Configuring IP Multicast Routing

C H A P T E R
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Configuring IP Multicast Routing
This chapter describes how to configure IP multicast routing on the Catalyst 3560 switch. IP multicasting
is a more efficient way to use network resources, especially for bandwidth-intensive services such as
audio and video. IP multicast routing enables a host (source) to send packets to a group of hosts
(receivers) anywhere within the IP network by using a special form of IP address called the IP multicast
group address. The sending host inserts the multicast group address into the IP destination address field
of the packet, and IP multicast routers and multilayer switches forward incoming IP multicast packets
out all interfaces that lead to members of the multicast group. Any host, regardless of whether it is a
member of a group, can send to a group. However, only the members of a group receive the message.
To use the IP multicast routing features, the switch must be running the IP services image (formerly
known as the enhanced multilayer image [EMI]). To use the PIM stub routing feature, theswitch can be
running the IP base image.
Note For complete syntax and usage information for the commands used in this chapter, see the Cisco IOS IP
Command Reference, Volume 3 of 3: Multicast, Release 12.2 from the Cisco.com page under
Documentation > Cisco IOS Software > 12.2 Mainline > Command References.
This chapter consists of these sections:
Understanding Ciscos Implementation of IP Multicast Routing, page 44-2
Configuring IP Multicast Routing, page 44-9
Configuring Advanced PIM Features, page 44-34
Configuring Optional IGMP Features, page 44-37
Configuring Optional Multicast Routing Features, page 44-43
Configuring Basic DVMRP Interoperability Features, page 44-47
Configuring Advanced DVMRP Interoperability Features, page 44-52
Monitoring and Maintaining IP Multicast Routing, page 44-60
For information on configuring the Multicast Source Discovery Protocol (MSDP), see Chapter 45,
Configuring MSDP.

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Chapter 44 Configuring IP Multicast Routing
Understanding Ciscos Implementation of IP Multicast Routing
The Cisco IOS software supports these protocols to implement IP multicast routing:
Internet Group Management Protocol (IGMP) is used among hosts on a LAN and the routers (and
multilayer switches) on that LAN to track the multicast groups of which hosts are members.
Protocol-Independent Multicast (PIM) protocol is used among routers and multilayer switches to
track which multicast packets to forward to each other and to their directly connected LANs.
Distance Vector Multicast Routing Protocol (DVMRP) is used on the multicast backbone of the
Internet (MBONE). The software supports PIM-to-DVMRP interaction.
Cisco Group Management Protocol (CGMP) is used on Cisco routers and multilayer switches
connected to Layer 2 Catalyst switches to perform tasks similar to those performed by IGMP.
Figure 44-1 shows where these protocols operate within the IP multicast environment.
Figure 44-1 IP Multicast Routing Protocols
According to IPv4 multicast standards, the MAC destination multicast address begins with 0100:5e and
is appended by the last 23 bits of the IP address. On the Catalyst 3560 switch, if the multicast packet
does not match the switch multicast address, the packets are treated in this way:
If the packet has a multicast IP address and a unicast MAC address, the packet is forwarded in
software. This can occur because some protocols on legacy devices use unicast MAC addresses with
multicast IP addresses.
If the packet has a multicast IP address and an unmatched multicast MAC address, the packet is
dropped.
This section includes information about these topics:
Understanding IGMP, page 44-3
Understanding PIM, page 44-4
Understanding DVMRP, page 44-8
Understanding CGMP, page 44-9
Host
Host
PIM
IGMP
CGMP
DVMRP
Internet
MBONE
Cisco Catalyst switch
(CGMP client)
4
4
9
6
6

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Understanding IGMP
To participate in IP multicasting, multicast hosts, routers, and multilayer switches must have the IGMP
operating. This protocol defines the querier and host roles:
A querier is a network device that sends query messages to discover which network devices are
members of a given multicast group.
A host is a receiver that sends report messages (in response to query messages) to inform a querier
of a host membership.
A set of queriers and hosts that receive multicast data streams from the same source is called a multicast
group. Queriers and hosts use IGMP messages to join and leave multicast groups.
Any host, regardless of whether it is a member of a group, can send to a group. However, only the
members of a group receive the message. Membership in a multicast group is dynamic; hosts can join
and leave at any time. There is no restriction on the location or number of members in a multicast group.
A host can be a member of more than one multicast group at a time. How active a multicast group is and
what members it has can vary from group to group and from time to time. A multicast group can be active
for a long time, or it can be very short-lived. Membership in a group can constantly change. A group that
has members can have no activity.
IP multicast traffic uses group addresses, which are class D addresses. The high-order bits of a Class D
address are 1110. Therefore, host group addresses can be in the range 224.0.0.0 through
239.255.255.255. Multicast addresses in the range 224.0.0.0 to 224.0.0.255 are reserved for use by
routing protocols and other network control traffic. The address 224.0.0.0 is guaranteed not to be
assigned to any group.
IGMP packets are sent using these IP multicast group addresses:
IGMP general queries are destined to the address 224.0.0.1 (all systems on a subnet).
IGMP group-specific queries are destined to the group IP address for which the switch is querying.
IGMP group membership reports are destined to the group IP address for which the switch is
reporting.
IGMP Version 2 (IGMPv2) leave messages are destined to the address 224.0.0.2
(all-multicast-routers on a subnet). In some old host IP stacks, leave messages might be destined to
the group IP address rather than to the all-routers address.
IGMP Version 1
IGMP Version 1 (IGMPv1) primarily uses a query-response model that enables the multicast router and
multilayer switch to find which multicast groups are active (have one or more hosts interested in a
multicast group) on the local subnet. IGMPv1 has other processes that enable a host to join and leave a
multicast group. For more information, see RFC 1112.
IGMP Version 2
IGMPv2 extends IGMP functionality by providing such features as the IGMP leave process to reduce
leave latency, group-specific queries, and an explicit maximum query response time. IGMPv2 also adds
the capability for routers to elect the IGMP querier without depending on the multicast protocol to
perform this task. For more information, see RFC 2236.

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Understanding PIM
PIM is called protocol-independent: regardless of the unicast routing protocols used to populate the
unicast routing table, PIM uses this information to perform multicast forwarding instead of maintaining
a separate multicast routing table.
PIM is defined in RFC 2362, Protocol-Independent Multicast-Sparse Mode (PIM-SM): Protocol
Specification. PIM is defined in these Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) Internet drafts:
Protocol Independent Multicast (PIM): Motivation and Architecture
Protocol Independent Multicast (PIM), Dense Mode Protocol Specification
Protocol Independent Multicast (PIM), Sparse Mode Protocol Specification
draft-ietf-idmr-igmp-v2-06.txt, Internet Group Management Protocol, Version 2
draft-ietf-pim-v2-dm-03.txt, PIM Version 2 Dense Mode
PIM Versions
PIMv2 includes these improvements over PIMv1:
A single, active rendezvous point (RP) exists per multicast group, with multiple backup RPs. This
single RP compares to multiple active RPs for the same group in PIMv1.
A bootstrap router (BSR) provides a fault-tolerant, automated RP discovery and distribution
mechanism that enables routers and multilayer switches to dynamically learn the group-to-RP
mappings.
Sparse mode and dense mode are properties of a group, as opposed to an interface. We strongly
recommend sparse-dense mode, as opposed to either sparse mode or dense mode only.
PIM join and prune messages have more flexible encoding for multiple address families.
A more flexible hello packet format replaces the query packet to encode current and future
capability options.
Register messages to an RP specify whether they are sent by a border router or a designated router.
PIM packets are no longer inside IGMP packets; they are standalone packets.
PIM Modes
PIM can operate in dense mode (DM), sparse mode (SM), or in sparse-dense mode (PIM DM-SM),
which handles both sparse groups and dense groups at the same time.
PIM DM
PIM DM builds source-based multicast distribution trees. In dense mode, a PIM DM router or multilayer
switch assumes that all other routers or multilayer switches forward multicast packets for a group. If a
PIM DM device receives a multicast packet and has no directly connected members or PIM neighbors
present, a prune message is sent back to the source to stop unwanted multicast traffic. Subsequent
multicast packets are not flooded to this router or switch on this pruned branch because branches without
receivers are pruned from the distribution tree, leaving only branches that contain receivers.

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When a new receiver on a previously pruned branch of the tree joins a multicast group, the PIM DM
device detects the new receiver and immediately sends a graft message up the distribution tree toward
the source. When the upstream PIM DM device receives the graft message, it immediately puts the
interface on which the graft was received into the forwarding state so that the multicast traffic begins
flowing to the receiver.
PIM SM
PIM SM uses shared trees and shortest-path-trees (SPTs) to distribute multicast traffic to multicast
receivers in the network. In PIM SM, a router or multilayer switch assumes that other routers or switches
do not forward multicast packets for a group, unless there is an explicit request for the traffic (join
message). When a host joins a multicast group using IGMP, its directly connected PIM SM device sends
PIM join messages toward the root, also known as the RP. This join message travels router-by-router
toward the root, constructing a branch of the shared tree as it goes.
The RP keeps track of multicast receivers. It also registers sources through register messages received
from the sources first-hop router (designated router [DR]) to complete the shared tree path from the
source to the receiver. When using a shared tree, sources must send their traffic to the RP so that the
traffic reaches all receivers.
Prune messages are sent up the distribution tree to prune multicast group traffic. This action permits
branches of the shared tree or SPT that were created with explicit join messages to be torn down when
they are no longer needed.
PIM Stub Routing
The PIM stub routing feature, available in all software images, reduces resource usage by moving routed
traffic closer to the end user.
Note The IP base image contains only PIM stub routing. The IP services image contains complete multicast
routing. On a switch running the IP base image, if you try to configure a VLAN interface with PIM
dense-mode, sparse-mode, or dense-sparse-mode, the configuration is not allowed.
In a network using PIM stub routing, the only allowable route for IP traffic to the user is through a switch
that is configured with PIM stub routing. PIM passive interfaces are connected to Layer 2 access
domains, such as VLANs, or to interfaces that are connected to other Layer 2 devices. Only directly
connected multicast (IGMP) receivers and sources are allowed in the Layer 2 access domains. The PIM
passive interfaces do not send or process any received PIM control packets.
When using PIM stub routing, you should configure the distribution and remote routers to use IP
multicast routing and configure only the switch as a PIM stub router. The switch does not route transit
traffic between distribution routers. You also need to configure a routed uplink port on the switch. The
switch uplink port cannot be used with SVIs. If you need PIM for an SVI uplink port, you should upgrade
to the IP services feature set.
You must also configure EIGRP stub routing when configuring PIM stub routing on the switch. For more
information, see theConfiguring EIGRP Stub Routing section on page 36-39.
The redundant PIM stub router topology is not supported. The redundant topology exists when there is
more than one PIM router forwarding multicast traffic to a single access domain. PIM messages are
blocked, and the PIM asset and designated router election mechanisms are not supported on the PIM
passive interfaces. Only the nonredundant access router topology is supported by the PIM stub feature.
By using a nonredundant topology, the PIM passive interface assumes that it is the only interface and
designated router on that access domain.

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The PIM stub feature is enforced in the IP base image. If you upgrade to a higher software version, the
PIM stub configuration remains until you reconfigure the interfaces.
In Figure 44-2, Switch A routed uplink port 25 is connected to the router and PIM stub routing is enabled
on the VLAN 100 interfaces and on Host 3. This configuration allows the directly connected hosts to
receive traffic from multicast source 200.1.1.3. See the Configuring PIM Stub Routing section on
page 44-22 for more information.
Figure 44-2 PIM Stub Router Configuration
IGMP Helper
PIM stub routing moves routed traffic closer to the end user and reduces network traffic. You can also
reduce traffic by configuring a stub router (switch) with the IGMP helper feature.
You can configure a stub router (switch) with the igmp helper help-address interface configuration
command to enable the switch to send reports to the next-hop interface. Hosts that are not directly
connected to a downstream router can then join a multicast group sourced from an upstream network.
The IGMP packets from a host wanting to join a multicast stream are forwarded upstream to the next-hop
device when this feature is configured. When the upstream central router receives the helper IGMP
reports or leaves, it adds or removes the interfaces from its outgoing interface list for that group.
For complete syntax and usage information for the ip igmp helper-address command, see the Cisco IOS
IP and IP Routing Command Reference, Release 12.1.
Auto-RP
This proprietary feature eliminates the need to manually configure the RP information in every router
and multilayer switch in the network. For auto-RP to work, you configure a Cisco router or multilayer
switch as the mapping agent. It uses IP multicast to learn which routers or switches in the network are
possible candidate RPs to receive candidate RP announcements. Candidate RPs periodically send
multicast RP-announce messages to a particular group or group range to announce their availability.
Mapping agents listen to these candidate RP announcements and use the information to create entries in
their Group-to-RP mapping caches. Only one mapping cache entry is created for any Group-to-RP range
received, even if multiple candidate RPs are sending RP announcements for the same range. As the
RP-announce messages arrive, the mapping agent selects the router or switch with the highest IP address
as the active RP and stores this RP address in the Group-to-RP mapping cache.
Source
200.1.1.3
Router
3.1.1.2.255.255.255.0
Switch
A
Host 1 Host 2
VLAN 100 Host 3
Port 25 Port 20
2
0
2
3
6
1

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Mapping agents periodically multicast the contents of their Group-to-RP mapping caches. Thus, all
routers and switches automatically discover which RP to use for the groups that they support. If a router
or switch fails to receive RP-discovery messages and the Group-to-RP mapping information expires, it
changes to a statically configured RP that was defined with the ip pim rp-address global configuration
command. If no statically configured RP exists, the router or switch changes the group to dense-mode
operation.
Multiple RPs serve different group ranges or serve as hot backups of each other.
Bootstrap Router
PIMv2 BSR is another method to distribute group-to-RP mapping information to all PIM routers and
multilayer switches in the network. It eliminates the need to manually configure RP information in every
router and switch in the network. However, instead of using IP multicast to distribute group-to-RP
mapping information, BSR uses hop-by-hop flooding of special BSR messages to distribute the mapping
information.
The BSR is elected from a set of candidate routers and switches in the domain that have been configured
to function as BSRs. The election mechanism is similar to the root-bridge election mechanism used in
bridged LANs. The BSR election is based on the BSR priority of the device contained in the BSR
messages that are sent hop-by-hop through the network. Each BSR device examines the message and
forwards out all interfaces only the message that has either a higher BSR priority than its BSR priority
or the same BSR priority, but with a higher BSR IP address. Using this method, the BSR is elected.
The elected BSR sends BSR messages with a TTL of 1. Neighboring PIMv2 routers or multilayer
switches receive the BSR message and multicast it out all other interfaces (except the one on which it
was received) with a TTL of 1. In this way, BSR messages travel hop-by-hop throughout the PIM
domain. Because BSR messages contain the IP address of the current BSR, the flooding mechanism
enables candidate RPs to automatically learn which device is the elected BSR.
Candidate RPs send candidate RP advertisements showing the group range for which they are
responsible to the BSR, which stores this information in its local candidate-RP cache. The BSR
periodically advertises the contents of this cache in BSR messages to all other PIM devices in the
domain. These messages travel hop-by-hop through the network to all routers and switches, which store
the RP information in the BSR message in their local RP cache. The routers and switches select the same
RP for a given group because they all use a common RP hashing algorithm.
Multicast Forwarding and Reverse Path Check
With unicast routing, routers and multilayer switches forward traffic through the network along a single
path from the source to the destination host whose IP address appears in the destination address field of
the IP packet. Each router and switch along the way makes a unicast forwarding decision, using the
destination IP address in the packet, by looking up the destination address in the unicast routing table
and forwarding the packet through the specified interface to the next hop toward the destination.
With multicasting, the source is sending traffic to an arbitrary group of hosts represented by a multicast
group address in the destination address field of the IP packet. To decide whether to forward or drop an
incoming multicast packet, the router or multilayer switch uses a reverse path forwarding (RPF) check
on the packet as follows and shown in Figure 44-3:
1. The router or multilayer switch examines the source address of the arriving multicast packet to
decide whether the packet arrived on an interface that is on the reverse path back to the source.
2. If the packet arrives on the interface leading back to the source, the RPF check is successful and the
packet is forwarded to all interfaces in the outgoing interface list (which might not be all interfaces
on the router).

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3. If the RPF check fails, the packet is discarded.
Some multicast routing protocols, such as DVMRP, maintain a separate multicast routing table and use
it for the RPF check. However, PIM uses the unicast routing table to perform the RPF check.
Figure 44-3 shows port 2 receiving a multicast packet from source 151.10.3.21. Table 44-1 shows that
the port on the reverse path to the source is port 1, not port 2. Because the RPF check fails, the multilayer
switch discards the packet. Another multicast packet from source 151.10.3.21 is received on port 1, and
the routing table shows this port is on the reverse path to the source. Because the RPF check passes, the
switch forwards the packet to all port in the outgoing port list.
Figure 44-3 RPF Check
PIM uses both source trees and RP-rooted shared trees to forward datagrams (described in the PIM
DM section on page 44-4 and the PIM SM section on page 44-5). The RPF check is performed
differently for each:
If a PIM router or multilayer switch has a source-tree state (that is, an (S,G) entry is present in the
multicast routing table), it performs the RPF check against the IP address of the source of the
multicast packet.
If a PIM router or multilayer switch has a shared-tree state (and no explicit source-tree state), it
performs the RPF check on the RP address (which is known when members join the group).
Sparse-mode PIM uses the RPF lookup function to decide where it needs to send joins and prunes:
(S,G) joins (which are source-tree states) are sent toward the source.
(*,G) joins (which are shared-tree states) are sent toward the RP.
DVMRP and dense-mode PIM use only source trees and use RPF as previously described.
Understanding DVMRP
DVMRP is implemented in the equipment of many vendors and is based on the public-domain mrouted
program. This protocol has been deployed in the MBONE and in other intradomain multicast networks.
Table 44-1 Routing Table Example for an RPF Check
Network Port
151.10.0.0/16 Gigabit Ethernet 0/1
Multicast
packet from
source 151.10.3.21
is forwarded.
Multicast
packet from
source 151.10.3.21
packet is discarded.
Gigabit Ethernet 0/1
Gigabit Ethernet 0/3 Gigabit Ethernet 0/4
Gigabit Ethernet 0/2
1
0
1
2
4
2
Layer 3 switch

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Cisco routers and multilayer switches run PIM and can forward multicast packets to and receive from a
DVMRP neighbor. It is also possible to propagate DVMRP routes into and through a PIM cloud. The
software propagates DVMRP routes and builds a separate database for these routes on each router and
multilayer switch, but PIM uses this routing information to make the packet-forwarding decision. The
software does not implement the complete DVMRP. However, it supports dynamic discovery of DVMRP
routers and can interoperate with them over traditional media (such as Ethernet and FDDI) or over
DVMRP-specific tunnels.
DVMRP neighbors build a route table by periodically exchanging source network routing information
in route-report messages. The routing information stored in the DVMRP routing table is separate from
the unicast routing table and is used to build a source distribution tree and to perform multicast forward
using RPF.
DVMRP is a dense-mode protocol and builds a parent-child database using a constrained multicast
model to build a forwarding tree rooted at the source of the multicast packets. Multicast packets are
initially flooded down this source tree. If redundant paths are on the source tree, packets are not
forwarded along those paths. Forwarding occurs until prune messages are received on those parent-child
links, which further constrain the broadcast of multicast packets.
Understanding CGMP
This software release provides CGMP-server support on your switch; no client-side functionality is
provided. The switch serves as a CGMP server for devices that do not support IGMP snooping but have
CGMP-client functionality.
CGMP is a protocol used on Cisco routers and multilayer switches connected to Layer 2 Catalyst
switches to perform tasks similar to those performed by IGMP. CGMP permits Layer 2 group
membership information to be communicated from the CGMP server to the switch. The switch can then
can learn on which interfaces multicast members reside instead of flooding multicast traffic to all switch
interfaces. (IGMP snooping is another method to constrain the flooding of multicast packets. For more
information, see Chapter 23, Configuring IGMP Snooping and MVR.)
CGMP is necessary because the Layer 2 switch cannot distinguish between IP multicast data packets and
IGMP report messages, which are both at the MAC-level and are addressed to the same group address.
CGMP is mutually exclusive with HSRPv1. You cannot enable CGMP leaving processing and HSRPv1
at the same time. However, you can enable CGMP and HSRPv2 at the same time. For more information,
see the HSRP Versions section on page 40-3.
These sections contain this configuration information:
Default Multicast Routing Configuration, page 44-10
Multicast Routing Configuration Guidelines, page 44-10
Configuring Basic Multicast Routing, page 44-11 (required)
Configuring Source-Specific Multicast, page 44-13
Configuring Source Specific Multicast Mapping, page 44-16
Configuring PIM Stub Routing, page 44-22 (optional)
Configuring a Rendezvous Point, page 44-23 (required if the interface is in sparse-dense mode, and
you want to treat the group as a sparse group)

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Using Auto-RP and a BSR, page 44-33 (required for non-Cisco PIMv2 devices to interoperate with
Cisco PIM v1 devices))
Monitoring the RP Mapping Information, page 44-33 (optional)
Troubleshooting PIMv1 and PIMv2 Interoperability Problems, page 44-34 (optional)
Default Multicast Routing Configuration
Table 44-2 shows the default multicast routing configuration.
Multicast Routing Configuration Guidelines
To avoid misconfiguring multicast routing on your switch, review the information in these sections:
PIMv1 and PIMv2 Interoperability, page 44-10
Auto-RP and BSR Configuration Guidelines, page 44-11
PIMv1 and PIMv2 Interoperability
The Cisco PIMv2 implementation provides interoperability and transition between Version 1 and
Version 2, although there might be some minor problems.
You can upgrade to PIMv2 incrementally. PIM Versions 1 and 2 can be configured on different routers
and multilayer switches within one network. Internally, all routers and multilayer switches on a shared
media network must run the same PIM version. Therefore, if a PIMv2 device detects a PIMv1 device,
the Version 2 device downgrades itself to Version 1 until all Version 1 devices have been shut down or
upgraded.
PIMv2 uses the BSR to discover and announce RP-set information for each group prefix to all the routers
and multilayer switches in a PIM domain. PIMv1, together with the Auto-RP feature, can perform the
same tasks as the PIMv2 BSR. However, Auto-RP is a standalone protocol, separate from PIMv1, and is
Table 44-2 Default Multicast Routing Configuration
Feature Default Setting
Multicast routing Disabled on all interfaces.
PIM version Version 2.
PIM mode No mode is defined.
PIM stub routing None configured.
PIM RP address None configured.
PIM domain border Disabled.
PIM multicast boundary None.
Candidate BSRs Disabled.
Candidate RPs Disabled.
Shortest-path tree threshold rate 0 kb/s.
PIM router query message interval 30 seconds.

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a proprietary Cisco protocol. PIMv2 is a standards track protocol in the IETF. We recommend that you
use PIMv2. The BSR mechanism interoperates with Auto-RP on Cisco routers and multilayer switches.
For more information, see the Auto-RP and BSR Configuration Guidelines section on page 44-11.
When PIMv2 devices interoperate with PIMv1 devices, Auto-RP should have already been deployed. A
PIMv2 BSR that is also an Auto-RP mapping agent automatically advertises the RP elected by Auto-RP.
That is, Auto-RP sets its single RP on every router or multilayer switch in the group. Not all routers and
switches in the domain use the PIMv2 hash function to select multiple RPs.
Dense-mode groups in a mixed PIMv1 and PIMv2 region need no special configuration; they
automatically interoperate.
Sparse-mode groups in a mixed PIMv1 and PIMv2 region are possible because the Auto-RP feature in
PIMv1 interoperates with the PIMv2 RP feature. Although all PIMv2 devices can also use PIMv1, we
recommend that the RPs be upgraded to PIMv2. To ease the transition to PIMv2, we have these
recommendations:
Use Auto-RP throughout the region.
Configure sparse-dense mode throughout the region.
If Auto-RP is not already configured in the PIMv1 regions, configure Auto-RP. For more information,
see the Configuring Auto-RP section on page 44-25.
Auto-RP and BSR Configuration Guidelines
There are two approaches to using PIMv2. You can use Version 2 exclusively in your network or migrate
to Version 2 by employing a mixed PIM version environment.
If your network is all Cisco routers and multilayer switches, you can use either Auto-RP or BSR.
If you have non-Cisco routers in your network, you must use BSR.
If you have Cisco PIMv1 and PIMv2 routers and multilayer switches and non-Cisco routers, you
must use both Auto-RP and BSR. If your network includes routers from other vendors, configure the
Auto-RP mapping agent and the BSR on a Cisco PIMv2 device. Ensure that no PIMv1 device is
located in the path a between the BSR and a non-Cisco PIMv2 device.
Because bootstrap messages are sent hop-by-hop, a PIMv1 device prevents these messages from
reaching all routers and multilayer switches in your network. Therefore, if your network has a
PIMv1 device in it and only Cisco routers and multilayer switches, it is best to use Auto-RP.
If you have a network that includes non-Cisco routers, configure the Auto-RP mapping agent and
the BSR on a Cisco PIMv2 router or multilayer switch. Ensure that no PIMv1 device is on the path
between the BSR and a non-Cisco PIMv2 router.
If you have non-Cisco PIMv2 routers that need to interoperate with Cisco PIMv1 routers and
multilayer switches, both Auto-RP and a BSR are required. We recommend that a Cisco PIMv2
device be both the Auto-RP mapping agent and the BSR. For more information, see the Using
Auto-RP and a BSR section on page 44-33.
Configuring Basic Multicast Routing
You must enable IP multicast routing and configure the PIM version and the PIM mode. Then the
software can forward multicast packets, and the switch can populate its multicast routing table.

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You can configure an interface to be in PIM dense mode, sparse mode, or sparse-dense mode. The switch
populates its multicast routing table and forwards multicast packets it receives from its directly
connected LANs according to the mode setting. You must enable PIM in one of these modes for an
interface to perform IP multicast routing. Enabling PIM on an interface also enables IGMP operation on
that interface.
Note If you enable PIM on multiple interfaces, when most of them are not on the outgoing interface list, and
IGMP snooping is disabled, the outgoing interface might not be able to sustain line rate for multicast
traffic because of the extra replication.
In populating the multicast routing table, dense-mode interfaces are always added to the table.
Sparse-mode interfaces are added to the table only when periodic join messages are received from
downstream devices or when there is a directly connected member on the interface. When forwarding
from a LAN, sparse-mode operation occurs if there is an RP known for the group. If so, the packets are
encapsulated and sent toward the RP. When no RP is known, the packet is flooded in a dense-mode
fashion. If the multicast traffic from a specific source is sufficient, the receivers first-hop router might
send join messages toward the source to build a source-based distribution tree.
By default, multicast routing is disabled, and there is no default mode setting. This procedure is required.
Beginning in privileged EXEC mode, follow these steps to enable IP multicasting, to configure a PIM
version, and to configure a PIM mode. This procedure is required.
Command Purpose
Step 1 configure terminal Enter global configuration mode.
Step 2 ip multicast-routing distributed Enable IP multicast distributed switching.
Step 3 interface interface-id Specify the Layer 3 interface on which you want to enable multicast
routing, and enter interface configuration mode.
The specified interface must be one of the following:
A routed port: a physical port that has been configured as a Layer 3
port by entering the no switchport interface configuration
command.
An SVI: a VLAN interface created by using the interface vlan
vlan-id global configuration command.
These interfaces must have IP addresses assigned to them. For more
information, see the Configuring Layer 3 Interfaces section on
page 10-26.
Step 4 ip pim version [1 | 2] Configure the PIM version on the interface.
By default, Version 2 is enabled and is the recommended setting.
An interface in PIMv2 mode automatically downgrades to PIMv1 mode
if that interface has a PIMv1 neighbor. The interface returns to Version 2
mode after all Version 1 neighbors are shut down or upgraded.
For more information, see the PIMv1 and PIMv2 Interoperability
section on page 44-10.

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To disable multicasting, use the no ip multicast-routing distributed global configuration command. To
return to the default PIM version, use the no ip pim version interface configuration command. To
disable PIM on an interface, use the no ip pim interface configuration command.
Configuring Source-Specific Multicast
This section describes how to configure source-specific multicast (SSM). For a complete description of
the SSM commands in this section, refer to the IP Multicast Routing Commands chapter of the Cisco
IOS IP Command Reference, Volume 3 of 3: Multicast. To locate documentation for other commands that
appear in this chapter, use the command reference master index, or search online.
The SSM feature is an extension of IP multicast in which datagram traffic is forwarded to receivers from
only those multicast sources that the receivers have explicitly joined. For multicast groups configured
for SSM, only SSM distribution trees (no shared trees) are created.
SSM Components Overview
SSM is a datagram delivery model that best supports one-to-many applications, also known as broadcast
applications. SSM is a core networking technology for the Cisco implementation of IP multicast
solutions targeted for audio and video broadcast application environments. The switch supports these
components that support the implementation of SSM:
Protocol independent multicast source-specific mode (PIM-SSM)
PIM-SSM is the routing protocol that supports the implementation of SSM and is derived from PIM
sparse mode (PIM-SM).
Internet Group Management Protocol version 3 (IGMPv3)
Step 5 ip pim {dense-mode | sparse-mode |
sparse-dense-mode}
Enable a PIM mode on the interface.
By default, no mode is configured.
The keywords have these meanings:
dense-modeEnables dense mode of operation.
sparse-modeEnables sparse mode of operation. If you configure
sparse mode, you must also configure an RP. For more information,
see the Configuring a Rendezvous Point section on page 44-23.
sparse-dense-modeCauses the interface to be treated in the mode
in which the group belongs. Sparse-dense mode is the recommended
setting.
Note After you enable a PIM mode on the interface, the ip
mroute-cache distributed interface configuration command is
automatically entered for the interface and appears in the running
configuration.
Step 6 end Return to privileged EXEC mode.
Step 7 show running-config Verify your entries.
Step 8 copy running-config startup-config (Optional) Save your entries in the configuration file.
Command Purpose

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To run SSM with IGMPv3, SSM must be supported in the Cisco IOS router, the host where the
application is running, and the application itself.
How SSM Differs from Internet Standard Multicast
The current IP multicast infrastructure in the Internet and many enterprise intranets is based on the
PIM-SM protocol and Multicast Source Discovery Protocol (MSDP). These protocols have the
limitations of the Internet Standard Multicast (ISM) service model. For example, with ISM, the network
must maintain knowledge about which hosts in the network are actively sending multicast traffic.
The ISM service consists of the delivery of IP datagrams from any source to a group of receivers called
the multicast host group. The datagram traffic for the multicast host group consists of datagrams with an
arbitrary IP unicast source address S and the multicast group address G as the IP destination address.
Systems receive this traffic by becoming members of the host group.
Membership in a host group simply requires signalling the host group through IGMP version 1, 2, or 3.
In SSM, delivery of datagrams is based on (S, G) channels. In both SSM and ISM, no signalling is
required to become a source. However, in SSM, receivers must subscribe or unsubscribe to (S, G)
channels to receive or not receive traffic from specific sources. In other words, receivers can receive
traffic only from (S, G) channels to which they are subscribed, whereas in ISM, receivers need not know
the IP addresses of sources from which they receive their traffic. The proposed standard approach for
channel subscription signalling use IGMP include mode membership reports, which are supported only
in IGMP version 3.
SSM IP Address Range
SSM can coexist with the ISM service by applying the SSM delivery model to a configured subset of the
IP multicast group address range. Cisco IOS software allows SSM configuration for the IP multicast
address range of 224.0.0.0 through 239.255.255.255. When an SSM range is defined, existing IP
multicast receiver applications do not receive any traffic when they try to use an address in the SSM
range (unless the application is modified to use an explicit (S, G) channel subscription).
SSM Operations
An established network, in which IP multicast service is based on PIM-SM, can support SSM services.
SSM can also be deployed alone in a network without the full range of protocols that are required for
interdomain PIM-SM (for example, MSDP, Auto-RP, or bootstrap router [BSR]) if only SSM service is
needed.
If SSM is deployed in a network already configured for PIM-SM, only the last-hop routers support SSM.
Routers that are not directly connected to receivers do not require support for SSM. In general, these
not-last-hop routers must only run PIM-SM in the SSM range and might need additional access control
configuration to suppress MSDP signalling, registering, or PIM-SM shared tree operations from
occurring within the SSM range.
Use the ip pim ssm global configuration command to configure the SSM range and to enable SSM. This
configuration has the following effects:
For groups within the SSM range, (S, G) channel subscriptions are accepted through IGMPv3
include-mode membership reports.
PIM operations within the SSM range of addresses change to PIM-SSM, a mode derived from
PIM-SM. In this mode, only PIM (S, G) join and prune messages are generated by the router, and
no (S, G) rendezvous point tree (RPT) or (*, G) RPT messages are generated. Incoming messages
related to RPT operations are ignored or rejected, and incoming PIM register messages are

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immediately answered with register-stop messages. PIM-SSM is backward-compatible with
PIM-SM unless a router is a last-hop router. Therefore, routers that are not last-hop routers can run
PIM-SM for SSM groups (for example, if they do not yet support SSM).
No MSDP source-active (SA) messages within the SSM range are accepted, generated, or
forwarded.
IGMPv3 Host Signalling
In IGMPv3, hosts signal membership to last hop routers of multicast groups. Hosts can signal group
membership with filtering capabilities with respect to sources. A host can either signal that it wants to
receive traffic from all sources sending to a group except for some specific sources (called exclude
mode), or that it wants to receive traffic only from some specific sources sending to the group (called
include mode).
IGMPv3 can operate with both ISM and SSM. In ISM, both exclude and include mode reports are
applicable. In SSM, only include mode reports are accepted by the last-hop router. Exclude mode reports
are ignored.
Configuration Guidelines
This section contains the guidelines for configuring SSM.
Legacy Applications Within the SSM Range Restrictions
Existing applications in a network predating SSM do not work within the SSM range unless they are
modified to support (S, G) channel subscriptions. Therefore, enabling SSM in a network can cause
problems for existing applications if they use addresses within the designated SSM range.
Address Management Restrictions
Address management is still necessary to some degree when SSM is used with Layer 2 switching
mechanisms. Cisco Group Management Protocol (CGMP), IGMP snooping, or Router-Port Group
Management Protocol (RGMP) support only group-specific filtering, not (S, G) channel-specific
filtering. If different receivers in a switched network request different (S, G) channels sharing the same
group, they do not benefit from these existing mechanisms. Instead, both receivers receive all (S, G)
channel traffic and filter out the unwanted traffic on input. Because SSM can re-use the group addresses
in the SSM range for many independent applications, this situation can lead to decreased traffic filtering
in a switched network. For this reason, it is important to use random IP addresses from the SSM range
for an application to minimize the chance for re-use of a single address within the SSM range between
different applications. For example, an application service providing a set of television channels should,
even with SSM, use a different group for each television (S, G) channel. This setup guarantees that
multiple receivers to different channels within the same application service never experience traffic
aliasing in networks that include Layer 2 switches.
IGMP Snooping and CGMP Limitations
IGMPv3 uses new membership report messages that might not be correctly recognized by older IGMP
snooping switches.
For more information about switching issues related to IGMP (especially with CGMP), refer to the
Understanding IGMP section on page 44-3.

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State Maintenance Limitations
In PIM-SSM, the last hop router continues to periodically send (S, G) join messages if appropriate (S,
G) subscriptions are on the interfaces. Therefore, as long as receivers send (S, G) subscriptions, the
shortest path tree (SPT) state from the receivers to the source is maintained, even if the source does not
send traffic for longer periods of time (or even never).
This case is opposite to PIM-SM, where (S, G) state is maintained only if the source is sending traffic
and receivers are joining the group. If a source stops sending traffic for more than 3 minutes in PIM-SM,
the (S, G) state is deleted and only re-established after packets from the source arrive again through the
RPT. Because no mechanism in PIM-SSM notifies a receiver that a source is active, the network must
maintain the (S, G) state in PIM-SSM as long as receivers are requesting receipt of that channel.
Configuring SSM
Beginning in privileged EXEC mode, follow these steps to configure SSM:
Monitoring SSM
Beginning in privileged EXEC mode, follow these steps to monitor SSM.
Configuring Source Specific Multicast Mapping
The Source Specific Multicast (SSM) mapping feature supports SSM transition when supporting SSM
on the end system is impossible or unwanted due to administrative or technical reasons. You can use
SSM mapping to leverage SSM for video delivery to legacy STBs that do not support IGMPv3 or for
applications that do not use the IGMPv3 host stack.
Command Purpose
Step 1 ip pim ssm [default | range access-list] Define the SSM range of IP multicast addresses.
Step 2 interface type number Select an interface that is connected to hosts on which
IGMPv3 can be enabled, and enter the interface configuration
mode.
Step 3 ip pim {sparse-mode | sparse-dense-mode} Enable PIM on an interface. You must use either sparse mode
or sparse-dense mode.
Step 4 ip igmp version 3 Enable IGMPv3 on this interface. The default version of
IGMP is set to Version 2.
Command Purpose
Router# show ip igmp groups detail Display the (S, G) channel subscription through IGMPv3.
Router# show ip mroute Display whether a multicast group supports SSM service or
whether a source-specific host report was received.

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This section covers these topics:
Configuration Guidelines, page 44-17
SSM Mapping Overview, page 44-17
Configuring SSM Mapping, page 44-19
Monitoring SSM Mapping, page 44-21
Configuration Guidelines
These are the SSM mapping configuration guidelines:
Before you configure SSM mapping, enable IP multicast routing, enable PIM sparse mode, and
configure SSM. For information on enabling IP multicast routing and PIM sparse mode, see the
Default Multicast Routing Configuration section on page 44-10.
Before you configure static SSM mapping, you must configure access control lists (ACLs) that
define the group ranges to be mapped to source addresses. For information on configuring an ACL,
see Chapter 32, Configuring Network Security with ACLs.
Before you can configure and use SSM mapping with DNS lookups, you must be able to add records
to a running DNS server. If you do not already have a DNS server running, you need to install one.
You can use a product such as Cisco Network Registrar. Go to this URL for more information:
http://www.cisco.com/warp/public/cc/pd/nemnsw/nerr/index.shtml
These are the SSM mapping restrictions:
The SSM mapping feature does not have all the benefits of full SSM. Because SSM mapping takes
a group join from a host and identifies this group with an application associated with one or more
sources, it can only support one such application per group. Full SSM applications can still share
the same group as in SSM mapping.
Enable IGMPv3 with care on the last hop router when you rely solely on SSM mapping as a
transition solution for full SSM. When you enable both SSM mapping and IGMPv3 and the hosts
already support IGMPv3 (but not SSM), the hosts send IGMPv3 group reports. SSM mapping does
not support these IGMPv3 group reports, and the router does not correctly associate sources with
these reports.
SSM Mapping Overview
In a typical STB deployment, each TV channel uses one separate IP multicast group and has one active
server host sending the TV channel. A single server can send multiple TV channels, but each to a
different group. In this network environment, if a router receives an IGMPv1 or IGMPv2 membership
report for a particular group, the report addresses the well-known TV server for the TV channel
associated with the multicast group.
When SSM mapping is configured, if a router receives an IGMPv1 or IGMPv2 membership report for a
particular group, the router translates this report into one or more channel memberships for the
well-known sources associated with this group.
When the router receives an IGMPv1 or IGMPv2 membership report for a group, the router uses SSM
mapping to determine one or more source IP addresses for the group. SSM mapping then translates the
membership report as an IGMPv3 report and continues as if it had received an IGMPv3 report. The
router then sends PIM joins and continues to be joined to these groups as long as it continues to receive
the IGMPv1 or IGMPv2 membership reports, and the SSM mapping for the group remains the same.

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SSM mapping enables the last hop router to determine the source addresses either by a statically
configured table on the router or through a DNS server. When the statically configured table or the DNS
mapping changes, the router leaves the current sources associated with the joined groups.
Go to this URL for additional information on SSM mapping:
http://www.cisco.com/en/US/products/sw/iosswrel/ps5207/products_feature_guide09186a00801a6d6f.
html
Static SSM Mapping
With static SSM mapping, you can configure the last hop router to use a static map to determine the
sources that are sending to groups. Static SSM mapping requires that you configure ACLs to define
group ranges. Then you can map the groups permitted by those ACLs to sources by using the ip igmp
static ssm-map global configuration command.
You can configure static SSM mapping in smaller networks when a DNS is not needed or to locally
override DNS mappings. When configured, static SSM mappings take precedence over DNS mappings.
DNS-Based SSM Mapping
You can use DNS-based SSM mapping to configure the last hop router to perform a reverse DNS lookup
to determine sources sending to groups. When DNS-based SSM mapping is configured, the router
constructs a domain name that includes the group address and performs a reverse lookup into the DNS.
The router looks up IP address resource records and uses them as the source addresses associated with
this group. SSM mapping supports up to 20 sources for each group. The router joins all sources
configured for a group (see Figure 44-4).
Figure 44-4 DNS-Based SSM-Mapping
The SSM mapping mechanism that enables the last hop router to join multiple sources for a group can
provide source redundancy for a TV broadcast. In this context, the last hop router provides redundancy
using SSM mapping to simultaneously join two video sources for the same TV channel. However, to
prevent the last hop router from duplicating the video traffic, the video sources must use a server-side
STB host 1 STB host 2 STB host 3
DNS response
DNS server
Reverse DNS lookup
IGMPv2 membership report
(S, G) Join
(S, G) Join
Source
1
4
6
9
0
6

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switchover mechanism. One video source is active, and the other backup video source is passive. The
passive source waits until an active source failure is detected before sending the video traffic for the TV
channel. Thus, the server-side switchover mechanism ensures that only one of the servers is actively
sending video traffic for the TV channel.
To look up one or more source addresses for a group that includes G1, G2, G3, and G4, you must
configure these DNS records on the DNS server:
G4.G3.G2.G1 [multicast-domain] [timeout]IN A source-address-1
IN A source-address-2
IN A source-address-n
Refer to your DNS server documentation for more information about configuring DNS resource records,
and go to this URL for additional information on SSM mapping:
html
Configuring SSM Mapping
This section covers these topics:
Configuring Static SSM Mapping, page 44-19 (required)
Configuring DNS-Based SSM Mapping, page 44-20 (required)
Configuring Static Traffic Forwarding with SSM Mapping, page 44-20 (optional)
Configuring Static SSM Mapping
Beginning in privileged EXEC mode, follow these steps to configure static SSM mapping:
Command Purpose
Step 2 ip igmp ssm-map enable Enable SSM mapping for groups in the configured SSM range.
Note By default, this command enables DNS-based SSM mapping.
Step 3 no ip igmp ssm-map query dns (Optional) Disable DNS-based SSM mapping.
Note Disable DNS-based SSM mapping if you only want to rely on
static SSM mapping. By default, the ip igmp ssm-map global
configuration command enables DNS-based SSM mapping.
Step 4 ip igmp ssm-map static access-list
source-address
Configure static SSM mapping.
The ACL supplied for access-list defines the groups to be mapped to the
source IP address entered for the source-address.
Note You can configure additional static SSM mappings. If additional
SSM mappings are configured and the router receives an
IGMPv1 or IGMPv2 membership report for a group in the SSM
range, the switch determines the source addresses associated
with the group by using each configured ip igmp ssm-map
static command. The switch associates up to 20 sources per
group.
Step 5 Repeat Step 4 to configure additional
static SSM mappings, if required.

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Go to this URL to see SSM mapping configuration examples:
html
Configuring DNS-Based SSM Mapping
To configure DNS-based SSM mapping, you need to create a DNS server zone or add records to an
existing zone. If the routers that are using DNS-based SSM mapping are also using DNS for other
purposes, you should use a normally configured DNS server. If DNS-based SSM mapping is the only
DNS implementation being used on the router, you can configure a false DNS setup with an empty root
zone or a root zone that points back to itself.
Beginning in privileged EXEC mode, follow these steps to configure DNS-based SSM mapping:
Configuring Static Traffic Forwarding with SSM Mapping
Use static traffic forwarding with SSM mapping to statically forward SSM traffic for certain groups.
Command Purpose
Command Purpose
Step 2 ip igmp ssm-map enable Enable SSM mapping for groups in a configured SSM range.
Step 3 ip igmp ssm-map query dns (Optional) Enable DNS-based SSM mapping.
By default, the ip igmp ssm-map command enables DNS-based SSM
mapping. Only the no form of this command is saved to the running
configuration.
Note Use this command to re-enable DNS-based SSM mapping if
DNS-based SSM mapping is disabled.
Step 4 ip domain multicast domain-prefix (Optional) Change the domain prefix used by the switch for DNS-based
SSM mapping.
By default, the switch uses the ip-addr.arpa domain prefix.
Step 5 ip name-server server-address1
[server-address2... server-address6]
Specify the address of one or more name servers to use for name and
address resolution.
Step 6 Repeat Step 5 to configure additional
DNS servers for redundancy, if required.


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Beginning in privileged EXEC mode, follow these steps to configure static traffic forwarding with SSM
mapping:
Monitoring SSM Mapping
Use the privileged EXEC commands in Table 44-3 to monitor SSM mapping.
Go to this URL to see SSM mapping monitoring examples:
html#wp1047772
Command Purpose
Step 2 interface type number Select an interface on which to statically forward traffic for a multicast
group using SSM mapping, and enter interface configuration mode.
Note Static forwarding of traffic with SSM mapping works with either
DNS-based SSM mapping or statically configured SSM
mapping.
Step 3 ip igmp static-group group-address
source ssm-map
Configure SSM mapping to statically forward a (S, G) channel from the
interface.
Use this command if you want to statically forward SSM traffic for
certain groups. Use DNS-based SSM mapping to determine the source
addresses of the channels.
Table 44-3 SSM Mapping Monitoring Commands
Command Purpose
show ip igmp ssm-mapping Display information about SSM mapping.
show ip igmp ssm-mapping
group-address
Display the sources that SSM mapping uses for a particular
group.
show ip igmp groups [group-name |
group-address | interface-type
interface-number] [detail]
Display the multicast groups with receivers that are directly
connected to the router and that were learned through IGMP.
show host Display the default domain name, the style of name lookup
service, a list of name server hosts, and the cached list of
hostnames and addresses.
debug ip igmp group-address Display the IGMP packets received and sent and IGMP
host-related events.

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Configuring PIM Stub Routing
The PIM Stub routing feature supports multicast routing between the distribution layer and the access
layer. It supports two types of PIM interfaces, uplink PIM interfaces, and PIM passive interfaces. A
routed interface configured with the PIM passive mode does not pass or forward PIM control traffic, it
only passes and forwards IGMP traffic.
PIM Stub Routing Configuration Guidelines
Follow these guidelines when enabling PIM stub routing on an interface:
Before configuring PIM stub routing, you must have IP multicast routing configured on both the stub
router and the central router. You must also have PIM mode (dense-mode, sparse-mode, or
dense-sparse-mode) configured on the uplink interface of the stub router.
The PIM stub router does not route the transit traffic between the distribution routers. Unicast
(EIGRP) stub routing enforces this behavior. You must configure unicast stub routing to assist the
PIM stub router behavior. For more information, see the Configuring EIGRP Stub Routing section
on page 36-39.
Only directly connected multicast (IGMP) receivers and sources are allowed in the Layer 2 access
domains. The PIM protocol is not supported in access domains.
The redundant PIM stub router topology is not supported.
Enabling PIM Stub Routing
Beginning in privileged EXEC mode, follow these steps to enable PIM stub routing on an interface. This
procedure is optional.
To disable PIM stub routing on an interface, use the no ip pim passive interface configuration command.
In this example, IP multicast routing is enabled, Switch A PIM uplink port 25 is configured as a routed
uplink port with spare-dense-mode enabled. PIM stub routing is enabled on the VLAN 100 interfaces
and on Gigabit Ethernet port 20 in Figure 44-2:
Switch(config)# ip multicast-routing distributed
Switch(config)# interface GigabitEthernet0/25
Switch(config-if)# no switchport
Switch(config-if)# ip address 3.1.1.2 255.255.255.0
Switch(config-if)# ip pim sparse-dense-mode
Switch(config-if)# exit
Command Purpose
Step 2 interface interface-id Specify the interface on which you want to enable PIM stub routing, and
enter interface configuration mode.
Step 3 ip pim passive Configure the PIM stub feature on the interface.
Step 5 show ip pim interface Display the PIM stub that is enabled on each interface.

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Switch(config)# interface vlan100
Switch(config-if)# ip pim passive
Switch(config)# interface vlan100
Switch(config-if)# no switchport
Switch(config-if)# end
To verify that PIM stub is enabled for each interface, use the show ip pim interface privileged EXEC
command:
Switch# show ip pim interface
Address Interface Ver/ Nbr Query DR DR
Mode Count Intvl Prior
3.1.1.2 GigabitEthernet3/0/25 v2/SD 1 30 1 3.1.1.2
100.1.1.1 Vlan100 v2/P 0 30 1 100.1.1.1
10.1.1.1 GigabitEthernet3/0/20 v2/P 0 30 1 10.1.1.1
Use these privileged EXEC commands to display information about PIM stub configuration and status:
show ip pim interface displays the PIM stub that is enabled on each interface.
show ip igmp detail displays the interested clients that have joined the specific multicast source
group.
show ip igmp mroute verifies that the multicast stream forwards from the source to the interested
clients.
Configuring a Rendezvous Point
You must have an RP if the interface is in sparse-dense mode and if you want to treat the group as a sparse
group. You can use several methods, as described in these sections:
Manually Assigning an RP to Multicast Groups, page 44-23
Configuring Auto-RP, page 44-25 (a standalone, Cisco-proprietary protocol separate from PIMv1)
Configuring PIMv2 BSR, page 44-29 (a standards track protocol in the Internet Engineering Task
Force (IETF)
You can use auto-RP, BSR, or a combination of both, depending on the PIM version that you are running
and the types of routers in your network. For more information, see the PIMv1 and PIMv2
Interoperability section on page 44-10 and the Auto-RP and BSR Configuration Guidelines section
on page 44-11.
Manually Assigning an RP to Multicast Groups
This section explains how to manually configure an RP. If the RP for a group is learned through a
dynamic mechanism (such as auto-RP or BSR), you need not perform this task for that RP.

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Senders of multicast traffic announce their existence through register messages received from the source
first-hop router (designated router) and forwarded to the RP. Receivers of multicast packets use RPs to
join a multicast group by using explicit join messages. RPs are not members of the multicast group;
rather, they serve as a meeting place for multicast sources and group members.
You can configure a single RP for multiple groups defined by an access list. If there is no RP configured
for a group, the multilayer switch treats the group as dense and uses the dense-mode PIM techniques.
Beginning in privileged EXEC mode, follow these steps to manually configure the address of the RP.
This procedure is optional.
Command Purpose
Step 2 ip pim rp-address ip-address
[access-list-number] [override]
Configure the address of a PIM RP.
By default, no PIM RP address is configured. You must configure the IP
address of RPs on all routers and multilayer switches (including the RP).
If there is no RP configured for a group, the switch treats the group as
dense, using the dense-mode PIM techniques.
A PIM device can be an RP for more than one group. Only one RP address
can be used at a time within a PIM domain. The access-list conditions
specify for which groups the device is an RP.
For ip-address, enter the unicast address of the RP in dotted-decimal
notation.
(Optional) For access-list-number, enter an IP standard access list
number from 1 to 99. If no access list is configured, the RP is used for
all groups.
(Optional) The override keyword means that if there is a conflict
between the RP configured with this command and one learned by
Auto-RP or BSR, the RP configured with this command prevails.
Step 3 access-list access-list-number {deny |
permit} source [source-wildcard]
Create a standard access list, repeating the command as many times as
necessary.
For access-list-number, enter the access list number specified in
Step 2.
The deny keyword denies access if the conditions are matched. The
permit keyword permits access if the conditions are matched.
For source, enter the multicast group address for which the RP should
be used.
(Optional) For source-wildcard, enter the wildcard bits in dotted
decimal notation to be applied to the source. Place ones in the bit
positions that you want to ignore.
Recall that the access list is always terminated by an implicit deny
statement for everything.

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To remove an RP address, use the no ip pim rp-address ip-address [access-list-number] [override]
global configuration command.
This example shows how to configure the address of the RP to 147.106.6.22 for multicast
group 225.2.2.2 only:
Switch(config)# access-list 1 permit 225.2.2.2 0.0.0.0
Switch(config)# ip pim rp-address 147.106.6.22 1
Configuring Auto-RP
Auto-RP uses IP multicast to automate the distribution of group-to-RP mappings to all Cisco routers and
multilayer switches in a PIM network. It has these benefits:
It is easy to use multiple RPs within a network to serve different group ranges.
It provides load splitting among different RPs and arrangement of RPs according to the location of
group participants.
It avoids inconsistent, manual RP configurations on every router and multilayer switch in a PIM
network, which can cause connectivity problems.
Follow these guidelines when configuring Auto-RP:
If you configure PIM in sparse mode or sparse-dense mode and do not configure Auto-RP, you must
manually configure an RP as described in the Manually Assigning an RP to Multicast Groups
section on page 44-23.
If routed interfaces are configured in sparse mode, Auto-RP can still be used if all devices are
configured with a manual RP address for the Auto-RP groups.
If routed interfaces are configured in sparse mode and you enter the ip pim autorp listener global
configuration command, Auto-RP can still be used even if all devices are not configured with a
manual RP address for the Auto-RP groups.
These sections describe how to configure Auto-RP:
Setting up Auto-RP in a New Internetwork, page 44-25 (optional)
Adding Auto-RP to an Existing Sparse-Mode Cloud, page 44-25 (optional)
Preventing Join Messages to False RPs, page 44-27 (optional)
Filtering Incoming RP Announcement Messages, page 44-28 (optional)
For overview information, see the Auto-RP section on page 44-6.
Setting up Auto-RP in a New Internetwork
If you are setting up Auto-RP in a new internetwork, you do not need a default RP because you configure
all the interfaces for sparse-dense mode. Follow the process described in the Adding Auto-RP to an
Existing Sparse-Mode Cloud section on page 44-25. However, omit Step 3 if you want to configure a
PIM router as the RP for the local group.
Adding Auto-RP to an Existing Sparse-Mode Cloud
This section contains some suggestions for the initial deployment of Auto-RP into an existing
sparse-mode cloud to minimize disruption of the existing multicast infrastructure.

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Beginning in privileged EXEC mode, follow these steps to deploy Auto-RP in an existing sparse-mode
cloud. This procedure is optional.
Command Purpose
Step 1 show running-config Verify that a default RP is already configured on all PIM devices and the
RP in the sparse-mode network. It was previously configured with the ip
pim rp-address global configuration command.
This step is not required for spare-dense-mode environments.
The selected RP should have good connectivity and be available across
the network. Use this RP for the global groups (for example 224.x.x.x
and other global groups). Do not reconfigure the group address range that
this RP serves. RPs dynamically discovered through Auto-RP take
precedence over statically configured RPs. Assume that it is desirable to
use a second RP for the local groups.
Step 3 ip pim send-rp-announce interface-id
scope ttl group-list access-list-number
interval seconds
Configure another PIM device to be the candidate RP for local groups.
For interface-id, enter the interface type and number that identifies
the RP address. Valid interfaces include physical ports, port
channels, and VLANs.
For scope ttl, specify the time-to-live value in hops. Enter a hop
count that is high enough so that the RP-announce messages reach
all mapping agents in the network. There is no default setting. The
range is 1 to 255.
For group-list access-list-number, enter an IP standard access list
number from 1 to 99. If no access list is configured, the RP is used
for all groups.
For interval seconds, specify how often the announcement messages
must be sent. The default is 60 seconds. The range is 1 to 16383.
necessary.
Step 3.
For source, enter the multicast group address range for which the RP
should be used.

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To remove the PIM device configured as the candidate RP, use the no ip pim send-rp-announce
interface-id global configuration command. To remove the switch as the RP-mapping agent, use the no
ip pim send-rp-discovery global configuration command.
This example shows how to send RP announcements out all PIM-enabled interfaces for a maximum of 31
hops. The IP address of port 1 is the RP. Access list 5 describes the group for which this switch serves
as RP:
Switch(config)# ip pim send-rp-announce gigabitethernet0/1 scope 31 group-list 5
Preventing Join Messages to False RPs
Find whether the ip pim accept-rp command was previously configured throughout the network by
using the show running-config privileged EXEC command. If the ip pim accept-rp command is not
configured on any device, this problem can be addressed later. In those routers or multilayer switches
already configured with the ip pim accept-rp command, you must enter the command again to accept
the newly advertised RP.
To accept all RPs advertised with Auto-RP and reject all other RPs by default, use the ip pim accept-rp
auto-rp global configuration command. This procedure is optional.
If all interfaces are in sparse mode, use a default-configured RP to support the two well-known
groups 224.0.1.39 and 224.0.1.40. Auto-RP uses these two well-known groups to collect and distribute
RP-mapping information. When this is the case and the ip pim accept-rp auto-rp command is
configured, another ip pim accept-rp command accepting the RP must be configured as follows:
Switch(config)# ip pim accept-rp 172.10.20.1 1
Switch(config)# access-list 1 permit 224.0.1.39
Switch(config)# access-list 1 permit 224.0.1.40
Step 5 ip pim send-rp-discovery scope ttl Find a switch whose connectivity is not likely to be interrupted, and
assign it the role of RP-mapping agent.
For scope ttl, specify the time-to-live value in hops to limit the RP
discovery packets. All devices within the hop count from the source
device receive the Auto-RP discovery messages. These messages tell
other devices which group-to-RP mapping to use to avoid conflicts (such
as overlapping group-to-RP ranges). There is no default setting. The
range is 1 to 255.
Step 7 show running-config
show ip pim rp mapping
show ip pim rp
Verify your entries.
Display active RPs that are cached with associated multicast routing
entries.
Display the information cached in the routing table.
Command Purpose

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Filtering Incoming RP Announcement Messages
You can add configuration commands to the mapping agents to prevent a maliciously configured router
from masquerading as a candidate RP and causing problems.
Beginning in privileged EXEC mode, follow these steps to filter incoming RP announcement messages.
To remove a filter on incoming RP announcement messages, use the no ip pim rp-announce-filter
rp-list access-list-number [group-list access-list-number] global configuration command.
Command Purpose
Step 2 ip pim rp-announce-filter rp-list
access-list-number group-list
access-list-number
Filter incoming RP announcement messages.
Enter this command on each mapping agent in the network. Without
this command, all incoming RP-announce messages are accepted by
default.
For rp-list access-list-number, configure an access list of candidate RP
addresses that, if permitted, is accepted for the group ranges supplied
in the group-list access-list-number variable. If this variable is
omitted, the filter applies to all multicast groups.
If more than one mapping agent is used, the filters must be consistent
across all mapping agents to ensure that no conflicts occur in the
Group-to-RP mapping information.
necessary.
Step 2.
The deny keyword denies access if the conditions are matched.
The permit keyword permits access if the conditions are matched.
Create an access list that specifies from which routers and
multilayer switches the mapping agent accepts candidate RP
announcements (rp-list ACL).
Create an access list that specifies the range of multicast groups
from which to accept or deny (group-list ACL).
For source, enter the multicast group address range for which the
RP should be used.

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This example shows a sample configuration on an Auto-RP mapping agent that is used to prevent
candidate RP announcements from being accepted from unauthorized candidate RPs:
Switch(config)# ip pim rp-announce-filter rp-list 10 group-list 20
Switch(config)# access-list 10 permit host 172.16.5.1
Switch(config)# access-list 10 permit host 172.16.2.1
Switch(config)# access-list 20 deny 239.0.0.0 0.0.255.255
In this example, the mapping agent accepts candidate RP announcements from only two devices,
172.16.5.1 and 172.16.2.1. The mapping agent accepts candidate RP announcements from these two
devices only for multicast groups that fall in the group range of 224.0.0.0 to 239.255.255.255. The
mapping agent does not accept candidate RP announcements from any other devices in the network.
Furthermore, the mapping agent does not accept candidate RP announcements from 172.16.5.1
or 172.16.2.1 if the announcements are for any groups in the 239.0.0.0 through 239.255.255.255 range.
This range is the administratively scoped address range.
Configuring PIMv2 BSR
These sections describe how to set up BSR in your PIMv2 network:
Defining the PIM Domain Border, page 44-29 (optional)
Defining the IP Multicast Boundary, page 44-30 (optional)
Configuring Candidate BSRs, page 44-31 (optional)
Configuring Candidate RPs, page 44-32 (optional)
For overview information, see the Bootstrap Router section on page 44-7.
Defining the PIM Domain Border
As IP multicast becomes more widespread, the chance of one PIMv2 domain bordering another PIMv2
domain is increasing. Because these two domains probably do not share the same set of RPs, BSR,
candidate RPs, and candidate BSRs, you need to constrain PIMv2 BSR messages from flowing into or
out of the domain. Allowing these messages to leak across the domain borders could adversely affect the
normal BSR election mechanism and elect a single BSR across all bordering domains and co-mingle
candidate RP advertisements, resulting in the election of RPs in the wrong domain.
Beginning in privileged EXEC mode, follow these steps to define the PIM domain border. This
Command Purpose
Step 2 interface interface-id Specify the interface to be configured, and enter interface configuration
mode.
Step 3 ip pim bsr-border Define a PIM bootstrap message boundary for the PIM domain.
Enter this command on each interface that connects to other bordering
PIM domains. This command instructs the switch to neither send or
receive PIMv2 BSR messages on this interface as shown in Figure 44-5.

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To remove the PIM border, use the no ip pim bsr-border interface configuration command.
Figure 44-5 Constraining PIMv2 BSR Messages
Defining the IP Multicast Boundary
You define a multicast boundary to prevent Auto-RP messages from entering the PIM domain. You
create an access list to deny packets destined for 224.0.1.39 and 224.0.1.40, which carry Auto-RP
information.
Beginning in privileged EXEC mode, follow these steps to define a multicast boundary. This procedure
is optional.
1
0
1
2
4
3
PIMv2 sparse-mode
network
BSR
BSR
messages
Neighboring
PIMv2 domain
Neighboring
PIMv2 domain
Configure the
ip pim bsr-border
command on
this interface.
Configure the
ip pim bsr-border
command on
this interface.
BSR
messages
Layer 3
switch
Layer 3
switch
Command Purpose
Step 2 access-list access-list-number deny
source [source-wildcard]
necessary.
For access-list-number, the range is 1 to 99.
For source, enter multicast addresses 224.0.1.39 and 224.0.1.40,
which carry Auto-RP information.
mode.
Step 4 ip multicast boundary
access-list-number
Configure the boundary, specifying the access list you created in Step 2.

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To remove the boundary, use the no ip multicast boundary interface configuration command.
This example shows a portion of an IP multicast boundary configuration that denies Auto-RP
information:
Switch(config)# access-list 1 deny 224.0.1.39
Switch(config)# access-list 1 deny 224.0.1.40
Switch(config)# access-list 1 permit all
Switch(config)# interface gigabitethernet0/1
Switch(config-if)# ip multicast boundary 1
Configuring Candidate BSRs
You can configure one or more candidate BSRs. The devices serving as candidate BSRs should have
good connectivity to other devices and be in the backbone portion of the network.
Beginning in privileged EXEC mode, follow these steps to configure your switch as a candidate BSR.
To remove this device as a candidate BSR, use the no ip pim bsr-candidate global configuration
command.
This example shows how to configure a candidate BSR, which uses the IP address 172.21.24.18 on a port
as the advertised BSR address, uses 30 bits as the hash-mask-length, and has a priority of 10.
Switch(config-if)# ip pim sparse-dense-mode
Switch(config-if)# ip pim bsr-candidate gigabitethernet0/2 30 10
Command Purpose
Step 2 ip pim bsr-candidate interface-id
hash-mask-length [priority]
Configure your switch to be a candidate BSR.
For interface-id, enter the interface on this switch from which the
BSR address is derived to make it a candidate. This interface must
be enabled with PIM. Valid interfaces include physical ports, port
channels, and VLANs.
For hash-mask-length, specify the mask length (32 bits maximum)
that is to be ANDed with the group address before the hash function
is called. All groups with the same seed hash correspond to the same
RP. For example, if this value is 24, only the first 24 bits of the group
addresses matter.
(Optional) For priority, enter a number from 0 to 255. The BSR with
the larger priority is preferred. If the priority values are the same,
the device with the highest IP address is selected as the BSR. The
default is 0.

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Configuring Candidate RPs
You can configure one or more candidate RPs. Similar to BSRs, the RPs should also have good
connectivity to other devices and be in the backbone portion of the network. An RP can serve the entire
IP multicast address space or a portion of it. Candidate RPs send candidate RP advertisements to the
BSR. When deciding which devices should be RPs, consider these options:
In a network of Cisco routers and multilayer switches where only Auto-RP is used, any device can
be configured as an RP.
In a network that includes only Cisco PIMv2 routers and multilayer switches and with routers from
other vendors, any device can be used as an RP.
In a network of Cisco PIMv1 routers, Cisco PIMv2 routers, and routers from other vendors,
configure only Cisco PIMv2 routers and multilayer switches as RPs.
Beginning in privileged EXEC mode, follow these steps to configure your switch to advertise itself as a
PIMv2 candidate RP to the BSR. This procedure is optional.
To remove this device as a candidate RP, use the no ip pim rp-candidate interface-id global
configuration command.
Command Purpose
Step 2 ip pim rp-candidate interface-id
[group-list access-list-number]
Configure your switch to be a candidate RP.
For interface-id, specify the interface whose associated IP address
is advertised as a candidate RP address. Valid interfaces include
physical ports, port channels, and VLANs.
(Optional) For group-list access-list-number, enter an IP standard
access list number from 1 to 99. If no group-list is specified, the
switch is a candidate RP for all groups.
necessary.
Step 2.
For source, enter the number of the network or host from which the
packet is being sent.

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This example shows how to configure the switch to advertise itself as a candidate RP to the BSR in its
PIM domain. Standard access list number 4 specifies the group prefix associated with the RP that has
the address identified by a port. That RP is responsible for the groups with the prefix 239.
Switch(config)# ip pim rp-candidate gigabitethernet0/2 group-list 4
Using Auto-RP and a BSR
If there are only Cisco devices in you network (no routers from other vendors), there is no need to
configure a BSR. Configure Auto-RP in a network that is running both PIMv1 and PIMv2.
If you have non-Cisco PIMv2 routers that need to interoperate with Cisco PIMv1 routers and multilayer
switches, both Auto-RP and a BSR are required. We recommend that a Cisco PIMv2 router or multilayer
switch be both the Auto-RP mapping agent and the BSR.
If you must have one or more BSRs, we have these recommendations:
Configure the candidate BSRs as the RP-mapping agents for Auto-RP. For more information, see
the Configuring Auto-RP section on page 44-25 and the Configuring Candidate BSRs section
on page 44-31.
For group prefixes advertised through Auto-RP, the PIMv2 BSR mechanism should not advertise a
subrange of these group prefixes served by a different set of RPs. In a mixed PIMv1 and PIMv2
domain, have backup RPs serve the same group prefixes. This prevents the PIMv2 DRs from
selecting a different RP from those PIMv1 DRs, due to the longest match lookup in the RP-mapping
database.
Beginning in privileged EXEC mode, follow these steps to verify the consistency of group-to-RP
mappings. This procedure is optional.
Monitoring the RP Mapping Information
To monitor the RP mapping information, use these commands in privileged EXEC mode:
show ip pim bsr displays information about the elected BSR.
show ip pim rp-hash group displays the RP that was selected for the specified group.
show ip pim rp [group-name | group-address | mapping] displays how the switch learns of the RP
(through the BSR or the Auto-RP mechanism).
Command Purpose
Step 1 show ip pim rp [[group-name |
group-address] | mapping]
On any Cisco device, display the available RP mappings.
(Optional) For group-name, specify the name of the group about which to
display RPs.
(Optional) For group-address, specify the address of the group about which
to display RPs.
(Optional) Use the mapping keyword to display all group-to-RP mappings
of which the Cisco device is aware (configured or learned from Auto-RP).
Step 2 show ip pim rp-hash group On a PIMv2 router or multilayer switch, confirm that the same RP is the one that
a PIMv1 system chooses.
For group, enter the group address for which to display RP information.

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Configuring Advanced PIM Features
Troubleshooting PIMv1 and PIMv2 Interoperability Problems
When debugging interoperability problems between PIMv1 and PIMv2, check these in the order shown:
1. Verify RP mapping with the show ip pim rp-hash privileged EXEC command, making sure that all
systems agree on the same RP for the same group.
2. Verify interoperability between different versions of DRs and RPs. Make sure the RPs are
interacting with the DRs properly (by responding with register-stops and forwarding decapsulated
data packets from registers).
These sections describe the optional advanced PIM features:
Understanding PIM Shared Tree and Source Tree, page 44-34
Delaying the Use of PIM Shortest-Path Tree, page 44-35 (optional)
Modifying the PIM Router-Query Message Interval, page 44-36 (optional)
Understanding PIM Shared Tree and Source Tree
By default, members of a group receive data from senders to the group across a single data-distribution
tree rooted at the RP. Figure 44-6 shows this type of shared-distribution tree. Data from senders is
delivered to the RP for distribution to group members joined to the shared tree.
Figure 44-6 Shared Tree and Source Tree (Shortest-Path Tree)
If the data rate warrants, leaf routers (routers without any downstream connections) on the shared tree
can use the data distribution tree rooted at the source. This type of distribution tree is called a
shortest-path tree or source tree. By default, the software switches to a source tree upon receiving the
first data packet from a source.
Router A
Source
Receiver
Router C RP
Router B
Shared tree
from RP
Source tree
(shortest
path tree)
4
4
9
6
7

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This process describes the move from a shared tree to a source tree:
1. A receiver joins a group; leaf Router C sends a join message toward the RP.
2. The RP puts a link to Router C in its outgoing interface list.
3. A source sends data; Router A encapsulates the data in a register message and sends it to the RP.
4. The RP forwards the data down the shared tree to Router C and sends a join message toward the
source. At this point, data might arrive twice at Router C, once encapsulated and once natively.
5. When data arrives natively (unencapsulated) at the RP, it sends a register-stop message to Router A.
6. By default, reception of the first data packet prompts Router C to send a join message toward the
source.
7. When Router C receives data on (S,G), it sends a prune message for the source up the shared tree.
8. The RP deletes the link to Router C from the outgoing interface of (S,G). The RP triggers a prune
message toward the source.
Join and prune messages are sent for sources and RPs. They are sent hop-by-hop and are processed by
each PIM device along the path to the source or RP. Register and register-stop messages are not sent
hop-by-hop. They are sent by the designated router that is directly connected to a source and are received
by the RP for the group.
Multiple sources sending to groups use the shared tree.
You can configure the PIM device to stay on the shared tree. For more information, see the Delaying
the Use of PIM Shortest-Path Tree section on page 44-35.
Delaying the Use of PIM Shortest-Path Tree
The change from shared to source tree happens when the first data packet arrives at the last-hop router
(Router C in Figure 44-6). This change occurs because the ip pim spt-threshold global configuration
command controls that timing.
The shortest-path tree requires more memory than the shared tree but reduces delay. You might want to
postpone its use. Instead of allowing the leaf router to immediately move to the shortest-path tree, you
can specify that the traffic must first reach a threshold.
You can configure when a PIM leaf router should join the shortest-path tree for a specified group. If a
source sends at a rate greater than or equal to the specified kb/s rate, the multilayer switch triggers a PIM
join message toward the source to construct a source tree (shortest-path tree). If the traffic rate from the
source drops below the threshold value, the leaf router switches back to the shared tree and sends a prune
message toward the source.
You can specify to which groups the shortest-path tree threshold applies by using a group list (a standard
access list). If a value of 0 is specified or if the group list is not used, the threshold applies to all groups.

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Beginning in privileged EXEC mode, follow these steps to configure a traffic rate threshold that must be
reached before multicast routing is switched from the source tree to the shortest-path tree. This
To return to the default setting, use the no ip pim spt-threshold {kbps | infinity} global configuration
command.
Modifying the PIM Router-Query Message Interval
PIM routers and multilayer switches send PIM router-query messages to find which device is the DR for
each LAN segment (subnet). The DR is responsible for sending IGMP host-query messages to all hosts
on the directly connected LAN.
Command Purpose
Create a standard access list.
The permit keyword permits access if the conditions are
matched.
For source, specify the multicast group to which the threshold
applies.
decimal notation to be applied to the source. Place ones in the
bit positions that you want to ignore.
Step 3 ip pim spt-threshold {kbps | infinity}
[group-list access-list-number]
Specify the threshold that must be reached before moving to
shortest-path tree (spt).
For kbps, specify the traffic rate in kilobits per second. The
default is 0 kb/s.
Note Because of switch hardware limitations, 0 kb/s is the only
valid entry even though the range is 0 to 4294967.
Specify infinity if you want all sources for the specified group
to use the shared tree, never switching to the source tree.
(Optional) For group-list access-list-number, specify the access
list created in Step 2. If the value is 0 or if the group-list is not
used, the threshold applies to all groups.

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Configuring Optional IGMP Features
With PIM DM operation, the DR has meaning only if IGMPv1 is in use. IGMPv1 does not have an IGMP
querier election process, so the elected DR functions as the IGMP querier. With PIM SM operation, the
DR is the device that is directly connected to the multicast source. It sends PIM register messages to
notify the RP that multicast traffic from a source needs to be forwarded down the shared tree. In this
case, the DR is the device with the highest IP address.
Beginning in privileged EXEC mode, follow these steps to modify the router-query message interval.
To return to the default setting, use the no ip pim query-interval [seconds] interface configuration
command.
Default IGMP Configuration, page 44-37
Configuring the Switch as a Member of a Group, page 44-38 (optional)
Controlling Access to IP Multicast Groups, page 44-39 (optional)
Changing the IGMP Version, page 44-40 (optional)
Modifying the IGMP Host-Query Message Interval, page 44-40 (optional)
Changing the IGMP Query Timeout for IGMPv2, page 44-41 (optional)
Changing the Maximum Query Response Time for IGMPv2, page 44-42 (optional)
Configuring the Switch as a Statically Connected Member, page 44-42 (optional)
Default IGMP Configuration
Table 44-4 shows the default IGMP configuration.
Command Purpose
mode.
Step 3 ip pim query-interval seconds Configure the frequency at which the switch sends PIM router-query
messages.
The default is 30 seconds. The range is 1 to 65535.
Step 5 show ip igmp interface [interface-id] Verify your entries.

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Configuring the Switch as a Member of a Group
You can configure the switch as a member of a multicast group and discover multicast reachability in a
network. If all the multicast-capable routers and multilayer switches that you administer are members of
a multicast group, pinging that group causes all these devices to respond. The devices respond to ICMP
echo-request packets addressed to a group of which they are members. Another example is the multicast
trace-route tools provided in the software.
Caution Performing this procedure might impact the CPU performance because the CPU receives all data traffic
for the group address.
Beginning in privileged EXEC mode, follow these steps to configure the switch to be a member of a
group. This procedure is optional.
To cancel membership in a group, use the no ip igmp join-group group-address interface configuration
command.
This example shows how to enable the switch to join multicast group 255.2.2.2:
Switch(config-if)# ip igmp join-group 255.2.2.2
Table 44-4 Default IGMP Configuration
Feature Default Setting
Multilayer switch as a member of a multicast group No group memberships are defined.
Access to multicast groups All groups are allowed on an interface.
IGMP version Version 2 on all interfaces.
IGMP host-query message interval 60 seconds on all interfaces.
IGMP query timeout 60 seconds on all interfaces.
IGMP maximum query response time 10 seconds on all interfaces.
Multilayer switch as a statically connected member Disabled.
Command Purpose
mode.
Step 3 ip igmp join-group group-address Configure the switch to join a multicast group.
By default, no group memberships are defined.
For group-address, specify the multicast IP address in dotted decimal
notation.

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Controlling Access to IP Multicast Groups
The switch sends IGMP host-query messages to find which multicast groups have members on attached
local networks. The switch then forwards to these group members all packets addressed to the multicast
group. You can place a filter on each interface to restrict the multicast groups that hosts on the subnet
serviced by the interface can join.
Beginning in privileged EXEC mode, follow these steps to filter multicast groups allowed on an
interface. This procedure is optional.
To disable groups on an interface, use the no ip igmp access-group interface configuration command.
This example shows how to configure hosts attached to a port as able to join only group 255.2.2.2:
Switch(config)# access-list 1 255.2.2.2 0.0.0.0
Switch(config-if)# interface gigabitethernet0/1
Switch(config-if)# ip igmp access-group 1
Command Purpose
Step 2 interface interface-id Specify the interface to be configured, and enter interface
configuration mode.
Step 3 ip igmp access-group access-list-number Specify the multicast groups that hosts on the subnet serviced by an
interface can join.
By default, all groups are allowed on an interface.
For access-list-number, specify an IP standard access list number.
The range is 1 to 99.
Step 4 exit Return to global configuration mode.
Create a standard access list.
For access-list-number, specify the access list created in Step 3.
The permit keyword permits access if the conditions are
matched.
For source, specify the multicast group that hosts on the subnet
can join.

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Changing the IGMP Version
By default, the switch uses IGMP Version 2, which provides features such as the IGMP query timeout
and the maximum query response time.
All systems on the subnet must support the same version. The switch does not automatically detect
Version 1 systems and switch to Version 1. You can mix Version 1 and Version 2 hosts on the subnet
because Version 2 routers or switches always work correctly with IGMPv1 hosts.
Configure the switch for Version 1 if your hosts do not support Version 2.
Beginning in privileged EXEC mode, follow these steps to change the IGMP version. This procedure is
optional.
To return to the default setting, use the no ip igmp version interface configuration command.
Modifying the IGMP Host-Query Message Interval
The switch periodically sends IGMP host-query messages to discover which multicast groups are present
on attached networks. These messages are sent to the all-hosts multicast group (224.0.0.1) with a
time-to-live (TTL) of 1. The switch sends host-query messages to refresh its knowledge of memberships
present on the network. If, after some number of queries, the software discovers that no local hosts are
members of a multicast group, the software stops forwarding multicast packets to the local network from
remote origins for that group and sends a prune message upstream toward the source.
The switch elects a PIM designated router (DR) for the LAN (subnet). The DR is the router or multilayer
switch with the highest IP address for IGMPv2. For IGMPv1, the DR is elected according to the
multicast routing protocol that runs on the LAN. The designated router is responsible for sending IGMP
host-query messages to all hosts on the LAN. In sparse mode, the designated router also sends PIM
register and PIM join messages toward the RP router.
Command Purpose
Step 2 interface interface-id Specify the interface to be configured, and enter interface
configuration mode.
Step 3 ip igmp version {1 | 2} Specify the IGMP version that the switch uses.
Note If you change to Version 1, you cannot configure the ip igmp
query-interval or the ip igmp query-max-response-time
interface configuration commands.

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Beginning in privileged EXEC mode, follow these steps to modify the host-query interval. This
To return to the default setting, use the no ip igmp query-interval interface configuration command.
Changing the IGMP Query Timeout for IGMPv2
If you are using IGMPv2, you can specify the period of time before the switch takes over as the querier
for the interface. By default, the switch waits twice the query interval controlled by the ip igmp
query-interval interface configuration command. After that time, if the switch has received no queries,
it becomes the querier.
You can configure the query interval by entering the show ip igmp interface interface-id privileged
EXEC command.
Beginning in privileged EXEC mode, follow these steps to change the IGMP query timeout. This
To return to the default setting, use the no ip igmp querier-timeout interface configuration command.
Command Purpose
mode.
Step 3 ip igmp query-interval seconds Configure the frequency at which the designated router sends IGMP
host-query messages.
By default, the designated router sends IGMP host-query messages
every 60 seconds to keep the IGMP overhead very low on hosts and
networks. The range is 1 to 65535.
Command Purpose
mode.
Step 3 ip igmp querier-timeout seconds Specify the IGMP query timeout.
The default is 60 seconds (twice the query interval). The range is 60
to 300.

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Changing the Maximum Query Response Time for IGMPv2
If you are using IGMPv2, you can change the maximum query response time advertised in IGMP
queries. The maximum query response time enables the switch to quickly detect that there are no more
directly connected group members on a LAN. Decreasing the value enables the switch to prune groups
faster.
Beginning in privileged EXEC mode, follow these steps to change the maximum query response time.
To return to the default setting, use the no ip igmp query-max-response-time interface configuration
command.
Configuring the Switch as a Statically Connected Member
Sometimes there is either no group member on a network segment or a host cannot report its group
membership by using IGMP. However, you might want multicast traffic to go to that network segment.
These are ways to pull multicast traffic down to a network segment:
Use the ip igmp join-group interface configuration command. With this method, the switch accepts
the multicast packets in addition to forwarding them. Accepting the multicast packets prevents the
switch from fast switching.
Use the ip igmp static-group interface configuration command. With this method, the switch does
not accept the packets itself, but only forwards them. This method enables fast switching. The
outgoing interface appears in the IGMP cache, but the switch itself is not a member, as evidenced
by lack of an L (local) flag in the multicast route entry.
Beginning in privileged EXEC mode, follow these steps to configure the switch itself to be a statically
connected member of a group (and enable fast switching). This procedure is optional.
Command Purpose
mode.
Step 3 ip igmp query-max-response-time
seconds
Change the maximum query response time advertised in IGMP queries.
The default is 10 seconds. The range is 1 to 25.
Command Purpose
mode.
Step 3 ip igmp static-group group-address Configure the switch as a statically connected member of a group.
By default, this feature is disabled.

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Configuring Optional Multicast Routing Features
To remove the switch as a member of the group, use the no ip igmp static-group group-address interface
These sections describe how to configure optional multicast routing features:
Features for Layer 2 connectivity and MBONE multimedia conference session and set up:
Enabling CGMP Server Support, page 44-43 (optional)
Configuring sdr Listener Support, page 44-44 (optional)
Features that control bandwidth utilization:
Configuring an IP Multicast Boundary, page 44-45 (optional)
Procedure for configuring a multicast within a VPN routing/forwarding (VRF) table:
Configuring Multicast VRFs, page 36-66
Enabling CGMP Server Support
The switch serves as a CGMP server for devices that do not support IGMP snooping but have CGMP
client functionality. CGMP is a protocol used on Cisco routers and multilayer switches connected to
Layer 2 Catalyst switches to perform tasks similar to those performed by IGMP. CGMP is necessary
because the Layer 2 switch cannot distinguish between IP multicast data packets and IGMP report
messages, which are both at the MAC-level and are addressed to the same group address.
Beginning in privileged EXEC mode, follow these steps to enable the CGMP server on the switch
interface. This procedure is optional.
Command Purpose
Command Purpose
Step 2 interface interface-id Specify the interface that is connected to the Layer 2 Catalyst switch, and
enter interface configuration mode.

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To disable CGMP on the interface, use the no ip cgmp interface configuration command.
When multiple Cisco CGMP-capable devices are connected to a switched network and the ip cgmp
proxy command is needed, we recommend that all devices be configured with the same CGMP option
and have precedence for becoming the IGMP querier over non-Cisco routers.
Configuring sdr Listener Support
The MBONE is the small subset of Internet routers and hosts that are interconnected and capable of
forwarding IP multicast traffic. Other multimedia content is often broadcast over the MBONE. Before
you can join a multimedia session, you need to know what multicast group address and port are being
used for the session, when the session is going to be active, and what sort of applications (audio, video,
and so forth) are required on your workstation. The MBONE Session Directory Version 2 (sdr) tool
provides this information. This freeware application can be downloaded from several sites on the World
Wide Web, one of which is http://www.video.ja.net/mice/index.html.
SDR is a multicast application that listens to a well-known multicast group address and port for Session
Announcement Protocol (SAP) multicast packets from SAP clients, which announce their conference
sessions. These SAP packets contain a session description, the time the session is active, its IP multicast
group addresses, media format, contact person, and other information about the advertised multimedia
session. The information in the SAP packet is displayed in the SDR Session Announcement window.
Step 3 ip cgmp [proxy] Enable CGMP on the interface.
By default, CGMP is disabled on all interfaces.
Enabling CGMP triggers a CGMP join message. Enable CGMP only on
Layer 3 interfaces connected to Layer 2 Catalyst switches.
(Optional) When you enter the proxy keyword, the CGMP proxy function
is enabled. The proxy router advertises the existence of
non-CGMP-capable routers by sending a CGMP join message with the
non-CGMP-capable router MAC address and a group address
of 0000.0000.0000.
Note To perform CGMP proxy, the switch must be the IGMP querier. If
you configure the ip cgmp proxy command, you must manipulate
the IP addresses so that the switch is the IGMP querier, which
might be the highest or lowest IP address, depending on which
version of IGMP is running on the network. An IGMP Version 2
querier is selected based on the lowest IP address on the interface.
An IGMP Version 1 querier is selected based on the multicast
routing protocol used on the interface.
Step 7 Verify the Layer 2 Catalyst switch CGMP-client configuration. For more
information, see the documentation that shipped with the product.
Command Purpose

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Enabling sdr Listener Support
By default, the switch does not listen to session directory advertisements.
Beginning in privileged EXEC mode, follow these steps to enable the switch to join the default session
directory group (224.2.127.254) on the interface and listen to session directory advertisements. This
To disable sdr support, use the no ip sdr listen interface configuration command.
Limiting How Long an sdr Cache Entry Exists
By default, entries are never deleted from the sdr cache. You can limit how long the entry remains active
so that if a source stops advertising SAP information, old advertisements are not needlessly kept.
Beginning in privileged EXEC mode, follow these steps to limit how long an sdr cache entry stays active
in the cache. This procedure is optional.
To return to the default setting, use the no ip sdr cache-timeout global configuration command. To
delete the entire cache, use the clear ip sdr privileged EXEC command.
To display the session directory cache, use the show ip sdr privileged EXEC command.
Configuring an IP Multicast Boundary
Administratively-scoped boundaries can be used to limit the forwarding of multicast traffic outside of a
domain or subdomain. This approach uses a special range of multicast addresses, called
administratively-scoped addresses, as the boundary mechanism. If you configure an
Command Purpose
Step 2 interface interface-id Specify the interface to be enabled for sdr, and enter interface
configuration mode.
Step 3 ip sdr listen Enable sdr listener support.
Command Purpose
Step 2 ip sdr cache-timeout minutes Limit how long an sdr cache entry stays active in the cache.
By default, entries are never deleted from the cache.
For minutes, the range is 1 to 4294967295.

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administratively-scoped boundary on a routed interface, multicast traffic whose multicast group
addresses fall in this range can not enter or exit this interface, thereby providing a firewall for multicast
traffic in this address range.
Note Multicast boundaries and TTL thresholds control the scoping of multicast domains; however, TTL
thresholds are not supported by the switch. You should use multicast boundaries instead of TTL
thresholds to limit the forwarding of multicast traffic outside of a domain or a subdomain.
Figure 44-7 shows that Company XYZ has an administratively-scoped boundary set for the multicast
address range 239.0.0.0/8 on all routed interfaces at the perimeter of its network. This boundary prevents
any multicast traffic in the range 239.0.0.0 through 239.255.255.255 from entering or leaving the
network. Similarly, the engineering and marketing departments have an administratively-scoped
boundary of 239.128.0.0/16 around the perimeter of their networks. This boundary prevents multicast
traffic in the range of 239.128.0.0 through 239.128.255.255 from entering or leaving their respective
networks.
Figure 44-7 Administratively-Scoped Boundaries
You can define an administratively-scoped boundary on a routed interface for multicast group addresses.
A standard access list defines the range of addresses affected. When a boundary is defined, no multicast
data packets are allowed to flow across the boundary from either direction. The boundary allows the
same multicast group address to be reused in different administrative domains.
The IANA has designated the multicast address range 239.0.0.0 to 239.255.255.255 as the
administratively-scoped addresses. This range of addresses can then be reused in domains administered
by different organizations. The addresses would be considered local, not globally unique.
4
5
1
5
4
Company XYZ
Engineering Marketing
239.128.0.0/16
239.0.0.0/8

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Configuring Basic DVMRP Interoperability Features
Beginning in privileged EXEC mode, follow these steps to set up an administratively-scoped boundary.
To remove the boundary, use the no ip multicast boundary interface configuration command.
This example shows how to set up a boundary for all administratively-scoped addresses:
Switch(config-if)# ip multicast boundary 1
Configuring DVMRP Interoperability, page 44-48 (optional)
Configuring a DVMRP Tunnel, page 44-50 (optional)
Advertising Network 0.0.0.0 to DVMRP Neighbors, page 44-51 (optional)
Responding to mrinfo Requests, page 44-52 (optional)
For more advanced DVMRP features, see the Configuring Advanced DVMRP Interoperability
Features section on page 44-52.
Command Purpose
necessary.
mode.
Step 4 ip multicast boundary
access-list-number
Configure the boundary, specifying the access list you created in Step 2.

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Configuring DVMRP Interoperability
Cisco multicast routers and multilayer switches using PIM can interoperate with non-Cisco multicast
routers that use the DVMRP.
PIM devices dynamically discover DVMRP multicast routers on attached networks by listening to
DVMR probe messages. When a DVMRP neighbor has been discovered, the PIM device periodically
sends DVMRP report messages advertising the unicast sources reachable in the PIM domain. By default,
directly connected subnets and networks are advertised. The device forwards multicast packets that have
been forwarded by DVMRP routers and, in turn, forwards multicast packets to DVMRP routers.
You can configure an access list on the PIM routed interface connected to the MBONE to limit the
number of unicast routes that are advertised in DVMRP route reports. Otherwise, all routes in the unicast
routing table are advertised.
Note The mrouted protocol is a public-domain implementation of DVMRP. You must use mrouted Version 3.8
(which implements a nonpruning version of DVMRP) when Cisco routers and multilayer switches are
directly connected to DVMRP routers or interoperate with DVMRP routers over an MBONE tunnel.
DVMRP advertisements produced by the Cisco IOS software can cause older versions of the mrouted
protocol to corrupt their routing tables and those of their neighbors.
You can configure what sources are advertised and what metrics are used by configuring the ip dvmrp
metric interface configuration command. You can also direct all sources learned through a particular
unicast routing process to be advertised into DVMRP.
Beginning in privileged EXEC mode, follow these steps to configure the sources that are advertised and
the metrics that are used when DVMRP route-report messages are sent. This procedure is optional.
Command Purpose
necessary.
Step 3 interface interface-id Specify the interface connected to the MBONE and enabled for
multicast routing, and enter interface configuration mode.

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To disable the metric or route map, use the no ip dvmrp metric metric [list access-list-number]
[[protocol process-id] | [dvmrp]] or the no ip dvmrp metric metric route-map map-name interface
A more sophisticated way to achieve the same results as the preceding command is to use a route map
(ip dvmrp metric metric route-map map-name interface configuration command) instead of an access
list. You subject unicast routes to route-map conditions before they are injected into DVMRP.
This example shows how to configure DVMRP interoperability when the PIM device and the DVMRP
router are on the same network segment. In this example, access list 1 advertises the networks
(198.92.35.0, 198.92.36.0, 198.92.37.0, 131.108.0.0, and 150.136.0.0) to the DVMRP router, and access
list 2 prevents all other networks from being advertised (ip dvmrp metric 0 interface configuration
command).
Switch(config-if)# ip pim dense-mode
Switch(config-if)# ip dvmrp metric 1 list 1
Switch(config-if)# ip dvmrp metric 0 list 2
Step 4 ip dvmrp metric metric [list
access-list-number] [[protocol process-id]
| [dvmrp]]
Configure the metric associated with a set of destinations for DVMRP
reports.
For metric, the range is 0 to 32. A value of 0 means that the route
is not advertised. A value of 32 is equivalent to infinity
(unreachable).
(Optional) For list access-list-number, enter the access list number
created in Step 2. If specified, only the multicast destinations that
match the access list are reported with the configured metric.
(Optional) For protocol process-id, enter the name of the unicast
routing protocol, such as eigrp, igrp, ospf, rip, static, or dvmrp,
and the process ID number of the routing protocol. If specified,
only routes learned by the specified routing protocol are advertised
in DVMRP report messages.
(Optional) If specified, the dvmrp keyword allows routes from the
DVMRP routing table to be advertised with the configured metric
or filtered.
Command Purpose

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Configuring a DVMRP Tunnel
The software supports DVMRP tunnels to the MBONE. You can configure a DVMRP tunnel on a router
or multilayer switch if the other end is running DVMRP. The software then sends and receives multicast
packets through the tunnel. This strategy enables a PIM domain to connect to the DVMRP router when
all routers on the path do not support multicast routing. You cannot configure a DVMRP tunnel between
two routers.
When a Cisco router or multilayer switch runs DVMRP through a tunnel, it advertises sources in
DVMRP report messages, much as it does on real networks. The software also caches DVMRP report
messages it receives and uses them in its RPF calculation. This behavior enables the software to forward
multicast packets received through the tunnel.
When you configure a DVMRP tunnel, you should assign an IP address to a tunnel in these cases:
To send IP packets through the tunnel
To configure the software to perform DVMRP summarization
The software does not advertise subnets through the tunnel if the tunnel has a different network number
from the subnet. In this case, the software advertises only the network number through the tunnel.
Beginning in privileged EXEC mode, follow these steps to configure a DVMRP tunnel. This procedure
is optional.
Command Purpose
necessary.
Step 3 interface tunnel number Specify a tunnel interface, and enter interface configuration mode.
Step 4 tunnel source ip-address Specify the source address of the tunnel interface. Enter the IP address
of the interface on the switch.
Step 5 tunnel destination ip-address Specify the destination address of the tunnel interface. Enter the IP
address of the mrouted router.
Step 6 tunnel mode dvmrp Configure the encapsulation mode for the tunnel to DVMRP.
Step 7 ip address address mask
or
ip unnumbered type number
Assign an IP address to the interface.
or
Configure the interface as unnumbered.
Step 8 ip pim [dense-mode | sparse-mode] Configure the PIM mode on the interface.

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To disable the filter, use the no ip dvmrp accept-filter access-list-number [distance] neighbor-list
access-list-number interface configuration command.
This example shows how to configure a DVMRP tunnel. In this configuration, the IP address of the
tunnel on the Cisco switch is assigned unnumbered, which causes the tunnel to appear to have the same
IP address as port 1. The tunnel endpoint source address is 172.16.2.1, and the tunnel endpoint address
of the remote DVMRP router to which the tunnel is connected is 192.168.1.10. Any packets sent through
the tunnel are encapsulated in an outer IP header. The Cisco switch is configured to accept incoming
DVMRP reports with a distance of 100 from 198.92.37.0 through 198.92.37.255.
Switch(config)# ip multicast-routing
Switch(config)# interface tunnel 0
Switch(config-if)# ip unnumbered gigabitethernet0/1
Switch(config-if)# tunnel source gigabitethernet0/1
Switch(config-if)# tunnel destination 192.168.1.10
Switch(config-if)# tunnel mode dvmrp
Switch(config-if)# ip dvmrp accept-filter 1 100
Switch(config)# exit
Advertising Network 0.0.0.0 to DVMRP Neighbors
If your switch is a neighbor of an mrouted Version 3.6 device, you can configure the software to advertise
network 0.0.0.0 (the default route) to the DVMRP neighbor. The DVMRP default route computes the
RPF information for any multicast sources that do not match a more specific route.
Do not advertise the DVMRP default into the MBONE.
Step 9 ip dvmrp accept-filter
access-list-number [distance]
neighbor-list access-list-number
Configure an acceptance filter for incoming DVMRP reports.
By default, all destination reports are accepted with a distance of 0.
Reports from all neighbors are accepted.
For access-list-number, specify the access list number created in
Step 2. Any sources that match the access list are stored in the
DVMRP routing table with distance.
(Optional) For distance, enter the administrative distance to the
destination. By default, the administrative distance for DVMRP
routes is 0 and take precedence over unicast routing table routes. If
you have two paths to a source, one through unicast routing (using
PIM as the multicast routing protocol) and another using DVMRP,
and if you want to use the PIM path, increase the administrative
distance for DVMRP routes. The range is 1 to 255.
For neighbor-list access-list-number, enter the number of the
neighbor list created in Step 2. DVMRP reports are accepted only by
those neighbors on the list.
Command Purpose

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Configuring Advanced DVMRP Interoperability Features
Beginning in privileged EXEC mode, follow these steps to advertise network 0.0.0.0 to DVMRP
neighbors on an interface. This procedure is optional.
To prevent the default route advertisement, use the no ip dvmrp default-information interface
Responding to mrinfo Requests
The software answers mrinfo requests sent by mrouted systems and Cisco routers and multilayer
switches. The software returns information about neighbors through DVMRP tunnels and all the routed
interfaces. This information includes the metric (always set to 1), the configured TTL threshold, the
status of the interface, and various flags. You can also use the mrinfo privileged EXEC command to
query the router or switch itself, as in this example:
Switch# mrinfo
171.69.214.27 (mm1-7kd.cisco.com) [version cisco 11.1] [flags: PMS]:
171.69.214.27 -> 171.69.214.26 (mm1-r7kb.cisco.com) [1/0/pim/querier]
171.69.214.27 -> 171.69.214.25 (mm1-45a.cisco.com) [1/0/pim/querier]
171.69.214.33 -> 171.69.214.34 (mm1-45c.cisco.com) [1/0/pim]
171.69.214.137 -> 0.0.0.0 [1/0/pim/querier/down/leaf]
171.69.214.203 -> 0.0.0.0 [1/0/pim/querier/down/leaf]
171.69.214.18 -> 171.69.214.20 (mm1-45e.cisco.com) [1/0/pim]
171.69.214.18 -> 171.69.214.19 (mm1-45c.cisco.com) [1/0/pim]
171.69.214.18 -> 171.69.214.17 (mm1-45a.cisco.com) [1/0/pim]
Cisco routers and multilayer switches run PIM to forward multicast packets to receivers and receive
multicast packets from senders. It is also possible to propagate DVMRP routes into and through a PIM
cloud. PIM uses this information; however, Cisco routers and multilayer switches do not implement
DVMRP to forward multicast packets.
Command Purpose
Step 2 interface interface-id Specify the interface that is connected to the DVMRP router, and enter
interface configuration mode.
Step 3 ip dvmrp default-information
{originate | only}
Advertise network 0.0.0.0 to DVMRP neighbors.
Use this command only when the switch is a neighbor of mrouted
Version 3.6 machines.
originateSpecifies that other routes more specific than 0.0.0.0 can
also be advertised.
onlySpecifies that no DVMRP routes other than 0.0.0.0 are
advertised.

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Enabling DVMRP Unicast Routing, page 44-53 (optional)
Rejecting a DVMRP Nonpruning Neighbor, page 44-54 (optional)
Controlling Route Exchanges, page 44-55 (optional)
For information on basic DVMRP features, see the Configuring Basic DVMRP Interoperability
Features section on page 44-47.
Enabling DVMRP Unicast Routing
Because multicast routing and unicast routing require separate topologies, PIM must follow the
multicast topology to build loopless distribution trees. Using DVMRP unicast routing, Cisco routers,
multilayer switches, and mrouted-based machines exchange DVMRP unicast routes, to which PIM can
then reverse-path forward.
Cisco devices do not perform DVMRP multicast routing among each other, but they can exchange
DVMRP routes. The DVMRP routes provide a multicast topology that might differ from the unicast
topology. This enables PIM to run over the multicast topology, thereby enabling sparse-mode PIM over
the MBONE topology.
When DVMRP unicast routing is enabled, the router or switch caches routes learned in DVMRP report
messages in a DVMRP routing table. When PIM is running, these routes might be preferred over routes
in the unicast routing table, enabling PIM to run on the MBONE topology when it is different from the
unicast topology.
DVMRP unicast routing can run on all interfaces. For DVMRP tunnels, it uses DVMRP multicast
routing. This feature does not enable DVMRP multicast routing among Cisco routers and multilayer
switches. However, if there is a DVMRP-capable multicast router, the Cisco device can do PIM/DVMRP
multicast routing.
Beginning in privileged EXEC mode, follow these steps to enable DVMRP unicast routing. This
To disable this feature, use the no ip dvmrp unicast-routing interface configuration command.
Command Purpose
Step 3 ip dvmrp unicast-routing Enable DVMRP unicast routing (to send and receive DVMRP routes).
This feature is disabled by default.

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Rejecting a DVMRP Nonpruning Neighbor
By default, Cisco devices accept all DVMRP neighbors as peers, regardless of their DVMRP capability.
However, some non-Cisco devices run old versions of DVMRP that cannot prune, so they continuously
receive forwarded packets, wasting bandwidth. Figure 44-8 shows this scenario.
Figure 44-8 Leaf Nonpruning DVMRP Neighbor
You can prevent the switch from peering (communicating) with a DVMRP neighbor if that neighbor does
not support DVMRP pruning or grafting. To do so, configure the switch (which is a neighbor to the leaf,
nonpruning DVMRP machine) with the ip dvmrp reject-non-pruners interface configuration command
on the interface connected to the nonpruning machine as shown in Figure 44-9. In this case, when the
switch receives DVMRP probe or report message without the prune-capable flag set, the switch logs a
syslog message and discards the message.
1
0
1
2
4
4
Router A
Router B
Layer 3 switch
RP
Valid
multicast
traffic
Unnecessary
multicast
traffic
Source router or RP
PIM dense mode
Leaf nonpruning
DVMRP device
Receiver
Stub LAN with no members

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Figure 44-9 Router Rejects Nonpruning DVMRP Neighbor
Note that the ip dvmrp reject-non-pruners interface configuration command prevents peering with
neighbors only. If there are any nonpruning routers multiple hops away (downstream toward potential
receivers) that are not rejected, a nonpruning DVMRP network might still exist.
Beginning in privileged EXEC mode, follow these steps to prevent peering with nonpruning DVMRP
neighbors. This procedure is optional.
To disable this function, use the no ip dvmrp reject-non-pruners interface configuration command.
Controlling Route Exchanges
These sections describe how to tune the Cisco device advertisements of DVMRP routes:
Limiting the Number of DVMRP Routes Advertised, page 44-56 (optional)
Changing the DVMRP Route Threshold, page 44-56 (optional)
1
0
1
2
4
5
Router A
Router B
RP
Multicast
traffic gets
to receiver,
not to leaf
DVMRP
device
Source router or RP
Leaf nonpruning DVMRP device
Configure the ip dvmrp
reject-non-pruners command
on this interface.
Receiver
Layer 3 switch
Command Purpose
Step 2 interface interface-id Specify the interface connected to the nonpruning DVMRP neighbor,
and enter interface configuration mode.
Step 3 ip dvmrp reject-non-pruners Prevent peering with nonpruning DVMRP neighbors.

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Configuring a DVMRP Summary Address, page 44-57 (optional)
Disabling DVMRP Autosummarization, page 44-59 (optional)
Adding a Metric Offset to the DVMRP Route, page 44-59 (optional)
Limiting the Number of DVMRP Routes Advertised
By default, only 7000 DVMRP routes are advertised over an interface enabled to run DVMRP (that is,
a DVMRP tunnel, an interface where a DVMRP neighbor has been discovered, or an interface configured
to run the ip dvmrp unicast-routing interface configuration command).
Beginning in privileged EXEC mode, follow these steps to change the DVMRP route limit. This
To configure no route limit, use the no ip dvmrp route-limit global configuration command.
Changing the DVMRP Route Threshold
By default, 10,000 DVMRP routes can be received per interface within a 1-minute interval. When that
rate is exceeded, a syslog message is issued, warning that there might be a route surge occurring. The
warning is typically used to quickly detect when devices have been misconfigured to inject a large
number of routes into the MBONE.
Beginning in privileged EXEC mode, follow these steps to change the threshold number of routes that
trigger the warning. This procedure is optional.
Command Purpose
Step 2 ip dvmrp route-limit count Change the number of DVMRP routes advertised over an interface
enabled for DVMRP.
This command prevents misconfigured ip dvmrp metric interface
configuration commands from causing massive route injection into the
MBONE.
By default, 7000 routes are advertised. The range is 0 to 4294967295.
Command Purpose
Step 2 ip dvmrp routehog-notification
route-count
Configure the number of routes that trigger a syslog message.
The default is 10,000 routes. The range is 1 to 4294967295.

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To return to the default setting use the no ip dvmrp routehog-notification global configuration
command.
Use the show ip igmp interface privileged EXEC command to display a running count of routes. When
the count is exceeded, *** ALERT *** is appended to the line.
Configuring a DVMRP Summary Address
By default, a Cisco device advertises in DVMRP route-report messages only connected unicast routes
(that is, only routes to subnets that are directly connected to the router) from its unicast routing table.
These routes undergo normal DVMRP classful route summarization. This process depends on whether
the route being advertised is in the same classful network as the interface over which it is being
advertised.
Figure 44-10 shows an example of the default behavior. This example shows that the DVMRP report sent
by the Cisco router contains the three original routes received from the DVMRP router that have been
poison-reversed by adding 32 to the DVMRP metric. Listed after these routes are two routes that are
advertisements for the two directly connected networks (176.32.10.0/24 and 176.32.15.0/24) that were
taken from the unicast routing table. Because the DVMRP tunnel shares the same IP address as Fast
Ethernet port 1 and falls into the same Class B network as the two directly connected subnets, classful
summarization of these routes was not performed. As a result, the DVMRP router is able to
poison-reverse only these two routes to the directly connected subnets and is able to only RPF properly
for multicast traffic sent by sources on these two Ethernet segments. Any other multicast source in the
network behind the Cisco router that is not on these two Ethernet segments does not properly RPF-check
on the DVMRP router and is discarded.
You can force the Cisco router to advertise the summary address (specified by the address and mask pair
in the ip dvmrp summary-address address mask interface configuration command) in place of any
route that falls in this address range. The summary address is sent in a DVMRP route report if the unicast
routing table contains at least one route in this range; otherwise, the summary address is not advertised.
In Figure 44-10, you configure the ip dvmrp summary-address command on the Cisco router tunnel
interface. As a result, the Cisco router sends only a single summarized Class B advertisement for
network 176.32.0.0.16 from the unicast routing table.

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Figure 44-10 Only Connected Unicast Routes Are Advertised by Default
Beginning in privileged EXEC mode, follow these steps to customize the summarization of DVMRP
routes if the default classful autosummarization does not suit your needs. This procedure is optional.
Note At least one more-specific route must be present in the unicast routing table before a configured
summary address is advertised.
To remove the summary address, use the no ip dvmrp summary-address address mask [metric value]
interface configuration command.
Network Intf Metric Dist
176.13.10.0/24 Fa0/1 10514432 90
176.32.15.0/24 Fa0/2 10512012 90
176.32.20.0/24 Fa0/2 45106372 90
Src Network Intf Metric Dist
151.16.0/16 Fa0/1 7 0
172.34.15.0/24 Fa0/1 10 0
202.13.3.0/24 Fa0/1 8 0
151.16.0.0/16 m = 39
172.34.15.0/24 m = 42
202.13.3.0/24 m = 40
176.32.10.0/24 m = 1
176.32.15.0/24 m = 1
DVMRP router
Cisco
router
Tunnel
Fast
Ethernet
0/1
176.32.10.0/24
Fast
Ethernet
0/2
176.32.15.0/24
DVMRP Report
4
5
1
5
6
DVMRP Route Table Unicast Routing Table (10,000 Routes)
interface tunnel 0
ip unnumbered fa0/1
interface fastethernet 0/1
ip addr 176.32.10.1 255.255.255.0
ip pim dense-mode
interface fastethernet 0/2
ip addr 176.32.15.1 255.255.255.0
ip pim dense-mode
Command Purpose
interface configuration command.
Step 3 ip dvmrp summary-address address
mask [metric value]
Specify a DVMRP summary address.
For summary-address address mask, specify the summary IP
address and mask that is advertised instead of the more specific
route.
(Optional) For metric value, specify the metric that is advertised
with the summary address. The default is 1. The range is 1 to 32.

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OL-8553-06
Disabling DVMRP Autosummarization
By default, the software automatically performs some level of DVMRP summarization. Disable this
function if you want to advertise all routes, not just a summary. In some special cases, you can use the
neighboring DVMRP router with all subnet information to better control the flow of multicast traffic in
the DVMRP network. One such case might occur if the PIM network is connected to the DVMRP cloud
at several points and more specific (unsummarized) routes are being injected into the DVMRP network
to advertise better paths to individual subnets inside the PIM cloud.
If you configure the ip dvmrp summary-address interface configuration command and did not
configure no ip dvmrp auto-summary, you get both custom and autosummaries.
Beginning in privileged EXEC mode, follow these steps to disable DVMRP autosummarization. This
To re-enable auto summarization, use the ip dvmrp auto-summary interface configuration command.
Adding a Metric Offset to the DVMRP Route
By default, the switch increments by one the metric (hop count) of a DVMRP route advertised in
incoming DVMRP reports. You can change the metric if you want to favor or not favor a certain route.
For example, a route is learned by multilayer switch A, and the same route is learned by multilayer
switch B with a higher metric. If you want to use the path through switch B because it is a faster path,
you can apply a metric offset to the route learned by switch A to make it larger than the metric learned
by switch B, and you can choose the path through switch B.
Beginning in privileged EXEC mode, follow these steps to change the default metric. This procedure is
optional.
Command Purpose
Step 2 interface interface-id Specify the interface connected to the DVMRP router, and enter
Step 3 no ip dvmrp auto-summary Disable DVMRP autosummarization.
Command Purpose
mode.

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Monitoring and Maintaining IP Multicast Routing
To return to the default setting, use the no ip dvmrp metric-offset interface configuration command.
These sections describe how to monitor and maintain IP multicast routing:
Clearing Caches, Tables, and Databases, page 44-60
Displaying System and Network Statistics, page 44-61
Monitoring IP Multicast Routing, page 44-62
Clearing Caches, Tables, and Databases
You can remove all contents of a particular cache, table, or database. Clearing a cache, table, or database
might be necessary when the contents of the particular structure are or suspected to be invalid.
You can use any of the privileged EXEC commands in Table 44-5 to clear IP multicast caches, tables,
and databases:
Step 3 ip dvmrp metric-offset [in | out]
increment
Change the metric added to DVMRP routes advertised in incoming
reports.
(Optional) inSpecifies that the increment value is added to
incoming DVMRP reports and is reported in mrinfo replies.
(Optional) outSpecifies that the increment value is added to
outgoing DVMRP reports for routes from the DVMRP routing
table.
If neither in nor out is specified, in is the default.
For increment, specify the value that is added to the metric of a DVMRP
router advertised in a report message. The range is 1 to 31.
If the ip dvmrp metric-offset command is not configured on an
interface, the default increment value for incoming routes is 1, and the
default for outgoing routes is 0.
Command Purpose
Table 44-5 Commands for Clearing Caches, Tables, and Databases
Command Purpose
clear ip cgmp Clear all group entries the Catalyst switches have
cached.
clear ip dvmrp route {* | route} Delete routes from the DVMRP routing table.

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Displaying System and Network Statistics
You can display specific statistics, such as the contents of IP routing tables, caches, and databases.
Note This release does not support per-route statistics.
You can display information to learn resource usage and solve network problems. You can also display
information about node reachability and discover the routing path that packets of your device are taking
through the network.
You can use any of the privileged EXEC commands in Table 44-6 to display various routing statistics:
clear ip igmp group [group-name |
group-address | interface]
Delete entries from the IGMP cache.
clear ip mroute {* | group [source]} Delete entries from the IP multicast routing table.
clear ip pim auto-rp rp-address Clear the auto-RP cache.
clear ip sdr [group-address | session-name] Delete the Session Directory Protocol Version 2
cache or an sdr cache entry.
Table 44-5 Commands for Clearing Caches, Tables, and Databases (continued)
Command Purpose
Table 44-6 Commands for Displaying System and Network Statistics
Command Purpose
ping [group-name | group-address] Send an ICMP Echo Request to a multicast group
address.
show ip dvmrp route [ip-address] Display the entries in the DVMRP routing table.
show ip igmp groups [group-name |
group-address | type number]
Display the multicast groups that are directly
connected to the switch and that were learned
through IGMP.
show ip igmp interface [type number] Display multicast-related information about an
interface.
show ip mcache [group [source]] Display the contents of the IP fast-switching
cache.
show ip mpacket [source-address | name]
[group-address | name] [detail]
Display the contents of the circular cache-header
buffer.
show ip mroute [group-name | group-address]
[source] [summary] [count] [active kbps]
Display the contents of the IP multicast routing
table.
show ip pim interface [type number] [count]
[detail]
Display information about interfaces configured
for PIM. This command is available in all software
images.
show ip pim neighbor [type number] List the PIM neighbors discovered by the switch.
This command is available in all software images.

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Monitoring IP Multicast Routing
You can use the privileged EXEC commands in Table 44-7 to monitor IP multicast routers, packets, and
paths:
show ip pim rp [group-name | group-address] Display the RP routers associated with a
sparse-mode multicast group. This command is
available in all software images.
show ip rpf {source-address | name} Display how the switch is doing Reverse-Path
Forwarding (that is, from the unicast routing table,
DVMRP routing table, or static mroutes).
show ip sdr [group | session-name | detail] Display the Session Directory Protocol Version 2
cache.
Table 44-6 Commands for Displaying System and Network Statistics (continued)
Command Purpose
Table 44-7 Commands for Monitoring IP Multicast Routing
Command Purpose
mrinfo [hostname | address] [source-address |
interface]
Query a multicast router or multilayer switch about
which neighboring multicast devices are peering
with it.
mstat source [destination] [group] Display IP multicast packet rate and loss
information.
mtrace source [destination] [group] Trace the path from a source to a destination
branch for a multicast distribution tree for a given
group.

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Step 7 end Return to privileged EXEC mode.

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