Chapter 3

To find the electric field of a
stationary charge distribution :

Find the potential of
the distribution
To Solve :
Poissons / Laplaces Equation
MOTIVATION
Dr. Champak B. Das (BITS, Pilani)
to determine the Potential uniquely
Poisson's / Laplaces equation
A set of boundary conditions
+
. Uniqueness Theorem
Proof ?
First Uniqueness Theorem :
The solution to Laplaces equation
in some volume is uniquely
determined if the potential is
specified on the boundary surface.
0
V
? V
0
V V
Answer:
Example :
What is the potential in the enclosure
surrounded by a conductor ?
The potential in a volume is uniquely determined if
(a) the charge density throughout the region,
and
(b) the value of the potential on all boundaries,
are specified.
Corollary of 1
st
Uniqueness Theorem :
Second Uniqueness Theorem :
In a volume surrounded by conductors and
containing a specified charge density, the
electric field is uniquely determined if the
total charge on each conductor is given.
(The entire region can be unbound/bounded
by another conductor).
q
3
q
1
q
2
known
E is uniquely determined
Uniqueness Theorem
A license to imagination
A solution THE solution
SPECIAL TECHNIQUES
The Method of Images
Multipole expansion
y
q
d
x
z
Grounded conducting plane
To find out the potential in the
region above the plane
( x, y, z)
P
(in the region z > 0 ),
Solution of Poissons equation:
0
2
V
A point charge q at (0,0,d)
Boundary conditions:
V = 0 when z = 0
V 0 when x
2
+y
2
+z
2
>> d
2
WITH
Given :
charge density in the region on interest
value of the potential on the boundary
Corollary of First Uniqueness Theorem
ONLY one function that
meets the requirement
A new problem:
+q
-q
X
Y
Z
d
d
( x, y, z)
P
Final answer
(By virtue of Uniqueness Theorem)
( )
( ) ( )
(
(
+ + +
+ +
=
2
2 2
2
2 2
0
1 1
4
d z y x d z y x
q
z , y , x V
tc
the poissons equation in the region of interest
the boundary conditions
satisfies
of the original problem
Recap ..
The Method of Images
y
q
d
z
Grounded conducting plane
( x, y, z)
P
x
To find out the potential in the
region above the plane
Auxiliary Problem :
+q
-q
X
Y
Z
d
d
( x, y, z)
P
Final answer to the original problem
By the virtue of
Uniqueness
Theorem
Recap ..
( )
( ) ( )
(
(
+ + +
+ +
=
2
2 2
2
2 2
0
1 1
4
d z y x d z y x
q
z , y , x V
tc
Induced Surface Charge
n
V
c
c
=
0
c o
2
3
2 2 2
2 d y x
qd
y , x
+ +
=
t
o
0
0
=
c
c
=
z
z
V
c
Total induced charge :
da Q
q Q
Induced Surface Charge on the grounded
conducting plane as a function of
(for x
2
+y
2
>> d
2
)
3
2 2
1 y x
y , x o
2 2
y x +
: y x
2 2
+
Force
Force of attraction on
q towards the plane
Force of attraction
on +q towards -q
k
d
q
F
2
2
0
2
4
1

Two point charges and
no conductor :
d
q
W
auxilary
2 4
1
2
0
tc
=
Single point charge and
conducting plane :
d
q
W
4 4
1
2
0
ENERGY
auxilary
W W
2
1
=
A point charge and a grounded
conducting sphere :
Another example :
q
a
R
V=0
Image charge :
Location of image charge :
a
R
q q
a
R
b
2
=
(to the right of the
centre of the sphere)
Two point charges q and q' and no conductor
a
b
q
'
q
|
|
.
|
\
|
'
'
+ =
s s
r
q
r
q
r V
0
4
1
tc
s
r
'
s
r

+
=
u
tc
u
cos ra a r
q
, r V
2
4
1
2 2
0
( )
(
(
(
+
u cos ra R R ra
q
2
2
2
r = R
V=0
Prob. 3.7(a):
b
q
'
q
a
r
s
r
s
z
r
? , r V = u
Induced surface charge on the sphere :
2 3
2 2 2 2
2
4

+ = u
t
u o cos aR R a R a
R
q
Total Induced surface charge :
q
a
qR
q
induced
'
= =
Prob. 3.7(b) :

Induced Surface Charge on the

grounded conducting sphere
( ) ( )( )
2 3
2 2 2 2
cos 2
4

+ = u
t
u o aR R a R a
R
q
Force on q :
2
2 2
2
0
4
1
R a
aR q
F
Energy of the configuration :
2 2
2
0
2 4
1
R a
R q
W
Prob. 3.7(c) :
r
dt'
o
r'
r
s
t
tc
' '
= d r
r
r V
s
1
4
1
0
To characterize the potential of an

arbitrary charge distribution, localized
in a rather small region of space
Law of cosines
(
(
|
.
|
\
|
'
|
.
|
\
|
'
+ = o cos 2 1
2
2 2
r
r
r
r
r r
s
( )
(
(
(
+
|
|
.
|
\
|

|
.
|
\
|
'
+
|
|
.
|
\
|

|
.
|
\
|
'
+
|
.
|
\
|
'
+ =
...
2
cos 3 cos 5
2
1 cos 3
cos 1
1 1
3
3
2
2
o o
o
o
r
r
r
r
r
r
r r
s
( ) o cos
1 1
0
n
n
n
s
P
r
r
r r

=
|
.
|
\
|
'
=
Legendre polynomials
A familiar expression recall Maths-III
( )
( )
( ) ( ) ( ) t o
tc
' ' '
=
}
=
+
d r P r
r
r V
n
n
n
n

cos
1
4
1
0
1
0
Multipole expansion
of V in powers of 1/r
Systematic expansion for the potential of
an arbitrary localized charge distribution,
in powers of 1/r
( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( )
(
(
+
' '
|
.
|
\
|

'
+
' ' '
+
' '
=
}
} }
...
2
1
cos
2
3 1
cos
1 1
4
1
2
2
3
2
0
t o
t o t
tc
d r r
r
d r r
r
d r
r
r V

Monopole term
Dipole term
Quadrupole term
The Monopole Term:
For a point charge at origin,
Potential of any distribution ~ V
mon
,
is the most dominant term for r >>
(if looked from very far point)
V = V
mon
, everywhere
( ) t
tc
' '
= d r
r
V
mon
1
4
1
0
r
Q
r V
mon
0
4
1
tc
=

The Dipole Term:
( ) ( ) t o
tc
' ' '
=
}
d r r
r
r V
dip

cos
1
4
1
2
0
is the most dominant term
if total charge is zero
r r r

'
=
'
coso
2
0
4
1
r
r
p
r V
dip

dipole moment of the distribution

d r r p

The Dipole Term:
For a collection of point charges,
=
'
=
n
i
i i
r q p
1

For a physical dipole:
d q p

d
+q
x
y
z
-q
r'_
r'
+
|
|
.
|
\
|
=
+ = =
+
+
=
s s
i
i
r
q
r
q
V V V V
0
2
1
4
1
tc
Potential of a physical dipole
-q
+q
d
r
s+
r
u
r
s-
P
2
0
4
1
r
cos qd
V , Hence
Potential due to a point charge ~ 1/r
Potential due to a dipole ~ 1/r
2
[ for a detail derivation, refer Example 3.10 (DJG) ]
r fixed and , d for r V r V
dip
<< ~

( ) ( ) d fixed and , r for r V r V
dip
> > ~

2
0
4
1
r
cos qd u
tc
2
0
4
1
r
r
p
r V
dip

physical
dipole
( ) r V

~
Physical dipole
Pure dipole
for d 0, q ,
with p=qd kept fixed
2
0
4
1
r
r p
r V
dip

=

Potential for a pure dipole (d 0)

3q
q
-2q
-2q
a
a
a a
Prob. 3.27:
In the charge configuration shown, find a simple
approximate formula for potential, valid at points far from
the origin. Express your answer in spherical coordinates.
Dipole ........
r
cos qa
V
2
0
2
4
1 u
tc
~
Answer:
x
y
z
q
r
s
d
r
O
A point charge
away from origin :
Posses a non zero dipole contribution
Role played by ORIGIN of coordinate
system in multipole expansion
For a point charge at origin,
V = V
mon
, everywhere
Dipole moment changes
when origin is shifted :
a
dt'
r'
'
r
y
x
x
y
d r r p

aQ p

d r r p

If Q = 0, then
p p

If net charge of the
configuration is zero, then the
dipole moment is independent of
the choice of origin.
3q
- q
a
Prob. 3.29:
Find the following for the configuration shown:
Answer:
(i) Monopole moment (ii) Dipole moment
(iii) Approximate potential at large distance
(in spherical coordinates) including both the terms
q Q i 2 ) ( =
k qa p ii

3 ) ( =
+ =
2
0
cos 3 2
4
1
) (
r
qa
r
q
V iii
u
tc
- q
3q
a
Prob. 3.29:
Answer:
q Q i 2 ) ( =
k qa p ii

) ( =
+ =
2
0
cos 2
4
1
) (
r
qa
r
q
V iii
u
tc
- q 3q
a
Prob. 3.29:
Answer:
q Q i 2 ) ( =
j qa p ii

3 ) ( =
+ =
2
0
sin sin 3 2
4
1
) (
r
qa
r
q
V iii
u
tc
Field of a dipole
Potential at a point due to a pure dipole:
2
0
4
1
r
r
p
, r V
dip

=

tc
u
z
y
x
p
r
u
|
| u
|
u
u
c
c
+
c
c
+
c
c
= V
f
sin r
f
r
r
f
r
f
1 1
V E

Recall:
Field of a dipole (contd.)
u u u
c t
u

sin r
cos
r
p
, r E
dip
+ = 2
1
4
3
0

sin p r
cos p p
p r
p
r
r E
dip

3
1
4
1
3
0
Prob 3.33:
Electric field in a coordinate free-form :
p
z
y
x
r
u
z
y
Field lines of a pure dipole
Field lines of a physical dipole
Prob. 3.31: A pure dipole p is situated at the origin,
pointing in the z-direction.
(a) What is the force on a point
charge q at (a,0,0) (Cartesian
coordinates) ?
(b) What is the force on a point
charge q at (0,0,a) ?
(c) How much work does it take
to move q from (a,0,0) to (0,0,a) ?
k
a
pq
F
3
0
4tc
=
a
pq
F
3
0
4
2
tc
=
2
0
4 a
pq
W

Chapter 3

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Chapter 3

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To find the electric field of a

stationary charge distribution :

Dr. Champak B. Das (BITS, Pilani)

Induced Surface Charge on the

To characterize the potential of an

dipole moment of the distribution

Potential for a pure dipole (d 0)

Dr. Champak B. Das (BITS, Pilani)

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