Nasa

National Aeronautics and Space Administration
www.nasa.gov
NASAs Nanotechnology R&D Current
Programs and Future Directions

AFOSR-ANFF Program Review
Washington, DC
April 30 May 4, 2012
Michael A. Meador, Ph.D.
Nanotechnology Project Manager
NASA NSET Representative
(216) 433-9518
Michael.A.Meador@nasa.gov
1
AFOSR-ANFF Program Review 2012
www.nasa.gov
Critical Concerns for Aerospace Systems
Weight
Reduced fuel consumption & emissions
Reduced launch costs
Enabler for many vehicles

Functionality/Performance
Reduced fuel or power consumption
Multifunctionality reduced weight

Durability
Safety and reliability
Maintenance down-time and costs
2
www.nasa.gov
How Nanotechnology Impacts Materials
Properties
Nanotechnology enables discrete control of desired materials properties :
Mechanical
Dictated by particle size (Griffith criteria), morphology and strength
of interfaces (chemistry and roughness)
High aspect ratios and surface areas radically changes
nanocomposite properties relative to host material
Molecularly perfect, highly ordered, defect free structures, e.g.
carbon nanotubes, leads to maximized properties (not just
mechanical)
Thermal
Emissivity influenced by particle size and enhanced surface
area/roughness
Thermal conductivity controlled by particle size (phonon coupling
and quantum effects) and nanoscale voids
Electrical
Nano structure and defects influence conductivity and bandgap
energy (conductivity, current density, thermoelectric effects)
High aspect ratios enhance field emission and percolation threshold
Nanoscale dimensions lead to inherent radiation resistance
Optical
Transparency and color dominated by size effects
Photonic bandgap controlled by size (/10) and nanostructure

3
www.nasa.gov
Background
4
National Nanotechnology Initiative started in 2001 under an
Executive Order from President Bill Clinton NNI just celebrated
its 10
th
Anniversary
NASA was a founding member
Intent of the NNI is to provide a framework for member agencies
to work together to:
Advance world-class nanotechnology research
Foster the transfer of technologies into products for
commercial and public benefit
Develop and sustain educational resources, a skilled
workforce and the supporting infrastructure and tools to
advance nanotechnology
Support the responsible development of nanotechnology
3 Signature Initiatives instituted by NNI in 2011 as focused
multi- Agency partnerships to commercialize
nanotechnology.
Response to recommendations from 2009 review of NNI by
PCAST
Current SIs:
Sustainable Nanomanufacturing
Nanoelectronics for 2020 and Beyond
Nanotechnology Enhanced Solar Energy Capture and
Conversion
2 Additional SIs being planned in Sensors and Informatics

www.nasa.gov
Nanotechnology Investments
5
FY11, 22 M$
Aeronautics
Science
Exploration
Cross-
Cutting
Space
Technology
FY12, 24 M$
Aeronautics
Science
Exploration
Cross-Cutting
Space
Technology
www.nasa.gov
Investments by NNI Program Content Areas
6
M$
www.nasa.gov
NASA Nanotechnology Roadmap
Drafted 20+ year technology roadmap for
development of nanotechnology (TRL 6) and its
insertion into NASA missions
Includes both mission pull and technology
"push
Covers four theme areas
Engineered Materials and Structures
Energy Generation, Storage and
Distribution
Propulsion
Sensors, Electronics and Devices
Used to guide future funding decisions
Identified 18 Key Capabilities enabled by
nanotechnology that could impact current and
future NASA missions
Identified 5 Grand Challenges with potential for
broad Agency impact
50% Lower Density Composites
Structures with Integrated Energy Generation and
Storage
Nanopropellants
Graphene Electronics From Materials to Ciruits
Hierarchical Systems Integration
7
www.nasa.gov

Grand Challenge: Ultralightweight Structural
Nanomaterials
Objective: Reduce density of state-of-the-art structural
composites by 50% and equivalent or better properties.
Approach: Use nanomaterials with combination of high
performance characteristics
Utilize nanostructured additives to produce low density
carbon nanotube fibers with properties equivalent to
aerospace grade intermediate modulus fibers but at half
the density
Durable nanoporous materials (polymers, metals or
hybrids) less than half the density of monolithics
Addition of nanoscale fillers to improve strength and
toughness
State-of-the-Art:
Aluminum and Titanium alloys, carbon fiber reinforced
polymeric composites, ceramic matrix composites, metal
matrix composites
NASA Benefits/Applications:
Potential vehicle dry mass savings of up to 30%
Enhanced damage tolerance for improved safety
Enable design concepts with tailored performance
Enabling technology for environmentally friendly vehicles
Enabling technology for extreme environment operations
Technical Challenges to TRL 6:
Development of reliable, reproducible, and
controlled nanomaterials synthesis process on a
large scale
Development of tailored geometries at nano and
macro scale for structural components
Fabrication methods that can be practically
implemented at bulk or macro scale
Early assessment of systems payoffs in cost,
operational safety and reliability.
Time to Mature to TRL 6: 5-10 years
Potential for Partnering with Other Agencies:
Partnerships under NNI Nanomanufacturing SI

Harris, 2002
8
www.nasa.gov
Grand Challenge: Graphene Electronics
Objective: Develop high-speed, high-density, rad-hard,
flexible next generation electronics as an alternative to
SOA CMOS technology.
Approach: Employ graphene, a single layer (or 2 9
layers) sheet of carbon atoms with a single (0001) basal
plane graphite structure.
Has the highest electron mobility ~ 200,000 cm
2
V
-
1
s
-1
of any material yet tested.
High flexibility (breaking strength ~ 100 GPa), and
low optical absorbance (~2%) in the visible region
rendering it a transparent conductor.
State-of-the-Art:
CMOS technology using Si, Si-Ge (for low
temperature and rad-hard), SiC and GaN (high
temperature and rad-hard).
Light-weight electronics with little or no shielding
Enabling technology for prolonged missions to
extreme environments
Enabling technology for smart, programmable
materials for crew habitat and EVA suits
9
One of large area Graphene synthesis processes using metal catalysts;
Adsorbed hydrocarbons are reduced to form condensed Graphene sheet
Development of reliable, reproducible, and controlled
graphene synthesis process on a large scale
clear understanding of graphene and dielectric
interfaces
Foundry-conducive processes to produce large scale
electronic circuits
Addressing heterogeneous system integration issues
Time to Mature to TRL 6: 15 years
Partnerships under NNI Nanoelectronics Signature
Initiative

www.nasa.gov
Grand Challenge: Nanopropellants
Objective: Develop alternatives to conventional
cryogenic propellants and hypergolics with simpler
handling and storage requirements and lower toxicity
Approach: Utilize metal and inorganic nanoparticles in
fuel mixtures.
High surface areas lead to increased rates of
oxidation and good burning rates
High surface areas can increase interactions with
conventional propellants leading to gellation
State-of-the-Art:
Nanoscale aluminum/ice nanopropellant launched
small rocket 1300 ft. (Purdue, PSU)
Metal and aerogel nanoparticle gellation of liquid
hydrogen and hydrocarbon fuels successfully
demonstrated
Simplified launch pad operations and in-space
propellant storage and transfer
Possibility of producing particles by ISRU
Applications in Exploration, Aeronautics
(Hypersonics)
Development of passivation chemistries to
reduce surface oxidation and improve safety that
do not adversely affect combustion
Scale-able synthesis methods to produce large
quantities with good batch-to-batch consistency
and than can enable tailoring of size and
morphology to control burn characteristics
Current Purdue/Penn State research effort
supported jointly by NASA and AFOSR
Collaboration with DoD on scale-up

10
www.nasa.gov
Grand Challenge: Structures with Integrated
Energy Generation and Energy Storage
Objective: Develop structural materials with integrated
capabilities such as batteries, supercapacitors, and
photovoltaics.
Approach:
Design new systems where the storage capacity is
inherent in the structural material, or where energy
generation can be made the outer layer of the structure.
The same material may also serve as MMOD protection
and energy distribution.
State-of-the-Art:
Separate systems for structure, energy generation,
and energy storage
Batteries at 90 Wh/kg at C/10 & 30C
Integrated systems with lighter overall mass
Structures inherently provide energy systems
without needing to design separate systems

11
Development of reliable, reproducible, and
controlled nanomaterial synthesis process on a
large scale
Joint project work needed between energy
systems and structures
Packaging issues to take laboratory results to the
system level for testing
Considerable system engineering and integration
issues
DOE, DOD

Rovers, habitats, or EVA
suits could have
embedded energy
systems
www.nasa.gov
Hierarchical System Integration (Nano to Micro to
Meso)
Objective: Develop efficient system integration
capabilities that seamlessly translate enhanced
performance of nanocomponents to system levels.
Approach: Design processes to contain minimal
interfaces that potentially degrade system performance.
Integration achieved using either monolithic to hybrid
techniques
Monolithic integration minimizes the number of
cross-dimensional and hetero-material interfaces
Hybrid integration using MCM-like approach
allows larger system development.
State-of-the-Art:
Still at component level using discrete component
integration to demonstrate system performance.
This is not efficient, and is not suitable for stand-
alone applications.
Light-weight, low-power, enhanced performance
miniature systems can be mission enabling
Significantly reduced launch and operation costs
Possibility of built-in redundancy to reduce risk
12
Design of devices and processes that are
conducive for both nano and microstructure
fabrication schemes (chemical, thermal, and
mechanical issues)
Structural integration techniques that are
mechanically and thermally robust
Packaging

Defense
www.nasa.gov
Nanotechnology Project Strategy
13
Closely align Nanotechnology Project technical
content with Nanotechnology Roadmap
Long-term vision for the Agency
Roadmaps reviewed by NRC
Consistent with OCTs plan for use of the
roadmaps
Focus on high impact nanotechnologies that
are at an appropriate TRL and mature and
demonstrate them current project focus is on
Ultralightweight Materials Grand Challenge
Leverage off of other OCT and NASA investments
Space Technology Research Fellowships
SBIR/STTR
EPSCoR and Space Grants
Projects funded by other mission directorates
Partner with other Agencies to leverage
investments and coordinate research
NNI Signature Initiatives
Existing grants and contracts
Formalize with MOUs
Pursue unfunded collaborations to enhance
program content, transfer technology and create
future funding opportunities

www.nasa.gov
Nanotechnology Enabled Multifunctional
Structures
Objectives: Reduce the weight and improve
the durability of aerospace composites
Background:
Use of carbon fiber reinforced composites in
aerospace systems is growing - reduced
weight
Systems studies indicate significant additional
weight reductions achievable with high
strength & modulus fibers
Ability to monitor health of composite
structures would reduce concerns about
damage tolerance, improve safety
Approach:
Improve tensile properties of commercially
available CNT fibers processing
modifications, post-processing
Develop nanotechnology based sensors for in
situ damage and strain detection
Benefits:
Up to 30% reduction in vehicle dry mass
14
CNT Strain Sensor
Cross-section
Image of CNT Yarn
Sheets from VANTA
www.nasa.gov
Tensile Strength of CNT Based Materials
15
Strength
, GPa
2000 2005 2010 2015
0
5
10
Baughman Dry
Spun Fiber from
VANTA (2004)
Windle, MWCNT
Fibers from CNT
Aerogel (2005)
Zhu, 3m dia
Yarn from
VANTA (2007)
Koziol,CNT/
Polymer
Yarn (2011)
Espinosa, E-beam
Cross-Linked
DWNT bundle
(Note: Not a fiber)
(2011)
IM-7 Carbon Fiber
Nanotechnology
Project Goals-
CNT fiber/yarn by
2013
www.nasa.gov
Issues with Carbon Nanotube
Fibers
16
Tensile strength of carbon nanotube fibers influenced by nanotube alignment, packing,
waviness, and frictional forces
Current fiber production methods give nanotubes with ~ 40-50% alignment
Nanotubes have low friction coefficients nanotubes shear under tensile load
Longer nanotubes are desired for use in fibers, waviness can be a problem
Focus in this project is on development of processing and post-processing methods to
improve tensile strength
Processing modifications to better align nanotubes in the fiber
Synthesis/processing modifications to produce nanotubes with lengths >1cm, increase
contact length reduces CNT-CNT slippage
Post processing methods to increase CNT-CNT interactions, e.g., cross-linking
Source: Vilatela, Elliott and Windle ACS
Nano 2011, 3, 1921-27
www.nasa.gov
Nanotechnology Enhanced Sensors
for Strain and Damage Detection
Key Accomplishment/Deliverable/Milestone:

Significance:
Nanotechnology based sensors for damage and strain detection will
improve structural health monitoring capabilities for spacecraft and
aircraft
Early detection of structural flaws and damage is critical to
avoid catastrophic failure
Sensors are more compact and less invasive potential for in
situ measurements
Lower power demand
Higher sensitivity
Objective: Develop high sensitivity, low power sensors for damage and strain detection in composites
(conventional and carbon nanotube fiber reinforced)

17
Gauge Factor
(R/R
0
)/
Strain
Range
()
Response
SWCNT-
Polymer
Composite
1,2
5-25 for best
loading (0.5%)
1,300 Linear
MWCNT-
Polymer
Composite
1,3
2.78-20 (for best
loading,
alignment)
- Alignment
dependent
Graphene
(single sheet)
4
6.1-150 - Linear at
lower strain
Graphene
Composite
5
12 1,000 Linear at
lower strain
Commercial
metal-foil
2 3% Mostly linear
1
Alamusi et al., Sensors, V 11, I 11, 2011
2
Kang et al., Smart Materials & Structures, V 15, I 3, 2006
3
Oliva-Aviles et al., Carbon, V 49, I 9, 2011
4
Chen et al., J of Vacuum Science & Tech, V 29, I 6, 2011
5
Kim et al., Current Applied Physics, V 11, I 1, 2011
Defined candidate sensor architectures and
approaches defined
Three complementary approaches
being explored downselect in
January 2013
Performed a comparative assessment
of various CNT and graphene based
strain sensors (see chart)
Developed a two-dimensional
resistivity mapping method for
detection of structural damage (see
figure)
www.nasa.gov
Nanotechnology R&D at NASA GRC
18
www.nasa.gov
Polymer Based Nanocomposites
Objective: Improve the durabilty, functionality
and properties of polymers
Approach: Explore the use of nanoscale fillers to
enhance polymer properties
Carbon nanotubes mechanical and
electrical properties
Clay barrier properties, mechanical
properties, high temperature stability
Graphene mechanical and electrical
properties, dimensional control
Inorganic nanoparticles actuation, self-
healing
Accomplishments:
CNT/polyimide nanocomposites with 2X
tensile strength, resistivity reduced from 10
14

to 10
4
ohm-cm
Clay/epoxy nanocomposites with 60% lower
permeability, 25% lower CTE, 2X Notched
Izod Toughness
Magnetic nanoparticle reinforced polymer
shows 300C temperature rise under applied
magnetic field self-healing

19
SEM of Clay
Nanocomposite
Applications:
Linerless composite cryogenic
propellant tanks
Adaptive propulsion components
Aircraft engine ducts and blades
www.nasa.gov 20
Multifunctional Aerogels
Objective:
Develop and evaluate durable aerogel materials
for use in multifunctional structures
Approach:
Utilize templated growth of a conformal polymer
coating onto silica nanostructure
Preserve mesoporous structure
Tailor properties through selection of silane
monomers and polymer reinforcement
Develop non-silica aerogels
Status:
Cryotank insulation - developed aerogels with
low density (<200 mg/cc), low thermal
conductivity (<25 mW/mK) and good
compression recovery
Fan containment aerogel core sandwich
structures absorbed more energy than Rohacell
cored structures at similar mass
Thermal insulation developed durable, flexible
polyimide aerogels
Team: U of Akron, Aspen Aerogels, Parker Hannifin
2D Graph 3
Core Material
aerogel rohacell air
0
50
100
150
200
250
ballistic limit, m/s
energy absorbed/areal wt, j-cm
2
/g
0
10
20
30
40
50
Thermal
Conductivity
Solimide
TA301
Rohacell
31
Airex
R82.60
Aerogel
www.nasa.gov
BNNT Synthesis at GRC
21
www.nasa.gov 22 22
Potential Application of Boron Nitride
Nanotubes for Propulsion Components
Benefits:
Reduced weight of engine
components
Multifunctionality of high
temperature static structures (e.g.,
load bearing+ acoustics, load
bearing + thermal management)
Increased strength and durability at
high temperature

Porous structure
filled with BNNT
for high
temperature
static structure in
engines
Ceramic and glass
ceramic
composites
reinforced with
BNNT
Reinforcement of
environmental barrier
coatings for ceramic
composite
Nanotube reinforced fibers
Nanotube reinforcement of
fiber-matrix interface to
improve interlaminar
properties
www.nasa.gov
Nanocrystalline Tin
Oxide NOx and CO
Sensor
Oxygen Sensor
H2 Sensor
SiC Hydrocarbon
Sensor
Lick and Stick Leak Sensors with
Power and Telemetry
Breath Sensor System
Including Mouthpiece,
PDA Interface, And Mini
Sampling Pump

Aircraft Propulsion Exhaust High
Temperature Electronic Nose
Multi Species Fire Sensors for Aircraft
Cargo Bays and Space Applications
Hydrazine EVA Sensors
(ppb Level Detection)
Environmental monitoring
(ISS Whitesand Testing)
1995 R&D 100 AWARD 2005 R&D 100 AWARD
NASA 2003 and 2005 TURNING GOALS INTO REALITY AWARD
Development of Rugged Sensor Platforms
for Aerospace Applications
23
www.nasa.gov
Metal Oxide Nanostructures (Tubes, Rods
and Ribbons) for Chemical Sensors
Range of MEMS Technology Exists to
Enable Complex Microsensors;
Nanotechnology Lacks This Maturity
Develop Basic Tools To Enable Fabrication
Of Repeatable Sensors Using
Nanostructures
Approach 3 Basic Problems In Applying
Nanostructures As Chemical Sensors
Micro-Nano Contact Formation
Nanomaterial Structure Control
Library of Nanostructured Metal Oxides
24
Pt
Electrodes
SnO
2

Nanofibers
Improve Nanostructure to Microelectrode
Contacts
Electrospun SnO
2
nanofibers bridging electrodes.
TiO
2
Nanorods aligned across interdigitated
electrodes by dielectrophoresis
Expand Available Range of
Nanostructures
ZnO In
2
O
3
SEM
HRTEM
Electrospinning TEC
Controlled Nanomaterial Structure
Processing influences morphology and crystal structure
www.nasa.gov
URC-CANM
UPR-Ro Piedras
UPR-Mayagez
UPR-Cayey
Glenn Research Center
Ames Research Center
JPL
Center for Advanced Nanoscale Materials
URC
NASA Centers
25
www.nasa.gov
Center for Advanced Nanoscale Materials
Research is focused on four themes:
IRG I: Life Support Systems - Develop nanoporous sorbent materials and a
bioelectrochemical organic removal reactor for air and water treatment, in
collaboration with NASA Ames Research Center (ARC).
IRG II: Advanced High Energy Materials - Develop nanoscale advanced high-
voltage Li-ion batteries in the 5 V range and regenerative fuel cells (e.g. high
pressure electrolyzers) in collaboration with NASA Glenn Research Center
(GRC) and Jet Propulsion Laboratory.
IRG III: Non-Carbon Based Sensors - Develop materials that enable new
robust and stable, physical and chemical sensing devices that remain
operational in harsh conditions in collaboration with NASA GRC.
IRG IV: Carbon-Based Sensors and Bio-Sensors: Develop gas conductivity-
based and enzymatic electrochemical sensing processes for air and water
environments in collaboration with NASA ARC.
Strong collaborations with NASA Centers, including student internships
and faculty visits
2 CANM students hired as permanent CS staff at GRC
2011 NSTRF Fellow working with LaRC

26
www.nasa.gov
Summary
Nanotechnology has an important role in future
NASA missions
A Nanotechnology R&D Strategy has been
developed for the development and insertion of
nanotechnology in future missions implementation
of that strategy is underway
NASA is interested in collaboration and partnerships
to advance nanotechnology in areas of mutual
interest
27
www.nasa.gov
Education and Outreach
28
www.nasa.gov
Nanotechnology and STRF
29
Student Institution Topic
Heather Arnold Northwestern Carbon Nanotube Excitonics
Robert Bledsoe Auburn High Strain Rate Failure in Nanocomposites
Jennifer Carpena U of Puerto Rico Nanoresonator Based Molecular Sensors
Qian Nataly Chen U of Washington Hierarchical Oxides for Energy Storage
Mark Ferraro UT, Austin Computational Design of Nanomaterials by
Pattern Recognition
Daniel Handlin MIT 3D Constitutive Relationships for Aligned CNT
Nanocomposites
Brian Michal Case Western Reserve Multifunctional Stimuli Responsive Materials
Adriana Popa Case Western Reserve Magnetic Plasmonic Nanoparticle Sensors
Donald Ruffatto Illinois Institute of Technology Electrostatic Dry Adhesives for Robotic
Attachment
Sunny Wicks MIT Nanoengineered Hierarchical Composites
10 out of 80 2011 NSRTFs were nanotechnology related
12 proposals for 2012
Nanotechnology Roadmap Team heavily engaged in review and mentoring
www.nasa.gov
Backup
30
www.nasa.gov
National Nanotechnology
Initiative
Nanotechnology Signature Initiatives (NSIs)
Initiated in FY 11, in support of Presidents innovation strategy: NNI agencies
have identified nanotechnology developments that can be more rapidly
advanced through focused and closely coordinated interagency R&D efforts.
Each topic defines a shared vision for accelerating the advancement of a
particular area of nanoscale S&T that addresses the Nations most pressing
needs, including economic recovery and job growth, national security, and
energy production.
Three topics were selected for implementation initially, announced in
NNI Supplement to the Presidents FY 11 Budget (Feb. 2010):
Sustainable Nanomanufacturing: Creating the Industries of the Future
Nanotechnology for Solar Energy Collection and Conversion
Nanoelectronics for 2020 and Beyond
Additional topics under consideration now

31
www.nasa.gov
Initiative
Sustainable Nanomanufacturing NSI
Two thrust areas:
Design of scalable and sustainable nanomaterials,
components, devices, and processes
Nanomanufacturing measurement technologies
Initial focus on production-worthy scaling of three classes of
sustainable materials that have the potential for significant
economic impact in multiple industry sectors:
high-performance structural carbon-based nanomaterials
optical metamaterials\
cellulosic nanomaterials

32
www.nasa.gov
Initiative
Solar Energy NSI
Agencies have identified a number of physical phenomena where
nanotechnology may play a critical role in substantially improving the collection
and conversion of solar energy at the nanoscale:
Nanoparticles and nanostructures have been shown to enhance the
absorption of light, increase the conversion of light to electricity, and provide
better thermal storage and transport.
Nanostructured artificial photosynthetic systems mimicking those found in
nature will be important for the conversion of solar energy into chemical fuels.
Three thrust areas:
Improve photovoltaic solar electricity generation
Improve solar thermal energy generation and conversion
Improve solar-to-fuel conversions
33
www.nasa.gov
Initiative
NSI on Nanoelectronics for 2020 and Beyond
Because the physical length scales of electronic devices are now reaching
atomic dimensions, it is widely believed that further progress will be stalled by
limits imposed by fundamental physics.
NSI is aimed at discovering and using novel nanoscale fabrication processes
and innovative concepts to produce revolutionary materials, devices, systems,
and architectures to advance the field of nanoelectronics.
Five thrust areas:
Exploring new or alternative state variables for computing
Merging nanophotonics with nanoelectronics
Exploring carbon-based nanoelectronics
Exploiting nanoscale processes and phenomena for quantum information
science
Expanding the national nanoelectronics research and manufacturing
infrastructure network (university-based infrastructure)

34
www.nasa.gov
Initiative
NSI Funding Summary ($ millions)
Nanotechnology
Signature Initiative
Participating Agencies
2011
Actual
2012
Estimate
d
2013
Propose
d
Sustainable
Nanomanufacturing
DOD, DOE, IC/DNI, NASA,
NIOSH, NIST, NSF,
USDA/FS
61 73 84
Solar Energy
Collection and
Conversion
NIST, NSF, USDA/NIFA
88 89 112
Nanoelectronics for
2020 and Beyond
NIST, NSF
97 104 110
TOTAL 246 266 306
35

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