West Visayas State University

College of Education
Graduate School
La Paz, Iloilo City


GLADYS F. GAVIN
M.A. Ed. in Secondary Mathematics
PAPER 3A: OFFICE APPLICATIONS

I. Smartart


Reference: Algebra 1 by Oracion
Real Number SYSTEM
Irrational
Numbers
(non-terminating, non-
repaeting numbers, i.e.
3.1416...)
Rational
Numbers
(Written in form a/b i.e.
fractions and repaeting decimals)
Integers
(whole numbers and their additive
inverses)
(...,-3,-2,-1,0,1,2,3,...)
Whole Numbers
(0,1,2,3,...)
Natural
Numbers
(1,2,3,...)

West Visayas State University
College of Education
Graduate School
La Paz, Iloilo City


II. Equations
A. Linear Algebra
SYMMETRIC MATRICES
SYMMETRIC MATRICES. A matrix A with real entries is symmetric, if

Example:
[


] is symmetric, A=[


] is not symmetric.
EIGENVALUES OF SYMMETRIC MATRICES. Symmetric matrices A have real eigenvalues.
Example:
[


] has eigenvalues which are real if and only is q=0.

Reference: www.math.ku.edu

B. Number Theory
The Division Algorithm
Theorem 2.1 Division Algorithm. Given integers a and b, with b>0, there exists unique
integers q and r satisfying

The integers q and r are called respectively, the quotient and remainder in the division of a
by b.
Proof: we begin by proving that the set
* | +

is nonempty. To do this, it suffices to exhibit a value of x making nonnegatve.
Because the integer we have || || and so

West Visayas State University
College of Education
Graduate School
La Paz, Iloilo City


|| || ||
The implication is that the integer ( ) has the proper form to belong to the set S.
But ( ) leading to a contradiction of the choice of r as the smallest
member of S. Hence,
Next we turn to the task of showing the uniqueness of q and r. Suppose that a has two
representations of the desired form, say,

where

) and, owing to the fact that the

absolute value of a product is equal to the product of the absolute values,
|

| |

|
Upon adding the two inequalities

we obtain

or, in equivalent terms, |

| Thus, |

| which yields
|

|
Because |

| is a nonnegative integer, the only possibility is that |

| whence

; this, in turn, gives

ending the proof.

Reference: Elementary Number Theory by David M. Burton

C. Algebra
Adding and Subtracting Radicals

Addition and Subtraction of Like Radicals:
a b (a+b)
a b (a-b)

Radicals are called like radicals when they have the same index and the same
radicand.





West Visayas State University
College of Education
Graduate School
La Paz, Iloilo City


Example:

1.
Since are like radicals, we can combine them. Thus,

( )


2.

=( )

.
Sometimes, we need to simplify radical expressions to produce like radicals.

Example:
1.
Factor 18 and 8. Look for perfect square factors.


() ()



2.





Reference: e-math (Intermediate Algebra by Orlando Oronce)

D. Calculus
Calculating Limits
LIMIT Laws: Suppose that c is a constant and the limits

()

()

West Visayas State University
College of Education
Graduate School
La Paz, Iloilo City


exist. Then

, () ()-

()

()

, () ()-

()

()

, ()-

()

, () ()-

()

()

()
()

()

()

()

,()-

()-

where n is a positive integer (if n is even, we assume that a>0)

()

()

where n is a positive integer (if n is even, we assume that

() >0)
Source: TC 7 by Leithold

E. Trigonometry
Fundamental Identities
A trigonometric identity is a trigonometric equation that is true for all values in the
domain of the variable used in the equation.
List of eight fundamental identities:

West Visayas State University
College of Education
Graduate School
La Paz, Iloilo City


1.

2.

3.



4.

5.

6.

7.

8.

The first five identities follow from the definition of the different circular functions. The
sixth identity follows from the fact that on the unit circle,

. Since and
, we have

Note that

means ( )

. This s different from

.
If we divide this equation by

, we get,

which when simplified becomes identity (7),

When the equation

is divided by

the result is identity (8)

Reference: Algebra and Trigonometry by Oracion


West Visayas State University
College of Education
Graduate School
La Paz, Iloilo City


III. Geometric Figures
Angles and Angle Measure
Definition:
An angle is formed by two noncollinear rays that have a common endpoint. The
endpoint id the vertex of the angle and each ray is the side of the angle.


Definition
Two angles are congruent if they have the same measure. C R means angle C is
congruent to angle R. Similar markings are used to indicate congruent angles.
Since A and B has the same markings, then A B. Similarly, C D.


A
B
C
D
A
N
G
The symbol for angle is . For the angle at the left,
point N is the vertex and the sides of N are NA and NG. This
angle can also be named as ANG, GNA or N.
A protractor is used to measure angle. A protractor
assigns a number between 0 and 180 to the angle. The
number is called the degree of the angle. Every angle has a
degree measure m such that 0<m<180.