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MULTIPLE INPUT MULTIPLE
OUTPUT SYSTEMS (MIMO)
Introduction
MIMO Systems:
use multiple inputs and multiple outputs from a
single channel
are defined by Spatial Diversity and Spatial
Multiplexing
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Spatial Diversity and Spatial Multiplexing
Spatial Diversity
Signal copies are transferred from multiple antennas
or received at more than one antenna
redundancy is provided by employing an array of
antennas, with a minimum separation of /2 between
neighbouring antennas
Spatial Multiplexing
the system is able to carry more than one data stream
over one frequency, simultaneously
Why MIMO?
There is always a need for increase in performance in
wireless systems
Significant increase in spectral efficiency and data
rates
High Quality of Service (QoS)
Wide coverage, etc.
Wireless channel that we are using is very unfriendly
Suffers from Cochannel interference and signal level
fading
It provides a limited bandwidth
power falls off with distance
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MIMO System solutions
By using Multiple Output Multiple Input (MIMO) systems
Diversity gain mitigates the fading and increases
coverage and improves QoS
Multiplexing gain increases capacity and spectral
efficiency with no additional power or bandwidth
expenditure
Array gain results in an increase in average receive
SNR.
Spatial Diversity and Spatial Multiplexing can be
conflicting goals
Spatial Multiplexing
MIMO channels can be decomposed into a number of R parallel
independent channels Multiplexing Gain
Principle: Transmit independent data signals from different antennas to
increase the throughput, capacity.
Source: An Overview of MIMO Systems in Wireless Communications
www.iet.ntnu.no/projects/beats/Documents/mimo.pdf
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MIMO capacity on fading channels
The capacity increase can be seen by comparing MIMO
systems with SISO, SIMO, and MISO systems
SISO:capacity is given by Shannons classical formula:
Where B is the BW and h is the fading gain
SIMO (with M transmitting antennas), the capacity is given by
MISO (with M transmitting antennas), the capacity is given by
)
2
1 (
2
log h snr B C + =
)
1
2
1 (
2
log
=
+ =
m
n
n
h snr B C
)
1
2
1 (
2
log
=
|

\
|
+ =
N
n
n
h
N
snr
B C
MIMO capacity on fading channels
The capacity for MIMO systems can have the following forms
(Assuming Tx antennas = Rx antennas = N):
A) If the channel is not known at the transmitter:
Where E
s
is the total power,
2
is noise level of AWGN
Hence the power is equally shared by each channel
The capacity grows linearly with the number of antennas
B) If the channel is known at the transmitter
)
2
2
1 (
2
log
n
h
N
s
E
N C
|
|

\
|
+ =

= (
(

|
|

\
|
+ =
N
n
n
h
n
E
C
1
)
2
2
1 (
2
log

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Spatial Diversity
Improves the signal quality and achieves a higher SNR at the
receiver-side
Principle of diversity relies on the transmission of structured
redundancy
x
i
y
i
MIMO Diversity and Reliability
The performance improvement in SNR and error probability for
MIMO can be compared with SISO, SIMO, and MISO
The detailed calculation for SNR and Pe is shown in [1]
SISO:
Receive Diversity (SIMO): N i n x h y
i i i
, 2 , 1 , = + =
2
1
1
SNR
Pe
+

n hx y + =
2
2
2
) ( h SNR
n E
hx E
h SNR = = and

=
N
i
h SNR h SNR
2
) (
N
SNR
Pe
|

\
|
+

2
1
1
and
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MIMO Diversity and Reliability
The values for SNR and Pe for:
Transmit Diversity (MISO):
Transmit/Receive Diversity (MIMO):
The received signal at antenna i will be:
H is the channel fading matrix
i
j ij
M
j
i
n x h y + =

=1
M
SNR
Pe
|

\
|
+

2
1
1
n x h y j
M
j
j + =

=1

=
=
M
j
j h SNR h SNR
1
2
) (
and
2
2
) (
} , min{
H SNR H SNR
M N
H SNR

MN
M N
SNR
Pe
|
|

\
|
+

} , min{ 2
1
1
and
Conclusion
The capacity of Receive or Transmit Diversity grows logarithmically
with the number of antennas
Capacity of MIMO increases linearly with the number of antennas
Using Spatial Diversity:
The SNR increases and Pe decreases when using MIMO
Spatial Multiplexing and Spatial Diversity are conflicting objectives
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Space-Time coding
Space-Time coding
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Space-Time coding
Space-Time coding
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Space-Time coding
Space-Time coding
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Space-Time coding
Space-Time coding
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Space-Time coding
Space-Time coding
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Space-Time coding
Space-Time coding
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Space-Time coding
Space-Time coding
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Space-Time coding
Space-Time coding
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Space-Time coding
Space-Time coding
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Space-Time coding
Space-Time coding
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Space-Time coding
Space-Time coding