El contraste entre juicios objetivos y subjetivos puede entenderse de diversas

formas. [p. 374]

1er sentido de objetivo de la distincin
Juicios objetivos - - express o! te !orld actually is"
Juicios subjetivos - - express o! te !orld appears to be" [tey merely express
someone#s beliefs]
[$] is merely a distinction bet!een o! te !orld appears to be and o! it really
is. [$] [p. 374]
[%r&tica de 'il(erson)
[El punto *ue +ant *uiere expresar como una distinci,n entre dos tipos de juicios
no est- muy feli.mente expresado/ pues los juicios objetivos son juicios/ y por ello/
expresan las creencias de al0uien/ expresan) o! te !orld appears to be"]
[$] 1i emos de tener cual*uier creencia en absoluto/ debemos usar una
distinci,n entre lo *ue creemos y lo *ue es de eco el caso. [$] [p.374]
[2bj. Jud0ment]
[$] does not merely express a belief3 it purports to be true irrespective of
!at 4 or anyone else believes. [$][ p. 374]
[$] +ant#s claim tat we must make objective judgments is to be interpreted as
a claim tat we must use a distinction bet!een what we believe and what is
actually true. [$] [p.374]
5alp 'al(er/
6o es una distinci,n entre)
78 1ensa data
98 External objects
[$] se necesita un ar0umento para moverse de una afirmaci,n de *ue debemos
usar una noci,n de verdad objetiva a la afirmaci,n de *ue debemos usar la noci,n
de un objeto externo. [$] [p. 374]
:enomenalista dir&a *ue distin0ue entre) creencia/ verdad/ pero no tiene uso para
la noci,n de un objeto externo. [p.374]
2 sentido [y ms prominente] sentido de objetivo!
[%on la nocin de un objeto e"terno]
[$] in tis sense/ an objective judgment is a judgment about e"ternal objects.
[$] [p.374]
[$] !en +ant ar0ues tat we must make objective judgments/ e is claimin0
tat we must believe that there are objects e"ternal to us and logically
independent o# us. [$] [p. 374]
Espec&ficamente/ parece *ue !e must believe" *ue)
a8 Est-n en el espacio y el tiempo
b8 1on sustancias
c8 2bedecen a leyes causales [and so on]
[$] 4n tis second sense of objective"/ te distinction bet!een subjective and
objective jud0ments is indeed parallel to te distinction bet!een sense data and
e"ternal objects/ for subjective judgments merely record the intentional
content o# our e"perience and objective judgments ;purport to8 record the
#eatures o# e"ternal objects such as tables and chairs. [$] [p. 374]
[$] <nd self-conscious experience !ould impossible !itout suc objective
jud0ments. [$] [p. 374]
5efutaci,n al idealismo) la conciencia de mi existencia es al mismo tiempo una
conciencia inmediata de la existencia de otras cosas fuera de m&". [p. 374]
[+ant parece utili.ar ambas nociones simult-neamente y nublar la distinci,n
completamente al ablar de 6E%E11<5= >64?E51<@ <A5EEBE6C. [p. 374]
[$] <ll our jud0ments are at first merely jud0ments of perception3 tey old 0ood
only for us ;tat is/ for our subject8/ and !e do not till after!ard 0ive tem a ne!
reference ;to an object8 and desire tat tey sall al!ays old 0ood for us in te
same !ay for everybody else$tere !ould be no reason for te jud0ments of
oter men necessarily a0reein0 !it mine if it !ere not te unity of te object to
!ic tey all refer and !it !ic tey accord3 ence tey must all a0ree !it one
anoter" ;<(. 9DE8. [$][p. 37F]
<r0umento)
7. Codas nuestra creencias son inicialmente meras creencias/ *ue pueden no ser
compartidas por nadie m-s.
9. Gero/ presumiblemente pretendemos sostener creencias *ue son verdaderas/
creencias *ue siempre se sostienen para nosotros y de la misma forma para todos
los dem-s.
3. Gero tales acuerdos 0enerales no podr&an ase0urarse a menos *ue al0unas de
esas creencias fueran acerca de objetos externos a nosotros/ objetos *ue tienen
propiedades independientes de cual*uiera de nuestras creencias sobre ellos.
4. En breve/ la noci,n de creencia re*uiere la noci,n de verdad objetiva/ verdad
objetiva implica 6E%E11<5= >64?E51<@ <A5EEBE6C/ y el 6>< s,lo puede
ase0urarse si consideramos nuestras creencias como creencias acerca de un
mundo externo.
'il(erson/ pre0untas)
7. HIuJ si0nifica desear *ue ciertos juicios !ill al!ays old 0ood for us and in
te same !ay for everybody else"K
[$] 4t cannot mean simply tat 4 desire tat my beliefs sould be true/ for
tat desire could be satisfies !itout any reference to oter people at all.
[$][p. 37F]
+ant parece be claimin0 *ue)
7.7 Guedo usar la noci,n de verdad objetiva s,lo si supon0o una
BE<1>5E 2: >64?E51<@ <A5EEBE6C/ < 1EC 2: 1L<5EM
NE@4E:1. [p.37F] [Nut tis claim seems obviously false]
7.9 1in mayor ar0umento/ podr&a parecer *ue claro *ue podr&amos fallar en
alcan.ar acuerdo sustantivo en cual*uier cosa *ue sea.
7.3 [$] Geraps te passa0e only ma(es sense in conjunction !it te
0eneral +antian claim tat certain jud0ments O namely/ jud0ments
about te essential Eucledian and 6e!tonian structure of te !orld O
are jud0ments tat all of us must ma(e if experience is to be possible at
all. [$] [p. 37F]
[$] Cey are jud0ments to !ic all uman bein0s necessarily
subscribe/ because tey provide te essential frame!or( of uman
experience. [$] tere is sometin0 in appearances tat olds for
sense in all uman bein0s" ;<4FPNQ98 [$] [p.37F]
<5A>BE6C2 M4:E5E6CE)
7. 4f !e are to believe anytin0 at all/ !e must ave certain Euclidean and
6e!tonian beliefs about an external !orld3 so all self-conscious uman
bein0s !ill sare certain beliefs.
[<un*ue tal ar0ument
[<un*ue tal ar0umento es muy interesante y relacionado con ar0umentos *ue
discutirJ m-s adelante/ no corresponde en nada al pasaje de los Grole0omena]
[$] it is still not clear o! !e mi0t 0uarantee tat such necessary shared
belie#s are objective in te first sense of objective". Cat is/ !e cannot 0uarantee
tat they are true. <fter all/ many modern pysicists !ould claim tat te
Euclidean and 6e!tonian beliefs are actually false. Lence/ even if !e so! tat
tere must be certain universal beliefs and even if tose beliefs are beliefs about
an external !orld/ it !ould not follo! tat tey are true. [$] [p.37F]
[+ant#s radical idealism]
@e permitir&a moverse de a$ necessary agreement a b$ verdad!
[%r&tica de 'il(erson) [$] tis is one of many occasions !en te tensions
bet!een empirical realism and transcendental idealism reac brea(in0 point. [$]
[p. 37F]
[+ant de eco/ ocasionalmente/ intent conectar objetividad en el primer sentido y
objetividad en el se0undo con 6E%E11<5= >64?E51<@ <A5EEBE6C. [p. 37Q]
9. @< MEM>%%4R6 C5<1%E6ME6C<@.
[+ant#s central claim) !e must ma(e objective jud0ments"] Guede ser interpretado
de dos maneras distintas)
78 Mebemos acer una distinci,n entre) !at !e believe" y !at is actually
te case"
98 @a afirmaci,n de *ue debemos creer *ue ay objetos externos *ue son
independientes de nuestras percepciones y *ue tienen ciertas
caracter&sticas 0enerales.
%esis de &ilkerson'
[$] it is far from clear tat objectivity in te first sense even implies objectivity in
te second. Cat is/ it is far from clear tat/ in usin0 a distinction bet!een beliefs
and objective trut/ !e car committed to a belief in an external !orld. [$] [p. 37Q]
Guedes tener la distinci,n entre creencia" y verdad"/ sin *ue eso impli*ue el
compromise con la creencia" en un mundo externo.
[@2 I>E 121CE6M5S]
[$] suc a story/ in !atever version/ is incoerent/ tat !e must ma(e objective
jud0ments in bot sense of objective. [$] [p. 37Q]
B<=25 GE12 ME@ E61<=2) en el se0undo sentido de objetividad) [$] on te
claim tat !e must believe tat tere are external objects. [$] [p. 37Q]
<5A>BE6C2 ME @< MEM>%%4R6)
7. @a experiencia no consiste meramente en una seria de representaciones
variadas y discretas [inconexas/ separadas]
9. 1i una serie de representaciones cuenta como una sin0le coerent
experience"/ debe ser unida o combinada como al experiencia de una
sin0le self-conscious person".
3. Gero no ay caracter&sticas observables de las representaciones mismas
suficientes para producir tal unity of self-consciousness". [%onsciousness of
self accordin0 to te determinations of our state in inner perception is merely empirical/ and
al!ays can0in0. 6o fixed and abindin0 self can present itself in tis flux of inner
appearances." ;<7T78]
4. Me eco/ sin tal otro principio de unidad/ 4 sould ave as many-coloured
and diverse self as 4 ave representations of !ic 4 am conscious to myself
;N7348.
F. @a noci,n de una fixed and abidin0 self" solo puede ser ase0urada si las
representaciones son tra&das bajo re0las/ s,lo si est-n necesariamente
interrelacionadas.
Q. @as re0las de tales conexiones necesarias son las cate0or&as/ conceptos a
priori de objetos.
7. Es al unir las representaciones en el concepto de un objeto *ue
0aranti.amos la unidad de la autoconciencia) [ Ce transcendnetal unity of
apperception is tat unity trou0 !ic all te manifold 0iven in an intuition is united in a
concepto of te object" ;N73D8]
[$] 4n direct opposition to empiricists/ +ant insists tat experience does not
consists in te purely passive reception of information about te !orld around us
but rater consists in an active attempt to brin0 ra! data under intellectual control.
[$] [p. 377]
[%entral +antian picture U a self-conscious person stru00lin0 to construct a
coerent vie! of te !orld"]
<r0umento turns to te tou0t de *ue)
a8 Lay ciertas cone"iones necesarias gobernadas por re0las ;rule-0overned8
entre mis experiencias. %onexiones *ue son *uite" independientes de
cuales*uiera conexiones puramente contin0entes ;e.0. purely personal
associations of ideas8.
[$] Cus/ !atever te incidental contin0ent features of my experiences may be/ 4
find tat 4 can brin0 tem under certain la!s. :or example/ 4 can discover instances
of causal la!s or can connect different perceptions as perceptions of a sin0le
persistin0 object. [$] [p. 377]
M4:4%>@C<M ME@ <5A>BE6C2 I>E E1 BV1 4BG25C<6CE G<5< 6>E1C52
G52GR14C2)
[$] te ar0ument fails to explain !y te cate0ories are concepts of external
objects. 4ndeed/ tis is peraps one of te places in !ic tere is a definite slide
from objectivity in te first sense to objectivity in te second. [$] [p. 377]
1upon0amos/ para el prop,sito del ar0umento *ue)
a8 Cat self-consciousness is necessary for experience.
b8 Cat our experience must be rule-0overned.
c8 Cat !e must connect and unite our experiences under rules tat are
independent of any purely contin0ent principles of association.
[$] Ce object is vie!ed as tat !ic prevents our modes of (no!led0e from
bein0 apa.ard or arbitrary/ and !ic determines tem a priori in some
definite fasion" ;<7T48. [$] [p. 377]
Cenemos la distinci,n entre)
7. Ce purely contin0ent and apa.ard features of our representations
9. [and] Ceir necessary and rule-0overned features/ tose features tat lend
temselves to intellectual control by means of te cate0ories.
+ant *uiere insistir *ue)
1! @as cone"iones necesarias en cuesti,n
2! 4ncorporan el pensamiento de (ue los objetos de la percepcin son
objetos externos!
'il(erson) Es extremadamente dif&cil ver por *uJ". [p. 37E]
[$] it is extremely difficult to see !y te cate0ories/ te rules tat articulate
necessary connections bet!een representations/ are concepts of external objects.
[$] [p. 37E]
[El solipsista podr&a acer 0enerali.aciones acerca de sus experiencias/ podr&a
conectarlas juntas/ sin tener en nin0Wn sentido un compromiso con la existencia de
objetos externos] [p. 37E]
)*+,-.%)/++01- 2*3 4)5/6*-%, 2* 74-% G<5< E6BE6M<5 1>1
ME:4%4E6%4<1)
7. @a experiencia es necesariamente la experiencia de un sin0le/ persistin0/ self-
conscious subject.
9. Nut if e is to be a!are of imself and is experience/ e must distin0uis
imself from oter tin0s. Cat is/ self-a!areness and a!areness of oter tin0s
are interdependent.
3. 1ince te only materials available for ma(in0 suc a distinction must be in te
series of is experiences/ is conscious mental states/ e must re0ard some of is
experiences as perceptions of external tin0s.
4. Le must use certain rules O to !it/ te cate0ories O rules tat connect and unite
various experiences.
F. Co sustain is a!areness of imself/ e must/ in te +antian prase/ unite is
representations in te concept of an object.
M4:E5E6%4<1 E6C5< @< 5E%261C5>%%4R6 = E@ <5A>BE6C2 ME +<6C
[$] +ant certainly ar0ues tat self-consciousness and consciousness of external
objects are connected/ but te reconstructed ar0ument explains tis connection.
1elf-consciousness and consciousness of objects to0eter form a sin0le
distinction/ and !e cannot use one-alf of te distinction !itout usin0 te oter.
[$] [p. 37E]
[1tra!son and +ant] tradin0 on te ambi0uity in te expressions objective"/ [pp.
37E-D.
<5A>BE6C2 EXG>E1C2 < M21 1E54<1 2NJE%426E1)
<8
Es una cosa insistir en la distinci,n entre)
7. Experiencin0 te !orld as so-and-so
9. 4ts objectively bein0 so-and-so.
Es otra distinta insister *ue)
7. Lay objetos externos.
N8
[$] 1tra!son seems to be tradin0 on anoter ambi0uity/ namely/ an ambi0uity in
te expressions avin0 a concept" or avin0 a tou0t" or usin0 a distinction".
Cere are many !ays of usin0 a distinction or avin0 a concept. [$][p. 37D]
[El concepto de un unicornio] [1e puede usar cuando)
7. 4 entertain te possibility tat unicorns exist.
9. 'onder !eter tey exist
3. 4ma0ine !at it !ould be li(e for tem to exist.
4. Meny tat tey exist
F. <ssert tat tey exist.
[$] =et/ in only one case do 4 use te concept of a unicorn in a !ay tat commits
me to teir existence. [$] [p. 37D]
[$] 1imilarly/ a +antian self-conscious subject may use te distinction bet!een
imself and external tin0s. [$] [p.37D]
Godr&a pre0untarse$
7. 'eter external objects exist
9. 4ma0ine !at it !ould be li(e for tem to exist
3. Meny tat tey exist.
4. <ssert tat tey exist.
[$] Nut in only one of tose cases is e committed to teir existence. [$] [p. 37D]
[Gor ello/ el ar0umento reconstruido no destruye del todo nuestra istoria del
solipsista]
'4@+E5126/ C.E.)
[$] <t te very most/ it so!s tat te solipsist must ave te concept of an
external !orld. <nd tat is very far from so!in0 tat e must believe tat it exists.
[$] [p. 37D]
[%omo en nuestra versi,n de la istoria/ e may indeed firmly believed tat it does
not"]
<5A>BE6C2 E6 @21 %Y5%>@21 '4CCAE61C<64<621
[$] Co ave a concept/ it !as said/ is to ave a 0rasp of certain contrasts/ and
!itout te contrasts one !ould simply lose te concept alto0eter. :a(e coins
ma(e sense only a0ainst a bac(0round of solid currency. [$] [p. 37D]
[$] allucination ma(e sense only a0ainst a bac(0round of veridical perception3
tere can be false memories only if most of our memories are correct3 and so on.
[$] [p. 37D]
14B4@<5BE6CE$
[$] self-consciousness re*uires just suc a contrast/ albeit a contrast of a very
i0 level of 0enerality. 4 must be able to contrast !at is myself !it !at is not/
must be able to tell !ere 4 stop and te rest of te !orld be0ins. < !orld tat
consists entirely of my experiences is incoerent simply because tere is no alien
bac(0round a0ainst !ic 4 can pic( out myself. [$] [p. 37D]
Lay mucos conceptos *ue utili.amos sin aparente dificultad y *ue aWn as& no
descansan en nin0Wn contraste entre casos *ue caen bajo ese concepto y casos
*ue no. [p. 37D]
[Godemos ciertamente usar el concepto de unicornio sin contrastar unicornios con
no unicornios]
[$] one mi0t ar0ue tat te ar0ument does apply to concepts at a very i0 level
of 0enerality/ suc as te concept of self or te concept of an external object/ but
te desperation !ould be misplaced. [$] [p. 37D]
%oncepto muy 0eneral) tat of te universe".
8! @< 5E:>C<%4R6 <@ 4ME<@41B2.
[$] ay una ambi0Zedad crucial en la noci,n (antiana de la objetividad. [$] [p.
3ET]
%uando afirma *ue debemos acer juicios objetivos/ al0unas veces *uiere decir)
78 Iue debemos usar una distinci,n entre) lo *ue creemos y lo *ue es de
eco el caso. [!at is actually te case].
= otras veces *uiere decir)
98 [$] tat !e must old certain beliefs about an external !orld distinct from
ourselves and our experiences. [$] [p.3ET]
[$] Le does not distin0uises te t!o claims and appears to slide ceerfully from
one to te oter. [$] [p. 3ET]
[$] it is far from clear tat our using a notion o# objective truth commits us to
belie#s about e"ternal objects. [$] [. 3ET]
[$] +ant focuses on a particular problem/ tat of measurin0 time. [$] [p. 3ET]
<5A>BE6C2)
78 4 am a!are of my o!n existence in time.
98 Nut !e can measure time only in terms of successive can0es of a persistin0
tin0/ sometin0 permanent.
38 Ce permanent cannot be in me/ for 4 ave to measure my o!n existence in time
against te permanent.
48 Cus/ te permanent/ te persistin0 tin0 tat represents time in 0eneral/ must
exist outside me.
F8 4n oter !ords/ te consciousness of my existence is at te same time an
immediate consciousness of te existence of oter tin0s outside me. ;N97Q8
E@ <5A>BE6C2 MEGE6ME E6 @< <:45B<%4R6$
a8 Cere is sometin0 intrinsically absurd about my treatin0 myself and my
experience as a cloc(/ for tere is sometin0 intrinsically absurd about
measurin0 te temporal duration of myself and my experiences a0ainst
myself and my experiences. [p.3ET]
%rucial del ar0umento)
b8 Cis permanent cannot/ o!ever/ be sometin0 in me/ since it is only
trou0 tis permanent tat my existence in time can itself be determined." [p.
3ET]
[$] 'at is precisely !ron0 !it usin0 one#s o!n representations or experiences
as a cloc(K [$] [p. 3E7]
78 4mplica circularidad.
[$] 'e can presumably only brea( out of te circle and tereby obtain a proper
measurement if !e measure experiences a0ainst sometin0 oter tan
temselves. 4n oter !ords/ !e measure teir duration a0ainst an external cloc(.
[$] [p. 3E7]
[$] Nut te crucial point is tat !e sould not be disturbed by suc apparent
circularity. [$] [p.3E7]
[$] 'e may use te objects in *uestion as standards o# measurement/ but it
does not follo! tat expressions referrin0 to !at is measured and expressions
referrin0 to certain relevant features of te standards ave te same meanin0. [$]
[p. 3E7]
[$] 'e can stand bac( from time to time and decide tat te standard cloc( or
standard ruler is no lon0er up to standard. [$] [p. 3E7]
[$] 2ne possibility [$] is tat measurements yielded by te standard no lon0er sit
comfortably !it our scientific teory. [$][p. 3E7]
[$] <noter possibility is tat !e ave been usin0 a number of standards of
measurement simultaneously and tat tey are no lon0er in step [$] [p. 3E7]
[Ce %@2%+] [in !ic !e are interested]
[$] te cloc( tat consists of a series of representations or experiences. Cere is
no doubt an apparent circularity involved in measurin0 te duration of my
experiences a0ainst temselves. [$] [p. 3E7]
[Gero la circularidad s,lo ser- perturbadora para a*uellos *ue insistan *ue las
expresiones tales como ora"/ minute" y se0undo" tienen el mismo significado
como expresiones *ue se refieren a ciertas caracter&sticas relevantes de las
experiencias]
[$] Ce rest of us !ill re0ard te succession of my experiences merely as te
standard of measurement. Lence/ 4 can stand bac( from time to time and as(
!eter te standard is up to standard. [$] [p. 3E7]
[%onclusi,n de 'il(erson)
[$] any circularity afflictin0 internal or private cloc(s is at least as virtuous as te
circularity afflictin0 external or objective" cloc(s. [$] [p. 3E9]
1EA>6M< 46CE5G5EC<%4R6 ME @< 5E:>C<%4R6 <@ 4ME<@41B2
[$] tat compels us to discuss 'itt0enstein#s private-lan0ua0e ar0ument. [$] [p.
3E9]
7. 4f 4 am to old 0enuine beliefs at all/ and particularly beliefs about te temporal
features of myself and my experiences/ ten
9. 4 must use te notion of objectivity in te first sense of objective". Cat is/ 4 must
use a distinction bet!een my beliefs and teir trut or falseood.
3. Cus/ 4 must in principle be able to discover tat some of my beliefs are false3 for
example/ tat a belief about te duration of an experience is false.
4. Nut/ if te only standards of trut and falseood are purely private or internal/
ten 4 cannot even in principle discover tat a belief is false. [p. 3E9]
F. 1uc a discovery" !ould amount merely to confrontin0 one belief !it anoter/
not to falsifyin0 a belief.
Q. Cat is/ 4 !ould be no nearer 0ivin0 content to te notion of sometin0#s bein0
te case irrespective of my beliefs about te matter.
[$] 2ne !ould li(e to say) !atever is 0oin0 to seems ri0t to me is ri0t". <nd
tat only means tat ere !e can#t tal( about [ri0t#." [$] [p.3E9]
[Campoco puedo apelar a la memoria para cecar la verdad de mis creencias/
pues [$] tere is similarly no independent cec( of te correctness of any
memory. Nut by normal contraposition it follo!s tat te beliefs" are not 0enuine
beliefs at all. [$] [p. 3E9]
[$] 0# 0 cannot give content to the notion o# a belie#9s being true or #alse: 0
cannot sustain the notion o# a belie#! %he moral o# that is that 0 must ground
my standards o# truth and #alsehood in something objective in the second
sense o# objective: in certain #eatures o# an e"ternal world! [$] [p. 3E9]
?E6C<J< 46%4ME6C<@ ME E1C< 46CE5G5EC<%4R6 ME @< 5E:>C<%4R6
[$] it protects +ant from te car0e of failin0 to distin0uis te t!o senses of
objective". [$] [p. 3E9]
<5A>BE6C2 ME '4@+E5126)
[$] 4f successful/ te ar0ument so!s tat objectivity in te first sense re*uires
objectivity in te second/ tat !e can use a notion of trut and falseood only if !e
ave certain beliefs about te external !orld. [$] [p. 3E9]
[>nfortunately/ te ar0ument fails] [1u fracas se ace manifiesto una ve. *ue
intentamos remediar las supuestas deficiencias de un @E6A><JE G54?<M2]
[$] 4t mi0t seem tat !e need merely to introduce external objects. Cat is/ our
solitary lan0ua0e user ma(es objective" jud0ments in te second sense/
jud0ments tat express or imply beliefs about te existence and nature of objects
independent of any perceiver. [$] [p. 3E9]
[$] 1imilarly/ te meanin0 of !ords and sentences and te standards of trut and
falseood are 0rounded in features of suc objects rater tan in introspectively
discernible features of te observer. [$][p. 3E9]
[$] the notion o# time is given content in terms o# the regular charges o#
e"ternal objects rather than in recurrent #eatures o# the observer9s
e"perience! [$] [p. 3E9]
[Bain !ea(ness of te private lan0ua0e) [$] that it le#t no room #or a mistake.
[$][p. 3E3]
[ 1tandard reply]
[$] is tat tey public lan0ua0e 0rounded in features of external objects could be
learned by oters and tat/ even tou0 a solitary lan0ua0e user mi0t not in
practice ave 0rounds for tin(in0 e ad made a mista(e/ e as 0rounds in
principle/ for te objects in !ic e is interested are in principle accessible to
oters and oters could presumably tell im tat e as made a mista(e. [$] [p.
3E3]
[%annot see tat elp in principle is any elp at all]
[ 6otion of a mista(e ]
[$] Ny introducin0 oter people !e can 0ive some content to te notion of mista(e/
for oter people can disa0ree !it me. 4 may not be prepared to admit tat 4 am
mista(en/ but noneteless 4 can understand te notion of a mista(e because 4 can
appreciate tat tere t!o incompatible beliefs/ one eld by me and one eld by
someone else. [$] [p. 3E3]
[$] <s !e ave seen/ a solitary lan0ua0e user/ !eter e spea(s a private or a
public lan0ua0e/ cannot sincerely disa0ree !it imself and/ terefore/ apparently
lac(s te obvious support for te notion of mista(e. [$] [p. 3E3]
[$] 4n contrast/ a lan0ua0e spo(en by more tan one person allo!s disa0reement
and/ terefore/ mista(e. 4f te crucial !ea(ness of a private lan0ua0e is tat it
leaves no room for mista(e/ ten +ant#s 5efutation of 4dealism !ill force us not
merely to believe in external objects but also to believe in external ;and articulate8
people. [$] [p. 3E3]
'4@+E5126/ C.E./
[Este es un paso extrava0ante/ y adem-s/ tiene parad,jicas consecuencias]
7. Garece implicar *ue si el resto de la umanidad desapareciera/ ser&a
incapa. de sostener cuales*uiera creencias coerentes sobre lo *ue sea.
[p. 3E3]
[Grivate-lan0ua0e ar0ument]
7. Examinar primero un supuesto importante *ue es comWnmente aceptado
por ambas partes en la disputa)
[$] tat !e ave incorri0ible access to our experiences. 4t seems obvious
tat tere is no distinction bet!een te apparent and te actual features of
experience. [$.] [p. 3E3]
[$] 4f 4 believe tat 4 am in pain/ ten 4 am3 if 4 believe tat 4 ave a 0reen
afterima0e/ ten 4 ave3 if 4 believe tat 4 am tin(in0 about +ant/ ten 4 am3
and so on. [$] [pp. 3E3-4]
%on bases ist,ricas nada m-s/ es factible *ue +ant acept, la) CE141 ME @<
46%2554A4N4@4M<M. [G. 3E4]
[$] incorri0ibility provides security tat is entirely empty/ for/ if tere is no
distinction bet!een te apparent and te actual features of my experiences/ 4 lose
te essential tension bet!een my beliefs and teir trut or falseood. Cus/
incorri0ibility rules out mista(e and tereby rules out a private lan0ua0e. [$] [p.
3E4]
[$] even if !e do not press the assumption o# incorrigibility/ it is very difficult to
see o! the notion o# a mistake mi0t be introduced at all/ for te %artesian
private lan0ua0e turns very muc on our spottin0 certain #eatures o# our
e"perience and on our associating words with certain such recurrent
#eatures. [$] [p. 3E4]
[$] Nut a mista(e is simply not a feature of our experiences. [$] [p. 3E4]
[$] Bista(es are simply not objects of introspective observation. [$] [p. 3E4]
ME:4%4E6%4<1 ME@ @E6A><JE G54?<M2.
78 El supuesto de la incorri0ibilidad deja fuera los errors/ y el %artesian :rame!or(
del len0uaje ace dif&cil proporcionar [$] any alternative notion of a mista(e. [$]
[p. 3E4]
'4@+E5126)
[$] debemos abandonar la incorre0ibilidad y adoptar una explicaci,n m-s
sofisticada de los errores. [$] [p. 3E4]
7. MiscutirJ la tesis de la incorri0ibilidad [<firmaci,n de *ue necesariamente
mis creencias sobre mis experiencias son verdaderas]
[$] Bany pilosopers !ould concede tat !e can misidentify certain of our
mental states/ notably tose tat do not involve te occurrence of any
caracteristic experiences. [$] [p. 3E4]
I>4E52 1>AE545 I>E)
[$] !e can misidentify any mental state/ includin0 all tose tat are or involve
caracteristics experiences. [$] [p. 3E4]
Gor ejemplo/ podemos cometer errores incluso sobre nuestros dolores$
[$] tere is a considerable looseness of fit bet!een te apparent and te actual
features of my mental states/ and tere is no lo0ical 0uarantee tat my beliefs
about tem are true. [$] [p. 3E4]
9. HIuJ est- implicado en el cometer erroresK Hin misidentifyin0 experiencesK
[$] 6o doubt it is true tat tere is no discernible difference bet!een a correctly
identified experience and a misidentified experience3 a mista(e as such is not an
object of introspective a!areness. [$] [p. 3EF]
B25<@ C2 NE M5<'6
[$] no tat a private lan0ua0e is impossible but rater tat !e must provide a
more sopisticated account of mista(es. [$] [p. 3EF]
En un len0uaje pWblico)
[$] !e spot our mista(es in various !ays. 'e mi0t abandon a belief because it is
inconsistent !it most of our oter beliefs or because it is simply an unusual or
eccentric belief and so on. 6otin0 counts as spottin0 a false belief as such. <
belief is ta(en to be trut or false insofar as it sits comfortably or uncomfortably
!it oter beliefs. [$] [p. 3EF] \
7. <bandonar la incorre0ibilidad".
9. <ceptar una explicaci,n m-s sofisticada de los errorers.
[$] tere is notin0 to prevent our private lan0ua0e user from revisin0 is
beliefs in te li0t of oter beliefs/ just as public lin0uistics do. Le does not
need to stop mista(es as suc. [$][ p. 3EF]
[$] <s lon0 as e as no %artesian attacment to incorri0ibility/ e can appreciate
te crucial distinction bet!een is beliefs and teir trut and falseood. [$] [p. 3EF]
1o$
[$] te solipsist in our story can ma(e jud0ments tat are objective in te first
sense/ jud0ments tat reflect a distinction bet!een !at is believed and !at is
actually te case. Nut e does not ma(e jud0ments tat are objective in te second
sense/ jud0ments tat are or imply claims about te existence of external tin0s.
[$] [p. 3EF]