MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT, POLITEKNIK SEBERANG PERAI ,PULAU PINANG

LABORATORY MECHINE

KAEDAH:
1. Kedudukan satah condong dialihkan kepada sudut 30
2. 2N pemberat ditambahkan kepada penyangkut pemberat
3. Blok aluminium diletakkan disatah condong kemudian
disambung kan kepada tali yang diikat kepada pemberat
tadi
4. Pemberat ditambahkan sedikit demi sikit sehingga objek
itu mula bergerak .jumlah pemberat dicatatkan .dimana
pemberat mewakili daya tegangan ,P sistem
5. Jenis blok yang digunakan turut disenaraikan
6. Kemudian pemberat dikurangkan sedikit demi sedikit
sehinnga blok mula menggelongsor ke bawah satah
jumlah pemberat dicatatkan dalam jadual?
7. Langkah sama diulang dengan mengunakan blok Loyang
dan blok keluli.

Keputusan:
Sudut condong , =30
Berat blok = 10N

JENIS
DAYA TEGANGAN AMALI (N) DAYA TEGANGAN- TEORI (N)
Menaik Menggelongsor Menaik Menggelongsor
Aluminium
=0.25
8 2

Loyang
=0.20
7 2

Keluli
=0.14
7 2



MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT, POLITEKNIK SEBERANG PERAI ,PULAU PINANG

LABORATORY MECHINE
PERBINCANGAN :
1. Bandingkan keputusan daya teganagn bagi ketiga-tiga jenis
blok















JENIS
DAYA TEGANGAN AMALI (N) DAYA TEGANGAN- TEORI (N)
Menaik Menggelongsor Menaik Menggelongsor
Aluminium
=0.25
8 2
7.2 2.8
Loyang
=0.20
7 2
6.7 3.3
Keluli
=0.14
7 2
6.3 3.7
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT, POLITEKNIK SEBERANG PERAI ,PULAU PINANG

LABORATORY MECHINE




2. Bincangkan perhubungan pekali geseran denagan daya-daya
tegangan yang diperolehi daripada experiment .
Calculating the values of friction forces acting between the surfaces of two bodies in contact
with each other, using friction formula and equation, and applying the concept of static friction.

Question 1:
A body of mass 5kg is placed on a horizontal plane. It is found that a force of 10N applied horizontally
to the body is just about to move it. Calculate the coefficient of static friction between the body and the
plane.
Solution
Given: since the force of 10N was applied when the body was just about to move, then the static or
limiting frictional force, F = 10N
The normal reaction R on the body is equal to its weight.
i.e., weight = mass x acceleration due to gravity (10m/s
2
)
R = W
= 5 x 10
= 50 Newtons
Therefore, from the formula of friction,
F = R
=
F
/
R

=
10
/
50

= 0.2
The coefficient of static friction between the body and the plane is 0.2

MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT, POLITEKNIK SEBERANG PERAI ,PULAU PINANG

LABORATORY MECHINE
Question 2:
A body of mass 40kg is given an acceleration of 10m/s
2
on horizontal ground for which the coefficient
of friction is 0.5. Calculate the force required to accelerate the body. (Take g = 10m/s
2
)
Solution
Notice that the body is accelerated, which means the force that acted on it is more than the limiting
frictional force.
Therefore, the equation of motion of the body is given as:
F - R = ma
F represents the applied force
R represents the force of friction
ma represents the net or resultant force
F = ma + R
= 40 x 10 + (0.5 x 40 x 10)
= 400 + 200
= 600N
The force required to accelerate the body is 600 Newtons.
Question 3:
A body of weight W is placed on a rough inclined plane with angle of inclination30
o
. Calculate the
coefficient of static friction if the body is just on the point of slipping.
Solution

The diagram above shows a body on an inclined plane and the different forces acting on it.
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT, POLITEKNIK SEBERANG PERAI ,PULAU PINANG

LABORATORY MECHINE
R represents the normal reaction
F represents the static or limiting frictional force
W represents the weight of the body.
Now, we have to resolve the forces along the plane for equilibrium, and perpendicular to the plane.
Resolving along the plane for equilibrium:

F = Wsin --- equation (1)

Resolving perpendicular to the plane:


R = Wcos --- equation (2)
Since at the point of sliding, frictional force is proportional to the normal reaction, giving the equation
F = R
Therefore, =
F
/
R

Now dividing equation (1) above by equation (2), we have
F
/
R
=
Wsin
/
Wcos
=
=
Wsin
/
Wcos

= tan
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT, POLITEKNIK SEBERANG PERAI ,PULAU PINANG

LABORATORY MECHINE
Therefore, the coefficient of friction, for a body on an inclined plane is always given as the tangent of
the angle of inclination.
Answering the question: the coefficient of friction of the body on an inclined plane with angle of
inclination 30
o
is
Tan30
o
=
1
/
3
= 0.58
Question 4:
A body of mass 4kg is on the point of slipping down a plane, which is inclined at 30
o
to the horizontal.
What force, parallel to the plane, will just move it up the plane? (Take g = 10m/s
2
).
Solution

Let P be the force needed to move the body up the plane, and F = R the limiting frictional force
opposing the motion. Notice that the difference of the forces on the body along the plane is P -
R since P will be greater than the frictional force R,for the body to be moved up.
Resolving along the plane for equilibrium:

Sin30
o
=
(P R)
/
W

P R = Wsin30
o

P = R + Wsin30
o
--- equation (1)
Resolving perpendicularly to plane:
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT, POLITEKNIK SEBERANG PERAI ,PULAU PINANG

LABORATORY MECHINE

Cos30
o
= R/W
R = Wcos30
o
--- equation (2)
Substituting Wcos30
o
for R in equation (1), we have
P = Wcos30
o
+ Wsin30
o

Remember that = tan
Therefore, = tan30
o
=
1
/
3

P =
1
/
3
x W x
3
/
2
+ W x
1/
2


P =
W
/
2
+
W
/
2

P = W
W = weight of the body = m x g
= 4 x 10
= 40N
Therefore, the force that is needed to just move the body up the plane is 40 Newtons.
The coefficient of friction, with the symbol is the constant in the friction equation, F = R.
It is the ratio of the force of friction acting between two surfaces in contact, and the force needed to
slid one over the other.
Coefficient of friction, friction coefficient or frictional coefficient, as it is also known, cannot be
determined by calculations, but by experiment. Its values depend on the materials in contact with each
other, and it ranges from near zero to above one.
If coefficient of friction is zero, it means there is no friction existing between the surfaces. However,
this is only a hypothetical value, since no surfaces in contact has been found to be frictionless.
The higher the value of coefficient of friction, the greater the frictional force acting between the
surfaces, and this means a higher force will be needed to slid one of them over the other.
In comparison, the coefficient of static friction for two particular surfaces is usually found to be higher
than their coefficient of kinetic friction. This goes with the fact that static friction is higher than kinetic
friction, however, there are certain surfaces whose coefficient of static and kinetic friction are the same.
Examples of these kinds of surfaces include Teflon on Teflon surface.
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT, POLITEKNIK SEBERANG PERAI ,PULAU PINANG

LABORATORY MECHINE

KEPUTUSAN:
[r = 0.01] [H = 1 m]
masa
m (kg) t1 t2 t3 t min v max
ED E PT
5 0.35 0.57 0.34 0.42
10 0.17 0.18 0.16 0.17
15 0.12 0.12 0.13 0.12
20 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.10
25 0.09 0.09 0.09 0.09

PERBINCANGAN:
a) Bandingkan nilai yang diperolehi dan komen jika terdapat
perbezaan nilai tenaga dalam persamaan (3)