Chandra Shekhar Azad pronunciation (help info) (23 July 1906 27 February

1931), popularly known as Azad ("The Liberated"), was an Indian revolutionary

who reorganised the Hindustan Republican Association under the new name of
Hindustan Socialist Republican Association (HSRA) after the death of its
founder, Ram Prasad Bismil, and three other prominent party leaders, Roshan
Singh, Rajendra Nath Lahiri and Ashfaqulla Khan. He is considered to be the
mentor of Bhagat Singh and chief strategist of the HSRA. Early life
Chandra Shekhar Azad was born on 23 July 1906 in Bhavra village, in the present-day Alirajpur
district of Madhya Pradesh. He was then called Chandra Shekar Tiwari.
[citation needed]
His
forefathers were from the Badarka village near Kanpur (in present-day Unnao District. His
mother, Jagrani Devi, was the third wife of Sitaram Tiwari, whose previous wives had died
young. After the birth of their first son, Sukhdev, in Badarka, the family moved to Alirajpur
State.
[3][4]


A monument of Chandra Shekhar Azad in his native village Badarka
His mother wanted her son to be a great Sanskrit scholar and persuaded his father to send him to
Kashi Vidyapeeth, Banaras to study. In December 1921, when Mohandas K. Gandhi launched
the Non-Cooperation Movement, Chandra Shekhar, then a 15-year old student, joined.. As a
result, he was arrested. On being produced before a magistrate, he gave his name as 'Azad',
father's name as 'Swatantrata' (independent) in bekal fort a nd residence as 'Jail'. From that day
onward, having announced his name to be Azad (The Liberated) in court, he was known as
Chandra Shekhar Azad among the people.
[5]

Revolutionary life
After suspension of the non-cooperation movement in 1922 by Gandhi, Azad became more
aggressive. He committed himself to achieve complete independence by any means. Azad also
believed that India's future lay in socialism. He met a young revolutionary, Pranvesh Chatterji,
who introduced him to Ram Prasad Bismil who had formed the Hindustan Republican
Association (HRA), a revolutionary organisation. Azad was impressed with the aim of HRA, i.e.,
an independent India with equal rights and opportunity to everyone without discrimination of
caste, creed, religion or social status. On introduction, Bismil was impressed by Azad, when
Azad reportedly put his hand over a lamp and did not remove it till his skin burnt. He then
became an active member of the HRA and started to collect funds for HRA. Most of the fund
collection was through robberies of government property. He also wanted to build a new India
based on socialist principles. Azad and his compatriots also planned and executed several acts of
violence against the British. Most of his revolutionary activities were planned and executed from
Shahjahanpur which was also the hometown of Ram Prasad. He was involved in the Kakori
Train Robbery of 1925, in the attempt to blow up the Viceroy's train in 1926, and at last the
shooting of J.P. Saunders at Lahore in 1928 to avenge the killing of Lala Lajpat Rai.
[citation needed]

Despite being a member of Congress, Motilal Nehru regularly gave money in support of Azad,
[6]
Abul Kalam Muhiyuddin Ahmed Azad pronunciation (help info) (Bengali:
; Urdu: "Abul Kalam Azad") (11
November 1888 22 February 1958) was an Indian scholar and a senior political leader of the
Indian independence movement. Following India's independence, he became the first Minister of
Education in the Indian government. In 1992 he was posthumously awarded India's highest
civilian award, the Bharat Ratna.
[1]
There is also a theory which suggests that earlier when he
was offered Bharat Ratna he promptly declined it saying that it should not be given to those who
have been on the selection committee. Later he was awarded posthumously in 1992. He is
commonly remembered as Maulana Azad; the word Maulana is an honorific meaning 'learned
man', and he had adopted Azad (Free) as his pen name. His contribution to establishing the
education foundation in India is recognised by celebrating his birthday as "National Education
Day" across India.
[2]

As a young man, Azad composed poetry in Urdu language, as well as treatises on religion and
philosophy. He rose to prominence through his work as a journalist, publishing works critical of
the British Raj and espousing the causes of Indian nationalism. Azad became the leader of the
Khilafat Movement, during which he came into close contact with the Indian leader Mahatma
Gandhi. Azad became an enthusiastic supporter of Gandhi's ideas of non-violent civil
disobedience, and worked to organise the non-co-operation movement in protest of the 1919
Rowlatt Acts. Azad committed himself to Gandhi's ideals, including promoting Swadeshi
(indigenous) products and the cause of Swaraj (Self-rule) for India. In 1923, at an age of 35, he
became the youngest person to serve as the President of the Indian National Congress.
Azad was one of the main organisers of the Dharasana Satyagraha in 1931, and emerged as one
of the most important national leaders of the time, prominently leading the causes of Hindu-
Muslim unity as well as espousing secularism and socialism.
[3]
He served as Congress president
from 1940 to 1945, during which the Quit India rebellion was launched. Azad was imprisoned,
together with the entire Congress leadership, for three years. Azad became the most prominent
Muslim opponent of the demand for a separate Muslim state of Pakistan and served in the
interim national government.
Amidst communal turmoil following the partition of India, he worked for religious harmony. As
India's Education Minister, Azad oversaw the establishment of a national education system with
free primary education and modern institutions of higher education. He is also credited with the
establishment of the Indian Institutes of Technology and the foundation of the University Grants
Commission, an important institution to supervise and advance the higher education in the
Early life
Azad was born on 11 November 1888 in Makkah, Saudi Arabia. Azad's real name was Abul
Kalam Ghulam Muhiyuddin who became known as Maulana Azad by everyone.
[4]
His
forefathers - made up of scholars and soldiers - had immigrated to India from Herat, present-day
Afghanistan, after the Shi'a Safavids took over Persia and Babur established the Sunni Mughal
Empire in India. Azad's father was Maulana Muhammad Khairuddin, a scholar who authored a
dozen of books and had thousands of disciples,
[5]
while his mother was an Arab, the daughter of
Sheikh Mohammad Zaher Watri, himself a reputed scholar from Medina who had a reputation t
Kumarasami Kamaraj , better known as K. Kamaraj, (15 July 1903
[1]
2 October 1975
[2]
)
was an Indian politician from Tamil Nadu widely acknowledged as the "Kingmaker" in Indian
politics during the 1960s. He was the chief minister of Tamil Nadu during 19541963 and a
Member of Parliament during 19521954 (Srivilliputhur) and 19671975. He was known for his
simplicity and integrity.
[1][3]

He was involved in the Indian independence movement.
[4]
As a high-ranking office bearer of the
Indian National Congress, he was instrumental in bringing to power two Prime Ministers, Lal
Bahadur Shastri in 1964 and Indira Gandhi in 1966. In Tamil Nadu, his home state, he is still
remembered for bringing school education to millions of the rural poor by introducing free
education and the free Midday Meal Scheme during his tenure as chief minister. He was awarded
India's highest civilian honour, the Bharat Ratna, posthumously in 1976.
[5]
The domestic terminal
of the Chennai airport is named "Kamaraj Terminal", Chennai's Beach Road renamed
"Kamarajar Salai", Bangalore's North Parade Road as "K. Kamaraj Rd." and the Madurai
Kamaraj University in his honour.
[

Early life of Kamarajar
Kamaraj was born on 15 July 1903 to Kumarasamy Nadar and Sivakami Ammaiar at
Virudhunagar in Tamil Nadu. His real name was Kamakshi and his mother affectionately called
him Raja; later his name became Kamaraj (Kamatchi + Raja).Template:Date=February 2014 His
parents were from a trading family. His father Kumarasamy Nadar was a coconut merchant. In
1907, four years after the birth of Kamaraj, his sister Nagammal was born.
[citation needed]
At age 5
(1907), Kamaraj was admitted to a traditional school (called 'Thinnai Palli' in Tamil, a system of
school available in the past) on the next day of "Saraswathy Pooja".
[citation needed]
In 1908 he was
admitted to Yenadhi Narayana Vidhya Salai. In 1909 Kamaraj was admitted in Virudupatti High
School Kshatriya Vidhya Sala, which is the only high school in Virdhupatti.
[citation needed]

Kamaraj's father died when he was six years old and his mother was forced to support her family
by selling her jewellery. In 1914 Kamaraj dropped out of school to support his family.
[7]
After
that he worked in his uncle's clothshop as a salesboy.
[citation needed]

During this time he started joining processions and attending public meetings about the Indian
Home Rule Movement and British Rule addressed by orators like Dr. Varadarajulu Naidu,
V.Kalyana Sundara Mudaliar and George Joseph.
[citation needed]
Kamaraj developed an interest in
prevailing political conditions by reading newspapers daily.
[8]

The Jallianwala Bagh massacre was the decisive turning point in his life, and at this point he
decided his aim was to fight for national freedom and to bring an end to foreign rule.
[9][10]
In
1920, at the age of 18, he became active as a political worker and joined Congress as a full-time
worker.
[10]
In 1921 Kamaraj was organising public meetings at Virudhunagar for Congress
leaders. He was eager to meet Gandhi, and when Gandhi visited Madurai on 21 September 1921
Kamaraj attended Gandhi's public meeting and met him for the first time in person. He visited
villages carrying Congress propaganda.
[11]