Transformer protection RET670

Exercise 1 Differential protection

Engineering
1MRG004956
Exercise 1 Engineering
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Copyright
This document and parts thereof must not be reproduced or copied without
written permission fromABB, and the contents thereof must not be imparted to
a third party, nor used for any unauthorized purpose.
The software or hardware described in this document is furnished under a
license and may be used, copied, or disclosed only in accordance with the terms
of such license.
Trademarks
ABB is a registered trademark of ABB Group. All other brand or product names
mentioned in this document may be trademarks or registered trademarks of their
respective holders.
ABB AB
Substation Automation Products
SE-721 59 Vsters
Sweden
Telephone: +46 (0) 21 34 20 00
Facsimile: +46 (0) 21 14 69 18
www.abb.com/substationautomation
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Transformer differential protection engineering
On completion of this exercise you should be able to understand
normal steps in the engineering process of an IED
transformer differential characteristics and main settings
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Transformer differential protection
This exercise is based on the configuration in figure 1, i.e., a three winding transformer protection.
Figure 1 shows all included functionality in the configuration. Function blocks in black are configured and the
rest indicate possible additions.
W1
TR PTTR
49 Ith
TCM YLTC
84
TR PTTR
49 Ith
REF PDIF
87N IdN/I
OEX PVPH
24 U/f>
DRP RDRE
Mont.
RET670
Y
Y
22 kV Bus
140 kV Bus
11 kV Bus
IEC61850
ANSI IEC
Function
configured
IEC61850
ANSI IEC
Function
not conf igured
Transformer Data:
80 / 80 / 30 MVA
1459*1,67% / 22 / 11 kV
318 / 2099 / 1574 A
YNd5d11
140kV/110V
500/1
2000/1
300/1
22kV/110V
1500/1
W3 W2
CV MMXU
Meter.
C MMXU
Meter.
C MMXU
Meter.
C MSQI
Meter.
C MSQI
Meter.
T3W PDIF
87T 3Id/I
CV MMXU
Meter.
Figure 1: A protection application for a three winding transformer in single breaker arrangement
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Start PCM600 and open project
PCM600 is the tool to be used to engineer the
IED i.e. to do all necessary changes when it
comes to configuration, settings etc.
There is a project prepared to be used in this
exercise. The project is namedRET670_Exercise.
It is saved in the PCM600 database. The project
contains all configured data for the IED.
The Project Manager is used to handle projects
and now we will open the project.
When the project has been opened, PCM600 will
return to the Plant Structure and here you can
expand the structure.
Check the connected IED if version 1p1 or 1p2
should be used (use the local HMI).
Below the IED-level there are two levels
- IED configuration
- Application Configuration
1. Start PCM600
Figure 2: The File Menu
2. Open the Project Manager
Figure 3: Open Project
3. Open Project RET670_1p2_Training_Ex1
Figure 4: The Plant Structure
4. Expand the tree structure by clicking on the plus-
sign
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The Plant Structure
Below IED Configuration you will find general
information for the IED regarding the hardware,
setting group, identification, monitoring etc.
Below Application Configuration you can expand
the structure down to function level.
Compare the Application Configuration structure
in the figure to the left and function blocks in the
configuration (figure 1). You will find a direct
match between the function blocks, i.e.,
T3WPDIF.
Figure 5: The Plant Structure IED Configuration
5. Expand the structure below IED Configuration
Figure 6: The Plant Structure Application
Configuration
6. Expand the structure below Application
Configuration
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IED Properties
Open the Object Properties window.
Here you will find some important
information regarding the IED. For instance:
IP Address and Terminal version. This
information must match the IED.
IED factory settings
Front port: 10.1.150.3
Rear port AB: 192.168.1.10
Product identifiers you will find on the local
HMI under
Main menu/Diagnostics/IED
status/Product identifiers
Figure 7: IED Properties
7. Open Properties
Figure 8: Parameter Setting
8. Compare included the properties in PCM600 and
corresponding information in the IED (use the local
HMI)
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Hardware Configuration
The transformer protection in the IED has
specific hardware. Use the Hardware
Configuration tool to check the hardware.
BIM: Binary Input Module
BOM: Binary Output Module
IOM: Combined In- and Output Module
MIM: mA input Module
TRM: Analog input module, 12 currents
TRM: Analog input module, 6 currents, 6
voltages
LDCM: Line Data Communication Module
(normally not included in a RET 670)
Figure 9: Hardware Configuration
9. Open the hardware configuration
Figure 10: Parameter Setting
10. Compare hardware in PCM600 and in the IED (use
the local HMI and/or indentify the modules from rear
view)
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License update tool
The License update tool is used to
synchronize a PCM600 IED object with
the physical IED capabilities when it
comes to functions and hardware. Use the
tool when you are connected to an IED for
the first time.
Application configuration
You do not have to do any configuration
but it could be useful to start the ACT-tool
and get to know the configuration
Parameter setting
The transformer protection is configured
but the settings are default values. So we
need to do some adjustments to be able to
use the transformer protection in our
application.
Figure 11: License Update Tool
11. Start License Update Tool and follow the instructions
Figure 121211: Application configuration
12. Application configuration
Figure 131312: Parameter Setting
13. Open the parameter setting
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Analog inputs
You will find the settings related to the current
and voltage transformers in TRM_12I and
TRM_6I_6U.
Settings for winding 1
Current transformer rated values, primary and
secondary.
The channel names are defined in Application
configuration (ACT). The names are updated in
PST after reading the settings in the IED.
Use information in figure 1 and update the
settings.
The CT secondary is earthed towards the
transformer i.e. to object.
Figure 141413: Parameter settings for
current transformers
14. Move to TRM_6I_6U
Figure 151514: TRM current parameter
settings for winding 1
15. Set CTStarPoint to ToObject (all three phases)
16. Set CTSec to 1 A (all three phases)
17. Set CTPrim to 500 A (all three phases)
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Settings for winding 2
Current transformer rated values, primary and
secondary.
The CT secondary is earthed towards the
transformer, i.e., ToObject.
Settings for high voltage side
Voltage transformer rated values, primary and
secondary.
Figure 161615: TRM current
parameter settings for winding 2
18. Set CTStarPoint to ToObject (all three phases)
19. Set CTSec to 1 A (all three phases)
20. Set CTPrim to 2000 A (all three phases)
Figure 171716: TRM parameter
settings for voltage transformers, high
voltage
21. Set VTSec to 110 V (all three phases)
22. Set VTPrim to 140 kV (all three phases)
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Settings for medium voltage side
Voltage transformer rated values, primary and
secondary.
Setting for winding 3
Current transformer rated values, primary and
secondary.
The CT secondary is earthed towards the busbar,
i.e., FromObject.
Figure 181817: TRM parameter settings
for voltage transformers, medium voltage
23. Set VTSec to 110 V (all three phases)
24. Set VTPrim to 22 kV (all three phases)
Figure 191918: TRM current parameter
settings for winding 3
25. Move to TRM_12I
26. Set CTStarPoint to FromObject (all three phases)
27. Set CTSec to 1 A (all three phases)
28. Set CTPrim to 1500 A (all three phases)
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Pre-processor (SMAI) function block settings
The Pre-processor (SMAI) function block is the
interface between the configuration (ACT) and the
signal matrix (SMT). The function-block could be
used both for voltage and current measurement. This is
not defined in the configuration.
The selection voltage or current is a setting parameter
per SMAI function block.
These settings are very important.
Voltage: Type 1
Current: Type 2
Figure 202019: SMAI function block
29. Move to Analog modules in the Plant
structure
Figure 212120:
3PhaseAnalogGroup
30. Move to 3PhaseAnalogGroup
Figure 222221: Analog Modules
31. Check that al l SMAI TYPE-settings are
correct (1: Voltage and 2: Current)
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Phase reference angle and LED settings
A referencePhaseAngleRef can be defined to facilitate
service values reading (does not influence protection
functions). This analog channels phase angle will
always be fixed to zero degree and all other angle
information will be shown in relation to this analog
input.
Select a voltage input to be used as angle reference
channel. TRM41-Ch7 corresponds toTRM_6I_6U_32
Channel 7 (UL1 HV).
TheLED indication module comprising 15 LEDs is
standard. Alarm LEDs can be configured in PCM600.
The module must be taken into operation in PST.
Figure 232319: Analog Modules
32. Move to AISBAS:1
Figure 242420: Phase reference
angle
33. Set PhaseAngleRef to TRM41-Ch7
Figure 252521: Analog Modules
34. Move to HMI and LEDGEN
35. Set Operation to On
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Disturbance recorder settings, general
Disturbance report is always included in the IED and
acquires sampled data of all selected analog input and
binary signals connected to the function block.
Maximum 40 analog and 96 binary signals.
Disturbance report functionality is a common name
for several functions:
Event list
Indications
Event recorder
Trip value recorder
Disturbance recorder
The disturbance recorder will affect the yellow and
red LEDs on the local HMI.
Yellow:
Disturbance recorder have started
Red:
A selected binary input has been activated (Trip
signal)
Figure 262622: IED Conf
Disturbance Report
36. Move to Monitoring and DisturbanceReport
Figure 272723: Disturbance recorder
general
37. Set Operation to On
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Disturbance recorder settings, specific
Its also necessary to do some settings regarding the
binary and analog inputs.
Binary inputs
The channel names are defined in Application
configuration (ACT). The names are updated in PST
after reading the settings in the IED.
Operation: On
The signal will start a recording
Triglevel:
Start on positive or negative flank
Indication:
Show (hide) the signal in the indication list (or not)
Set LED:
Activate the 3
rd
red LED on the HMI at operation
Figure 282824: Application Conf
Disturbance Report
38. Move to Monitoring and DisturbanceReport
Figure 292925: Disturbance recorder
binary signals
39. Check the configuration and do proper
settings per channel
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Analog inputs
The channel names are defined in Application
configuration (ACT). The names are updated in PST
after reading the settings in the IED.
Operation On
The signal is included in the recording
It is possible to have analog level trigging of the
disturbance recorder but beware the risk of having
vast number of recordings due to bad level setting.
Enormous number of recordings will shorten the life
of theflash memory.
Analog level trigging should only be used in very
special situations and carefully prepared settings.
Figure 303026: Application Conf
Disturbance Report
40. Check the configuration and take all analog
channels into operation
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Service value functions
Measurement functions is used for power system
measurement, supervision and reporting to the local
HMI, monitoring tool within PCM600 or to station
level for example, via IEC 61850.
ServiceValues (MMXN), CurrentPhasors (MMXU)
and CurrentSequenceComponents (MSQI) are
configured and should be taken into operation.
We will just transfer measured values to the Control
Screen (single line diagram) thus its not necessary to
set IBase, UBase and SBase.
Figure 313127: IED Conf
Disturbance Report
41. Move to Measure Monitoring
Figure 323228: Disturbance recorder
general
42. All Monitoring functions: Set Operation to On
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Calculating settings for transformer differential protection
The transformer differential protection is a unit protection. It serves as the main protection of transformers in
case of winding failure. The protective zone of a differential protection includes the transformer itself, the bus-
work or cables between the current transformers and the power transformer. When bushing current transformers
are used for the differential IED, the protective zone does not include the bus-work or cables between the circuit
breaker and the power transformer.
A transformer differential protection compares the current flowing into the transformer with the current leaving
the transformer. A correct analysis of fault conditions by the differential protection must take into consideration
changes due to voltages, currents and phase angle changes caused by protected transformer.
Traditional transformer differential protection functions required auxiliary transformers. Differential protection
algorithmas implemented in the IED compensate for both the turns-ratio and the phase shift internally in the
software.
The differential current should theoretically be zero during normal load or external faults if the turn-ratio and
the phase shift are correctly compensated. However, there are several different phenomena other than internal
faults that will cause unwanted and false differential currents. The main reasons for unwanted differential
currents are:
Mismatch due to varying tap changer positions
Different characteristics, loads and operating conditions of the current transformers
Zero sequence currents that only flow on one side of the power transformer
Normal magnetizing currents
Magnetizing inrush currents
Over excitation magnetizing currents
The internal / external fault discriminator is a very powerful and reliable supplementary criterion to the
traditional differential protection. It is recommended that this feature shall be always used (enabled) when
protecting three-phase power transformers. The internal / external fault discriminator detects even minor faults,
with a high sensitivity and a high speed, and at the same time discriminates with a high degree of dependability
between internal and external faults.
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Differential protection settings
The differential protection has two groups of
settings:
- General settings related to the
transformer data
- Specific settings for the differential
protection (Setting Group 1-6)
In the first group you will find fundamental
settings for the differential protection such as,
ratings, vector group and clock number.
In the second group you will find specific
protection settings such as, the operate
characteristic.
Figure 333329: Differential protection
settings
43. Move to T3WPDIF
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Differential protection general settings
Compare the settings and figure 1.
Winding 1 is the phase angle reference (Y) and
magnitude reference.
The transformer is solidly earthed at the 145 kV
side. In case of earth-fault in the 145 kV system
residual current flows fromthe transformer. This
residual current is seen as a differential current even
if there is no internal transformer fault. To prevent
unwanted trip at external earth-fault there is a
function where the zero sequence current is
eliminated fromthe measured transformer current.
This elimination is only needed for winding 1 in this
application.
Figure 343430: General setting
44. See Figure 1. Set rated values for W1, W2 and
W3.
45. Set connectTypeW1 to WYE
46. Set connectTypeW2 and W3 to Delta
47. Set ClockNumberW2 to 5 (150 deg lag)
48. Set ClockNumberW3 to 11 (30 deg lead)
49. Set ZsCurrSubtrW1 to On
50. Set ZsCurrSubtrW2 and W3 to Off
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In multi-breaker arrangement there is a risk of over-
biasing, if the CT ratings are much higher than the
rated current of the transformer. This will result in
de-sensitize the differential protection. To prevent
this situation there is a possibility to reduce the bias
by a factor (RatedCurrentWx/CTyRatingWx).
Our application is a single breaker application i.e.
TconfigWx =No.
It is possible to adapt the differential protection
according to tap-changer position. Initially we do
not use the feature in this exercise.
Figure 353531: Multi-breaker
arrangement
51. Set TconfigForW for W1, W2 and W3 to No.
Figure 363632: General setting
52. Set LocationOLTC1 and 2 to Not Used.
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Differential protection specific settings
IdMin
During normal operation there is a false differential
current measured by the protection due to the
following:
- Deviation tap changer position compared to the
nominal transformer ratio
- Difference in current transformer error
At the tap position giving the lowest LV voltage the
transformer ratio is 166.8/22 kV. At 1.25 times the
rated power (EndSection1) the 145 kV current is:
A I
HV
346
8 . 166 3
80 25 . 1
=

=
This corresponds to 1.09 times the rated current. The
low voltage side current is 1.25 times the rated current
and thus the differential current is about 0.16 times the
rated transformer current.
At the tap position giving the highest LV voltage the
transformer ratio is 123.2/22 kV. At 1.25 times the
rated power (EndSection1) the 145 kV current is:
A I
HV
469
2 . 123 3
80 25 . 1
=

=
This corresponds to 1.47 times the rated current. The
low voltage side current is 1.25 times the rated current
and thus the differential current is about 0.22 times the
rated transformer current.
The current transformers class is 5P giving a maximum
amplitude error of 1 % and maximumphase
displacement of 60 minutes. To assure that the load
current does not cause unwanted operation IdMin is set
to 0.25 times the rated transformer current.
IdUnre
The unrestrained differential protection function is
operated without any stabilization. The setting principle
is that the unrestrained function shall only be able to
detect internal faults. This means that the current setting
shall be larger than the largest current through the
transformer at external faults. The fault level for
external fault is calculated to be 1.48 kA. This
corresponds to 4.6 transformer rated current. In the
setting there should also be consideration to the
influence from fault current DC component and inrush
current.
Figure 373733: Pick up and
tripping characteristics settings
53. Set Operation to On
54. Set SOTFMode Off (temporary, we will
focus on the differential function initially)
55. Check that IDiffAlarm is 0.20 (default)
56. Check that tAlarmDelay is 10.0 s (default)
57. Set Idmin to 0.25 IB
58. Check that Endsection1 is 1.25 IB (default)
59. Check that Endsection2 is 3.0 IB (default)
60. Check that SlopSection2 is 40% (default)
61. Check that Slop Section3 is 80% (default)
62. Set IdUnre to 5.0 IB
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2
nd
and 5
th
harmonic
The classical way to avoid tripping due to inrush
currents or overexcitation is checking the amount of 2
nd
and 5
th
harmonics in relation to the fundamental
frequency.
IMinNegSeq
The transformer differential protection also has
external/internal fault discrimination, based on negative
sequence current. The default settings of NegSeqDiffEn,
IMinNegSeq andNegSeqROA are recommended.
This feature we will test later.
Open CT detection
It is possible to detect and avoid tripping due to an open
current circuit (one phase out of three). This function is
only active after a certain time (1 min after
energization) during normal load (10-110% IBias).
This feature we will test later.
Figure 383834: Negative
sequence diff protection settings
63. Check that I2/I1Ratio is 15% (default)
64. Check that I5/I1Ratio is 25% (default)
65. Check that CrossBlockEn is On (default)
66. Set NegSeqDiffEn is OFF (temporary, we
will test the feature separately)
67. Check that IMinNegSeq is 0.04 IB (default)
68. Check that NegSeqROA is 60 Deg (default)
Figure 393935: Negative
sequence diff protection settings
69. Check that OpenCTEnable is On (default)
70. Check that tOCTAlarmDelay is 3.0 s
71. Check that tOCTResetDelay is 0.25 s
72. Check that tOCTUnrstDelay is 10.0 s
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Trip function block settings
A function block for protection tripping is normally
provided for each circuit breaker involved in the
tripping of the fault. It provides the pulse prolongation
to ensure a trip pulse of sufficient length.
In this exercise we only use one trip function block.
(Normally we are using the trip matrix function
(TMAGGIO) to route trip signals and/or other
logical output signals to different output contacts on
the IED.)
The signal matrix tool
The graphical signal matrix of
PCM600 allows the user to
efficiently connect CTs, VTs,
binary input and output signals to
the configuration. The tool can also
be used for connecting the LEDs on
the IED as well as for connection of
the GOOSE (IEC 61850) signals
between the IEDs.
Figure 404036: Differential
protection settings
73. Set Operation On
Figure 414137: Differential protection settings
74. Start the Signal Matrix Tool
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Signal Matrix
Binary information
Figure 424238: Binary input mapping
75. Check the mapping binary inputs
Figure 434339: Binary output mapping
76. Check the mapping for binary outputs
Figure 444440: LED mapping
77. Check the mapping for the LEDs
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Signal Matrix
Analog Inputs
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Figure 454541: Analog input mapping
winding 1
78. Check the mapping for winding 1
Figure 464642: Analog input mapping
winding 2
79. Check the mapping for winding 2
Figure 474743: Analog input mapping
winding 3
80. Check the mapping for winding 3
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Graphical Display supplementary exercise
Page 1 - Service values
Figure 484844: Graphical Display Editor
presenting service values
81. Use the GDE and create a information screen to be
written into the IED
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Write to IED
All data engineered will be read or written. Some
tools support separately read/write. Communication
management (CMT), Graphical display editor (GDE)
and Parameter setting (PST) can read/write.
Figure 494945: Write to IED
82. Write information to the IED
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ABB AB
Substation Automation Products
SE-721 59 Vsters, Sweden
Phone +46 (0) 21 34 20 00
Fax +46 (0) 21 14 69 18
www.abb.com/substationautomation