Nptel Gabion Wall PDF

GEOSYNTHETICS ENGINEERING: IN
THEORY AND PRACTICE

Prof. J . N. Mandal
Department of civil engineering, IIT Bombay,
Powai , Mumbai 400076, India.
Tel.022-25767328
email: cejnm@civil.iitb.ac.in
Prof. J. N. Mandal, Department of Civil Engineering, IIT Bombay
Module - 6
LECTURE - 34
Geosynthetics for reinforced soil retaining walls
Recap of previous lecture..
Design of geotextile wrap-around-faced wall
Gabion walls
General
Design of gravity gabion wall (partly covered)
Step 2: Calculation of overturning moment
Overturning moment (M
o
) = P
a
x h
y
/cos
Step 3: Calculation of weight of Gabion (W
gabion
)
W
gabion
=
g
x (volume of wall per unit length)
g
= Gabion fill density
Step 4: Calculate the horizontal distance of point of
applicationof the weight of gabion wall fromtoe (h
g
)
h
g
=(a . X) / A
a =Individual area of the gabions parallel to the slope,
X =distance of C.G. of the individual gabion fromtoe
A=Total area of the gabion wall
) w x a + w x L (
)] sin( x )
2
w
+ w ( + ) cos( x }
2
a
+ ) a - L [{( w x a + )] sin( x
2
w
+ ) cos( x
2
L
[ w Lx
= h
g
) w x a + w x a + w x L (
)] sin( x )
2
w
+ w 2 ( + ) cos( x }
2
a
+ ) a - L [{( w x a + )] sin( x )
2
w
+ w ( + ) cos( x }
2
a
+ ) a - L [{( w x a + )] sin( x
2
w
+ ) cos( x
2
L
[ w Lx
= h
g
For two bottom gabions,
For three bottomgabions,
For four bottomgabions,
) w x a + w x a + w x L (
)] sin( x )
2
w
+ w 3 ( + ) cos( x }
2
b
+ ) b - L [{( w x b + )] sin( x )
2
w
+ w 2 ( + ) cos( x }
2
a
+ ) a - L [{( w x a
+
) w x a + w x a + w x L (
)] sin( x )
2
w
+ w ( + ) cos( x }
2
a
+ ) a - L [{( w x a + )] sin( x
2
w
+ ) cos( x
2
L
[ w Lx
= h
g
Similarly for more number of gabions, h
g
can be determined.
w=thickness of eachgabion
a =width of the second and third gabion fromthe bottom
b=width of the fourthandfifthgabion fromthe bottom
c =width of the sixth and seventh gabion fromthe bottom
d=width of the eighth and ninthgabion fromthe bottom
e =width of the tenth gabion fromthe bottom(top gabion as
shown in the Figure)
Step 6: Calculation of factor of safetyagainst overturning
o
) =P
a
x h
y
/cos
Resisting moment (M
r
) =W
gabion
x h
g
(FOS)
overturning
=M
r
/ M
o
>2 (safe)
Step 5: Calculation of factor of safety against sliding
Driving force (F
d
) =P
a
- W
gabion
sin
Resisting force (F
r
) =W
gabion
cos x C
i
tan|
(FOS)
sliding
=F
r
/ F
d
>1.5 (safe)
Step 7: Calculation of eccentricity (e)
e =(L/2) (M
r
M
o
)/ W
g
cos
- L/6 <e <+L/6 (OK)
Step 8: Check against bearing pressure
Maximum base pressure developed (P
b
)
= (W
g
cos / L) (1 + 6e/ L) < q
allowable
(safe)
q
allowable
= Allowable bearing capacity of the subgrade soil
Example:
Design a gravity gabion wall with following information:
Wall height (H) =10 m, Wall thickness (t
g
) =1 m
Surcharge (q) =0 kPa, Backfill slope angle (i) =0
Angle of frictionbetween wall and soil (o) =0
Wall inclination with vertical () =-6
Soil frictionangle (|
s
) =32, Soil density (
s
) =17 kN/m
3
Gabionfill density (
g
) =25 kN/m
3
Soil bearing pressure (q
allowable
) =500 kPa
Scale correction factor (C
i
) =0.7
Maximumtotal base width (B) =0.7 H =0.7 x 10 =7 m
Solution:
Step 1: Calculation of earth pressure and its point of
application
The active earth pressure co-efficient =K
a
Accordingto Coulombs derivation,
2
2
2
a
) i cos( ) cos(
) i sin( ) sin(
1 ) cos( cos
) ( cos
K
(
o o + o
| o + |
+ o + o o
o |
=
Hence,
27 . 0
)) 6 ( 0 cos( )) 6 ( 0 cos(
) 0 32 sin( ) 0 32 sin(
1 )) 6 ( 0 cos( ) 6 ( cos
)) 6 ( 32 ( cos
K
2
2
2
a
=
(
+
+
+ +

=
Therefore, the total active thrust on the wall (P
a
)
=K
a
(
s
H
2
/2+qH)
=0.27(17 x 10
2
/2 +0 x 10)
=229.5kN/m
Vertical distance of the point of application of the resultant
normal force (P
a
) fromtoe,
o
|
|
.
|
\
|
+
|
|
.
|
\
|
+
= sin L
q 2
H
q 3
H
3
H
h
s
v
s
v
v
y
H = 10 m (Given)
L = 0.7H = 0.7 x 10 = 7 m
H
v
= H coso = 10 x cos(6) = 9.95 m
m 6 . 2 ) 6 sin( 7
17
0 2
95 . 9
17
0 3
95 . 9
3
95 . 9
h
y
=
|
.
|
\
|
+
|
.
|
\
|
+
=
o
)
=P
a
x h
y
/coso
=229.5x 2.6/ cos(6)
=599.99kN-m/m
Step 3: Calculation of weight of Gabion
Weight of gabion (W
gabion
)
=
g
x (volume of wall per unit length)
=25 x {1 x (7+5+5+4+4+3+3+2+2+1)}
=900 kN/m
Step 4: Calculation of horizontal distance from toe to
the point of application of W
gabion
h
g
=(a. X)/ A
a = Individual gabion area parallel to slope of 6,
X = distance of C.G. of the individual gabion from toe
A = Total area of the Gabion wall
= 1x (7+5+5+4+4+3+3+2+2+1)
= 36 m
2
36
)) 6 sin( 5 . 3 ) 6 cos( 5 ( 1 x 4 )) 6 sin( 5 . 2 ) 6 cos( 5 . 4 ( 1 x 5 )) 6 sin( 5 . 1 ) 6 cos( 5 . 4 ( 1 x 5 )) 6 sin( 5 . 0 ) 6 cos( x 5 . 3 ( 1 x 7
h
g
+ + + + + + +
=
36
)) 6 sin( 5 . 7 ) 6 cos( 6 ( 1 x 2 )) 6 sin( 5 . 6 ) 6 cos( 5 . 5 ( 1 x 3 )) 6 sin( 5 . 5 ) 6 cos( 5 . 5 ( 1 x 3 )) 6 sin( 5 . 4 ) 6 cos( x 5 ( 1 x 4 + + + + + + +
+
36
)) 6 sin( 5 . 9 ) 6 cos( 5 . 6 ( 1 x 1 )) 6 sin( 5 . 8 ) 6 cos( 6 ( 1 x 2 + + +
+
Therefore,
or, h
g
=5.17m
Step 5: Calculation of factor of safety against overturning
o
) =599.99kN-m/m
Resisting moment (M
r
)
=W
gabion
x h
g
=900 x 5.17=4653 kN-m/m
(FOS)
overturning
=M
r
/ M
o
=4653/ 599.99=7.76>2 (safe)
Step 6: Calculation of factor of safety against sliding
Driving force (F
d
)
=P
a
- W
gabion
sino
=229.5 900 sin (6)
=135.424kN/m
Resisting force (F
r
)
=W
gabion
coso x C
i
tan
=900 x 0.7 x tan(32)
=391.51kN/m
(FOS)
sliding
=391.51/ 135.424=2.89 >1.5(safe)
Step 7: Calculation of eccentricity
Eccentricity(e) =[(L/2) (M
r
M
o
)/ (W
g
coso)]
Hence, e =(7/2) (4653 599.99)/ (900 cos(6)) =-1.03
Now, L/6 =7/ 6 =1.17; Therefore, -1.17 <e <+1.17 (ok)
Maximumbase pressure developed (P
b
)
=(W
g
coso/ L) (1 +6e/ L)
=(900 coso/ 7) {1 +(6 x (1.03)/7)}
=240.76kPa <(q
allowable
=500 kPa) (safe)
Design of Gabion wall in Excel
angle of internal friction of backfill soil (|
s
)
32
acute angle of back face slope of wall with vertical () -6
wall base inclination with horizontal () -6
angle of wall friction () 0
slope angle of backfill surface (i) 0
Unit weight of backfill soil (
s
) (kN/m
3
) 17
Height of Gabion wall (H) (m) 10
width of the wall (t
g
) (m) 1
Gabion fill density(
g
) (kN/m
3
) 25
Maximum total base width (L) (m) 7
surcharge load (q) (kPa) 0
i
) 0.7
allowable
) (kPa) 500
width of the 1st layer (base layer) (m) 7
width of the 2nd layer (m) 5
width of the 3rd layer (m) 5
width of the 4th layer (m) 4
width of the 10thlayer (m) 1
Co-efficient of active earth pressure (K
a
) 0.2687
Active thrust on the wall (P
a
) (kN/m) 228.4
hy (m) 2.583
hg (m) 5.165
Calculation:
Check for stability
Check for Stability
Weight of Gabion (W
gabion
) (kN/m) 900
Overturning moment (kN-m/m)
M
o
593.2
(FOS)
overturning
7.837 >2 (safe)
Resisting moment (kN-m/m)
M
r
4648.864
Driving force (kN/m)
F
d
134.2988
(FOS)
sliding
2.915 >1.5 (safe)
Resisting force (kN/m)
F
r
391.5111
eccentricity (e) (m) -1.031086208 > - 1.166
Maximum base pressure (P
b
) (kPa) 240.8745 < 500 (safe)
BACK
Design of gabion wall with welded wire anchor mesh as
horizontal tie-backs
Wall height vertically = H
g
, Wall thickness = t
g
Surcharge = q, Backfill slope angle = i
Wall inclination with vertical =
Soil friction angle = |
Soil density =
s
Gabion fill density =
g
Soil bearing pressure = q
allowable
Scale correction factor = C
i
Maximum base width (L) = 0.7 H
g
Ultimate tensile strength = T
ult
Design Steps:
External Stability:
application
Total active thrust on the wall (P
a
) = K
a
(
s
H
2
/2+qH)
K
a
=active earth pressure co-efficient
2
2
2
a
) i cos( ) cos(
) i sin( ) sin(
1 ) cos( cos
) ( cos
K
(
o o + o
| o + |
+ o + o o
o |
=
i = Backfill slope angle
o = Angle of friction between wall and soil
= Wall inclination with vertical
| = Soil friction angle
When surcharge is applied over the backfill, the vertical
distance of point of application of the resultant normal
force (P
a
) frombase =h
y
(
|
|
.
|
\
|
+
=
)
q 2
H (
)
q 3
H (
x
3
H
h
s
g
s
g
g
y
s
=Soil density
H
g
=Wall height
Step 2: Calculation of overturning moment about toe
o
)
= P
a
cos x h
y
+ P
a
sin x (t
g
+ h
y
tan )
Step 3: Calculation of weight of Gabion (W
gabion
)
Weight of gabion (W
gabion
)
=x (t
g
+t
g
) x H
g
x
g
=H
g
x t
g
x
g
g
= Gabion fill density
Step 4: Calculation of horizontal distance fromtoe to the
point of application of W
gabion
h
g
=t
g
/ 2 +(H
g
/ 2) tan
t
g
=Wall thickness, H
g
=Wall height
=Wall inclination with vertical
Step 5: Calculation of weight of surcharge (W
s
)
Weight of surcharge (W
s
) = q x l
l = L t
g
H
g
tan (L = base width = 0.7 H
g
)
q = surcharge over the backfill surface
Step 6: Horizontal distance from toe to the point of
applicationof W
s
Horizontal distance of the weight of surcharge fromthe
toe of the wall =h
s
h
s
=t
g
+H
g
tan +l/2
l =L t
g
H
g
tan
Step 7: Calculation of weight of Backfill soil (W
soil
)
W
soil
=(x H
g
tan x H
g
+l x H
g
)
s
s
= Density of backfill soil
Step 8: Horizontal distance from toe to the point of
applicationof W
soil
h
soil
=[(H
g
2
tan){t
g
+(H
g
/ 3)tan} +(H
g
x l){t
g
+H
g
tan +l/2}] x (
s
/ W
soil
)
W
soil
= Weight of backfill soil, l = L t
g
H
g
tan
o
)
=P
a
cos x h
y
+P
a
sin x (t
g
+h
y
tan)
Resisting moment (M
r
)
=W
gabion
x h
g
+W
s
x h
s
+W
soil
x h
soil
(FOS)
overturning
=M
r
/ M
o
>2 (safe)
Step 10: Calculation of factor of safetyagainst sliding
Driving force (F
d
) =P
a
cos
Resisting force (F
r
)
=(W
gabion
+W
s
+W
soil
- P
a
sin ) C
i
tan |
(FOS)
sliding
=F
r
/ F
d
>1.5 (safe)
e =(L/ 2) (M
r
M
o
)/ W
v
-L/6 <e <L/6 (ok)
W
v
= Total vertical downward force over the sub-grade soil
= W
gabion
+ W
s
+ W
soil
- P
a
sin
b
)
= (W
v
/ L) (1 + 6e/L) < q
allowable
(safe)
q
allowable
= Soil bearing pressure
Step 13: Calculate spacing and tensile force at each layer
The vertical pressure at any layer,
z
=
s
x z +q
s
=Soil density
z =depthof the layer fromthe top of the wall
q=surcharge
Therefore, tensile strength at any layer,
T
calculated
=
z
x s
v
x K
a
s
v
=vertical spacing of reinforcements
K
a
=co-efficient of active earth pressure
Provided ultimate tensile strength =T
ultimate
Hence, T
allowable
=T
ultimate
/ Factor of safety(FS)
Using T
allowable
=
z
x s
v
x K
a
, determine the maximum
spacingrequired at the bottom.
Getting an idea, assume suitable spacing for the layers
andcalculate tensile strength (T
calculated
) at any layer
Step 14: Check tensile strength at each layer
T
calculated
<T
allowable
(OK)
Where, at any layer, T
calculated
=
z
x s
v
x K
a
Step 15: Calculation of minimum embedded length (L
em
)
Minimum embedded length (L
em
)
= FS x T
calculated
/ (2 x
z
x C
i
x tan|)
C
i
= scale correction factor
= soil - to - soil friction angle
Step 16: Calculation of actual embeddedlength (L
e
)
At the topof the wall, distance to the wedge failure plane
fromthe back of the wall,
L
a
=H
g
tan (45 - |/2) H
g
tan
At any layer at a depthz, the length of embedment past the
Wedge, L
e
=L t
g
L
a
x (H
g
z)/ H
g
Step 17: Check for embedded length
At any layer,
The length of embedment past the wedge (L
e
)
> Minimum embedded length (L
em
) (OK)
Example:
Design a Gabion wall with welded wire Anchor mesh as
horizontal tie-backs for soil reinforcement (MSE Walls).
Wall height (H
g
) =10 m, Wall thickness (t
g
) =1 m
Surcharge (q) =39 kPa, Backfill slope angle (i) =0
Wall inclination with vertical () =-6
Soil frictionangle (
s
) =32, Soil density (
s
) =18 kN/m
3
Gabionfill density (
g
) =17 kN/m
3
allowable
) =500 kPa
i
) =0.7, T
ult
=60 kN/m
Maximumtotal base width (L) =0.7 H
g
=0.7 x 10 =7 m
Solution:
application
The active earth pressure co-efficient =K
a
Accordingto Coulombs derivation,
2
2
2
a
) i cos( ) cos(
) i sin( ) sin(
1 ) cos( cos
) ( cos
K
(
o o + o
| o + |
+ o + o o
o |
=
Hence,
27 . 0
)) 6 ( 0 cos( )) 6 ( 0 cos(
) 0 32 sin( ) 0 32 sin(
1 )) 6 ( 0 cos( ) 6 ( cos
)) 6 ( 32 ( cos
K
2
2
2
a
=
(
+
+
+ +

=
Therefore, the total active thrust on the wall (P
a
)
=K
a
(
s
H
g
2
/2+qH
g
)
=0.27(18 x 10
2
/2+39 x 10)
=346.6kN/m
Vertical distance of the point of application of the resultant
normal force (P
a
) frombase,
H
g
= 10 m (Given)
q = 39 kPa,
s
= 18 kN/m
3
|
|
.
|
\
|
+
|
|
.
|
\
|
+
=
s
g
s
g
g
y
q 2
H
q 3
H
x
3
H
h
m 84 . 3
18
39 x 2
10
18
39 x 3
10
x
3
10
h
y
=
|
.
|
\
|
+
|
.
|
\
|
+
=
o
)
=P
a
cos x h
y
+P
a
sin x (t
g
+h
y
tan)
=346.6x cos(6) x 3.84+346.6x sin(6) x {1 +3.84 x tan(6)}
=1374.50kN-m/m
Step 3: Calculation of weight of Gabion
Weight of gabion (W
gabion
)
= x (t
g
+ t
g
) x H
g
x
g
= H
g
x t
g
x
g
= 10 x 1 x 17 = 170 kN/m
Step 4: Calculation of horizontal distance from toe to
the point of application of W
gabion
h
g
= t
g
/2 + (H
g
/2) tan () = 1/2 + (10/2) tan(6) = 1.026 m
Step 5: Calculation of weight of surcharge
Weight of surcharge (W
s
) = q x l
l = L t
g
H
g
tan = 7 1 - 10 x tan 6 =4.95 m
Therefore, W
s
= 39 x 4.95 = 193 kN/m
Step 6: Horizontal distance fromtoe to W
s
h
s
=t
g
+H
g
tan +l/2 =1+10 x tan(6) +4.95/2=4.53m
Step 7: Calculation of weight of Backfill soil (W
soil
)
W
soil
=(x H
g
tan x H
g
+l x H
g
)
s
=(x 10 x tan (6) x 10 +4.95x 10) x18
=985.41kN/m
Step 8: Horizontal distance fromtoe to W
soil
h
soil
=[(H
g
2
tan) {t
g
+(H
g
/3)tan}
+(H
g
x l){t
g
+H
g
tan +l/2}] x (
s
/ W
soil
)
=[(10
2
tan6) {1 +(10/3)tan6}
+(10 x 4.95) {1 +10 tan6+4.95/2}] x (18/ 985.41)
=3.5m
o
) =1374.50kN-m/m
Resisting moment (M
r
)
=W
gabion
x h
g
+W
s
x h
s
+W
soil
x h
soil
=170 x 1.026+193 x 4.53+985.41x 3.5
=4492kN/m
(FOS)
overturning
=M
r
/ M
o
=4492/ 1374.50 =3.27>2 (safe)
Step 10: Calculation of factor of safetyagainst sliding
Driving force (F
d
)
=P
a
cos
=346.6x cos(6) =344.69kN/m
Resisting force (F
r
)
=(W
gabion
+W
s
+W
soil
- P
a
sin ) x C
i
xtan|
=(170 +193 +985.41-36.23) x 0.7 x tan(32)
=573.96kN/m
(FOS)
sliding
=573.96/ 344.69=1.67 >1.5(safe)
e = (L/2) (M
r
M
o
)/ W
v
W
v
= W
gabion
+ W
s
+ W
soil
- P
a
sin
= (170 + 193 + 985.41- 36.23) = 1312.18 kN/m
Hence, e = (7/2) (4492 1374.50)/ 1312.18 = 1.124
Now, L/ 6 = 7/ 6 = 1.17
Therefore, e = 1.124 < L/ 6 (ok)
b
)
= (W
v
/ L) (1 + 6e/L)
= (1312.18 / 7) {1 + (6 x 1.096/7)}
= 363.65 kPa < 500 kPa (q
allowable
) (safe)
Please let us hear from you
Any question?
Prof. J . N. Mandal
Department of civil engineering, IIT Bombay,
Powai , Mumbai 400076, India.
Tel.022-25767328
email: cejnm@civil.iitb.ac.in

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GEOSYNTHETICS ENGINEERING: IN

THEORY AND PRACTICE

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