opposite someone or something),
(opposite
/ face to face with), ( opposite / in front of), ( here),( there) and what is similar to these.
And so you say: ( I sat across from Zayd) and
( in
(opposite Amr and
front of the house The rest of the adverbs of time are use in a similar manner
(*note in Arabi
((

)) (( ))
((

((
))
))

(*note in English)
(The adverb) is also known as ( the adverbial object). It is the noun in the case of

nab upon which the action of the verb falls and implies the meaning of the preposition ( in)
(the adverb of time) and
without expressing it Therefore, we have said,

( the adverb of place) are in the case of nab because of the implication of [the harf]
. It means that what is being implied is the prepositions ( in) without it being expressed,
because when you say: ( I came today) what you mean is ( I came in the day)
and when you say: ( I sat with Zayd) what you mean is
( I sat

in a place near him). The preposition is not implied however, if you say: ( I await
the day of id or when the word comes in (a sentence) like:
(I came in the

morning). The word in the first example is in the case of nab because it is the object of the
verb and the word

in the second example in the case of khaf because it is the object of
the preposition
Al Ajurruumiyyah Chapter 19 (The Chapter About Al-Haal [The Circumstantial Noun]) Dec27
19 (The Chapter About Al-Haal [The Circumstantial Noun])
Arabic Text:
( The circumstantial noun) ( is)( the noun in the case of nab) ( which
clarifies) ( what is unclear)

( about the circumstances [of ( the doer) or
( the receiver of the action) or ( the noun in the case of jarr]) - (like when you
say): ( Zayd came riding) and (I rode the mare with a saddle)

and (I met Abdullaahi riding)
( and what is similar to these).
( The circumstantial noun must not be anything) ( other than) ( an indefinite noun)
(nor does it occur) ( other than)

( after the completion of the
statement)
(and it is not accompanied [by another noun] ( unless) ( it is
definite
((
))

((
))
)) ((
((
))
((
))

( The circumstantial noun) is a separate indefinite noun which occurs after the completion
of a statement and which clarifies the circumstance of ( the doer), ( the object of the
verb) and ( the object of the preposition) like when you say: ( Zayd came
riding) and ( I rode the saddled horse) and ( passed by Amr
while he was sitting). And so , and are indefinite because the prefixing of is
not permissible for any of them. They are separate from the rest of the statement, because each
of them gives meaning to what accompanies it and they occur after the completion of the
statement, because it is (grammatically) permissible to leave or drop them from the statement.
And so clarifies the circumstances of ( Zayd) the doer (that is to say, how he
performed a particular act) and clarifies the situation or condition in which the
object of the verb was found (when it received the action of the verb) and clarifies the
situation of( Amr the object of the preposition (during the occurrence of the action
being arried out by the doer
The determinate conditions of ( The circumstantial noun) are three. First it must be
(indefinite), second it must be ( more than what is needed to complete the statement
(that is to say, it would be [grammatically] permissible to leave or drop it from the statement),
and third ( a definite noun must accompany it).These conditions can be found in
the noun like when you say: , because it is ( an indefinite noun)

( which occurs after the completion of the statement) and

( a definite noun
accompanies it and that noun is Zayd
Al Ajurruumiyyah Chapter 20 (The Chapter About At-Tamyiiz [The Noun Of Specification])

Feb16 by Classical Arabic Language Studies
20 (The Chapter About At-Tamyiiz
[The Noun Of Specification])
Arabic Text:
( The noun of specification) ( is) ( a noun in the case of nab)

(about the nature [of a verb and the exact
(which clarifies) ( what is unclear)

details of what resulted from its action])

( like when we say): ( Zayd was
dripping with perspiration) and (Bakr is bursting with fat) and

(Muhammad is good by nature [good natured]) and (I bought twenty
servants) and (I own ninetyewes)

and (Zayd is more
noble than you as a father and has a more handsome face than you). ( And so [a
noun] is not the noun of specification)
( unless) ( it is indefinite) ( nor is it [the
noun of specification])
( unless)
( o urs at the end of the statement
( the noun of specification) is an indefinite noun in the case of nab which clarifies what is
unclear about the nature of a something, while implying the meaning of without expressing
it. like when you say:
( we planted the ground with wheat. And so,
(wheat) is an indefinite noun in the case of nab that explains the nature of what was planted in
the earth which was unclear before it ( ) was mentioned. ( The noun of
specification) contains the meaning of ( some) without expressing it, because what is implied
in the above example is (some wheat - [that is to say,
we planted
([ some] [ wheat] in the ground and so forth
( the noun of specification) has two determinate conditions: the first of them is that it is
indefinite, and the second is that it occurs at the end of the statement.
(*note in Arabi
(*note in English)
( the noun of specification) is divided between that which clarifies what is uncertain about
a singular noun, and that which clarifies what is unclear about ( the entire
relationship). The clarification of what is uncertain about a singular noun is - like ( the
measurement for land area) like when you say:: ( a shibr [foot] of ground); and
( the dry measure for grains) like when you say:( an irdabb of wheat); and
( the numerical amount of something) like: ( I have twenty servants); and
( that which is weighed) like: ( I have aral of oil). The clarification of
what is unclear about ( the entire relationship) is like when you say:
(Zayd was good in spirit [good spirited]) and ( We planted the ground with
wheat [we planted some wheat in the ground) and
( Zayd is greater than you in

indness generosity Zayd is inder more generous than you and so forth
Al Ajurruumiyyah Chapter 21 (The Chapter About (Al-Istath-naa The Ex lusion of Nouns

Mar22 by Classical Arabic Language Studies
21 (The Chapter About (Al-Istath-naa The Ex lusion of Nouns
Arabic Text:
( And so, the particles of exclusion) ( are eight) ( and they are):

(except) , and (other than / except) and (other than / except) and (other than /
except) and
and (except) and (except) and (except).
and (except)
( The noun that has been exclude by illa) is in the case of nab), ( if the
statement [preceding illa]) ( is complete) [( and] affirmative), ( like when you say):
( The people stood [all] except Zayd), and and (The people left
all ex ept Amr
( However, if the statement) ( is complete), but
( permitted in it is) ( the substitute noun) ( and [that noun] is in
(negative),
the case of nab) ( in accordance with the rule for the exclusion of nouns), ( like
when you say): ( None of the people stood except Zayd).
(When the statement) [preceding illa]) ( is negative [and does not have
mentioned in it,the case of the noun which comes after illa],
( is determined by)
( the governors) [which precede illa]), ( like when you say): ( None came
except Zayd) and ( didnt beat anyone ex ept Zayd and

( didnt
pass by anyone ex ept Zayd
( And the excluded noun) ( preceded and excluded by) ( ghayrun,

siwan, suwan and sawaaun ( is in the case of jarr)
(only). ( And the
excluded noun) ( preceded and excluded by) ( halaa, adaa and ashaa
(placing it in the cased of nab) ( and in the case of jarr) [( are both] permitted)
(like when you say): ( The people left except Zayd)
and (ex ept Amr and (ex ept Ba r
( the excluded noun) is the noun which has fallen outside of the rule of what has been
decreed for ( the noun from which it has been excluded), because ( illaa
and one of its sisters ) precedes it. The example of this rule is: ( the people came
(all) except Zayd). And so, Zayd is ( the excluded noun), and it is outside of what has
been decreed for the noun which precedes
, which is called ( the noun from which
it has been excluded); and in the previous example, that noun is , and it like that with similar
example
Further Explanation of Text in Arabic:
Further Explanation of Text in English:
( the particles of exclusion) are eight. They are: ( except) , ( other than /
except) ,( other than / except) , ( other than / except), ( except),
( except),
(except) , ( except) and with alif maqsuurah and the allowance for it to bear ammah
or kasrah on the letter ( siin).
comes with ( madd = )and the allowance for it to bear
fat-ah or kasrah on the letter siin ( )as well as kasrah; and it is similar to in meaning and
rules.
( illaa) is a particle while ( ghayr) and ( siwan [( suwan]) are nouns. As for
( khlaa) and ( adaa and ( aa-shaa), they cause whatever is coming after them to be in
the case of jarr (khaf when they are parti les but not when they are verbs
( the excluded noun) has three (possible) cases: the first of these cases is the necessity
for it to be in the case of nab, the second of them is the permissibility for it to be in the case of
raf or nab, the third (possible case) is that the inflection of the noun is determined by the
governor which precedes .
( the excluded noun) is required to be in the case of nab when the statement preceding
is complete and affirmative. What is meant by the word ( complete) is that
(the noun from which [ the excluded noun] has been excluded) is mentioned in it (the
statement), while (what is meant by ( affirmative) is that it [the statement coming
before
]is not preceded by ( a particle of negation) or what is similar to it like
when you say: . And so is ( a complete statement), because
( the noun from which [ has been excluded) and that noun is - has been
mentioned in the statement, and ( it is affirmative), because it has not been preceded by
( a parti le of negation nor what resembles it
Further Explanation of Text in Arabi :
As for the permissibility of the ase raf or nab for the noun that comes after , that is allowed
when the statement has been completed that is to say, that ( the noun from which
[ ) has been excluded) has been mentioned with the statement and that the statement is
not affirmative that is to say that it is preceded by ( the particle of negation) or what
resemble it from ( the particles of interrogation) and ( the particles of prohibition)
like when you say: ( No one stood except Zayd),
( Did anyone stand except Zayd?), and
( There is no one standing
ex ept Zayd with Zayd being in the ase of raf in all three examples be ause it is ( the
substitute noun The ase of raf is permitted for the noun according to the rules of
exclusion for this noun, if what comes after the is of the same species or classification as what
comes before ; and if that is not the case, then nothing except the case of nab is allowed
like when you say: ( None of the people stood except a donkey) with []
being in the case of nab in accordance with the rules for the exclusion of nouns; while ( the
substitute noun is not permitted for it at all
As for the noun coming after which is inflected in accordance with

( the
governors which precede ), if the statement has a portion (part) that has been omitted and is
negative that is to say, that is omitted from the statement and what comes before
has been negated, then the noun which comes after is inflected with the inflection that
would have been required for a noun preceding prior to being placed in front of the noun
like when you say: ( no one stood up except Zayd) and ( didnt see
( I did not pass by (anyone) except Zayd). Zayd is in the
anyone except Zayd) and
ase of raf due to the influen e of and in the case of nab, because of and (in the case
of jarr) because it is being governed by the preposition
which is linked to the verb . It is
as if
had not been expressed. This is ( the excluded noun which has been
omitted. It does not occur in speech except on rare occasions while the statement:
( beat (all of them ex ept Zayd is not said at all
And ( the excluded noun) preceded by , , and is( in the case of jarr
[khaf]) ( because of their construction the noun. ( Ghayrun) is inflected according
to the rules of inflection for ( the excluded noun) when it is precede by . And so
you say: ( the people stood [all] except Zayd) with in the case of nab likewise
you say: with Zayd in the case of nab and you say: in
omplian e (with the rule for the ase of raf and the ase of nab and like what you say:
and you say: ( none stood except Zayd) with being in the ase of
raf as a requirement
As for ( siwan), it is the opinion of the grammarians that it is governed by that which
governs ( ghayrun in the ase of raf, nab and jarr (khaf), and the view of Siybawayhi and
the people of grammatical knowledge in general is that it is not include with the adverbs.
As for
( khalaa), ( adaa and ( haa-shaa), when is (preceded) by these
particles it is permissible for it to be in the case of jarr (khaf) due to the fact that they are
prepositions like when you say: and and . And so ( Khalaa),
(adaa and ( aa-shaa) are also ( past tense verbs). Their ( doer) is a
pronoun traceable back to someone who is understood to be from among the people and it is
concealed out of necessity like when you say : ( The people
stood without Zayd). Zayd is the case of nab, because it is ( the object of the verb [
, and respectively]). The of and and as stated before, it is a pronoun

concealed out of necessity. Its implication is that ( some of them [the people]
acted without Zayd) and ( some of them excluded Zayd) and ( some
of them are not with Zayd). As for preceding and , it is necessary that the case of nab
(be affixed to the noun which is govern by them) like when you say:
with Zayd in the case of nab. As for the , does not come in front of it, therefore you
cannot say:
Al Ajurruumiyyah Chapter 22 (The Chapter About Laa) Apr10 by Classical Arabic Language
Studies
22 (The Chapter About Laa)
Arabi Text:
( Know), that
(laa) ( causes the indefinite nouns to be in the case of nab)

(without)
( adding the nuun sound to the end of the noun),

( when it [ - laa]
comes in contact with) ( the indefinite noun)
(and is not repeated) like
when you say:

(there is no man in the house
( If it [ - laa]) does not come in contact with it [ - the indefinite noun]),

(the ase of raf is required
(and
must be repeated) ( like when you say):

( No man nor woman are in the house

( If
( the use and non-use of [the case of nab] is

is repeated),
permitted. ( So if you wish), ( you can say):

( No man nor
woman are in the house); ( and if you wish), ( you can say):

( The laa of negation) is the particle by which the negation of a specific category of noun is
desired according to the way it is quoted that is to say
(laa) negates the category of noun by
preceding it with a total negation of (it) to the point of not allowing anything from it (the
category) to be excluded (in the negation) like when you say:

(there is not (one)
man in the house). And so
(laa) negates the category of men in it (the house) until it is
impossible for you to (even) say:
( except two men). It operates in the same manner as
. It (laa) causes ( the subject) which is referred to as ( its noun) to be in the case
of nab and it causes the predicate which is refer to as ( its predicate) to be in the case of
raf There is no differentiation made in this fun tion between the that is expressed only once
which is the that is not repeated, like when you say:
( there is no traveling
servant here) and the which is repeated, like when you say :

(there is
no man nor woman in the house). However, if it ([ laa)] is repeated, while having the
indefinite noun coming in direct contact with it, then the cancellation of the nab case is allowed
like when you say:

( there is no power nor might except with Allah) with
and being in the ase of raf
Two conditions have been made prerequisite for the function of

(laa). The first of them is that
( its noun) and ( its predicate) must both be indefinite. The second condition is that the
noun comes first and the predicate comes last like when you say:
( no owner
of knowledge is hated) and
( there is no mountain climber present). If
(laa)
comes in front of a definite noun or a predicate that comes before its noun, either its omission
or its repetition is required. The example of
(laa) coming in front of the definite noun is like
when you say:

(laa)
( there is now Zayd nor Amr in the house with
being repeated. The example of the predicate of
coming first is like when you say:

( there is no man nor woman in the house) with

(laa being omitted
Know, firstly, that if

(laa doesnt ome in dire t onta t with the indefinite noun that is to
say, if something is standing between them, then it is not permissible for the indefinite noun to
be in the case of nab The ase of raf is required for it and in addition to that,
must be
repeated. like when you say:

Secondly, if
(laa) is repeated due to contact with the ( the indefinite noun), its application
and its omission is permitted. that is to say, ( the indefinite noun) which comes after
(laa) can be in the case or nab or it an remain in the ase of raf and the fun tion of
(laa) will
be cancelled like when you say:

with fat-ah placed on
both nouns or the ase of raf (that is to say, ammah is pla e on the end of the ea h noun
The noun of
(laa) does not function outside of three cases. The first case is: that it is
(annexed to another noun) like when you say:
( there is no servant of any man
present
The second case is that it is

( what resembles ) . What is desired is that
every noun which is connected to what comes after it is connected either by function like
when you say:
( there is no mountain climber here) and
( there
is no good which he has done in existence) and
(there is no one passed by Zayd coming)
or connected to what comes after it by a conjunction like you say: ( there is not one third
nor two thirds with us that is to say, do not have one third or two thirds). The rule (what )
is that the case of nab is expressed as shown in previous examples
The third case is that the noun following

(laa) is ( singular) and what is desired here is not
or ( what ). And (the dual) (the plural) are joined to it ( [laa]), the rule for its
construction is in accordance with for a noun in the a case of nab like when you (there is
no man in the house in the case of the singular noun; (there are not two moons in the sky)
the case of the dual noun (there are no believers in the city) (there are no female
Muslims in the ountry in the ase of the plural noun
Al Ajurruumiyyah Chapter 23 (The Chapter About Al-Munaadaa [The Noun in Direct

Address]) Apr24 by Classical Arabic Language Studies
)]23 (The Chapter About Al-Munaadaa [The Noun in Direct Address
Arabic Text:
(the singular proper )(is of five kinds ) (The noun in direct address
)and (the indefinite noun for whom the call is intended )noun
and (the )and (the designated indefinitenoun for whom the call is not intended
)constructed noun
[the construct noun]). and (the noun which resembles
and (the indefinite noun for )(the singular proper noun As for
whom the call is intended),
) (it is constructed on the ammah

. and (Oh man!). )!(Oh Zayd (like when you say): (without tanwiin) -
(And the remaining three) are in the case of nab
(only
( The noun in direct address) is the noun which represents someone or something being
summoned. It is precede by : (the particle of summoning )=or ( its sisters).
( The noun in direct address) is of five kinds: the first is ( the singular proper
noun) like when you say: ( Oh Zayd!), the second is ( the indefinite noun
intended by the all summoning and no one else f it is in the ase of raf by ammah, it
like when you say: ( Oh Man!) when you wish to call a particular man, and if it is in the
ase of raf with alif or waaw, it is li e when you say:
( Oh two Zayds!) and ( Oh
Zayds! three or more), the third is ( the designated indefinite noun

unintended) like when you say:
when .you are not calling a particular person, the
fourth is ( the construct noun) like when you say:
(Oh! Abdullaahi), the fifth is
that which resembles ( the construct noun) like when you say:
( Oh! Mountain
limber
These five kinds of are (further) divided into two types. One of them is

( constructed on a fixed ammah without tanwiin at its end) and the other is ( in the
case of nab [without tanwiin]. As for the one that is constructed on ammah it is ( the
singular definite noun) and ( the indefinite noun for whom the call is intended)
like when you say: and if you intend to summon a parti ular man
As for ( noun in direct address) in the case nab, they are ( the
unspecified indefinite noun) like when you say:
if you are summoning any man no one
in particular and ( the constructed noun)- like when you say:

As for ( what resembles the constructed noun), it is like when you say:

(Oh Climber of a mountain), and like when you say: ( Oh he whose actions are good)
and ( Oh he whose righteousness is high
And so and , their meanings are connected to the nouns that follow them, which are
and . If these words are not mention, then the meaning of what is being stated is not
speech. .Unlike , it is not like that, because the word ( for instance) in the phrase
is not lin ed in meaning to the word oming after it
Al Ajurruumiyyah Chapter 24 (The Chapter About Al-Mafuul Min-Ajlih [Causative Object])

May14 by Classical Arabic Language Studies
24 (The Chapter About Al-Mafuul Min-Ajlih [Causative Object])
Arabic Text:
(

)

( It [al-mafuul min-ajlih - the causative object]) ( is the noun in the case of nab)
( which) ( is mentioned to clarify)
(the reason for the occurrence of an

action)
( like when you say): ( Zayd stood respe tfully for Amr
and ( ame to you see ing your indness

( The causative object) is the noun upon which the action falls like when you say:
( Zayd stood respectfully for Amr and ( I am pining away with longing
for you); and it is the noun in the case of nab which is mentioned to clarify, the reason for the
occurrence of an action which emanates/originates from the doer. And so
[ respectfully]
has been mentioned to clarify the reason for [ the standing]. While [ longing] has
(the pining). It is for this reason it is called
been mentioned to clarify the reason for
( the causative object) that is to say that the noun which has the action done
(because of it), because [ the standing] which has been mentioned in the first example
[the pining] mentioned in the
emanated from Zayd due to ( respect for Amr) and
second example occurred as a result of the longing
Al Ajurruumiyyah Chapter 25 The Chapter About Al-Mafuul Maahu The Obje t hi h

Accompanies The Subject In The Execution Of An Action]) Jun7 by Classical Arabic Language
Studies
25 The Chapter About Al-Mafuul Maahu The Obje t

Execution Of An Action])
hi h A ompanies The Subje t n The
Arabic Text:
(

)
( It [al-mafuul maahu - the object which accompanies the subject in the execution of an
action] is) ( the noun in the case of nab) ( which is mentioned)
( in
order to clarify), ( with whom the action has been done) ( like when you say):
( The Amir came with the army) and (The water is level with
the wood).
(As for) ( the predicate of kaana and its sisters) ( and the noun of
inna and its sisters), ( they were mentioned previously)
( in the chapter
about
the nouns in the ase of raf

( and similarly [ the appositive
( were introduced there).
nouns])
( the object which accompanies the subject) is the noun in the case of nab which
follows ( a waaw) that has a meaning that corresponds to the word ( with), which makes
clear who accompanies the ( the doer that came before [ )]in its action like when
you say: ( The water is level with the wood). And so ( the wood) is the
noun in the case of nab because it has been mentioned after ( the waaw of
accompaniment) which has been clearly designated for the noun that accompanies ( the
water in the a t of being level
hat is being implied is that ( the water is
level with the wood). And similar to this you say: ( I and Zayd traveled) and
( and Zayd travelled that is to say ( traveled with Zayd
It is not permissible however, to use the conjunction to conjoin to what precedes it.
( my journey and the road), the use of
As for what is figurative, like when you say:

the conjunction is not permitted here because it is impossible for the road to travel. As for the
literal expression like:( desiring to say: [I walked with Zayd]), the conjoining of it ()
with what comes before it is prohibited here (also), because the conjunction cannot be used
with
( the atta hed pronoun in the ase of raf without being supported
by ( a detached pronoun) like when you say: ( I and Zayd walked). The
conjunction is correct in its usage while the nab ase ending is wea
Al Ajurruumiyyah Chapter 26 (The Chapter About Al-Makhfuuaat [The Nouns Caused to be

in The Case of Khaf) Jun7
26 (The Chapter About Al-Makhfuuaat [The Nouns Caused to be
in The Case of Khaf)
Arabic Text:
( the nouns caused to be in the case of khaf)( are three kinds):

(the nouns caused to be in the case of khaf by [ the particle]) ( and noun
which is caused to be in the case of khaf by ( the iaafah construction)
( and
noun which is caused to be in the case of khaf as a result of following a noun which has been
placed in khaf). ( As for)
( the noun which is caused to be in the case of khaf
by the particle), (it is)

(what is caused to be in the case of khaf by :
( As for) ( that which is caused to be in the case of khaf by the iaafah

construction),
( and so it is like when you say): ( the servant of Zayd);
( and it is of two kinds): ( that which implies (the preposition li-)

(and that which is implies the preposition min). ( As for that which implies the
preposition li-), ( is like when you say): ( a servant of Zayd) ( while
that
which implies the preposition min) ( is like when you say): ( a garment of silk)
and (a door of teak wood) and (a ring of iron).
( The nouns that are caused to be in the case of khaf) are of three kinds one kind
which is caused to be in the case of khaf by ( the particle) which precedes them. Another
kind is caused to be in khaf due to ( the iaafah onstruction) and another kind is
caused to be in khaf as a result of following a noun which has been placed in khaf. And
so the one which is caused to be in the case of khaf by is every noun which has a
( the roof) and
(particle) from the particles of khaf preceding it, like: ( Zayd) and
( I sat on the roof)
(the man) like when you say: ( I passed by Zayd) and

and ( many a noble man I have met). And these are nouns which have been
in front of them. They are the and
caused to be in the case of khaf by placing the

and
, they have already been discussed previously in the beginning. And so there
As for

is no necessity to repeat them. That which is caused to be in the case of khaf by the
iaafah construction) is every noun which has had another noun linked to it which is not its
predicate like when you say: ( the servant of Zayd). And so is the noun is in khaf
which has been linked with the other noun and that noun is
As for the noun which is caused to be in the case of khaf because of ( following a
noun that is in the case of khaf), there has already been a discussion about it in the chapter
dealing with ( the appositives
(*note in Arabi
(*note in English)
The rules of ( the iaafah construct) imply the meaning of ( =the laam of
possession) like when you say: ( the servant of Zayd). This construction implies
(a servant belong to Zayd
hat is also being implied within the rules for the iaafah onstru t
is like when you say: ( a ring of silver) that is to say:
(a ring
made of or from silver) and some of the grammarians also add that the iaafah construct
implies like when you say:
(like the deception of the night) that is to say:
(a deception in / during the night And Allah is the Best of Knowers

Al Ajurroomiyyah - Notes On Classical Arabic

Загружено:

Сведения о документе

Оригинальное название

Авторское право

Доступные форматы

Поделиться этим документом

Поделиться или встроить документ

Параметры публикации

Этот документ был вам полезен?

Это неприемлемый материал?

Авторское право:

Доступные форматы

Al Ajurroomiyyah - Notes On Classical Arabic

Загружено:

Авторское право:

Доступные форматы

Al Ajurruumiyyah Chapter 1 ( The Chapter About Speech) Aug28 by Classical Arabic

1 (The Chapter About Speech)

( Speech) ( is) ( expression [which is articulated]) ( composite)

Explanation of Text in Arabi :

Explanation of Text in English:

(Speech) is informative composite expression which is articulated according to

that it (Speech) is ( expressed), ( composite [composed of two or more parts]),

However, if you say:( If Muhammad comes to my house, will honor

As for the meaning of ( speech) being ( regulated by onventional Arabi

of the conversation like when you say: ( he went), and

Explanation of Text in Arabi :

Explanation of Text in English:

( the lowering [of the vowel])

( and the parti les of swearing and they are:

Explanation of Text in Arabi :

Explanation of Text in English:

( The noun) is known by:

( the letters parti les of haf lowering]) mainly

( And the verb) ( is nown by ) and

( and the particles and )

( and the taa of femininity bearing su uun

Explanation of Text in Arabic:

Explanation of Text in English:

Explanation of Text in Arabi :

Explanation of Text in English:

( The Chapter About raab nfle tion

The Explanation of the Role of Each Word in the Text:

is a phrase which consists of which is ( a pronoun of separation) and the

is ( the noun conjoined to it [ )]and as a result, it is ( the noun in

is ( the noun conjoined to it [ ) and as a result, it is ( the noun in

is a phrase which consists of which is ( a preposition) and which

is a phrase which consists of the noun

and ( a noun that which has been conjoined to it [)].

English Translation of the Text:

( preceding or affecting them). [change] (by

Explanation of the Text in Arabic:

say: ( Zayd came) and ( I saw Zayd) and( I passed by Zayd). It is

The Explanation of the Role of Each Word in the Text

is a phrase which consists of ( the resumptive waaw) and which is

is ( a substitute of a part for the whole) for . If is remove from the

( a particle of conjunction) and the noun

( a particle of conjunction) and the

( a particle of conjunction) and the

is a phrase which consists of ( the clarifying faa), which is ( the

is a phrase which consists of which is ( the preposition) and which is

fixed in its construction) on fat-ah.

is a phrase which consists of which is ( a particle of conjugation) and

is a phrase which consists of which is ( a particle of conjugation) and

is a phrase which consists of which is ( a preposition) and which is

The explanation of for each part of this sentence is

English Translation of the Text:

. And so ( the nouns)can have

Explanation of the Text in Arabic:

And it ( )has four parts . One part of ( )is common between

3 Governing factor here means : a rule of grammar.

literally means explicitly (or by expression) or implicily ( or by implication) and what

Al Ajurruumiyyah Chapter 2 (The Chapter About [ Inflection]) Sep6 by Classical Arabic

2 (The Chapter About raab nfle tion

( inflection) ( is the changing) ( of the end [last letter] of) ( words)

(because of the different) [kinds of] ( governors / governing factors)

Explanation of Text in Arabi :

Explanation of Text in English:

Explanation of Text in Arabi :