Tut18 PDF

Tutorial 18.
Modeling Cavitation
Introduction
This tutorial examines the pressure-driven cavitating ow of water
through a sharp-edged orice. This is a typical conguration in fuel injectors, and brings
a challenge to the physics and numerics of cavitation models, because of the high pres-
sure dierentials involved and the high ratio of liquid to vapor density. Using FLUENTs
multiphase modeling capability, you will be able to predict the strong cavitation near the
orice after ow separation at a sharp edge.
This tutorial will demonstrate how to do the following:
Set boundary conditions for internal ow.
Use the mixture model with cavitation eects.
Calculate a solution using the pressure-based solver.
Prerequisites
This tutorial assumes that you are familiar with the menu structure in FLUENT and that
you have completed Tutorial 1. Some steps in the setup and solution procedure will not
be shown explicitly.
Problem Description
The problem considers the cavitation caused by the ow separation after a sharp-edged
orice. The ow is pressure driven, with an inlet pressure of 5 10
5
Pa and an outlet
pressure of 9.5 10
4
Pa. The orice diameter is 4 10
3
m, and the geometrical
parameters of the orice are D/d = 2.88 and L/r = 8, where D, d, and L are the inlet
diameter, orice diameter, and orice length respectively. The geometry of the orice is
shown in Figure 18.1.
c Fluent Inc. September 21, 2006 18-1
Modeling Cavitation
Figure 18.1: Problem Schematic
Setup and Solution
Preparation
1. Download cavitation.zip from the Fluent Inc. User Services Center or copy
it from the FLUENT documentation CD to your working folder (as described in
Tutorial 1).
2. Unzip cavitation.zip.
The le cav.msh can be found in the cavitation folder created after unzipping the
le.
3. Start the 2D (2d) version of FLUENT.
18-2 c Fluent Inc. September 21, 2006
Modeling Cavitation
Step 1: Grid
1. Read the grid le cav.msh.gz.
File Read Case...
As FLUENT reads the grid le, it will report its progress in the console. You can
disregard the warnings about the use of axis boundary conditions, as you will make
the appropriate change to the solver settings in a later step.
2. Check the grid.
Grid Check
FLUENT will perform various checks on the mesh and will report the progress in
the console. Make sure that the reported minimum volume is a positive number.
3. Check the grid scale.
Grid Scale...
(a) Retain the default settings.
(b) Close the Scale Grid panel.
Modeling Cavitation
4. Display the grid (Figure 18.2).
Display Grid...
(a) Retain the default settings.
(b) Click Display and close the Grid Display panel.
Grid
FLUENT 6.3 (2d, pbns, lam)
Figure 18.2: The Grid in the Orice
As seen in Figure 18.2, half of the problem geometry is modeled, with an axis
boundary (consisting of two separate lines) at the centerline. The quadrilateral
Modeling Cavitation
mesh is slightly graded in the plenum to be ner toward the orice. In the orice,
the mesh is uniform with aspect ratios close to 1, as the ow is expected to exhibit
two-dimensional gradients.
When you display data graphically in a later step, you will mirror the view across
the centerline to obtain a more realistic view of the model.
Since the bubbles are small and the ow is high speed, gravity eects can be ne-
glected and the problem can be reduced to axisymmetrical. If gravity could not be
neglected and the direction of gravity were not coincident with the geometrical axis
of symmetry, you would have to solve a 3D problem.
Step 2: Models
1. Specify an axisymmetric model.
Dene Models Solver...
(a) Retain the default selection of Pressure Based from the Solver list.
The pressure-based solver must be used for multiphase calculations.
(b) Select Axisymmetric from the Space list.
(c) Click OK to close the Solver panel.
Note: A computationally intensive, unsteady calculation is necessary to accurately
simulate the irregular cyclic process of bubble formation, growth, lling by
Modeling Cavitation
water jet re-entry, and break-o. In this tutorial, you will perform a steady-
state calculation to simulate the presence of vapor in the separation region in
the time-averaged ow.
2. Enable the multiphase mixture model.
Dene Models Multiphase...
(a) Select Mixture from the Model list.
The Multiphase Model panel will expand.
(b) Disable the Slip Velocity option in the Mixture Parameters group box.
In this ow, the high level of turbulence does not allow large bubble growth,
so gravity is not important. Therefore, there is no need to solve for the slip
velocity.
(c) Click OK to close the Multiphase Model panel.
Modeling Cavitation
3. Enable the standard k- turbulence model with standard wall functions.
Dene Models Viscous...
(a) Select k-epsilon from the Model list.
(b) Retain the default selection of Standard from the k-epsilon Model list.
The standard k- model used in conjunction with standard wall functions is
a suitable choice for this type of mesh resolution. For dierent cavitation
problems, you may use other turbulence models.
See Section 23.7.4 of the Users Guide for more information on the choice of
turbulence models to be used in conjunction with FLUENTs cavitation model.
(c) Retain the default selection of Standard Wall Functions from the Near-Wall
Treatment list.
(d) Click OK to close the Viscous Model panel.
Modeling Cavitation
Step 3: Materials
1. Create a new material to be used for the primary phase.
Dene Materials...
(a) Enter water for Name.
(b) Enter 1000 kg/m
3
for Density.
(c) Enter 0.001 kg/ms for Viscosity.
(d) Click Change/Create.
A Question dialog box will open, asking if you want to overwrite air. Click
Yes.
Modeling Cavitation
2. Copy water vapor from the materials database and modify its properties.
Dene Materials...
(a) Click the Fluent Database... button to open the Fluent Database Materials
panel.
i. Select water-vapor (h2o) from the Fluent Fluid Materials selection list.
Scroll down the list to nd water-vapor (h2o).
ii. Click Copy to include water vapor in your model.
iii. Close the Fluent Database Materials panel.
Modeling Cavitation
(b) Enter 0.02558 kg/m
3
for Density.
(c) Enter 1.26e-06 kg/ms for Viscosity.
(d) Click Change/Create and close the Materials panel.
Modeling Cavitation
Step 4: Phases
Dene Phases...
1. Specify liquid water as the primary phase.
(a) Select phase-1 from the Phase selection list.
(b) Click Set... to open the Primary Phase panel.
i. Enter liquid for Name.
ii. Retain the default selection of water from the Phase Material drop-down
list.
iii. Click OK to close the Primary Phase panel.
Modeling Cavitation
2. Specify water vapor as the secondary phase.
(a) Select phase-2 from the Phase selection list.
(b) Click Set... to open the Secondary Phase panel.
i. Enter vapor for Name.
ii. Select water-vapor from the Phase Material drop-down list.
iii. Click OK to close the Secondary Phase panel.
3. Open the Phase Interaction panel by clicking the Interaction... button, in order to
enable cavitation for the model.
(a) Click the Mass tab.
i. Enable the Cavitation option.
The Phase Interaction panel will expand to show the cavitation inputs.
Modeling Cavitation
ii. Enter 3540 Pa for Vaporization Pressure.
The vaporization pressure is a property of the working liquid, which de-
pends mainly on the liquid temperature. The default value is the vapor-
ization pressure of water at a temperature of 300 K.
iii. Retain the default value of 0.0717 N/m for Surface Tension Coecient.
Like the vaporization pressure, the liquid-vapor surface tension is a prop-
erty of the liquid, which depends mainly on temperature. Here too, the
default value is the surface tension for water and vapor at a temperature
of 300 K.
iv. Retain the default value of 1.5e-05 for Non-Condensable Gas Mass Frac-
tion.
This is the mass fraction of noncondensable gas dissolved in the working
liquid. For air dissolved in water, 1.5e-05 (15 ppm) is a typical value.
(b) Click OK to close the Phase Interaction panel.
4. Close the Phases panel.
Step 5: Operating Conditions
1. Set the operating pressure.
Dene Operating Conditions...
(a) Enter 0 Pa for Operating Pressure.
(b) Click OK to close the Operating Conditions panel.
Modeling Cavitation
Step 6: Boundary Conditions
For the multiphase mixture model, you will specify conditions for the mixture (i.e., con-
ditions that apply to all phases) and also conditions that are specic to the primary and
secondary phases. In this tutorial, boundary conditions are only needed for the mixture
and secondary phase of two boundaries: the pressure inlet (consisting of two boundary
zones) and the pressure outlet. The pressure outlet is the downstream boundary, opposite
the pressure inlets.
Dene Boundary Conditions...
1. Set the boundary conditions at inlet 1 for the mixture.
(a) Select inlet 1 from the Zone selection list.
(b) Retain the default selection of mixture from the Phase drop-down list.
Modeling Cavitation
(c) Click Set... to open the Pressure Inlet panel.
i. Enter 500000 Pa for Gauge Total Pressure.
ii. Enter 449000 Pa for Supersonic/Initial Gauge Pressure.
If you choose to initialize the solution based on the pressure-inlet con-
ditions, the Supersonic/Initial Gauge Pressure will be used in conjunction
with the specied stagnation pressure (the Gauge Total Pressure) to com-
pute initial values according to the isentropic relations (for compressible
ow) or Bernoullis equation (for incompressible ow). Otherwise, in an
incompressible ow calculation the Supersonic/Initial Gauge Pressure input
will be ignored by FLUENT. In this problem the velocity will be initialized
based on the dierence between these two values.
iii. Retain the default selection of Normal to Boundary from the Direction
Specication Method drop-down list.
iv. Select Intensity and Hydraulic Diameter from the Specication Method drop-
down list in the Turbulence group box.
v. Enter 2 % for Turbulent Intensity.
vi. Enter 0.004 m for the Hydraulic Diameter.
vii. Click OK to close the Pressure Inlet panel.
2. Set the boundary conditions at inlet-1 for the secondary phase.
(a) Make sure that inlet-1 is selected in the Zone selection list.
Modeling Cavitation
(b) Select vapor from the Phase drop-down list.
(c) Click Set... to open the Pressure Inlet panel.
i. Click the Multiphase tab and retain the default value of 0 for Volume
Fraction.
ii. Click OK to close the Pressure Inlet panel.
3. Copy the boundary conditions dened for the rst pressure inlet zone (inlet 1) to
the second pressure inlet zone (inlet 2).
(a) Make sure that inlet-1 is selected in the Zone selection list.
(b) Select mixture from the Phase drop-down list.
(c) Click Copy to open the Copy BCs panel.
i. Select inlet 1 from the From Zone selection list.
ii. Select inlet 2 from the To Zones selection list.
Modeling Cavitation
iii. Click Copy.
A Warning dialog box will open, asking if you want to copy inlet 1 boundary
conditions to inlet 2. Click OK.
iv. Close the Copy BCs panel.
4. Set the boundary conditions at outlet for the mixture.
(a) Select outlet from the Zone selection list.
(b) Make sure that mixture is selected in the Phase drop-down list.
(c) Click Set... to open the Pressure Outlet panel.
i. Enter 95000 Pa for Gauge Pressure.
ii. Select Intensity and Hydraulic Diameter from the Specication Method drop-
down list in the Turbulence group box.
iii. Enter 2 % for Backow Turbulent Intensity.
iv. Enter 0.001 m for Backow Hydraulic Diameter.
v. Click OK to close the Pressure Outlet panel.
Modeling Cavitation
5. Set the boundary conditions at outlet for the secondary phase.
(a) Make sure that outlet is selected from the Zone selection list.
(c) Click Set... to open the Pressure Outlet panel.
i. Click the Multiphase tab and retain the default value of 0 for Volume
Fraction.
ii. Click OK to close the Pressure Outlet panel.
(d) Close the Boundary Conditions panel.
Step 7: Solution
1. Set the solution parameters.
Solve Controls Solution...
Modeling Cavitation
(a) Select SIMPLEC from the drop-down list in the Pressure-Velocity Coupling
group box.
(b) Enter 0.4 for Pressure in the Under-Relaxation Factors group box.
(c) Enter 0.4 for Momentum.
(d) Retain the default value of 1 for Vaporization Mass.
Scroll down to nd Vaporization Mass.
(e) Enter 0.5 for Turbulent Kinetic Energy, Turbulent Dissipation Rate, and Turbu-
lent Viscosity.
Scroll down to nd Turbulent Kinetic Energy, Turbulent Dissipation Rate, and
Turbulent Viscosity.
Note: Typically, for more complex cases with very high pressure drops or large
liquid-vapor density ratios, the under-relaxation factors may need to be
reduced to between 0.1 and 0.2. For the Vaporization Mass, it is generally
advised to use a value of 0.1, though this under-relaxation factor can be
between 0.001 to 1 as necessary.
(f) Select Linear from the Pressure drop-down list in the Discretization group box.
(g) Click OK to close the Solution Controls panel.
2. Enable the plotting of residuals during the calculation.
Solve Monitors Residual...
Modeling Cavitation
(a) Enable Plot in the Options group box.
(b) Enter 1e-05 for the Absolute Criteria of all the residuals except vf-vapor.
Decreasing the criteria for these residuals will improve the accuracy of the
solution.
(c) Click OK to close the Residual Monitors panel.
3. Initialize the solution from either of the pressure inlet zones (inlet 1 or inlet 2).
Solve Initialize Initialize...
(a) Select inlet 1 or inlet 2 from the Compute From drop-down list.
(b) Select Absolute from the Reference Frame list.
(c) Click Init to initialize the solution.
(d) Close the Solution Initialization panel.
4. Save the case le (cav.cas.gz).
File Write Case...
Modeling Cavitation
5. Start the calculation by requesting 2500 iterations.
Solve Iterate...
(a) Enter 2500 for Number of Iterations.
(b) Click Iterate and close the Iterate panel when the calculation is complete.
The solution will converge to within the specied criteria in approximately 1850
iterations.
6. Save the data le (cav.dat.gz).
File Write Data...
Modeling Cavitation
Step 8: Postprocessing
1. Plot the pressure in the orice (Figure 18.3).
Display Contours...
(a) Enable Filled in the Options group box.
(b) Retain the default selection of Pressure... and Static Pressure from the Contours
of drop-down lists.
(c) Click Display and close the Contours panel.
Modeling Cavitation
Contours of Static Pressure (mixture) (pascal)
FLUENT 6.3 (axi, pbns, mixture, ske)
4.99e+05
4.75e+05
4.50e+05
4.25e+05
4.00e+05
3.75e+05
3.51e+05
3.26e+05
3.01e+05
2.76e+05
2.51e+05
2.27e+05
2.02e+05
1.77e+05
1.52e+05
1.27e+05
1.03e+05
7.79e+04
5.31e+04
2.83e+04
3.54e+03
Figure 18.3: Contours of Static Pressure
Note the dramatic pressure drop at the ow restriction in Figure 18.3. Low static
pressure is the major factor causing cavitation. Additionally, turbulence contributes
to cavitation due to the eect of pressure uctuation and turbulent diusion, as will
be shown in a plot that follows.
2. Mirror the display across the centerline (Figure 18.4).
Mirroring the display across the centerline gives a more realistic view.
Display Views...
(a) Select symm 2 and symm 1 from the Mirror Planes selection list.
(b) Click Apply and close the Views panel.
Modeling Cavitation
Contours of Static Pressure (mixture) (pascal)
4.99e+05
4.75e+05
4.50e+05
4.25e+05
4.00e+05
3.75e+05
3.51e+05
3.26e+05
3.01e+05
2.76e+05
2.51e+05
2.27e+05
2.02e+05
1.77e+05
1.52e+05
1.27e+05
1.03e+05
7.79e+04
5.31e+04
2.83e+04
3.54e+03
Figure 18.4: Mirrored View of Contours of Static Pressure
3. Plot the turbulent kinetic energy (Figure 18.5).
Display Contours...
(a) Select Turbulence... and Turbulent Kinetic Energy (k) from the Contours of
drop-down lists.
(b) Click Display.
In this example, the grid used is fairly coarse. However, in cavitating ows the
pressure distribution is the dominant factor, and is not very sensitive to grid size.
4. Plot the volume fraction of water vapor (Figure 18.6).
Display Contours...
(a) Select Phases... and Volume fraction from the Contours of drop-down lists.
(c) Click Display and close the Contours panel.
The high turbulent kinetic energy region near the neck of the orice in Figure 18.5
coincides with the highest volume fraction of vapor in Figure 18.6. This indicates
the correct prediction of a localized high phase change rate. The vapor then gets
convected downstream by the main ow.
Modeling Cavitation
Contours of Turbulent Kinetic Energy (k) (mixture) (m2/s2)
1.90e+01
1.80e+01
1.71e+01
1.61e+01
1.52e+01
1.42e+01
1.33e+01
1.23e+01
1.14e+01
1.04e+01
9.48e+00
8.53e+00
7.58e+00
6.64e+00
5.69e+00
4.74e+00
3.79e+00
2.85e+00
1.90e+00
9.51e-01
3.11e-03
Figure 18.5: Contours of Turbulent Kinetic Energy
Contours of Volume fraction (vapor)
1.00e+00
9.50e-01
9.00e-01
8.50e-01
8.00e-01
7.50e-01
7.00e-01
6.50e-01
6.00e-01
5.50e-01
5.00e-01
4.50e-01
4.00e-01
3.50e-01
3.00e-01
2.50e-01
2.00e-01
1.50e-01
1.00e-01
5.00e-02
0.00e+00
Figure 18.6: Contours of Vapor Volume Fraction
Modeling Cavitation
Summary
This tutorial demonstrated how to set up and resolve a strongly cavitating pressure-driven
ow through an orice, using FLUENTs multiphase mixture model with cavitation eects.
You learned how to set the boundary conditions for an internal ow. A steady-state
solution was calculated to simulate the formation of vapor in the neck of the ow after the
section restriction at the orice. A more computationally intensive unsteady calculation is
necessary to accurately simulate the irregular cyclic process of bubble formation, growth,
lling by water jet re-entry, and break-o.
Further Improvements
This tutorial guides you through the steps to reach an initial solution. You may be able
to obtain a more accurate solution by using an appropriate higher-order discretization
scheme and by adapting the grid. Grid adaption can also ensure that the solution is
independent of the grid. These steps are demonstrated in Tutorial 1.

Tut18 PDF

Загружено:

Сведения о документе

Исходное описание:

Оригинальное название

Авторское право

Доступные форматы

Поделиться этим документом

Поделиться или встроить документ

Параметры публикации

Этот документ был вам полезен?

Это неприемлемый материал?

Авторское право:

Доступные форматы

Tut18 PDF

Загружено:

Авторское право:

Доступные форматы

Tutorial 18.

Вам также может понравиться