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CONTROL SYSTEMS LAB 2

LAB REPORT
SUBMITTED BY:
PC AWAIS AMIN
REGN NO. 062
DE 32 EE A
SUBMITTED TO:
SIR UMER HUZAIFA
















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RC Circuit:
Transfer Function:
T(s) = 1/ (1 + sC/R)
Matlab Code:
r=tf([1],[1000./ 1e-6 1]);
step(r);
impulse(r);

Impulse Response:

When we give a spike (impulse) to a RC circuit, the capacitor charges up and then starts dissipating
energy and its voltage is lowered as shown in graph.
From equation ( )

, As area of impulse is 1 so take amplitude as

and width as 2,
i.e - now equation ()

). So ()

). So further
simplifying as limit approaches 0 (

) becomes 1-s/RC so ()

. As in this case 1/Rc is

1000, so the initial magnitude starts at 1000.






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Step Response:

As capacitor opposes the instantaneous change in voltage, so in response to a step, the voltage across
capacitor gradually increases and at one point becomes constant equal to the input step voltage.
RL Circuit:
Transfer Function:
T(s) = s/ (L + Rs)
Matlab Code:
r1=tf([1e-06 0], [1e-06 1000]);
step(r1);
impulse(r1);

Impulse Response:

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An inductor opposes sudden change of current, so when a high impulse voltage is applied to it, to
prevent sudden change of current it develops equal and opposite voltage across it and then reduces it
gradually to allow gradual flow of current.
Step Response:

The voltage across inductor changes instantaneously. So when a step is applied to inductor, its voltage
becomes equal to input voltage at once and then voltage drops gradually to allow flow of current
through inductor
RLC Circuit (Voltage taken across Capacitor):
Transfer Function:
T(s) = 1/ (LCs
2
+ RCs + 1)

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Matlab Code:
r=tf([1], [1e-09 1 1]);
step(r);
impulse(r);










Impulse Response:

Same as RC circuit.
Step Response:

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The step response of an RLC circuit can be of 4 types un damped, critically damped, over
damped and under damped depending on the positioning of the poles. For this particular circuit
both poles are real and distinct so it is and zeta is greater than 1 so this is over damped
function.

Poles of Transfer Function for RLC Circuit:
p1= -9.989989979949859e+05
p2 = -1.001002005014042e+03
Shifting the poles of RLC:
To shift the poles of series RLC circuit to some complex values in left half plane. We fix the value of two
component and change the other component so that it gives us complex distinctive roots.
As previous values are R=1k , C = 1 milli, L= 1 micro
The equation of the denominator of transfer function for series RLC circuit can be written as:
s
2
+ 1e09s + 1e09 = 0
this gives us roots as written above,
now for this equation to give complex roots,
b
2
should be less than 4ac
here, b= R/L , a= 1 , c = 1/LC

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applying the given condition:
(R/L)
2
< (4/LC)
If we fix the value of R= 1k , and L= 1 milli ,
we find C< 4e-09
Impulse Response:


In case of impulse input the slowly rises to the maximum value and then oscillates across the
mean value of zero and slowly comes to its mean position of zero








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Step Response:

Under damped circuit. The output voltage starts from zero because initially the capacitor is
totally discharged and after an oscillatory way the output voltage stabilizes to its max value
which is 1 in case of unit step.