Poverty

Poverty is pronounced deprivation in well-

being, and comprises many dimensions. It
includes low incomes and the inability to
acquire the basic goods and services
necessary for survival with dignity. Poverty
also encompasses low levels of health and
education, poor access to clean water and
sanitation, inadequate physical security,
lack of voice, and insufficient capacity and
opportunity to better ones life.

Facts about Global Poverty
More than one billion
people live on less than
$1 per day.
More than 800 million
people go to bed
hungry each night.
Nearly 11 million
children die each year
before their 5th birthday.
Women and Poverty

Types of poverty

Income poverty happens when a
household takes in less than one US
dollar per day. This means that people
will not have enough food or medicine
and they will have poor clothes and
houses. Income poverty is due to people
not having access to money or other
assets. If people do not have any other
assets like land to grow their own food,
then income poverty can result in
stunted growth and early death.
The best way to reduce income poverty
is to encourage and support the
development of effective businesses
(small, medium and large) which make
good use of our natural resources and
talents to create wealth and jobs.
Non income poverty happens when
people may have a little bit of money but
otherwise the quality of their life is not
good. They do not have access to
affordable social and physical services
(schooling, health care, medicines, safe
water, good sanitation, good transport)
and they may not feel safe in their homes
either because they cannot trust the
authorities or because they belong to
some particularly vulnerable group
The best way to reduce non-income
poverty it to make sure that people have
access to affordable and good quality
social services and infrastructure, that
they feel secure in their homes, that they
trust the authorities and, if they are
vulnerable, that there are safety net
programmes to protect them.
Causes of third
world poverty
Trade
Third world countries lose
out through unfair trade
agreements, lack of
technology and
investment, and rapidly
changing prices for their
goods.

Work and globalisation
Better communications
and transport have led to
a globalised economy.
Companies look for low-
cost countries to invest in.
This can mean that,
though there are jobs,
they are low-paid
Debt
Third world countries have to
pay interest on their debts.
This means they cannot afford
to spend enough on basic
services like health and
education; nor on things like
transport or communications
that might attract investment.

Land
If you have land you can
grow your own food. But
many people in the Third
World have had their land
taken over by large
businesses, often to grow
crops for export.

Health
Affordable or free health
care is necessary for
development. In poor
countries the percentage
of children who die under
the age of five is much
higher than in rich
countries. HIV/AIDS is
having a devastating
effect on the Third World.
HIV is now the single greatest
threat to future economic
development in Africa. AIDS
kills adults in the prime of their
working and parenting lives,
decimates the work force,
fractures and impoverishes
families, orphans millions...
Callisto Madavo, vice-
president of the World Bank,
Africa region 1999

Food and education
Affordable, secure food supplies
are vital. Malnutrition causes
severe health problems, and can
also affect education. Without
education it is difficult to escape
from poverty. This becomes a
vicious circle people who live in
poverty cannot afford to send their
children to school.

Gender
When we measure poverty
we find differences between
the level experienced by
men or boys, and women or
girls. Women may be
disadvantaged through lack
of access to education; in
some countries they are not
allowed to own or inherit
land; they are less well paid
than men.
Environment
A child born in an industrialised
country will add more to pollution over
his or her lifetime than 30-50 children
born in the Third World. However, the
third world child is likely to experience
the consequences of pollution in a
much more devastating way. For
example, annual carbon dioxide
emissions have quadrupled in the last
50 years. This contributes to global
warming, leading to devastating
changes in weather patterns.
Bangladesh could lose up to 17% of its
land area as water levels rise.


COST OF POVERTY
Philippine Study:
Economic Costs
Exclusion from meaningful participation in the
market economy


Unemployment and underemployment leading to
loss of productivity and income, and the
requirement of state support for social services
Financial Costs
Loss of tax revenue, and simultaneously increased
public expenditure for education, health, social
protection and other social services

Costs to International Organizations
In addition to the public sector costs, there are
costs to civil society whose organizations are
generally funded by international organizations,
and there are costs to businesses that operate
globally as well as locally
Social Costs
Social disintegration arising from criminality,
drugs and violence, especially against women
and children
Political Costs
These costs arise from the threats to stability
generated by the economic and social costs
Human Costs
This refers to the waste of human lives

Major Island
Group
Poverty Incidence among
Population (%)
Magnitude of Poor Population
Share to
Total Poor
Population (%)
2003 2006 2009
Increase/Decr
ease
2003 2006 2009
Increase/Decre
ase
2003 2006 2009
03-06 06-09 03-06 06-09

PHILIPPINES 24.9 26.4 26.5 1.4 0.1 19,796,954 22,173,190 23,142,481 12.0 4.4 100. 100.0 100.0

Luzon 16.7 18.6 17.9 1.9 (0.7) 7,564,531 8,857,020 8,850,387 17.1 (0.1) 38.2 39.9 38.2
Visayas 34.8 34.9 35.2 0.1 0.3 5,447,582 5,839,316 6,213,233 7.2 6.4 27.5 26.3 26.8
Mindanao 36.8 37.8 39.6 1.0 1.8 6,784,840 7,476,854 8,078,861 10.2 8.1 34.3 33.7 34.9

Poverty Incidence, Magnitude of Poor Population and Share to Total
Poor Population in Luzon, Visayas and Mindanao:
2003, 2006, and 2009
Source: National Statistical Coordination Board.
Ten Poorest Provinces in 2000, 2003 and 2006
2000 2003 2006
Province
R
e
g
i
o
n
Poverty
Incidence
Rank Province
R
e
g
i
o
n
Poverty
Incidenc
e
Rank Province
R
e
g
i
o
n
Poverty
Incidence
Rank
Masbate V 61.3 1 Zamboanga del Norte
I
X 64.6 1 Tawi-tawi
A
R
M
M 78.9 1
Maguindanao
A
R
M
M 59.3 2 Maguindanao
A
R
M
M 60.4 2
Zamboanga del
Norte
I
X 63.0 2
Sulu
A
R
M
M 58.9 3 Masbate V 55.9 3 Maguindanao
A
R
M
M 62.0 3
Ifugao
C
A
R 55.7 4 Surigao del Norte
C
A
R
A
G
A 54.5 4 Apayao
C
A
R 57.5 4
Lanao del Sur
A
R
M
M 54.7 5 Agusan del Sur
C
A
R
A
G
A 52.8 5 Surigao Del Norte
C
a
r
a
g
a 53.2 5
Camiguin X 54.2 6
Surigao del
Sur CARAGA 48.6 6 Lanao del Sur ARMM 52.5 6
Camarines
Norte V 52.7 7
Misamis
Occidental X 48.1 7
Northern
Samar VIII 52.2 7
Tawi-Tawi ARMM 52.4 8
Mountain
Province CAR 46.7 8 Masbate V 51.0 8
Agusan del
Sur CARAGA 52.3 9 Biliran VIII 46.5 9 Abra CAR 50.1 9
Romblon IV-B 52.2 10
Lanao del
Norte X 46.5 10
Misamis
Occidental X 48.8 10
2000 2003 2006
R
e
g
i
o
n
Poverty
Incidence
Rank Province
R
e
gi
o
n
Poverty
Incidence
Rank Province
R
e
gi
o
n
Poverty
Incidence
Rank

10 Poorest Provinces
1. Sulu
2. Masbate
3. Tawi-tawi
4. Ifugao
5. Romblon
6. Maguindanao
7. Lanao del Sur
8. Sultan Kudarat
9. Camiguin
10. Camarines Norte

10 Richest Provinces
1. 2
nd
District of Manila :
Mandaluyong, Marikina, Pasig,
San Juan, Quezon City
2. 4
th
District of Metro Manila:
Las Pias, Makati, Muntinlupa,
Paraaque, Pasay and Taguig
3. Bulacan
4. 1
st
District of Metro Manila :
City of Manila
5. Batanes
6. Rizal
7. Laguna
8. 3
rd
District of Metro Manila
:Caloocan, Malabon, Navotas
and Valenzuela
9. Bataan
10.Cavite
Country that has the Highest Poverty Rate

Niger

Niger has an estimated total population of 12,525,094 and is
ranked as the poorest country in the world (last out of 177
countries) by the United Nations Human Development Report
2005. Niger is a landlocked country bordered by Algeria,
Benin, Burkina Faso, Chad, Libya, Mali and Nigeria. As one of
the Highly Indebted Poor Countries (HIPC), it received $1.2
billion as debt relief from the World Bank and the IMF in 2004
but the next year, the population suffered from drought and
faced a severe food crisis with an estimated 1.8 million people
suffering. During this period, agricultural production fell by
12%.
oPer capita GDP: US$280 (2005)
Location Southern Aisa,
bordering the Arabian
Sea and the Bay of
Bengal, between Burma
and Pakistan
Total Area 3,287,590 sq.km
Land 2,973,190 sq.km
Water 314,400 sq.km
Borders Pakistan (northwest);
China (north);
Bangladesh; Nepal;
Bhutan (north);
Myanmar (Burma)
bortheast
Natural Resources Coal(4
th
largest
producer in the world),
iron ore, manganese,
mica bauxite, titanium
ore, natural gas,
diamonds, petroleum,
limestone
Land Use Arable : 48.8%
Permanent crops: 2.8 %
Other : 48.37%
Economy

GDP $691 billion
Real Growth rate : 6.9%
Per capita GDP : $640
Agriculture 22.7% of GDP
Industry 26.7% of GDP
Services and
Transportation
50.7%
Chief Exports Handicrafts, engineering
goods, tea, fish, fruits,
vegetables, cotton apparel,
yarn and fabrics, gems and
jewelry ($76.3B 2004)
Chief imports Fuel oil, refined petroleum
products, chemicals, gold
and steel ($99.8B, 2004)
Major trading
partners
Japan, EU, Russia, US
SOCIO-DEMOGRAPHIC PROFILE
Population 1.1 billion
Annual growth rate :
1.4 %
Education Years compulsory 9 .
Literacy 65.38 %
1971 : 65.90%; 1981 :
59.2%; 1985 : 55.90%;
1990 : 51.80%
Health Infant mortality
61/1,000
Life Expectancy : 63
years
Labor Force 416 million
Agriculture: 63%,
Industry : 22%;
services 11%;
transportation :4%
POVERTY PERCENTAGE
States Percentage of Population
AP 62.8%
Assam 60%
Bihar 60.2%
Gujarat 53.6%
Haryana 54.7%
HP 11.3%
Karnataka 58.5%
Kerala 68.6%
MP 62.1%
Maharashtra 62.2%
Orissa 34.3%
Punjab 46.2%
Rajasthan 46.8%
Tamilnadu 58.8%
UP 59.7%
W. Bengal 45.3%
Delhi 53.6%
All of India 54.9%
South Africa is bordered by Namibia, Botswana, Zimbabwe,
Mozambique and Swaziland. It is surrounded by the Indian Ocean on
the east and south and by the Atlantic Ocean on the west. Lesotho is a
country surrounded by South Africa. The area of South Africa is 1 223
201 sq km. In 1948, South Africa claimed ownership of two small islands,
Prince Edward and Marion. They are about 1200 miles south-east of
Cape Town. The highest point is Champagne Castle, which is 11 073 feet
above sea level. It is on the border between South Africa and Lesotho.
Location, Geography, & Climate

Almost all of South Africa's 472,000 square
miles (1.2 million sq. km.) lie below the
Tropic of Capricorn, and the country is
geographically composed of three primary
regions: an expansive central plateau, a
nearly continuous escarpment of mountain
ranges that ring the plateau on the west,
south, and east, and a narrow strip of low-
lying land along the coast. Most of the
central plateau (and most of the country)
consists of high (4,000-6,000 ft/1,220-1,830
m), rolling grassland known as highveld.
In the northwest, South Africa's Kalahari
Gemsbok National Park, one of the
continent's largest game reserves, extends
into the red sands and scrub grasslands of
the great Kalahari Desert.
In the northeast, the high-end plateau
descends to the Bushveld and Limpopo
River basins. The Bushveld comprises
South Africa's extensive savanna, in
which is found the country's
marvelously rich and diverse game
reserve, the world-renowned Kruger
National Park.
South Africa Main Cities
Cape Town -the legislative capital
Durban -an important sea port
Johannesburg -metropolis of gold fields
Pretoria -the administrative capital
Port Elizabeth -an industrial city and a major port
Germiston -the largest gold refinery in the world
Bloemfontein -the trading centre for cattle and sheep

POLICY INTERVENTIONS
Government Commitments

Following the 1994 elections, the
Government committed itself to a
number of specific goals in the
area of social policy, including:
The elimination of poverty and the
establishment of a reasonable, and
widely acceptable, distribution of
income;
The provision of a reasonable
income in old age;
The provision of affordable, decent
and effective health care for all;
and
Full employment, or if this proves
not possible, an adequate
mechanism to deal with poverty.