Balancing of Machinery

M S Ramaiah School of Advanced Studies - Bangalore
PEMP
MMD2509
Balancing of Machinery
Session delivered by:
Dr. Arun R. Rao
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M.S. Ramaiah School of Advanced Studies, Bengaluru
Session objectives
Causesof imbalance
Balancingof rotatingmasses
Staticanddynamic balancing
Balancingof reciprocatingmasses
Primarybalancing
Secondarybalancing
Balancingmachines
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Causes of Imbalance
Unbalance in machine components arises either due to
eccentricrotatingor reciprocatingmasses.
These masses introduce severe stresses and result in
undesirablevibrationsinthemachines.
The rotating masses may be either in a single plane or in
different planes.
The reciprocating masses give rise to primary forces and
couplesandsecondaryforcesandcouples.
There could be unbalance due to the combined effect of
rotatingandreciprocatingmasses.
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Balancing of rotating masses
BALANCING OF ROTATING MASSES:
Single Rotating Mass
Balance mass in the same plane as the disturbing mass
Consider a single mass M rotating with angular speed w at a
radius r, as shownin Fig.10.1. Thecentrifugal forcedueto this
massis
By balancing we mean to eliminate either partially or
completely the effects due to resultant inertia forces and
couplestoavoidvibrationof amachineor device.
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If a balancing mass B is
placed on this rotating
machine component in the
same plane at a radius b and
in line with the mass M at
180
0
, then the centrifugal
forceduetomassB will be
Fig. 1:
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Two balance masses in different planes: If the balance mass
cannot beplacedinthesameplaneas therotatingmass thentwo
parallel masses may be used to balance the rotating mass. The
balancemasses may be either on thesamesideof theunbalance
mass or on opposite sides. The equilibrium equations would
requirethat theresultant sumof their moments about any point in
thesameplanemust bezero.
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1. Balance masses on the same side of the disturbing mass
Consider a mass M at A rotating at a radius r and two balance
masses B1 and B2 at Band C, parallel to M, rotating at radii b1
and b2 respectively, as shown in Fig.10.2(a). Let l
1
and l
2
be the
distances of these masses from M.
Taking moments about B, we have
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2. Balance masses on the opposite sides of the disturbing mass
Consider the two balance masses BI and B2 on the opposite
sides of the disturbing mass M, as shown in Fig.2(b).
Taking moments about B, we have
Fig. 2:
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Fig. 2:
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Many Masses Rotating in the Same Plane:
Let therebeMi, i =1ton, massesrotatinginthesameplanewith
radii ri, i =1 to n and with same angular speed w, as shown in
Fig.10.3(a), sothat thecentrifugal forceduetoeachmassis,
Sincetheseforces arein thesameplane, therefore, they can be
represented by thesides of aregular polygon taken in order, as
showninFig.l0.3(b). Let R betheresultant of theseforces. Then
theresultant centrifugal forceduetoR,
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Fig. 3:
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Fig. 4:
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Example:1
Four masses150kg, 250kg, 200kgand300kgarerotatinginthe
same plane at radii of 0.25 m, 0.2 m, 0.3 m, and 0.35 m
respectively. Their angular location is 400, 1200, and 2500 from
mass 150 kg, respectively measured in counter-clockwise
direction. Find the position and magnitude of the balance mass
required, if itsradiusof rotationis0.25m.
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Many Masses Rotating in Different Planes:
Consider a force F in plane B, as shown in Fig.5. Let this force be
transferred to a reference plane A at a distance a . The effect of
transferring a force F from plane B to plane A is:
Fig. 5:
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1. an unbalance force F2=F on plane A, and
2. an unbalanced couple, C = Fa.
The couple is represented by a vector at right angles to the
plane of the couple and the arrow head points in the direction in
which a right hand screw would move if acted upon by the couple.
In practice the phase of the couple diagram is rotated through 90
counter-clockwise. This leads to the balancing equations, in general
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Let us consider the mass system as shown in Fig.6(a). The
orientationof theforces is showninFig.6(b). Thecouples actingon
thesystemare:
Fig. 6
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Fig. 6:
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Thecouples areshowninFig.6(c), andwhenturnedthrough90, areshown
inFig.6(d), couplevectors may befixedintheir correct relativepositions by
drawing themradially outwards along corresponding radii for all masses
which lie on one side of the fixed point A and radially inwards along
corresponding radii for all masses which lie on the other side of the fixed
point A. Thefixedpoint A istakenasthepoint of intersectionof theplaneof
rotationof oneof thebalancingmassesB
1
andtheaxisof rotationinorder to
eliminatethecoupleduetothemassinthisplane. Theplaneat A isknownas
the reference plane. The couple polygon has been drawn in Fig.6(e). The
resultant coupleis representedby C
B
, theclosingsideof thecouplepolygon,
asshown.
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KnowingB
2
anditsdirection, drawtheforcepolygon, asshownin
Fig.6(f). The closing side of the force polygon will represent the
magnitude and direction of the force due to the balancing mass
requiredinplaneA. Thewholeprocess canberepresentedby the
followingtable:
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Analytical Method:
Several masses in the same plane:
Let M
i
=number of masses, i =1,2,3, ...
r
i
=radius of mass M
i
i
=angle of mass M
i
with x-axis measured counter-clockwise
B =balancing mass
b =radius of balancing mass
b
=angle of mass B with x-axis measured counter-clockwise
Considering forces along the x and y-axes, we have
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Several masses in different planes: If M
L
and M
M
be the
balanceforces at radii r
L
and r
M
respectively, then for thebalance
of couplesabout planeL, wehave
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Example: 2
A shaft carries four masses as shown in Fig. 7(a) and (b). The
balancing masses are to be placed in planes Land M. If the
balancing masses revolve at a radius of 100 mm, find their
magnitudeandangular positions
Fig. 7
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Example: 3
A shaft hasthreeeccentricsof mass1kgeach. Thecentral planeof
the eccentrics is 50 mmapart. The distances of the centers from
the axis of rotation are 20 mm, 30 mmand 20 mmand their
angular positions are 1200 apart. Find the amount of out-of-
balance force and couple at 600 rpm. If the shaft is balanced by
addingtwo masses at aradius of 70 mmand at adistanceof 100
mmfromthecentral planeof themiddleeccentric, findtheamount
of themassesandtheir angular position.
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Example: 3
Fig. 8
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Balancing of reciprocating masses
Reciprocating machinery consists of those machines based on the
slider-crank mechanismand its inversion. Balancing a mechanism
consists of eliminating the shaking force and shaking couple by
adding appropriate balancing masses Shaking force is the resultant
of all the inertia forces acting on the frame of a mechanism. In
balancingof reciprocatingmasses, wecanreducetheshakingforce
and shaking couple, but it is not practically possible to eliminate
themcompletely.
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Balancing masses reciprocating in a single plane:
Figure 9 shows a slider-crank mechanism in which the crank OC
rotates with constant angular velocity rad/s. Points C and P are the
crank pin and piston pin respectively. Let G2 and G3 are the mass
centers of the crank and the connecting rod.
Let, r =Radius of the crank
l=Length of the connecting rod
n' =l/r
=Angle made by the crank with the line of stroke
m
C
=Mass of the crank
m
R
=Mass of the connecting rod
m
p
=Mass of the piston
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Fig. 9
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Fig. 10
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Fig. 11
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Example: 4
Determinethemagnitudeof theshakingforceactingontheframe
of asinglecylinder enginefromthefollowingspecifications.
Speed of thecrank =1000 rpm; Stroke=200 mm; Length of the
connectingrod=400mm; Mass of thecrank =5kg; Mass of the
connectingrod=15kg; Massof thepiston=10kg; Distancefrom
thecrankshaft axistothemasscenter of thecrank =40mm;
Distance from the crank-pin center to the mass center of the
connectingrod=120mm
Anglemadebythecrank withthelineof stroke=30
Alsofindthemaximumshakingforceontheengineframe.
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Example: 4
Fig. 12
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Fig. 13
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Example: 5
The following data are given for a horizontal, single cylinder
internal - combustionengine: speed=1500rpm, stroke=200mm,
mass of thecrank andcrank pin=3.6kg, distancefromcrankshaft
axis to the center of mass of crank and crank pin combined =60
mm, length of connecting rod =400 mm, mass of the connecting
rod =4 kg, distance formcenter of mass of the connecting rod to
crank pin=100mm, mass of pistonandpistonpin=3.2kg. If half
thereciprocatingpartsandall therevolvingpartsaretobebalanced,
determine:
(i) Themassof counter balancerequiredat aradiusof 150mm
(ii) Theresidual unbalancedforce.
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Multi cylinder in-line engine:
The most of reciprocating engines consist of a number of
cylinders withpistons linkedto thesamecrankshaft andthe
lines of stroke that are parallel. These are called in-line
engines. Theinternal combustionenginesusedincars, buses
and trucks are the most common multi cylinder inline
engine. The inertia forces are balanced not only for one
position of thecrank but for all positions of thecrank. The
conditionfor balanceare:
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Firing order:
In multi cylinder engines, the crank arrangements are such that
thereis asmoothdistributionof torqueintheenginecycleas well
asabalanceof inertiaforcesof thereciprocatingmasses. Thereare
several possible firing orders for the cylinders, each having a
different effect on the balance of the engine. In a two-stroke
engine, thecycleof operationsiscompleteinonerevolutionof the
crankshaft and so the interval between the crank is 360
o
/i, where
iis thenumber of cylinders; theorder of thecranks corresponds to
the given firing order. In a four-stroke engine, the cycle of
operations requires two revolutions of the crankshaft and the
intervalsbetweenthecranksis720
0
/i.
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Example: 6
A vertical enginehavingtwocylindersinlinehascranks 180
0
apart.
Thereciprocatingmass for eachcylinder is 10kg, thecrank radius
is 120 mmand theconnecting rod length is 500 mm. Thedistance
betweenthecylinder center linesbeing100mmandtheengineruns
at 600rpm. Determinetheshakingforceandthedistanceof theline
of action of the shaking force with reference Lathe central plane
whenthecrank of thefirst cylinder makes anangleof 30
0
withthe
topdeadcenter.
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Example: 6
Fig. 14
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Example: 7
A three cylinder engine has the cranks spaced at equal angular
intervals of 120. Each crank is 0.15 mlong and each connecting
rod is 0.625 mlong. The pitch of the cylinder is 0.45 mand the
speedis500rpm. If thereciprocatingpartsper cylinder haveamass
of 70 kg, find the maximumunbalanced primary and secondary
effectsof thereciprocatingparts.
Fig. 15
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Fig. 16
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Example: 8
Thepistons of a60
0
V-enginehaveastrokeof 100mm. Thetwo
connectingrods operateonacommoncrank pinandeachis 180
mm long. If the mass of the reciprocating parts is 2 kg per
cylinder andthecrankshaft speedis2000rpm, findthemaximum
and minimumvalue of primary and secondary forces and the
correspondingcrank positions.
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Example: 9
A twin cylinder V-engine has the cylinders set at an angle of 45
with both connecting rods connected to a single crank. The crank
radius is 80 mmand the connecting rods are 352 mmlong. The
reciprocatingmassis 1.5kgper cylinder andthetotal rotatingmass
is equivalent to 2 kg at the crank radius. A balance mass is fitted
opposite to the crank equivalent to 2.5 kg at a radius of I00 mm.
Determine, for an engine speed of 1500 rpm, the maximumand
minimumvalues of theprimary andsecondary frameforces, dueto
inertiaof thereciprocatingandrotatingmasses.
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Radial Engine
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Balancing machines
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Balancing machines
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Summary
The following topics are discussed:
Causes of imbalance
Static and dynamic balancing
Primary balancing
Secondary balancing
Balancing machines

Balancing of Machinery

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Balancing of Machinery

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M S Ramaiah School of Advanced Studies - Bangalore

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