ENGINEERING SURVEY 2 C 2005 / 1 /

Article I.
Article II.
0
MODULE
MALAYSIAN
POLYTECHNICS
MINISTRY OF EDUCATION
UNIT 1
UNIT 1
ENGINEERING SURVEY 2 C 2005 / 1 /


TACHYMETRY

OBJECTIVES
General Objective : To know and understand the bas! !on!e"ts o# dstan!e
$easure$ent%
Specific Objectives : &t the end o# the unt 'ou shou(d be ab(e to :)
E*"(an the bas! !on!e"ts o# +"t!a( ,stan!e
-easure$ent%
,s!uss the s'ste$ that has been use n ta!h'$etr'%
Ca(!u(ate the dstan!e b' usn. the ta!h'$etr' s'ste$%
E*"(an the "ro!edure to $"(e$ent the #e(d work
E*"(an the ste"s to "ro!ess the obser/aton data%
0st errors n ta!h'$etr' sur/e'%
1
UNIT 1
I!"T
I!"T
ENGINEERING SURVEY 2 C 2005 / 1 /

E*"(an the a""(!aton o# ta!h'$etr' n (and sur/e'n.
#.# ITRO$"CTIO
The word ta!h'$etr' s der/ed #ro$ the Greek takhus metron $eann. 1sw#t
$easure$ent2% It s a bran!h o# sur/e'n. where he.ht and dstan!es between .round
$arks are obtaned b' o"t!a( $eans on('% &n e*a$"(e o# ta!h'$etr' $ethod s the stada
$ethod% Ths $ethod e$"(o's ra"d o"t!a( $eans o# $easurn. dstan!e usn. a
te(es!o"e wth !ross hars 34.ure 1%15 and a stada rod 3one stadu$ 6 about 708 #eet5%
The dstan!e between $arks !an be obtaned wthout usn. a ta"e% The ta!h'$eter s an'
theodo(te ada"ted9 or #tted wth an o"t!a( de/!e to enab(e $easure$ent to be $ade
o"t!a(('%
4.ure 1%1 Two T'"es o# Stada :ar
#.% !RICI!&ES O' O!TICA& $ISTACE MEAS"REMET
The ta!h'$etr' $easure$ents are based on a !o$$on "rn!"(e% Consder an
sos!e(es tran.(e; the "er"end!u(ar bse!tor o# the base s dre!t(' "ro"ortona( to the
2
Cross
:ar
ret!(e
6
Stada
Inter/a(
ENGINEERING SURVEY 2 C 2005 / 1 /

(en.th o# ths base% I# the base (en.th and "ara(a!t! an.(es are known9 then the (en.th o#
the "er"end!u(ar bse!tor !an be !a(!u(ated% 34.ure 1%25
4.ure 1%2 Isos!e(es Tran.(e Geo$etr'
3Sour!e : Ukur <e=uruteraan &sas9 &bdu( :a$d -oha$ed5
,stan!e &> 6 ? 3Cd5 * Cot @/2
I# dstan!e &> 6 ,9 dstan!e Cd 6 S 9 so
Ahereb'
, 6 dstan!e between two "ont
S 6 base (ne
@ 6 "ara(a!t! an.(e
#.( TACHYMETRY SYSTEM
The a(ternat/es o# the ta!h'$etr' s'ste$ are !(ass#ed based on the bas!
"rn!"(es9 wh!h are:
a5 4*ed an.(e:
15 The stada s'ste$
5 In!(ne S.hts Ath The Sta## Vert!a(
B
, 6 ? S Cot @/2
ENGINEERING SURVEY 2 C 2005 / 1 /

5 In!(ne S.hts Ath The Sta## Nor$a(
b5 Varab(e an.(e
15 tan.enta( s'ste$ C /ert!a( sta##
25 subten!e s'ste$ C horDonta( sta##
The theodo(te s a standard nstru$ent n ea!h !ase% It s $od#ed to sut the !ondtons%
#.(.# T)e Sta*ia S+ste,
The da"hra.$ n ths s'ste$ !ontans two addtona( horDonta( (nes known as
stada hars% It s "(a!ed eEudstant abo/e and be(ow the $an horDonta( !ross har
34.ure 1%B5% The dstan!e between these stada har s !a((ed the stada nter/a( 34.ure
1%15% Ths stada nter/a( s usua((' a !onstant9 "ro/dn. #*ed)har ta!h'$etr'% Ths
nter/a( $a' be a(tered on so$e nstru$ents and the $o/e$ent ben. $easured on a
$!ro$eter%
4.ure 1%B The Vew In The Te(es!o"e
3Sour!e: Ukur <e=uruteraan &sas9 &bdu( :a$d -oha$ed5
+bser/atons are $ade on to a (e/e(n. sta## wh!h a!ts as the /arab(e base% In the
te(es!o"e2s #e(d o# /ew the stada subtend a !ertan (en.th o# the sta## or !a((ed staff
intercept9 wh!h s .reater the #arther o## the sta## s he(d% The sta## nter!e"t s
"ro"ortona( to ts dstan!e #ro$ the nstru$ent and so #ro$ ths obser/ed (en.th o# the
sta## the dstan!e between t and the ta!h'$eter !an be obtaned%
F
ENGINEERING SURVEY 2 C 2005 / 1 /

#.(.#.# T)e Sta*ia '-r,.la
The stada $ethod o# "ro/dn. the horDonta( dstan!e between nstru$ent and
sta## s shown n 4.ure 1%F% Ths te!hnEue s a(wa's used n stada ta!h'$etr' #or
en.neern. sur/e'% The te(es!o"e !onssts o# two !entrn. tubes% The e'e"e!e and
da"hra.$ are bu(t at the end o# tube% -o/e the ob=e!t .(ass wh!h s bu(t at the other
sde when don. #o!usn.%
Ahen the te(es!o"e s n #o!us9 the $a.e o# the sta## &> w(( be #or$ed at ab n
the "(ane o# the da"hra.$% Then a ra' o# (.ht w(( e$er.e "ara((e( to the o"t!a( a*s
s$(ar(' wth the ra' #ro$ > as shown% The ra's here w(( #or$ two s$(ar tran.(es
ea!h wth ther a"e* at 49 the base o# the s$a((er tran.(e at the ob=e!t .(ass ben. eEua( to
the stada nter/a( i%
E'e"e!e
,a"hra.$
Vert!a(
a*s
G!ket
4.ure 1%F Stada Grn!"(e
3Sour!e 0and Sur/e'n.9 Ra$sa' H%G% A(son5
f ))) the #o!a( (en.th o# the ob=e!t .(ass
4 C the outer #o!a( "ont o# the ob=e!t .(ass
i ))) the stada nter/a( ab
I))) the dstan!e #ro$ the outer #o!a( "ont to the sta##
,)))the horDonta( dstan!e reEured
s))) the sta## nter!e"t &>
!)))the dstan!e #ro$ ob=e!t .(ass to nstru$ent a*s
5
ENGINEERING SURVEY 2 C 2005 / 1 /

4ro$ these s$(ar tran.(es:
i
f
s
l
=
but l 6 D (f + c),
So9 the stada #or$u(a:
i
f
s
c) (f - D
=
+
The ter$ f / i s a !onstant n the stada #or$u(a and s known as the stada or
$u(t"('n. !onstant and $a' be denoted b' the (etter K% The ter$ ( f + c) "art(' o# the
!onstant f and "art(' o# the /arab(e c9 wh!h /ares as the ob=e!t (ens s $o/ed n
#o!usn.% :owe/er the /araton n ! s s$a((9 es"e!a((' #or s.hts .reater than 10$9 and
#or a(( "ra!t!a( "ur"oses $a' a(so be !onsdered a !onstant% The ter$ 3 f + c59 usua(('
about B00 to F50$$ n ths te(es!o"e9 s known as the addt/e !onstant and $a' be
denoted b' the (etter C% Ths redu!es the stada #or$u(a to the s$"(e (near eEuaton:
C Ks D + =
#.(.#.% T)e Analactic &ens
Do you know who J. Porro is?
He is the man who invented the analactic lens
in 1840.
In order to sa/e the (abour o# $u(t"('n. the sta## nter!e"t ea!h t$e and the
addn. the !onstant #or the "art!u(ar nstru$ent9 t wou(d ob/ous(' be s$"(er # < were
to be 100 and C Dero% Ths wou(d "ro/de a stada #or$u(a o# D 6 100s and !a(!u(aton
wou(d $ere(' !onsst o# $o/n. the de!$a( "ont o# the sta## nter!e"t readn. two
"(a!es to the r.ht% -ost o# the /erner nstru$ents st(( n use toda' do not ha/e an
a!!urate K /a(ue o# 1009 but $ost $odern ta!h'$eters .enera((' do% In 1IF09 the
e($naton o# the addt/e !onstant was a!he/ed b' an Ita(an9 H% Gorro9 when he
n/ented the ana(a!t! (ens% The n!(uson o# a se!ond !on/e* (ens #*ed n re(aton to the
7
s
i
f
c f D = + 5 3
5 3 c f s
i
f
D + + =
ENGINEERING SURVEY 2 C 2005 / 1 /

ob=e!t .(ass had the e##e!t o# brn.n. the a"e* o# the $easurn. tran.(e9 the ana(a!t!
"ont9 nto e*a!t !on!den!e wth the /ert!a( a*s o# the nstru$ent9 as ((ustrated n
4.ure 1%5%
4.ure 1%5 The ana(e!t! Te(es!o"e
3Sour!e : 0and Sur/e'n.9 Ra$sa' H%G% A(son5
The ter$ f / i 6 1/100 be!o$e K 6 100% ,stan!e #or # and ! be!o$e s$(ar but n the
o""oste sde% There#ore C 6 0% The stada #or$u(a wou(d now be!o$e Ks D = 9 the
addt/e !onstants are e($nated% Ths e*terna((' #o!usn. te(es!o"e s known as an
ana(a!t! te(es!o"e%
#.(.#.( Eval.ati-n -f Sta*ia C-nstants
In $ost $odern sur/e'n. te(es!o"es the stada !onstant s des.ned to be 100 and
the addt/e !onstant 0% To !on#r$ the /a(ue o# these !onstants or to estab(sh the stada
o# an o(d or a new nstru$ent9 the #o((own. #e(dwork shou(d be !arred out 34.ure 1%75
4.ure 1%7 E/a(uaton o# Stada Constants9 < and C
3Sour!e: &sas Ukur <e=uruteraan9 &bdu( :a$d -oha$ed5
8
+b=e!t .(ass
4o!us "ont
&na(a!t! "ont
&na(a!t! (ens
,a"hra.$
ENGINEERING SURVEY 2 C 2005 / 1 /

a5 Choose a #ar(' (e/e( .round
b5 Set out #our "e.s &9 >9 C9 and , on that .round% &> s 100$9 &C s F0$ and &,
s J0$%
!5 Set u" the ta!h'$eter o/er the "e. at & and obser/e to a sta## that he(d at C%
d5 Not the sta## nter!e"ts%
e5 Trans#er the sta## to , and note the sta## nter!e"ts%
$istance Sta*ia Rea*in/ Staff Intercept
F0
J0
1%7209 1%F2091%220
1%I8191%F2190%J81
0%F00
0%J00
Tab(e 1 +bse/aton ,ata
3 Sour!e: &sas Ukur <e=uruteraan9 &bdu( :a$d -oha$ed5
The obser/aton data s shown n tab(e 1% < and C !an be !a(!u(ate b' usn. the
stada #or$u(a9 D = Ks + C% D s the dstan!e between sta## and the ta!h'$eter9 s stands
#or sta## nter!e"t%
F0 6 0%F K + C )))))))))))))))))))))))))))))) 315
J0 6 0%J K + C ------------------------------ 325
Now9 we !an so(/e the "rob(e$ b' usn. s$u(taneous eEuaton%
325 C 315 J0 C F0 6 0%J K 0%F K
50 = 0%5 K
K
0%5
50
=
K 6 100
Re"(a!e K =100 n 315
F0 6 0%F 3 1005 K C
C 6 F0 )F0
C 6 0
#.(.#.0 Incline* Si/)t
I
ENGINEERING SURVEY 2 C 2005 / 1 /

&s he.ht d##eren!es between sta## "ostons and nstru$ent n!rease9 t w((
be!o$e $"ossb(e to use the horDonta( (ne o# s.ht wh!h so #ar has on(' been
!onsdered% In su!h !ase a ta!h'$eter $ust be used to "ro/de an n!(ned (ne o# s.ht
and the an.(e o# e(e/aton or de"resson $ust be re!orded% The stada #or$u(a $ust now
re#(e!t the an.(e o# n!(naton o# the (ne o# s.ht and two su!h !ases arse:
a5 where the sta## s he(d /ert!a((' at the #ar staton
b5 where the sta## s he(d to the (ne o# s.ht #ro$ the nstru$ent
#.(.#.0.# Incline Si/)ts 1it) T)e Staff Vertical
4.ure 1%8 shows that an obser/aton o# an n!(ned s.ht to a sta## he(d /ert!a(('%
&9 L and > are the readn.s on the sta## and &29 L and >2 are those wh!h wou(d ha/e
been taken had the sta## been swun. about L to "oston t at r.ht)an.(es or nor$a( to the
(ne o# s.ht%
In #.ure 1%89
s 6 the sta## nter!e"t &>
h = the (en.th o# the !entre har readn. #ro$ the sta## base
V 6 the /ert!a( !o$"onent LY9 the he.ht o# the !entre har readn. abo/e
3or be(ow5 the nstru$ent a*s
, 6 the (en.th o# the (ne o# s.ht IL
: = the horDonta( dstan!e reEured%
: I 6 nstru$ent he.ht
4.ure 1%8 In!(ne S.ht Ath The Sta## Vert!a(
J
ENGINEERING SURVEY 2 C 2005 / 1 /

3Sour!e : 0and Sur/e'n.9 Ra$sa' H%G% A(son5
4ro$ the stada #or$u(a D = Ks + C, t !an be seen that the ter$ s n ths !ase s
the dstan!e &2>2 nor$a( to the (ne o# s.ht% :owe/er9 the obser/ed /a(ue o# s s the
(en.th &>9 so &2>2 a!tua((' eEua( s9 !os M a($ost e*a!t('% There#ore the (en.th o# the
n!(ned s.ht D = Ks + C 9 but :9 the horDonta( dstan!e a!tua((' reEured9 ob/ous('
eEua(s D= !osM 9 there#ore the stada #or$u(a now be!o$es:
: 6 Ks !os
2
M K C !os M
4ro$ the r.ht an.(ed tran.(e ILY !an been seen that:
V 6 D sn M
>ut D = Ks !os M K C
V 6 Ks !os M sn M K C sn M
>ut !os M sn M 6 ? sn 2M
V 6 ? Ks sn 2M K C sn M
In nstru$ents where the addt/e !onstant s Dero and K 6 1009 these #or$u(ae are
s$"(#ed as #o((ows:
: 6 100s !os
2
M
V 6 3100/25 s sn 2M
To obtan the redu!ed (e/e( at the sta## "oston where the redu!ed (e/e( o# the
nstru$ent staton s known9 the he.ht d##eren!e between the "onts s a""(ed as
#o((ows:
,##eren!e n he.ht9 d: 6 :% I% N V Ch
Ahere :%I 6 the he.ht o# nstru$ent 3a(wa's "ost/e5
V 6 the /ert!a( !o$"onent 3"ost/e #or an.(es o# the e(e/aton9 ne.at/e
#or an.(es de"resson5
h 6 the !entre har readn. 3a(wa's ne.at/e5
The redu!ed (e/e( o# the nstru$ent "oston I "(us the d##eren!e n he.ht eEua(
the redu!ed (e/e( o# the sta## "oston S% There#ore:
R%0%s 6 R%0%I K :%I N V C h
10
ENGINEERING SURVEY 2 C 2005 / 1 /

Example 1:
In this example, the value of hi cannot be seen on the rod due to some
obstruction. Here, a rod reading of 2.72 with a vertical angle of -6 7! was
boo"ed, along with the h of #.72 and a rod interval of $.2%#., &alculate the
hori'ontal distance and the vertical distance. (hen find the elevation for station .
)igure #
Solution:
H * #$$s cos
2
+
* #$$ x $.2%# x cos
2
6 7!
* 2.,m
- * .#$$/20 s sin 2+
* #$$ s cos M sin M
6 #$$ x $.2%# x cos 6 7!x sin 6 7!
* -2.76m
1.2.

* 1.2.
2
3 H.I 4 - 5 h
* #,6.#6 3 #.72 3- 2.76 5 2.72
* #,#.%$
11
ENGINEERING SURVEY 2 C 2005 / 1 /

7o, the elevation for station is #,#.%$,
#.(.#.0.% Incline Si/)ts 1it) T)e Staff -r,al
4.ure 1%I shows the obser/aton on a sta## he(d nor$a( to an n!(ned (ne o#
s.ht% The sa$e notaton a""(es as n #.ure 1%8%
4.ure 1%I In!(ne S.ht Ath The Sta## Nor$a( to The 0ne o# S.ht
3Sour!e: 0and Sur/e'n.9 Ra$sa' H%G% A(son5
Ths t$e the sta## readn. nor$a( to the (ne o# s.ht s the a!tua( readn. and does not
ha/e to be redu!ed as n the "re/ous !ase% There#ore
D 6 Ks K C
>ut :6 D kos M N 3the dstan!e #ro$ "ont L to the /ert!a( throu.h the sta## base5
: 6 3Ks K C) !os M N h sn M
&s be#ore V 6 D sn M9 there#ore:
V 6 3Ks K C) sn M
In nstru$ents where the addt/e !onstant C s Dero9 < 6 100 and the /a(ue o# M s (ess
than 10O 3the assu$"ton s .enera((' $ade that the ter$ h sn M s Dero59 these #or$u(ae
!an be s$"(#ed as :
12
ENGINEERING SURVEY 2 C 2005 / 1 /

: 6 100 s !os M
V 6 100 s sn M
To obtan the redu!ed (e/e( at the sta## staton9 then the he.ht d##eren!e between the
"onts s #rst redu!ed as #o((ows:
,##eren!e n he.ht9 d: 6 :% I%N V C h !os M
#.(.%.( C-,paris-n -f Met)-*s
C-n*iti-ns Staff -r,al2Staff Vertical
a5 Ahen
ho(dn. sta##
Sta## !an be he(d /ert!a((' wth .reater ease than n the nor$a(
"oston%
It2s s$"(er to "(u$b a sta## wth a sta## bubb(e than ho(d the sta##
nor$a( to a (ne o# s.ht%
4or nor$a( ho(dn.9 t needs to be atta!hed wth a "ee")s.ht
"er"end!u(ar to the #a!e o# the sta##9 so the sta##)$an !an s.ht
towards the nstru$ent%
In bush the "ee")s.ht $a' be obs!ured9 "re/entn. nor$a( ho(dn.9
wh(e the u""er "art o# the sta## s st(( a/a(ab(e #or s.htn. n the
/ert!a((' he(d "oston%
The nor$a( "oston $a' a(so be #ound b' swn.n. the sta## unt( the
(owest "ossb(e readn. o# the !entre !ross har s obtaned% :owe/er9
t s d##!u(t to s.na( to the sta##)$an the !orre!t "oston n the bush%
C-n*iti-ns Staff -r,al2Staff Vertical
b5 Redu!ton
o#
obser/aton
The /ert!a( sta## redu!ton #or$u(ae are s$"(er than the nor$a(
sta## redu!ton #or$u(a when the h sn M and h !os M are n!(uded
n the nor$a( #or$u(ae%
!5 Care(ess
sta## ho(dn.
Errors o# dstan!e and e(e/aton are /er' $u!h $ore $arked when
there s a de/aton #ro$ the nor$a( "oston es"e!a((' on stee"
s.hts%
The nor$a( "oston $a' a(so be #ound b' swn.n. the sta## unt( the (owest
"ossb(e readn. o# the !entre !ross har s obtaned% :owe/er9 t s d##!u(t to s.na( to
the sta##)$an the !orre!t "oston n the bush%
1B
ENGINEERING SURVEY 2 C 2005 / 1 /

#.(.% T)e Tan/ential S+ste,
In ths s'ste$ the "ara(a!t! an.(e subtended b' a known (en.th o# sta## s
$easured dre!t('% 4.ure 1%J shows the $ethod where obser/atons are taken to an
ordnar' (e/e((n. sta## he(d /ert!a(('%
4.ure 1%J The Tan.enta( S'ste$ o# Ta!h'$etr'
3Sour!e: 0and Sur/e'n.9 Ra$sa' H%G% A(son5
The nstru$ent s set u" and the /ert!a( !r!(e s read on both #a!es to ./e the
an.(e o# e(e/aton 3or de"resson5 to a who(e sta## .raduaton% Ths "ro!ess s re"eated to
another who(e .raduaton to ./e as (ar.e a sta## nter!e"t9 s9 as "ossb(e% 4ro$ the sta##
nter!e"t and the two obser/ed /ert!a( an.(es M and

9 the horDonta( dstan!e : $a' be

!a(!u(ated as:
&Y 6 : tan M
>Y 6 : tan

&Y C>Y 6 s
6 : 3 tan M C tan

5

5 tan 3tan
=
s

or
5 tan 3tan
=
s

3 #or s.ht down h((s5

The d##eren!e n he.ht between the nstru$ent staton and the sta## staton s #ound as
#o((ows :
Vert!a( !o$"onent9 V 6 >Y 6 : tan

1F
ENGINEERING SURVEY 2 C 2005 / 1 /

:e.ht d##eren!e9 d: 6 :%I N V C >L
Check ! "#= tan $ ( %hen & = 'I' ( ) "*)
#.(.( T)e S.bstance Bar
The substan!e s'ste$ s a "art!u(ar #or$ o# the tan.enta( s'ste$ where the
$easured base s he(d horDonta((' as ((ustrated n 4.ure 1%10 nstead o# /ert!a(('% The
"ara(a!t! an.(e s $easured wth .reater a!!ura!' usn. the horDonta( !r!(e nstead o#
the /ert!a( !r!(e The horDonta((' he(d base s es"e!a((' $ade #or ths "ur"ose and s
known as a substan!e bar%
The substan!e bar s a s"e!a((' $ade nstru$ent su""orted on a tr"od wth two
s.htn. tar.ets set a "re!se dstan!e a"art9 usua((' 2$% The !entra( tar.et n the
substan!e bar s "(a!ed $dwa' between the end tar.ets #or tra/erse an.(e $easure$ent
and #or use n s.htn. wth the au*(ar' base $ethod% The s.htn. de/!e s #*ed at
r.ht)an.(es to the (ne o# the bar so that t $a' be "ostoned at r.ht an.(e to the (ne o#
s.ht #ro$ the theodo(te%
&s te$"erature a##e!ts the bar (en.th9 the subten!e bar tar.ets are usua((' atta!hed
to n/ar rods or wres9 wh!h ha/e a (ow !oe##!ent o# e*"anson9 so that ther no$na(
dstan!e a"art re$ans a($ost !onstant% The tar.ets $a' be (t #ro$ behnd #or n.ht
obser/atons9 wh!h ha/e the ad/anta.e o# a (ess dsturbed at$os"here resu(tn. n
n!reased a!!ura!' n the an.u(ar $easure$ent%
15
ENGINEERING SURVEY 2 C 2005 / 1 /

4.ure 1%10 The Grn!"(es o# :orDonta( ,stan!e -easure$ent
3 Sour!e : Ukur <e=uruteraan &sas9 &bdu( :a$d -oha$ed5
4ro$ the #.ure abo/e9 t !an be seen that the horDonta( dstan!e
2
!ot
2
s
=

be!ause ha(# the bar (en.th d/ded b' the "er"end!u(ar se!tor o# the sos!e(es tran.(e o#
ha(# the $easured an.(e @% Usua((' the bar s 2$ (on. to s$"(#' the !a(!u(aton% So
2
!ot

=
% &s the "ara(a!t! an.(e s $easured on the horDonta( "(ane9 the dstan!e
obtaned s a(wa's the horDonta( dstan!e and no s(o"e !orre!tons are e/er ne!essar'
howe/er #ar abo/e or be(ow the theodo(te the substan!e bar $a' be%
I# he.ht d##eren!es between theodo(te and bar statons are reEured then a
/ert!a( an.(e M $ust be $easured to the (ne o# the bar and the /ert!a( !o$"onent
!a(!u(ated #ro$ the #or$u(a V 6 : tan M 3#.ure 1%115% The he.ht o# the theodo(te abo/e
ts staton 3:5 and the he.ht o# the bar abo/e ts staton 3:b5 $ust be $easured% Then
the he.ht d##eren!e between statons L and Y3d:LY5 s shown as be(ow:
d: 6 : NV C :b
where : 6 :e.ht o# the theodo(te
V 6 /ert!a( !o$"onent
:b 6 :e.ht o# substan!e bar
So9 the redu!ed (e/e( o# the sta## "oston Y9 R0 * 6 R0 Y K d:LY
17
ENGINEERING SURVEY 2 C 2005 / 1 /

4.ure 1%11 The :e.ht ,##eren!e >etween Statons
3 Sour!e : Ukur <e=uruteraan &sas9 &bdu( :a$d -oha$ed5
18
ENGINEERING SURVEY 2 C 2005 / 1 /

Activit+ #a
1%1 Ahat s $eant b' the ter$ 1ta!h'$etr'2P
1%2 E*"(an the bas! "rn!"(es u"on wh!h ta!h'$etr! $easure$ent are basedP
1%B & /ert!a( sta## s obser/ed wth a horDonta( e*terna( #o!usn. te(es!o"e at a
dstan!e o# 112%FIJ$% -easure$ents o# the te(es!o"e are re!orded as :
+b=e!t/e to da"hra.$ 2B0$$
+b=e!t/e to /ert!a( a*s 150$$
I# the readn.s taken to the sta## were 1%08B9 1%72J and 2%1I59 !a(!u(ate
a5 the dstan!e a"art o# the stada (nes 35
b5 the $u(t"('n. !onstant 3K5
!5 the addt/e !onstant 3C5
1%F Ahat are the $an d##eren!es between the stada s'ste$ and tan.enta( s'ste$P
1I
ENGINEERING SURVEY 2 C 2005 / 1 /

'ee*bac3 #a
+'+ Ta!h'$etr' $eans sw#t $easure$ent where he.ht and dstan!es between
.round $arks are obtaned b' o"t!a( $eans on('%
+', The ta!h'$etr' $easure$ents are based on the !o$$on "rn!"(e o# the sos!e(es
tran.(e% The "er"end!u(ar bse!tor o# the base s dre!t(' "ro"ortona( to the
(en.th o# ths base% I# the base (en.th and "ara(a!t! an.(e are known9 then the
(en.th o# the "er"end!u(ar bse!tor !an be !a(!u(ated%
1J
Tr' 'our best to
answer these
Euestons%
ENGINEERING SURVEY 2 C 2005 / 1 /

,stan!e &> 6 ? 3Cd5 * Cot @/2
I# dstan!e &> 6 ,9 dstan!e Cd 6 S 9
so
, 6 ? S Cot @/2
Ahereb'
, 6 dstan!e between two "ont
S 6 base (ne
@ 6 "ara(a!t! an.(e
+'- 4ro$ eEuaton D = Ks + C
6
5 3 c f s
i
f
+ +
5 3 c f D
fs
i
+
=
5 150 % 0 2B0 % 0 3 FIJ % 112
5 08B % 1 1I5 % 2 3 2B0
+

=
BI0 % 0 FI % 112
5 100 % 1 3 2B0

=
6 2%B $$
There#ore9
100
B % 2
2B0
= = =
i
f
K
20
I!"T
I!"T
ENGINEERING SURVEY 2 C 2005 / 1 /

C 6 # K!
6 2B0K150
6 BI0$$
1%F
In the stada s'ste$9 the a"e* an.(e o# the $easurn. tran.(e s de#ned b' the
stada hars on the te(es!o"e da"hra.$% The base (en.th s obtaned b' obser/n.
the nterse!ton o# the stada hars on the $a.e o# the $easurn. sta## seen n the
te(es!o"e2s #e(d or /ew% The tan.enta( s'ste$ n wh!h the a"e* an.(e subtended
b' a bas! o# known (en.th s a!!urate(' $easured9 usua((' wth the sn.(e)se!ond
theodo(te% In order to obtan the dstan!e between nstru$ent and base9 the
tan.ent o# the an.(e or an.(es obser/ed $ust be used n the !a(!u(aton%
Well done. You have done a good job!!
#.0 STA$IA 'IE&$ !RACTICE
Stada ta!h'$etr' s $an(' used n sur/e'n. deta(s n se(e!ted areas% &deEuate
horDonta( and /ert!a( !ontro(9 su""(ed b' tra/ersn. and (e/e(n. s reEured to orentate
the sur/e' and to "ro/de staton (e/e(s% It s best suted to o"en .round where #ew hard
(e/e(s are reEured%
21
ENGINEERING SURVEY 2 C 2005 / 1 /

In #e(d "ra!t!e9 the transt s set on a "ont #or wh!h the horDonta( (o!aton and
e(e/aton ha/e been deter$ned% I# ne!essar'9 the e(e/aton o# the transt staton !an be
deter$ned a#ter setu" b' s.htn. on a "ont o# known e(e/aton and workn. ba!kward
throu.h eEuaton e(e/aton staton 3Rod5 6 e(e/aton staton 3nstru$ent5 K : ) h N V% :
s nstru$ent he.ht9 V s the /ert!a( !o$"onent and h s the !entre har readn.
#.0.# !ROCE$"RE O' 'IE&$ 1OR4
4.ure 1%12 shows an area wh!h needs to"o.ra"h! sur/e'% There are so$e ob=e!t
((ustrated n that #.ure9 su!h as staton 3&59 bu(dn.3>59 road3C59 #en!e3,5 and
drana.e3E5% The "ro!edures be(ow show the wa' to $"(e$ent the stada #e(d works%
a5 Estab(sh F !ontro( statons 3staton 19 staton 29 staton B and staton F5 b'
usn. wooden "e.s%
b5 I$"(e$ent horDonta( !ontro( networks on ea!h staton n order to obtan the
!oordnate #or e/er' staton% Re!ord the data n a #e(d book%
!5 &#ter that9 $"(e$ent the (e/e(n. "ro!ess to .et the e(e/aton o# ea!h staton%
Enter the obser/atons n the #e(d book%
d5 Now9 use ether stada ta!h'$etr' $ethod or stada e(e!tron! $ethod to set
the theodo(te o/er staton 2%
e5 -easure the he.ht o# the theodo(te at staton 2 as :2 wth a stee( ta"e%
#5 Set the horDonta( !r!(e to Dero%
.5 S.ht the re#eren!e staton 3Staton 15 at 0O002%
h5 S.ht the stada "ont to Staton B b' (oosenn. the !(a$" 3!(a$" s t.ht5%
5 S.ht the $an horDonta( har rou.h(' on the /a(ue o# h9 then $o/e the (ower
har to the !(osest e/en #oot 3de!$eter5 $ark%
=5 Read the u""er har9 deter$ne the rod nter/a(9 and enter the /a(ue n the
notes%
k5 S.ht the $an horDonta( har "re!se(' on the h /a(ue%
(5 Aa/e o## the rod ho(der on "ont a9 "ont b and "ont !%
$5 Read and book the horDonta( an.(e and the /ert!a( an.(e #ro$ staton 2 to
"onts a9 b and !% Tr' to take as $an' deta(s as "ossb(e%
n5 Che!k the Dero settn. #or the horDonta( an.(e be#ore $o/n. the nstru$ent
to staton B%
o5 Re"eat ste" d to $ #or obser/aton at staton B3B)d9 B)e9B)#5 9 staton F 3F).9F)
h9F)5 and staton131)=5%
22
ENGINEERING SURVEY 2 C 2005 / 1 /

"5 4na((' redu!e the notes 3!o$"ute horDonta( dstan!es and e(e/aton5 a#ter
#e(d hours and !he!k the redu!tons%
4.ure 1%12 Stada 4e(d Aorks%
3Sour!e: Ukur <e=uruteraan 1 9 >aharn -oha$$ad5
2B
C 2005 / 2 /
ENGINEERING SURVEY 2
#.0.% Rec-r*in/ -f Observati-n
Stada ta!h'$etr' s best booked n tabu(ated #or$ as be(ow%
Stati-n an*
Instr.,ent
Hei/)t
H-ri5-ntal
An/le 678
Vertical
an/le
Mi**le
Sta*ia
rea*in/
Sta*ia
rea*in/
6a 9.pper
rea*in/8
b: l-;er
rea*in/8
H-ri5-ntal
&en/t)
H < 4s
C-s
%
=:C
Vertical
*ifference
V<64s Sin
%=82% : sin=
$ifference
in Hei/)t
>H < Hi
?V:)
Re*.ce*
level -f
stati-n
Re*.ce*
level -f
p-int
Re,ar3s
Staton 2
1%5F2$
50 2B 00 KII B1 0%7$ a) 0%IJ0
b) 0%B10
58%J71$ 1%501$ 2%FFB$ 100 102%FFB$ Staton 1)
!ontro( staton
BFB 25 00 )J2 B2 0%5$ a) 0%551
b) 0%FFJ
10%07I$ )1%15B$ )0%111$ JJ%IIJ$ a) besde
drana.e
BF2 58 00 ) J7 B7 0%F$ a)0%F5F
b)0%BF7
10%758$ )1%2BB$ )0%0J1$ JJ%J0J$ b) besde
drana.e
B58 00 00 )J7 20 0%I$ a)0%IB8
b) 0%87B
8%BF0$ )0%I11$ )0%07J$ JJ%JB1$ !) road sde
B05 B1 00 )JF 2I 1%2$ a)1%2F2
b)1%5FI
I%B5B$ )0%752$ )0%B10$ JJ%7J0$ d)tree 3radus)
2%8$5
21F 17 00 )JF B8 1%2$ a) 1%2B0
b) 1%180
5%J71$ )0%FI1$ )0%1BJ$ JJ%I71$ e) besde
drana.e
220 B8 00 )JF 05 1%B$ a) 1%B27
b) 1%28F
5%18F$ )0%B7J$ )0%128$ JJ%I8B$ #) besde
drana.e
250 B7 00 )JF 07 1%B$ a) 1%BBF
b) 1%277
7%875$ )0%FI5$ )0%2FB$ JJ%858$ .) (a$" "ost
255 27 00 )JF 2B 1%B a) 1%B2B
b) 1%288
F%58B$ ))0%B51$ )0%10J$ JJ%IJ1$ h) road sde
Tab(e1%1 Ta!h'$etr' Stada -ethod >ookn.
3Sour!e: Ukur <e=uruteraan 1 9 >aharn -oha$$ad5
2F
E*"(anaton o# the bookn.
Co(u$n 1 : Staton nu$ber and he.ht o# nstru$ent
Co(u$n 2 : The bearn. o# the ra' orented on the !ontro( "onts
Co(u$n B: Vert!a( an.(e 35 or the Denth an.(e% Q 6 3 6 J0)Q5
4or e*a$"(e "ont 1 Q 6 JB9 then 6 J0) JB6 B 00R
Co(u$n F: -dd(e stada readn.%
Co(u$n 5 : U""er and (ower stada readn.s
Co(u$n 7 : :9 the horDonta( (en.th 6 <sCos2 ) C 3 Usua((' 100sCos25 b' usn. the
data #ro$ !o(u$n B and 5%
Co(u$n 8 : Vert!a( d##eren!e 6 : tan or
3usua((' 50 sn 2 ) C5 b' usn. the data #ro$ !o(u$n B and 5%
Co(u$n I: ,##eren!e n he.ht9 wh!h s !a(!u(ated #ro$ #or$u(a : NV)h
Co(u$n J : &*s (e/e( o# the staton
Co(u$n 10 : Redu!ed (e/e( o# the "ont : a*s (e/e( N 3V)h5
Co(u$n 11 : Re$arks a$"(#!aton o# da.ra$%
#.@ ACC"RACY O' STA$IA OBSERVATIO
a5 &!!ura!' o# dstan!e $easure$ent
Under dea( !ondtons9 t shou(d be "ossb(e to obtan an a!!ura!' o# 0%01S n dstan!e
$easure$ent9 but ths s se(do$ a!he/ed n "ra!t!e% Usn. an ordnar' (e/e((n. sta##
wth 10 $$ d/sons "ra!t!a( a!!ura!es a""ro*$ate to the #o((own.:
,stan!e 20$ 100$ 150$
&!!ura!' N100$$ N200$$ NB00$$
b5 &!!ura!' o# he.ht $easure$ent
Gro/ded that the sta## s he(d /ert!a((' wth reasonab(e !are and an.(es o# s.htn. are
(ess than 10T9 then he.hts shou(d be a!!urate to wthn 0%01 "er !ent o# the s.htn.
dstan!e%
#.@.# Err-rs in )-ri5-ntal *istances
The error o# !are(ess sta## ho(dn. !an be reso(/ed b' usn. sta## bubb(es
when $"(e$entn. #e(d obser/aton%
Error n readn. the stada nter!e"t9 wh!h s $$edate(' $u(t"(ed b'
1003<159 thereb' $akn. t s.n#!ant% Ths sour!e o# error w(( n!rease
C
Ks

2
2 sn
ENGINEERING SURVEY 2 C 2005 / 1 /
wth the (en.th o# s.ht% The ob/ous so(uton s to ($t the (en.th o# s.ht
to ensure a .ood reso(uton o# the .raduatons%
Error n the deter$naton o# the nstru$ent !onstants <1 and <29 resu(tn.
n an error n dstan!e dre!t(' "ro"ortona( to the error n the !onstant <1
and dre!t(' as the error n <2%
E##e!t o# d##erenta( re#ra!ton on the stada nter!e"ts% Ths s $n$Ded
b' kee"n. the (ower readn. 1 to 1%5$ abo/e the .round%
Rando$ error n the $easure$ent o# the /ert!a( an.(e% Ths has a
ne.(.b(e e##e!t on the sta## nter!e"t and !onseEuent(' on the horDonta(
dstan!e%
In addton to the abo/e sour!es o# error9 there are $an' others resu(tn. #ro$
nstru$enta( errors9 #a(ure to e($nate "ara((a*9 and natura( errors due to h.h wnds and
su$$er heat% The (a!k o# statst!a( e/den!e $akes t rather d##!u(t to Euote standards
o# a!!ura!'; howe/er9 the usua( treat$ent #or s$a(( errors w(( ./e so$e bass #or
assess$ent%
#.@.% Err-rs in elevati-ns
The $an sour!es o# error n e(e/aton are errors n /ert!a( an.(es and addtona(
errors rsn. #ro$ errors n the !o$"uted dstan!e% 4.ure 1%1B !(ear(' shows that wh(st
the error resu(tn. #ro$ errors n /ert!a( an.(es re$ans #ar(' !onstant9 the resu(ts #ro$
addtona( errors rsn. #ro$ errors n the !o$"uted dstan!e n!reases wth n!reased
e(e/aton%
tan D =
( ) ( ) [ ]
( ) ( ) [ ]
0F7 % 0
U 1 sn U 20 5 se! 200 5 tan FI % 0
se! tan
se!
tan
2
2 2
2 / 1
2
2 2
2
=
+ =
+ =
=
=



D D
D
D
Ths resu(t nd!ates that e(e/aton need be Euoted on(' to the nearest 10$$%
&!!ura!es o# 1 n 1000 $a' st(( be a!he/ed n ta!h'$etr' tra/ersn.9 due to the
!o$"ensatn. e##e!t o# a!!denta( errors9 re!"ro!a( obser/aton o# the (nes and a .enera(
n!rease n !are%
27
ENGINEERING SURVEY 2 C 2005 / 1 /
4.ure 1%1B Errors In E(e/aton%
3Sour!e : En.neern. Sur/e'n.9 A% S!ho#e(d5
#.A !&OTTIG
&#ter the #e(d obser/atons9 the !o((e!ted data $ust now be "ro!essed% The
tra/erse !(osure s !a(!u(ated and then a(( ad=usted /a(ues #or northn.9 eastn. and
e(e/atons are !o$"uted $anua((' or b' !o$"uter "ro.ra$s% &#ter that9 the data s
"ro!essed b' usn. so#tware su!h as TRGS and &uto!ad% &(( the deta(s !an be "(otted the
#o((own. wa'%
a5 G(ottn. Contro( Staton%34.ure 1%1F5
V G(a!e the !ontro( staton on a .rd "a"er%
V The .rd "a"er s "rnted wth .rd (nes at 1$$ nter/a(s%
V Ahen "(ottn. on .rd "a"er9 the statons are de#ned b' usn. the
!oordnate s'ste$%
V Staton 1 s assu$ed as the or.n whereb' !oordnate * s 1000$ and
!oordnate ' 1000$% The "oston o# staton s "(otted startn. #ro$ the
(ower (e#t !orner o# the .rd "a"er%
V S!a(n. a(on. the *)a*s #ro$ !oordnate * staton 19 "(ot the !oordnate o#
staton 29 L2% Usn. the sa$e wa' a(so "(ot !oordnate Y2% Re"eat ths
ste" #or staton B and staton F
28
ENGINEERING SURVEY 2 C 2005 / 1 /
4.ure 1%1F ,eter$naton +# Staton Goston +n Grd Ga"er%
3Sour!e: Ukur <e=uruteraan 1 9 >aharn -oha$$ad5
b5 ,eta(n. 34.ure 1%155
V Instead o# usn. !oordnates9 "(ottn. !an be done b' s!a(n. the bearn. and
dstan!es o# a deta(%
V Nor$a((' a "rotra!tor and a s!a(e ru(er are needed n "(ottn.%
V G(a!e the !r!u(ar "rotra!tor wth ts !entre staton 2 and the Dero (ned u"
wth the re#eren!e staton 2)1%
V -ark the bearn. o# a on the "a"er a.anst the "rotra!tor ed.e%
V Re$o/e the "rotra!tor and draw the dre!ton o# the (ne 2)a% S!a(e the
dstan!e and "(ot the "oston o# a%
V Re"eat the sa$e ste"s when $arkn. o## "ont !)=%
V 4na(('9 =on the "onts to #or$ the deta(%
2I
ENGINEERING SURVEY 2 C 2005 / 1 /
4.ure 1%15 ,eta(s G(ottn. +n Grd Ga"er%
3Sour!e: Ukur <e=uruteraan 1 9 >aharn -oha$$ad5
!5 Contours
V &#ter $arkn. a(( the deta(s9 the !ontours need to be "(otted%
V Contours are (nes on a $a" re"resentn. a (ne =onn. "onts o# eEua(
he.ht on the .round% Ths $ethod s $ost !o$$on(' ado"ted #or (ar.er
areas%
V Redu!ed (e/e( s "(a!ed besde deta(s and the he.ht o# ea!h "ont s
s"otted%
V 4na(('9 !ontour (nes are "(otted b' usn. the nter"o(aton $ethod%
d5 Gre"araton o# Tt(e >(o!k on Tra!n. Ga"er%
V &(( to"o.ra"h' and en.neern. drawn.s ha/e tt(e b(o!ks%
V Usua((' the tt(e b(o!k s "(a!ed n the r.ht !orner o# the "(an9 wh!h a(so
has the (o.o !(ent9 "ro=e!t na$e9 date o# "ro=e!t and other deta(s%34.ure
1%175%
2J
ENGINEERING SURVEY 2 C 2005 / 1 /
V Re/sons to the "(an are usua((' re#eren!ed $$edate(' abo/e the tt(e
b(o!k9 shown. the date and a bre# des!r"ton o# the re/son%
V The tt(e b(o!k s o#ten o# standard sDe and has a #or$at s$(ar to that n
#.ure 2%F%
V &(( the drawn.s on tra!n. "a"er are done $anua((' b' usn. the
te!hn!a( "ens wth Indan nk or b' usn. &utoCad so#tware%
V The sDe o# the te!hn!a( "en s deter$ned based on te*ts and (nes
reEured n a drawn.%
4.ure 1%17 Tt(e >(o!k
3Sour!e: Ukur <e=uruteraan 1 9 >aharn -oha$$ad5
e5 4na( drawn.%
V &#ter !o$"(etn. the tt(e b(o!k9 trans#er a(( the drawn.s #ro$ the .rd
"a"er to tra!n. "a"er%
V Then9 wrte the addtona( te*t or draw (nes and s'$bo(s n that drawn.%
V The te*ts re#er to the na$e o# bu(dn.9 road9 and /a(ues o# he.ht and
!ontour nter/a(s%
V G(ot the te*t horDonta((' #or a(( /a(ues e*!e"t the /a(ue o# he.ht%
V E/er' deta( has (nes o# d##erent t'"es and sDes% 34or e*a$"(e9 the root
(ne o# hed.e s shown n b(a!k and the out(ne n .reen5
V 4na(('9 "(ot the deta(s b' usn. a "(otter% 34.ure 1%185%
B0
S!a(e
,re!ton
Grd /a(ue
0o.o !(ent
G(an nu$ber
G(an tt(e
,atu$ e*"(anaton
0e.end
E*"(anaton o# obser/aton9 0and Sur/e'
4r$9 Na$e o# sur/e'or9 date9 "(an re#eren!e
nu$ber and others%
ENGINEERING SURVEY 2 C 2005 / 1 /
4.ure 1%18 ,eta(s That G(ot +n & I)Gen G(otter%
3Sour!e: Sur/e'n. Ath Constru!ton &""(!aton9 >%4% <a/ana.h5
#.B A!!&ICATIO
Ths $ethod s eas' to a""(' n the #e(d9 but un(ess a dre!t)readn. ta!h'$eter s
used9 the resu(tant !o$"utaton #or $an' 1s"ot)shots2 !an be e*tre$e(' tedous9 e/en wth
the use o# a !o$"uter "ro.ra$% The /er' (ow order o# a!!ura!' and ts short ran.e ($t
ts a""(!aton to deta( sur/e's n rura( areas or !ontourn.%
#.B.# $etail S.rve+
The theodo(te s set u" at a !ontro( staton & 3 4.ure 1%1I5 and orented to an'
other !ontro( staton 3R+5 wth the horDonta( !r!(e set to 0O 002% Therea#ter the bearn.s
3re(at/e to &CR+5 and horDonta( (en.th to ea!h "ont o# deta( 3G19 G29 GB9 et!5 are
obtaned b' obser/n. the stada readn.s on a sta## he(d there9 the horDonta( !r!(e
readn. 3

19

2C

B9 et!5 and the /ert!a( an.(e% The !ross har)readn. s a(so reEured
to !o$"ute the redu!ed (e/e( o# the "ont%
The #e(d data s booked as shown n tab(e 2%1% Note that the an.(es are reEured to the
nearest $nute or ar! on('% It s worth notn. that the sta##)$an shou(d be the $ost
e*"eren!ed $e$ber o# the sur/e' "art' who wou(d a""re!ate the error sour!es9 the ($t
a!!ura!' a/a(ab(e and thus the best and $ost e!ono$! sta## "ostons reEured%
B1
ENGINEERING SURVEY 2 C 2005 / 1 /
At stati-n &
Gri* ref E F009 NB00
1eat)er C(oud'9!oo(
Stn level 6R&8 B0%IF$ +,
Ht -f inst 6)i8 1%F2$
ADis level 6R& E )i8 B1%J0$3&*5
S.rve+ Canbur' Gark
S.rve+-r H% S-IT:
$ate 12%12%IB
Staff
p-int
An/les -bserve* Staff
rea*in/s
Staff
intercept
H-ri5-ntal
$istance
4s c-s
%
=
Vertical
An/le
42% s sin
% =
Re*.ce*
level
Re,ar3s
H-ri:
5-ntal
Vertical
circle
Vertical
an/le
s , N V &* N V)h
R+ 0 00 Staton >
G1 FIO122 J5O202 )5O202
1%JF2
1%F0F
0%I77
1%087 107%78 )J%J7 20%5F Ed.e o#
"ond
G2 I0O022 JBOF02 )BOF02
0%JJI
0%7F0
0%2I1
0%818 81%F1 )F%5I 27%7I Ed.e o#
"ond
GB 108O572 IBO202 K7OF02
1%710
1%217
0%I22
0%8II 88%8F KJ%0J BJ%88 Ed.e o#
"ond
Tab(e 1%2 >ookn. +# 4e(d ,ata
3Sour!e : En.neern. Sur/e'n.9 A% S!ho#e(d5
4.ure 1%1I ,eta( Sur/e'
3Sour!e : En.neern. Sur/e'n.9 A% S!ho#e(d5
B2
ENGINEERING SURVEY 2 C 2005 / 1 /
#.B.% C-nt-.rin/
Contourn. s !arred out e*a!t(' the sa$e $anner as abo/e9 but wth $an' $ore
s"ot shots a(on. ea!h rada( ar$ 34.ure 1%1J5% The ar$s are turned o## at re.u(ar an.u(ar
nter/a(s9 wth the sta## C$an obtann. (e/e(s at re.u(ar "a!ed nter/a(s a(on. ea!h ar$
and at ea!h dstn!t !han.e n .radent% SubseEuent !o$"utaton o# the #e(d data w(( #*
the "oston and (e/e( o# ea!h "ont a(on. ea!h ar$9 wh!h $a' then be nter"o(ated #or
!ontours%
4.ure 1%1J Contourn.
3Sour!e : En.neern. Sur/e'n.9 A% S!ho#e(d5
#.F '"RTHER O!TICA& $ISTACE:MEAS"RIG EG"I!MET
#.F.# $irect:Rea*in/ Tac)+,eters
,re!t)readn. ta!h'$eters or se(# redu!n. ta!h'$eters as the' are a(so !a((ed9
ha/e !ur/ed (nes re"(a!n. the !on/entona( stada (nes% 4.ure 1%20 ((ustrates one
"art!u(ar $ake9 n wh!h the outer (nes are !ur/es to the #un!ton !os
2
and the nner
!ur/es are to the #un!ton sn !os% Thus the outer !ur/e sta## nter!e"t s not =ust S but S
!os
2
% :en!e9 one need on(' $u(t"(' and nter!e"t readn. b' <16100 to obtan the
horDonta( dstan!e% S$(ar('9 the nner !ur/e sta## nter!e"t s S sn !os9 and need
on(' be $u(t"(ed b' <1 to "rodu!e the /ert!a( he.ht :% The se"araton o# the !ur/es
/ares wth /araton n the /ert!a( an.(e%
BB
ENGINEERING SURVEY 2 C 2005 / 1 /
There are other $akes o# nstru$ents wh!h ha/e d##erent $ethods o# der/n. at
the so(uton% :owe/er9 the ob=e!t/e re$ans the sa$e)to e($nate !o$"utaton% It
shou(d be noted that there s no $"ro/e$ent n a!!ura!'%
4.ure 1%1J +uter 0nes o# ,re!t)readn. ta!h'$eters
3Sour!e: En.neern. Sur/e'n.9 A% S!ho#e(d5
#.F.% Vertical:Staff !recisi-n Tac)+,eter.
The /ert!a()sta## ta!h'$eter as "rodu!ed b' <ern and na$ed the <ern ,<)RV9
has a $o/eab(e da"hra.$ wh!h /ares wth the n!(naton o# the te(es!o"e9 the a$ount
o# /araton ben. !ontro((ed b' a .ear)and)!a$ $e!hans$% It s used wth a s"e!a((')
.raduated /ert!a( sta## ./n. horDonta( dstan!es to an a!!ura!' o# 1 n 5000 o/er a
$a*$u$ ran.e o# 150$% 4.ure 1%20 ((ustrates a "orton o# the s"e!a( sta## as /ewed
throu.h the nstru$ent% >' rotatn. the te(es!o"e n the /ert!a( "(ane9 the horDonta(
ret!u(e & s $ade to bse!t the Dero wed.e% Rotaton o# the nstru$ent n aD$uth s
!arred out unt( the s(o"n. ret!u(e > bse!ts a s$a(( !r!u(ar dot on the (e#t)hand s!a(e%
The nstru$ent now reads as #o((ows:
Ret!u(e > 6 15%00$
Vert!a( ret!u(e C 6 0%II$
:orDonta( dstan!e 6 15%II$
The sa$e !o$$ents a""(' to ths nstru$ent as to the horDonta()sta## "re!son
ta!h'$eter%
BF
ENGINEERING SURVEY 2 C 2005 / 1 /
4.ure 1%20 Gorton o# Vert!a()Sta## Gre!son Ta!h'$eter%
3Sour!e: En.neern. Sur/e'n.9 A% S!ho#e(d5
#.F.( T-tal Stati-n
Ahen e(e!tron! theodo(tes are !o$bned wth nter#a!ed E,-Is and an
e(e!tron! data !o((e!tor9 the' be!o$e e(e!tron! ta!h'$eter nstru$ents) Tota( Statons%
The tota( statons !an read and re!ord horDonta( and /ert!a( an.(es to.ether wth the
s(o"e dstan!es% The $!ro"ro!essors n the tota( statons !an "er#or$ a /aret' o#
$athe$at!a( o"eratons9 #or e*a$"(e9 a/era.n. $u(t"(e an.(e $easure$ent9 a/era.n.
$u(t"(e dstan!es $easure$ent9 deter$nn. L9 Y9 Q !oordnates and others% The data
!o((e!ted !an be hand(ed b' a de/!e !onne!ted b' !ab(e to the ta!h'$eter but $an'
nstru$ents !o$e wth the data !o((e!tor bu(t nto the nstru$ent%
,ata are stored on board nterna( $e$or' about 31B00)"onts5 and on $e$or'
!ards 3about 2000 "onts "er !ard5% The data !an be dre!t(' trans#erred to the !o$"uter
#ro$ the tota( staton /a !ab(e9 or the data trans#erred #ro$ the data stora.e !ards #rst to
a !ard reader)wrter and #ro$ there to the !o$"uter% Ths se!ton w(( be ds!ussed #urther
n Unt 7%
B5
ENGINEERING SURVEY 2 C 2005 / 1 /
4.ure 1%21 Tota( Staton
3Sour!e: Sur/e'n. Ath Constru!ton &""(!aton9 >%4% <a/ana.h5
B7
ENGINEERING SURVEY 2 C 2005 / 1 /
Activit+ #b
1%5 0st down 5 ste"s that are needed to "rodu!e a to"o.ra"h! $a"%
1%7 The #o((own. obser/atons were taken wth a ta!h'$eter9 ha/n. !onstants o#
100 and Dero9 #ro$ "ont & to > and C% The dstan!e >C was $easured as 158$%
&ssu$n. the .round to be a "(ane wthn the tran.(e &>C9 !a(!u(ate the horDonta(
dstan!e and /ert!a( dstan!e #or &>%
At T- Staff rea*in/s 6,8 Vertical An/le
& > 1%FI9 2%8B9 B%JI K 8 B72
C 2%0I9 2%I29 B%57 )5 2F2
1%8 In ta!h'$etr' sur/e'9 the a!!ura!' o# stada obser/aton s a##e!ted b' se/era(
sour!es o# error% ,es!rbe B o# these errors%
1%I ,es!rbe the "ro!edure to $"(e$ent the stada #e(d work n ta!h'$etr' sur/e'%
B8
Look for the
solutions
now.
ENGINEERING SURVEY 2 C 2005 / 1 /
'ee*bac3 #b
1%5 There are 5 ste"s to "rodu!e a to"o.ra"h! $a"%
a5 G(ottn. Contro( Staton
b5 ,eta(s "(ottn.
!5 Contours
d5 Gre"araton o# tt(e b(o!k on tra!n. "a"er%
e5 4na( drawn.
1%7 :orDonta( dstan!e &> 6 100 * S !os
2

6 100 * 3B%JI C 1%FI5 !os

2
8 B72
6 2F7 $
Vert!a( dstan!e &> 6 2F7 tan 8 B72
6 KB2%I$
1%8 There are three knd o# errors:
a5 Care(ess sta## ho(dn.% Ths s $n$Ded b' usn. sta## bubb(es%
b5 Error n readn. the stada nter!e"ts% Ths sour!e o# error w(( n!rease wth
the (en.th o# s.ht% The ob/ous so(uton s to ($t the (en.th o# s.ht to
ensure .ood reso(uton o# the .raduatons%
!5 E##e!t o# d##erenta( re#ra!ton on the stada nter!e"ts% Ths s $n$Ded b'
kee"n. the (ower readn. 1 to 1%5$ abo/e the .round%
1%I Estab(sh F !ontro( statons 3staton 19 staton 29 staton B and staton F5 b' usn.
wooden "e.s%
I$"(e$ent horDonta( !ontro( networks on ea!h% Re!ord the data n a #e(d book%
&#ter that9 $"(e$ent the (e/e((n. "ro!ess to .et the e(e/aton o# ea!h staton%
Re!ord the obser/atons n the #e(d book%
Now9 use ether stada ta!h'$etr' $ethod or stada e(e!tron! $ethod to set the
theodo(te o/er staton 2%
-easure the he.ht o# the theodo(te at staton 2 as :2 wth a stee( ta"e%
Set the horDonta( !r!(e to Dero%
S.ht the re#eren!e staton 3Staton 15 at 0O002%
S.ht the stada "ont to Staton B b' (oosenn. the !(a$" 3!(a$" s t.ht5%
S.ht the $an horDonta( har rou.h(' on the /a(ue o# h9 then $o/e the (ower har
to the !(osest e/en #oot 3de!$eter5 $ark%
Read the u""er har9 deter$ne the rod nter/a(9 and enter the /a(ue n the notes%
S.ht the $an horDonta( har "re!se(' on the h /a(ue%
BI
ENGINEERING SURVEY 2 C 2005 / 1 /
Aa/e o## the rod ho(der on "ont a9 "ont b and "ont !%
Read and book the horDonta( an.(e and the /ert!a( an.(e #ro$ staton 2 to "onts
a9 b and !% Tr' to take as $an' deta(s as "ossb(e%
Che!k the Dero settn. #or the horDonta( an.(e be#ore $o/n. the nstru$ent to
staton B%
Re"eat ste" d to $ #or obser/aton at staton B3B)d9 B)e9B)#5 9 staton F 3F).9F)h9F)5
and staton131)=5%
4na((' redu!e the notes 3!o$"ute horDonta( dstan!es and e(e/aton5 a#ter #e(d
hours and !he!k the redu!tons%
4.ure 2
BJ
I got
it !!!
ENGINEERING SURVEY 2 C 2005 / 1 /
Self Assessment
15 Ta!h'$etr' s used to deter$ne the e(e/aton o# the nstru$ent staton > base on
e(e/aton o# staton &% E*"(an the ta!h'$etr' stada #or$u(a be(ow b' usn.
((ustratons%
R%0%> 6 R%0%& K :%I K V C h
Ahere:
R%0%> 6 e(e/aton o# the nstru$ent staton >
R%0%& 6 e(e/aton o# the nstru$ent staton &
:%I%6 nstru$ent he.ht
h = the (en.th o# the !entre har readn. #ro$ the sts## base
V 6 the /ert!a( !o$"onent LY9 the he.ht o# the !entre har readn. abo/e
the nstru$ent a*s
25 & (ne o# thrd order (e/e((n. s run b' theodo(te9 usn. ta!h'$etr' $ethods
wth a sta## he(d /ert!a(('% The usua( three sta## readn.s o# !entre and both stada
hars are re!orded to.ether wth the /ert!a( an.(e 3V&5% & se!ond /a(ue o# he.ht
d##eren!e s #ound b' a(tern. the te(es!o"e e(e/aton and re!ordn. the new
readn.s b' the /ert!a( !r!(e and !entre har on('%
The two /a(ues o# the he.ht d##eren!es are then $eaned% Co$"ute the d##eren!e
n he.ht between the "onts & and > #ro$ the #o((own. data:
The stada !onstant are :$u(t"('n. !onstant 6100; addt/e !onstant 6 0%
Bac3si/)ts
VA
Staff '-resi/)ts
VA
Staff Re,ar3s 6all
,eas.re,ents in ,8
K 0O 022 00W 1%IJ0
1%F18 Gont &
0%JF5
K0O 022 00W 1%J0I
)0O 1I2 00W B%10J Gont >
2%012
0%J1F
0O 002 00W B%171
3he.ht d##eren!e between the two ends o# theodo(te ra' 6 100s !os M sn M9 where s6
stada nter!e"t and M 6 V&5
B5 The rod readn. $ade to !on!de wth the /a(ue o# the hi9 s t'"!a( o# J0 "er!ent
o# a(( stada $easure$ents% In #.ure 19 the /ert!a( an.(e s K 1O B72 and the rod
F0
ENGINEERING SURVEY 2 C 2005 / 1 /
nter/a( s 0%F01% >oth the rod hi and the rod readn. 3R%R%5 are 1%82$% Ca(!u(ate
the horDonta( dstan!e and the /ert!a( dstan!e% Then #nd the e(e/aton #or
staton 2%
%
'i/.re %
F5 & theodo(te has a ta!h'$etr' !onstant o# 100 and an addt/e !onstant o# Dero%
The !entre o# readn. on a /ert!a( sta## he(d on a "ont > was 2%2J2$ when
F1
'ee*bac3 t- Self Assess,ent
ENGINEERING SURVEY 2 C 2005 / 1 /
s.hted #ro$ &% I# the /ert!a( an.(e was K25 and the horDonta( dstan!e &> s
1J0%B27$9 !a(!u(ate the other sta## readn.s and thus show that the two nter!e"t
nter/a(s are not eEua(% Usn. these /a(ues !a(!u(ate the (e/e( o# > # & was
B8%J5$ and the he.ht o# the nstru$ent 1%B5$%
55 The tab(e be(ow shows a ta!h'$etr' stada #e(d bookn.% Co$"(ete the tab(e
be(ow and !a(!u(ate e(e/aton o# ea!h "ont%
Stati-n
an*
instr.:
,ent
)ei/)t
H-ri:
5-ntal
An/le
678
Vertical
an/le
Mi**le
Sta*ia
rea*in/
a 9.pper
rea*in/
b: l-;er
rea*in/
H-ri5-nt
al &en/t)
H < #HHs
C-s
%
=:C
Vertical
*ifference
V<#HHs
c-s= sin=
Re*.ce*
level
-f stati-n
Re*.ce*
level
-f p-int
Re,ar3s
Staton
F
10%F18
1%F18 F5 51R
)J0
1I2
B%100
B%B01
2%J00
>esde
road
1801I2
)JI
FI2
1%120
1%252
1%000
0a$" "ost
120212 I8 F72 2%202
2%F85
2%100
Centre
(ne
F2
How to
answer
this???
Try your best
to find the
solution.
ENGINEERING SURVEY 2 C 2005 / 1 /
15
The #.ure abo/e shows
R%0%> 6 R%0%& K :%I K V C h
Ahere:
R%0%> 6 e(e/aton o# the nstru$ent staton >
R%0%& 6 e(e/aton o# the nstru$ent staton &%
:%I%6 nstru$ent he.ht
h = the (en.th o# the !entre har readn. #ro$ the sta## base
V 6 the /ert!a( !o$"onent LY9 the he.ht o# the !entre har readn. abo/e
the nstru$ent a*s
25 V 6 100s sn M !os M
6 50s sn 2 M
To &9 V 6 50 31%IJ0 )0%JF55 sn 0O 0F2 00W
6 0%055$
,##eren!e n (e/e( #ro$ nstru$ent a*s 6 0%550 C 1%F18
6 )1%B72
Check .ea&in/
V 6 50 30%JF55 sn 0O F02 00W
FB
Theodo(te
Sta##
ENGINEERING SURVEY 2 C 2005 / 1 /
6 0%550$
,##eren!e n (e/e( #ro$ nstru$ent a*s 6 0%550 )1%JI0
6 )1%B5I
-ean 6 1%B70$
To >9 V 6 50 3B%10J)0%J1F5 sn )0O B72 00W
6 )1%1FJ$
,##eren!e n (e/e( #ro$ nstru$ent a*s 6 )1%1FJ)2%012
6 )B%171
Che!k (e/e( 6 )B%171
-ean 6 ) B%171$
,##eren!e n (e/e( &> 6 )B%171K1%B70
6 )1%I01$
B5 :6 100s !os
2
M
6 100 * 0%F01 * !os
2
1O B72
6 F0%1$
V 6 3100/25 s sn 2M
6 100 s !os M sn M
6 100 * 0%F01 * !os 1O B72* sn 1O B72
6 K1%12$
R%0%2 6 R%0%1 K :%I N V C h
6 1I5%17 K 1%82 K1%12 C 1%82
6 1I7%2I
So9 the e(e/aton #or staton 2 s 1I7%2I%
F5
FF
ENGINEERING SURVEY 2 C 2005 / 1 /
4.ure 1
4ro$ bas! eEuaton9 C, 6 100s !os
2
M
1J0%B27$ 6 100 s !os
2
25
s 6 2%B17$
4ro$ #.ure 19 :H 6 s !os
2
25
6 2%B17 X !os
2
25
6 2%1$
In!(ned dstan!e CE 6 C, se! !os
2
25
U 2B R BF 0
210
1 % 2
2 = = ra&
U 11 R 18 0 =
Now b' re#eren!e to #.ure 1:
,G 6 C, tan 325-

5
6 1J0%B27 tan 325 )0 182 11W5
6 I8%5JF
,E 6 C, tan 25
6 1J0%B27 tan 25
6 II%8FJ
,4 6 C, tan 325 K

5
6 1J0%B27 325 K 0 182 11W5
6 IJ%J10
It !an be seen that the stada nter/a(s are:
GE 6 ,E C ,G
F5
ENGINEERING SURVEY 2 C 2005 / 1 /
6 S1
6 II%8FJ C I8%J5F
6 1%115
E4 6 ,4 C ,E
6 S2
6 IJ%J10 C II%8FJ
6 1%171
4ro$ wh!h t s ob/ous that the a5 U""er readn. 6 32%2J2 K1%1715 6 B%F5B
b5 0ower raedn. 6 32%2J2 C 1%1555 6 1%1B8
Vert!a( :e.ht ,E 6 h
6 C, tan 25
6 1J0%B27 tan 25
6 II%8FJ3 as abo/e5
0e/e( o# > 6 B8%J5 K 1%B5 K II%8FJ 2%2J2
6 125%858 $
55
F7
62%B17
3Che!k5
CD = !!s "os
#
$%..&'la
bla bla(
ENGINEERING SURVEY 2 C 2005 / 1 /
Stati-n
an*
instr.:
,ent
)ei/)t
H-ri:
5-ntal
An/le
678
Vertical
an/le
Mi**le
Sta*ia
rea*in/
a 9.pper
rea*in/
b: l-;er
rea*in/
H-ri5-nt
al &en/t)
H < #HHs
C-s
%
=:C
Vertical
*ifference
V<#HHs
c-s= sin=
Re*.ce*
level
-f
stati-n
Re*.ce*
level
-f p-int
Re,ar3s
Staton
F
10%F18
1%F18 F5 51R
)J0
1I2
B%100
B%B01
2%J00
F0%0JJ 0%210 I%52F
a) >esde
road
1801I2
)JI
FI2
1%120
1%252
1%000
2F%710 B%I10 7%J0F
b )0a$"
"ost
120212 I8 F72 2%202
2%F85
2%100
B8%FFB 1%F70 11%0J2 !)Center (ne
Redu!ed (e/e( o# "ont a 6 10%F18 K1%F18 )0%210 C B%100
6 I%52F
Redu!ed (e/e( o# "ont b 6 10%F18 K1%F18 )B%I10 C 1%120
6 7%J0F
Redu!ed (e/e( o# "ont ! 6 10%F18 K1%F18 K 1%F70 C 2%202
6 11%0J2
F8
Congratulations,
you can
proceed to the next
unit.
IN
G
U
T