Sample canal design

MANNING FORMULA
Discharge
Mean Velocity
Mean area
Bed width
Full Supply depth
Side slope of canal (ss)
Rugosity coefficient for the material
Canal Bed slope
Wetted Perimeter
Hydraulic mean radius
Critical Velocity

=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=

Type of canal

Duty =

Coeff.(n)
0.035
0.025
0.015
0.018

Rock Excavated
Earth Excavated
Concrete- Average
Cement Mortar
1 Acre
=
1 cubic meter
1 litre
1 litre

P =B+2xDx((1+Z^2)^0.5)
A =(B+DxZ)xD
r = A/P
V = (r^0.6666)x(S^0.5)/n ,
Vc =0.5477 x( D^0.64) ,
Q=AxV
Critical Velocity Ratio, CVR

Q
V
A
B
D
Z
n
S
P
r
Vc

4048.9292

sq.m

Size

Canals of capacity up to an
Canals of capacity over 10
Excavation earth canals fo
0.404892921

Ha

= 1000
Litre
= 0.001
cu.m
=0.03529 cu.ft

Duty

= 2
= 0.07078
= 0.02877
Discharge for 1000 Acs
=

l/s/Ha
cu.ft/s/Ha
cu.ft/s/Ac
28.772358

1 cusec
1000 Acs

Acs
Cusecs
Cu.m/s
l/s

30
= 33.3333
= 0.94462
= 944.62

cu.ft/s

35.2876

STATION

B(m)

D(m)

A(sq.m)

P(m)

r(m)

Kaudulla Branch canal

1.5

0.9

0.015

0.0004

1.350

3.300

0.409

say Free Board= 0.3 m

Width B=1.5 m
Depth d=0.9 m
FB=0.3 m
Size of trough= 1.5 x 1.2 m

e canal design

P =B+2xDx((1+Z^2)^0.5)
A =(B+DxZ)xD
= A/P
V = (r^0.6666)x(S^0.5)/n , or V = 1.486x(r^0.6666)x(S^0.5)/n
Vc =0.5477 x( D^0.64) , or Vc= 0.84x (D^0.64)

Critical Velocity Ratio, CVR =V/Vc = 0.9 to 1.25

0.02833 cu.ft/s/Ac

Side Slope (ss)

Size of Canal

Canals of capacity up to and including 100 cu.ft/s

Canals of capacity over 100 cu.ft/s
xcavation earth canals for drains

1 on 1.5
1 on 2.0
2.0 on 1

V(sq.m/s)

Vc
(sq.m/s)

CVR

Qd (l/s)

Extent
(Ha)

Qr (l/s)

0.735

0.512

1.435

992.000

1000.00

40.000

Sample Design of Trough

Refer:BS 8110- Clauses :3.3.1.6, 3.4.12, 3.4.1.6, 3.4.4.4, 3.5.5.2, 3.12.8.4,and 3.4.5.4
tw

D
L
tb
Bedwidth of rough
Length of base
Depth of rough
Full supply depth

=
=
=
=

Weight of wall

Thickness of wall

L
Lb
D
Df
Ww
tw

Weight of base

Wb

Thickness of base
Weight of concrete
Weight of soil
Angle of friction of soil,
Weight of vehicle

=
=
=
=
=

tb
24
2000
30
6.3052

KN/m3
Kg/m3
degrees
KN/m2 (Not necessary)

Assume the Trough is full of water at critical condition

Consider 1 m -length of Trough
A

Dimension should
be designed

L (m)

D (m)

Df (m)

tw (m)

tb (m)

Ww
(KN/m)

Wb
(KN/m)

Lb (m)

1.5

1.2

1.28

0.2

0.2

5.76

9.12

1.9

Water pressure at the bottom of the slab, P1 = 1.9 x 1000 x9.81/1000

Say the Basic wind speed,
And the multiplying factors, S1
Wind load ,

33.5

V=
=

1.1

wk =0.613 Vs2 N/m2 and Vs =V.S1S2S3

wk= 0.408

Case:A Flume empty with wind load

KN/m per m-length

KN/m2

18.64

m/s
S2= 0.7

S3=

1.0

Depth of wind effect

Dw=

2.1

(+)

(Wind load)

(self weight)

(Wind+self weight)

For unit wind load BM at bottom of wall = 1 X Dw2 /2

For unit dead load BM at mid of slab

= 1 XL2/8

At ulitimate condition, BM at bottom of wall

=
=

2.2

KNm

0.281

KNm

= 1.4 X wk x 2

1.26

KNm

-15.582

KNm

At ultimate condition BM at mid of slab =1.4 X(W b/L)X1.022

= 2.39
Resultant BM at mid of slab=

3.65

KNm

KNm

1.26

1.26

3.65

Case:B
Flume with water and wind

Take partial safety factors as 1.2 for each loading cases

(+)

(+)

(=)

BM at A, due to water=-[1.2 x(1/2)x1.92x9.81x(1.9/3+0.1)]

BM at A, due to wind=1.2 x(1/2)x(1.9+0.2)x2.0x0.408

= 1.02816 KNm

Resultant BM at A, due to wind & water

= -14.554

Design load on slab = 1.2x(0.2x1x1x24)+1.2x1.9x9.81

KNm

28.1268 KNm

BM at mid of slab =28.127x3.262/8

28.7582 KNm

Resultant BM at mid span of slab

14.2042 KNm

-14.554
B

-14.55404
C

14.2042
Case:C

Flume only with water

A

At ultimate condition
Water pressure at the bottom of wall=1.4 X1.9 x9.81=

26.09

BM at bottom of wall =-[(1/2) X 26.09 X1.9 X(0.1+1.9/3) ]

Ultimate load on slab=1.4 X 0.2 X1 X24 +26.09 =
BM at mid of slab= 32.81X 2.862/8 =

33.5466 KNm

Resultant BM at mid of slab = 15.37

KNm

=-18.18

KNm

32.81

KN/m

-18.18
B

-18.18
C

15.37
Case
A
B
C

BM at end of
slab(KNm)
1.26
-14.55
-18.18

BM at mid of slab
(KNm)
3.65
14.204
15.37

Take ultimate BM at mid span of slab Mu =

Depth of slab
Clear cover to r/f
Dia. Of Tor r/f
Yield strenght of r/f
Strength of concrete
Effecive depth

fcu

=200
= 40
= 10
=460
= 25
d= 155

K= Mu /(b d2).fcu
No compression r/f is required

15.37

KNm

mm
mm
mm
2
N/mm
N/mm2
mm

= 0.0256 <

0.156

=K

KN/m per m- length

Z = d [ 0.5 + [0.25-(k/0.9)]0.5] =
0.95 d

149.49 mm

147.25 <149.43 hence take Z =

147.25

mm

260.775 mm2

As =Mu/(0.87fy. Z) =

Cross section of 10mm dia. Bar

78.5714 mm2

= 3.31896

Hence No. of bars required

Use T12@ 250 -B
At the bottom of wall

Mu= 18.18

KNm

K= 0.0303 < K1
Z=

149.6 >0.95d

mm

Take Z= 147.25 mm
As =
No. of bars required

308.49 mm2
3.9263

Use T10@ 250 - Inner face of wall

Provide 0.13% of Secondary r/f
No.of r/f

2.4818

Spacing

402.93

195 mm2

per 1-m length

Provide T10 mm dia. Distribution r/f at 300 mm spacing

Check for shear
UDL on slab = 1.4 x0.2 x 1 x 24 +1.6 x 1.9 x 9.81 x1= 36.54
Maximum shear force =36.54*2.86/ 2 =

KN/m per 1-m width

27.407 KN

=52.256x1000 /(1000 x 155) = 0.17682 N/mm2

Shear stress , v

Concrete shear stress, vc =0.79(100As/(bvd))0.33(400/d)0.25/rm

As (mm2)

bv (mm)

314.29

1000

Effective
depth
d(mm)
155

rm

vc (mm2)

1.25

0.47

vc > v, hence shear r/f is not required

Design of wall as beam -simply supported on piers
Wt.of slab = 0.2x2.86 x24/2 =

6.864

Wt. of wall = 0.2 x(1.9 +0.2) x1 x 24

Total dead load

KN/m
= 10.08

16.944 KN/m

Wt.of water = 1.9 x9.81 x2.86/2

26.654 KN/m

Ultimate design load = 1.4 x 16.944 +1.6 x 26.654 =

Say the length of beam

KN/m

= 6.686

66.368

KN/m

370.851 KNm

Max. BM at mid of span = 66.368 x 6.686 /8 =

Max. shear force at the end of beam = 66.368 x 6.686/2 =

2055

Effective depth of beam = 1900+200 -40-10/2 =

K =M/bd2 fcu

221.867 KN
mm

0.0176 <0.156

No compression bars are required

0.5

2051 mm

Z = 2055 x ( 0.5 +(0.25- 0.0176/9) ) =

0.95 d

1952.3 < 2051 mm, hence take Z= 1952.25 mm

As = M/(0.87 fy Z) =

474.664 mm2

Use T20 mm bar hence the cross sectional area

No. of r/f required

mm2

314.29

1.5103

Use 2 T20 - B
Asmini = 0.13 x 200 x 2055/100
Asprovided

628.57 >534.3

534.3 mm2
mm2

Max. shear stress at support = 221.87 x 1000/(200x 2055)

100 As /bd =(100 x 628.57/200 x 2055)
400/d = 400/2055 =

Vc +0.4

0.15294 mm2

0.1946

Vc =0.79 x (0.1529)0.33 x(0.1946)0.25 /1.25

0.5Vc =

0.22587 N/mm2

0.11293466 N/mm2
=

0.6259 N/mm2

Hence 0.5Vc < V<Vc +0.4

Max.spacing = 0.75 deff

1541.3 mm

Spacing of links, Sv < 0.87 fyv Asv /(0.4 bv)

Use T10 links , Asv =

157.143 mm2

Sv < 786.093 mm
Provide T10@400 links

0.540

N/ mm

Design of Pier
Refer:BS8110, cl3.8.2.4,3.8.1.6.2,cl3.9.3.7.2,cl3.8.1.3,cl3.8.3.1,cl3.8.4.5,cl3.8.4.3,cl3.12.11.2.3
cl5.2.3.2,cl5.2.3.4,cl5.2.3.3,cl3.4.4.4,cl5.2.7.2.3,cl3.4.5.2,cl3.11.3.2,cl3.12.11.2.7,cl3.4.5.10,cl3,7.6.6
0.2

(Dimension should be designed)

0.95
wk

1.9
0.2

0.95
62.698 m MSL

0.15

2.86

0.35
0.55

0.2
3.66

0.2

0.955
0.3
T

1.155
5.0

57.0 m MSL

0.75
0.3

0.3
0.6

1.22

1.9
0.15
0.2
0.2
0.3
0.75
S

0.235

Actual height of pier, lo =62.698-57.0-0.2

5.498

Effective height of pier, le=lo , where = 1.3 , hence le =

7.147

For unbraced column , le < 30 x Pt , where Pt = Thickness of pier

Say, Pt=600

Pt > 7.147/30 =

0.23823 m

mm and le/ Pt <

11.9123 > 10 hence the pier is slender

Take the distance between piers

7.5 m

Weight of flume= (0.2x1.9x2 +(2.86+0.2x2))x7.5x24

254.16

KN

Assume the flume is full of water

Hence the weight of water =7.5x1.9x2.86x9.81

399.81

KN

Say the width of head =1.22m

Hence the weight of pier head =1.22 x0.35x2x0.2X24+1.22x0.2x3.66X24+(3.66X1.22+0.75X0.6)X24/2 KN

84.515 KN

Total dead load = 254.16+84.515 =

338.675 KN

Design load at ultimate condition,N =1.4Gk+1.6Qk =1.4x338.675+1.6x399.81 =

Nmax=(0.4xfcu)bd/2=(0.4x25)x750x600/2 =

2250

Nmax/2= 2250/2 =1125 KN> 1113.8 KN

Computation of forces due to water current

Force due to water current Pw = KVD2

KN

1113.84 KN

Velocity of stream VD=3.232 m/s

Constant K=0.35 , hence

Pw=

3.656

KN/m

Height of water at stream =HFL- Bed level =61.5 -58.6=

2.9

3.656
Pw
2x2.9/3

Force due to water current, fw =3.656x(2.9x0.6 )/2=

3.181

KN

20% of fw is acting on lateral direction

Hence force on lateral direction= (20/100)x(3.181)=
2

Force due to debris= Pd =0.56Vd = 0.56x3.232 =

0.64 KN
KN/m2

5.850

Assume the average depth of debris=1.2 m

Force due to debris, fD =1.2x0.6x5.85 =

4.212

KN

Force due to debris on lateral direction =(20/100)x4.212 =

0.8424

1.22

1.9

KN

0.15
0.2
0.2
0.3
0.75

61.5 mMSL

HFL
fD

0.6

fw
58.6 mMSL

stream Bed

2.3

1.93
1.15
P

5.7 mMSL
Y

0.3
b=0.6 m

1.35

X 0.75

h=0.75 m

0.3
Y
0.6

Designed ultimate capacity of a section when subjected axial load only,

Nuz=0.45fcuAc +0.87fy Asc
and Madd=Nau=N aKh =NKh (le/b')2/2000
where, K= (Nuz - N)/(Nuz-Nbal) < or = 1
Take K=1,
and the depth of cross section measured in the plane under consideration, h=1.35 m
Hence, Madd= 1113.8 x 1x1.35x (7.147/0.6)2/2000 =

106.67

KNm

Self weight of pier =5.0x24x(0.75x0.6+2x0.3x0.3/2) =

75.6

KN

Self weight of flume

= 254.16

KN

Weight of pier head

= 84.515

KN

G k= 414.28

KN

Total dead load

Weight of water

Q k= 399.81

Ultimate axial load, N=1.4Gk+1.6Qk =1.4x414.28 +1.6x399.81

KN
=

1219.69

KN

Application of this load at the edge of the pier is considered to be the critical condition
BM at point P, along Y-Y axis, Minitial= (1.4x(254.16/2)x1.22/2)+(1.6x0.64x(2x2.9/3)+1.15)
+(1.6x0.8424x(1.15+2.9-0.6))
Minitial= 116.306

KNm

My =Minitial +Madd = 116.306 +106.67 =

222.98

KNm

MB at point P,along X-X axis due to wind, water current and debris
Mx =1.4x0.408x1.9x7.5x(5+0.3+0.2+0.2+0.95)+1.6x3.181x((2/3)x2.9+1.15)
+1.6x4.212x(1.15+2.3)
Mx =

93.07

KNm

Say the cover to r/f = 50 mm, hence b'=600-50 =550 mm and h'=750-50=700 mm
My/b' =222.98x106/550

=0.4054 x106

Mx/h' =69.82x106/700

=0.0997x106

N/bhfcu=1219.69x103/(600x750x25) =

< My/b'

0.108417

=0.88 +(0.77-0.88)x(0.10842-0.1)/(0.2-0.1) =

0.87

My'=My+(b'/h')Mx =222.98+0.87x(550/700)x93.07 =
M/bh2 =286.6x106/(600x7502) =

0.84919 N/mm2

N/bh =1219.69x103/(600x750)=

2.71042 N/mm2

286.60

KNm

Since these values are very small nominal r/f can be provided
Hence, 100Asc/bh =0.4, where Asc is the area of steel in compression
Asc=0.4*600*750/100 =

mm2

1800

Minimum area required by concrete Ac=N/0.4fcu=1219.96x103/(0.4x25) =

121996

<750x600=

450000 mm2

Ac-required < Ac -provided

Provide r/f for 1% of crushing area, hence Ac = 1x121996/100 =
Diameter of bar=20 mm and cross sectional area =
No of bar required =1219.96/314.286 =
use 4T20@165
Design of Corbal
Self weight of flume

254.16 KN

3.88164

1219.96

314.28571 mm2

mm2

mm2

Weight of water
Ultimate load

399.81 KN

=1.4Gk+1.6Qk =1.4x254.16+1.6x399.81=

995.5

KN

Self weight of corbal beam =24x[3.66x1.22x0.2 +{3.66x1.22+0.75x0.6}/2]

39.1277 KN

2
10 N/mm

Ultimate bearing stress=0.4fcu = 0.4x25 =

1220

av

610

200
300

300
310

l=1220/2=610 mm
Ultimate design load of beam

66.368 KN/m

Reaction at pier =66.368x7.5/2

248.88 KN

Effective bearing length =(610/2)+100

Net bearing width

= 248.88x10 /(405x10)

405
=

mm< 600 mm
61.45185 mm <200 mm (actual bearing width)

Ultimate weight of corbal/area =1.4 x 39.128/(3.66x1.22) =

12.27

KN/m

Let the load transmitted at the one third of bearing area from load face
av = (2/3)x(1220/2)-300 =

106.667 mm

BM at S=(995.5/2)x0.106 +(3.66x0.2x0.31x24)x(0.31/2) +(0.31x0.3/2)x3.66x24x0.31/3 KN

= 54.0277 KNm
h=600 mm, hence d=600-50=550 mm
K=M/bd2fcu =54.028 x106/1000x5502x25 =
Z=550 x[0.5+(0.25-0.0071/0.9)0.5] =
0.95d =0.95x550=

522.5

0.00714

545.626 mm

mm< 545.626 mm

Hence take, Z=522.5 mm

As=M/(0.87fyZ) =54.028x106/(0.87x460x522.5) =

258.38

As-minimum=0.0015bh =0.0015 x1000x600 =

mm2

900

Use T20 mm bars, hence No.of bars required = 900/(d /4)

mm

2.864

Use 3T20 at 300 mm spacing

BM at T due to water& flume =(995.5/2)x(0.955/2) =

237.68

KNm
2.58

MB at T due to self weight of corbal =12.27 x1.155x0.235x1.155/2 =

Total BM at T=237.68+2.58

KNm

240.26 KNm

K=M/bd2fcu =240.26x106/(1000x5502x25) =

0.03177 <0.156

Hence take Z=0.95d=522.5 mm

As =M/(0.87fyZ) =240.26x106/(0.87x460x522.5) =

mm

1149.0

Use 16 mm dia. Bars, No. of bar required =1149/(d2/4) =

5.71235795

Use 6T16@160
Area of horizontal links As =(Main tension r/f)/2 = (3xx202/4)/2 =
366.7

Depth of link provided= (2/3)x550 =

471.43

mm2

mm

Use T16@175
Axial load N=1219.69 KN
Shear stress on corbal

= 1219.69x103/1220x550 =

Allowable shear stress =0.8 fcu0.5 =

N/mm2

1.818

>1.818 N/mm2

Design of foundation
0.6
0.3

0.3

2.6

0.3
0.6

0.3
0.6

0.3

0.375

0.375

0.3

0.6

3.3
Assume the bearing capacity of soils
Take the width of foundation

1.8

150

KN/m

Length of foundation

2.55 m

Depth of foundation

0.45 m

Self weight of foundation=2.55x1.8x0.45x24 =

49.572

Self weight of flume

= 254.16

KN

Weight of water

= 399.81

KN

Self weight of pier

= 75.6

KN

Self weight of pier head

Total dead load on foundation

Imposed load on foundation

84.515

KN

863.657 KN
399.81

KN

KN

Total service load on foundation

1263.47 KN

275.266 KN/m2 >150 KN/m2 ,not allowable

Bearing pressure =1263.47/(1.8x2.55) =

8.42313 m2

Required base area =1263.47/150=

Say the size of foundation = 2.6x3.3 m2

147.25758 KN/m2 < 150 KN/m2

Hence the bearing pressure =1263.47/(2.6x3.3) =

Ultimate axial load =1.4 Gk +1.6 Qk =1.4*863.657+1.6*399.81 =

1848.82

Moment in X-direction due to water, wind & debris, Mx =93.07 KNm

Moment in Y-direction due to flume load,

My=222.98 KNm

B
1.0
A
0.3

A
0.3

2.6

0.3
1.0

0.3
0.975

0.3

0.375

0.375

0.3

0.975

B
3.3

Stress due to axial load =1848.82/(2.6x3.3)

215.4802 KN/m2

=
3

Bending stress, x =Mx.y/I =93.07x(3.3/2)/(2.6x3.3 /12) =

Maximum resultant moment, x-x =(215.48+19.72) =

KN/m2

19.72

235.2

KNm

maximum clear cover to r/f = 40 mm

use 16 mm dia. Bar
Hence effective depth = 450-(16/2)-40 =

402

Critical BM at B-B =235.2 x0.675x2.6x0.675/2 =

M/(bd2)= 139.3x106/(2600x4022)=

mm
139.3

KNm

0.460

100 As/bd2 =0.14

As =0.14x2400x402/100 =

2
1350.7 mm

As -minimum=0.15 bd %=0.15x2400x402/100=
No of bars required = 1447.2/(x162/4) =

2
1447.2 mm

7.19

use 8T16@290
Bending stress y =My.X/I =222.98x(2.6/2)/(3.3x2.63/12)=
Maximum resultant Moment y-y =215.48+59.973 =
Critical BM at A-A=275.453x0.3x3.3x0.3/2

59.973

275.453
40.90

KNm

KNm

KN/m2

KN

safe

M/bd2=40.9x106/(3300 x4022)

N/mm2

0.07669

very small

Hence minimum r/f required =0.15bd% =1447.2 mm2

Use 11T16@290
As-provided =201x11

2
2211 mm

Check for distribution of r/f

X-direction, c=600 mm -width of column, d-eff.depth
1354.5 > lc= 1000 mm ,distance to the edge of pad

(3c/4)+(9d/4) =

1917 > lc=975 mm

Y-direction,3c/4+9d/4 =3x(750+600)/4+9x402/4 =
Hence the distribution is O/k
Max. spacing between bars =3d=3x402 =
Anchorage length =40 =40x16

1206

640

mm -O/K

mm

Distance between column face and of the footing

=[3300-(750+600)]/2 & (2600-600)/2

= 975 mm & 1000 mm -O/K

Check for vertical line shear

X
d
1.5d
1.5d=1.5x402

2556

1806

603

mm

X
Stress at section X-X =215.48+59.973x(1.3-0.402)/1.3 =

256.91

KN/m

= 0.257 N/mm2
vc=0.79(100As/bvd)

0.33

x(400/d)

0.25

x1/m =0.79x(100x2211/3300x402)

=
vc = 0.79x(100x2211/2600x402)0.33x(400/402)0.25/1.25 =

Shear force =215.48x3.96 =

3

0.25

x1/1.25

safe.
KN/m2

230.40

Stress at section Y-Y =215.48+19.72X(1.65-0.402)/1.65 =

0.23 N/mm2
2
19.7114555 N/mm

safe.

N/mm2

safe.

0.5
0.52717 <0.8fcu =

Area out side the perimeter =3.3x2.6-2.556x1.806 =

x(400/402)

N/mm2

= 18.2884

Vmax =1848.82x103/(2x(1806+2556))x402 =

0.33

3.96

4
m

853.3 KN

Shear stress =853.3x10 /(2x(1806+2556))x402 =

0.24331

< 4 N/mm

safe