Chapter 1

Learning Outcomes:
Identify the structure of the human respiratory system
Identify the structure of the lung
1. Label the diagram below to identify the structure of the human respiratory
system using the words given.

2. Label the diagram below to identify the structure of the lungs using the words
given.
1
a)
___________________
c)
___________________
b)
___________________
Trachea Bronchus Lungs
Trachea lveolus Bronchiole
a)
___________________
b)
___________________
c)
___________________
Learning Outcomes:
!escribe the process of inhalation and e"halation
#elate changes of air pressure in thoracic cavity to inhalation and e"halation
!escribe the breathing mechanism
1. Underline the correct answer in the statements below to describe the
process of inhalation and e"halation.
a. Inhalation is the process in which air is forced $in % out of) the lungs.
b. &"halation is the process in which air is forced $in % out of) the lungs.
2. Underline the correct answer to relate the changes of air pressure in thoracic
cavity during inhalation and e"halation.
a. !uring inhalation' air pressure in the lungs is $less % greater) than the air
pressure outside the body.
b. !uring e"halation' air pressure in the lungs is $less % greater) than the air
pressure outside the body.
(. The diagram below show the breathing mechanism during inhalation and
e"halation.
Underline the correct answer in the statements below to describe the
breathing mechanism during inhalation and e"halation.
During inhalation)
a. The rib cage moves upwards and $inwards % outwards).
b. The diaphragm contracts and moves $upwards % downwards).
During exhalation)
a. The rib cage moves downwards and $inwards % outwards).
b. The diaphragm rela"es and moves $upwards % downwards).
2
Learning Outcomes:
!escribe the diffusion of o"ygen from the alveoli into the blood capillaries
!escribe the transport of o"ygen by blood
!escribe the diffusion of o"ygen from blood capillaries into the cells
The diagram below shows the diffusion of o"ygen from alveolus into a blood
capillary.
1. Underline the correct answers for the following *uestions to describe the
diffusion of o"ygen from the alveoli into the blood capillaries.
a. In the lungs' o"ygen diffuses from the $alveoli % blood capillaries)
into the $alveoli % blood capillaries).
b. n alveolus has $thin % thic+) walls and a moist inner surface.
c. Inhaled air in the alveoli has a $higher % lower) concentration of o"ygen gas
compared to the blood in the capillaries.
2. Complete the statement below to describe the transport of o"ygen by blood.
,"ygen combines with the haemoglobin in the red blood cells to form
____________________________ and is transported from the lungs to our
body cells.
(. Underline the correct answers for the following *uestions to describe the
diffusion of o"ygen from blood capillaries into the cells.
a. Blood containing o"yhaemoglobin in the blood capillaries has a $higher %
lower) concentration of o"ygen.
b. ,ur body cells are constantly using up o"ygen for respiration and thus have a
$higher % lower) concentration of o"ygen.
c. This difference in o"ygen concentration between the blood capillaries and the
cells results in the diffusion of o"ygen from the $cells % blood capillaries) into
the$cells % blood capillaries).
3
Chapter 2
Learning Outcomes:
!escribe the circulatory system as a system of tubes with a pump and valves
that ensure one-way flow of blood.
.tate the function of the heart.
Identify the structure of the human heart.
1. Complete the statement below to describe the circulatory system in human
using the words given.
The __________________ in the human body flows in a one-way direction.
The __________________ pumps the blood through tubes called blood
vessels. The ___________________ ensure the blood flows in one direction.
2. Complete the following statement to state the function of the heart.
The hearts is a muscular organ that _____________ blood to all parts of the
body.
(. Label the diagram below to show the structure of human heart using the
words given.
4
blood valves heart
c.
a.
d.
b.
Left ventricle /ena cava 0ulmonary vein Tricuspid valve
Learning Outcomes:
1ompare and contrast the structure of arteries' veins and capillaries'
#elate the characteristics of the blood vessels to their functions'
1. The diagram below shows a cross section of a vein' capillary and artery.
Underline the correct answers below to compare and contrast the structure
of arteries' veins and capillaries.
Types of blood
vessel
Characteristics
Thicness of !all "i#e of lumen
$resence of
valves
/ein $thic+ % thin) $small % big) $yes % no)
1apillary ,ne cell thic+ /ery small $yes % no)
rtery $thic+ % thin) $small % big) $yes % no)
2. Dra! lines to match the characteristics of the blood vessels with their
functions.
Characteristics %unctions
/alves along the blood vessels
To withstand high pressure of the
blood flowing through
Thic+ muscular wall To prevent bac+flow of the blood
,ne-cell thic+ wall
To allow e"change of materials
with the surrounding tissue
5
Lower parts of the
body
2pper parts
of the body
#ight Lung Left Lung
3eart
Learning Outcomes:
1ompare and contrast o"ygenated and deo"ygenated blood.
Illustrate the path of blood flow in the circulatory system.
1. Complete the table below to compare and contrast between o"ygenated and
de-o"ygenated blood.
Oxygenated &lood De'oxygenated &lood
#ich in
_______________________.
1ontents #ich in carbon dio"ide.
Bright ___________ in colour.
1olour !ar+%0urplish red in colour.
2sually flows out from the heart.
!irection
of flow
2sually flows __________ the
heart.
4lows out from the lungs through
the pulmonary vein.
Blood
vessel
4lows to the lungs through the
_____________________.
2. The diagram below shows the path of blood flow in the human circulatory
system.
Complete the statements below to illustrate the path of blood flow.
The flow of blood can be divided into two paths. In one path' de-o"ygenated
blood flows between the heart and the _____________and in another path'
o"ygenated blood flows between the _______________ and the rest of the
body. This complete circulation is called the double circulatory system.
6
Learning Outcomes:
!escribe the role of the blood circulatory system in the transport of
substances.
&"plain the importance of maintaining a healthy heart.
1. Complete the statement below to describe the role of the blood circulatory
system in the transport of substances using the words given.
The main function of the circulatory system is to transport substances li+e
____________________ and ___________________ to cells and carries
______________________and _________________________ away from
the cells.
2. Complete the statements below to e"plain the importance of maintaining a
healthy heart using the words given.
a. The heart is a vital organ in the ____________________ system of
the body.
b. 5e can avoid heart disease by not ________________ cigarettes.
c. 3ave a healthy diet that is low in cholesterol and ________________.
d. 5e must also reduce salt and _____________________ regularly.
7
waste products o"ygen carbon dio"ide nutrients
smo+ing transport fats e"ercise
Learning Outcomes:
.tate the constituents of blood and their functions
.tate the blood groups
6atch the blood group of the donor to that of the recipient
7ustify the importance of blood donation
!escribe how donated blood is stored and handled
1. Dra! lines to match the blood constituents with their functions.
&lood Constituent %unctions
#ed blood cells Transport needed substances
5hite blood cells 4ight off diseases
0lasma 3elp the blood to clot
0latelets Transport o"ygen
2. Complete the statement below to state the blood groups.
3uman blood can be classified into four groups8 _______' ______' ______
and B.
(. Complete the table to match the blood group of the donor to that of the r
ecipient.
Donors (ecipients
B

B
, ,
9. Tic )*+ the correct statement below to :ustify the importance of blood
donation.
a. Blood is re*uired for surgery. $ )
b. Blood is re*uired to treat patients with leu+aemia. $ )
c. Blood is re*uires to treat patients with haemophilia. $ )
d. Blood cannot be manufactured synthetically. $ )
;. Complete the statements below to describe how donated blood is stored and
handled using the phrases given.
a. ___________________is important to ensure that the blood is not
contaminated
b. Before any _____________________ is done' the blood is tested for
compatibility.
c. Blood are stored in _________________ and can last for about 9< days.
d. _____________________are stored as whole blood or separated as
plasma' red blood cells or platelets.
8
blood transfusion !onated blood blood ban+ Blood screening
Learning Outcomes:
!escribe how wilting occurs
!escribe what transpiration is
!escribe the function of stomata
1. Complete the statements below to describe how wilting occurs using the
words given.
a. 5ilting occur when plants loses more _______________ than it can
absorbs.
b. The cells of the plant lose their turgidity and become soft or
____________.
2. Complete the statement below to describe what transpiration is using the
words given.
Transpiration is the process in which plants lose ______________ by
evaporation through small openings on the leaves or _________________.

(. Complete the statements below to describe the function of stomata using the
words given.

a. The stomata of plants are usually open during the day to enable the
e"change of __________________________and_____________________
to ta+e place mainly for photosynthesis.
b. The stomata are closed on a hot day to ______________ the loss of water by
_______________________.

9
o"ygen reduce transpiration carbon dio"ide
water flaccid
stomata water
Learning Outcomes:
Identify the factors affecting the rate of transpiration
!escribe how the factors affect the rate of transpiration
!escribe the roles of transpiration
1. Complete the diagram below to identify the factors affecting the rate of
transpiration.
2. Underline the correct answer below to describe how the factors affect the
rate of transpiration.
$a) 0lants transpire $faster' slower) in the presence of light than in the
dar+.
$b) Transpiration is faster at a $higher' lower) temperature.
$c) 3igh humidity causes a $faster' slower) rate of transpiration.
$d) The more windy the surroundings' the $higher' lower) the rate of
transpiration.
(. Complete the statements below to describe the roles of transpiration using
the words given.
$a) Transpiration gets rid of e"cess _________________from the plants.
$b) Transpiration cools the plants by removing ___________
$c) Transpiration helps to draw up water and ________________ from the
soil.
10
4actors of Transpiration
b. c. d. a. 5ind
heat mineral salts water
Learning Outcomes:
Identify the locations of "ylem and phloem
!escribe the functions of "ylem and phloem
1. The diagram below shows the cross section of a leaf' stem and root of a
plant. Identify the xylem and phloem.


2. Dra! lines to match "ylem and phloem with the correct functions.
11
$ )__________________
, )__________________
( )__________________
" )__________________
T )__________________
U )__________________
=ylem
0hloem
Transports food from the leaves
.ituated in the inner part of plant stem cell
Transports water
.ituated in the outer part of plant stem cell
Transports minerals
1hapter (
Learning Outcomes:
&"plain what e"cretion is.
Identify the e"cretory organs in humans.
.tate the e"cretory products of each e"cretory organ.
&"plain the importance of e"cretion.
1. Complete the following statement to e"plain what e"cretion is.
&"cretion is the process of removing ___________ products from our body.
2. Label the e"cretory organs $- , and ( in humans in the diagram below.


(. Complete the table to show the e"cretory products of the following e"cretory
organs.
.xcretory organs .xcretory products
>idney and s+in
&"cess water' mineral salts and ____________
Lungs
&"cess water and __________________.
9. Tic )+ the correct statements which e"plain the importance of e"cretion.
$a) &"cretion helps to remove to"ic substances from our body.
$b) 5e will fall sic+ or even die if the e"cretory products are not
removed from the body.
12
#
0
?
orta
/ena cava
>idney
a.
c.
b.
$c) &"cretion helps to increase our body temperature.
$d) &"cretion +eeps us healthy.
Learning Outcomes:
Identify the locations of +idneys and other parts of the urinary system.
!escribe the shape of the +idney.
Identify the structures of the +idney.
1. Label the parts of the urinary system with the words given.

2. Complete the following statement to describe the shape of the +idney.
The +idneys are ____________ shaped
(. Label the structures of the +idney with the words given.


13
>idney 2rethra 2reter 2rinary bladder
1orte" 6edulla 0elvis
2reter
#enal vein
#enal artery
c.
b.
a.
Learning Outcomes)
!escribe the functions of the +idney.
&"plain the importance of maintaining healthy +idneys.
1. Complete the following statements to describe the functions of the +idney
using words given.
a. The +idney filters blood and removes urea' e"cess mineral salts and water in
the form of _____________
b. The +idney maintains the ______________balance in the body.
c. The +idney ensures that the _____________ pressure is at a normal level.
d. The +idney reabsorbs _____________ into the bloodstream.
2. Complete the passage below to e"plain the importance of maintaining
healthy +idneys using words given.
>idney _______________ is a condition in which the +idney cannot carry out
their normal functions. s a result' waste products are accumulated and will
cause_______________ to our body. >idney failure can be treated through
________________.
Learning Outcomes:
!escribe the ways plants eliminate their e"cretory products.
Identify the e"cretory products of plants.
1. Tic )+ the correct ways in which plants eliminate their e"cretory products.
$a) 0hotosynthesis $ )
$b) 5ilting $ )
$c) Transpiration $ )
2. Complete the table below to show the e"cretory products of plants using the
words given.
.xcretory method .xcretory products
#espiration
__________________ and water
.hading of leaves' flowers and
bar+ __________________ wastes
14
blood water urine glucose
dialysis harm failure
1arbon dio"ide @itrogenous
"exual reproduction /sexual reproduction
"imilarities
0roduces new organisms for continuity of species
Individuals
Aametes
4ertiliBation
@umber of
,ffspring

1hapter 9
Learning Outcomes)
.tate the importance of reproduction.
.tate the types of reproduction.
.tate what fertilisation is.
!escribe internal and e"ternal fertilisation.
1. Underline the correct answers to state the importance of reproduction.
#eproduction is the process in which living things produce new individuals or
$spring % offspring) and ensures the $continuity % e"tinction) of the species.
2. Underline the correct answers to state the types of reproduction.
The two types of reproduction are .e"ual reproduction and $se"ual %
Bise"ual) reproduction and involves only $one % two) organism or parent.
(. Complete the statements below to state what fertiliBation is.
4ertilisation is the process in which a sperm or male gamete fuses with an
_____________ or female gamete to form a Bygote.
9. Underline the correct answer to describe internal and e"ternal fertilisation.
a. &"ternal fertilisation ta+es place $inside % outside) the body of a female.
b. Internal fertilisation ta+es place $inside % outside) the body of a female.
Learning Outcome:
1ompare and contrast se"ual and ase"ual reproduction.
1. Underline the correct answers below to compare and contrast se"ual and
ase"ual reproduction




15
Differences
$,ne individual % Two individuals)
$6ale C 4emale % @o gametes needed)
$@eeded % @ot needed)
$Limited % @ot limited)
$,ne individual % Two individuals)
$6ale C 4emale % @o gametes needed)
$@eeded % @ot needed)
$Limited % @ot limited)
Ainger moeba 6ucor .tarfish 3ydra
Deast 4erns 0aramecium Arass


Learning Outcome:
1lassify animals and plants according to their ways of reproduction.
1. The diagram below shows e"amples of living organisms.

Classify these animals and plants ase"ually.



16
.pore 4ormation #e:uvenation Binary fission
1. moeba
2._____________
1. 6ucor
2. ________________
1. .tarfish
Budding
1. 3ydra
2._______________
/egetative reproduction
1.________________
2.________________
_
se"ual reproduction
To carry sperms from the testes.
To produce male gametes
0enis
To produce a mil+y fluid that protects the sperm
Testes
.perm duct
0rostate Aland
To transfer sperms into female reproductive
organ
.crotum
a)
b)
c)
Learning Outcomes:
Identify the parts of the male reproductive system.
!escribe the functions of the different parts of the male reproductive
system.
.tate the role of sperm in reproduction.
!escribe the changes in male during puberty.
1. The diagram shows the male reproductive system.
Label the following parts using words below.
2. Dra! lines to match the following parts of the male reproductive with the
correct functions.

(. Underline the correct words the statement below to show role of sperm in
reproduction.

.perms produced in the testes can swim about in the female se" organ to
$ovulate % fertilise) the egg cell or ovum.

9. Complete the following statements to describe the change in male during
puberty using the word below.

17
Testes 0enis .perm duct
hair sperms increases
,vary 1ervi" 2terus
fter puberty between the age of 12 and 19' the body of a boy
______________ and grows _______________ on the face' armpits and
around the pubic region. The reproductive system matures and begins to
produce ______________
Learning Outcomes:
Identify the parts of the female reproductive system.
!escribe the functions of the different parts of the female reproductive
system.
.tate the role of an ovum in reproduction.
1. The diagram shows the female reproductive system.
Label the following parts using the words given.
2. Dra! lines to match the parts of the female reproductive with the correct
functions.

(. Complete the statement below state the role of an ovum.
18
To allow the baby to go out during birth.
To +eep and protect the developing
embryo.
To produce egg cells $ova)
,vary
To direct an ovum from an ovary to the
uterus
2terus
1ervi"
4allopian
tube
b.
c.
a.
The role of the ovum is to be __________________ by a sperm to form a
Bygote.
Learning Outcomes)
!escribe the changes in female during puberty.
1ompare and contrast male and female gametes in term of siBe' numbers
and mobility.
1. Complete the following statements to describe the changes in female during
puberty using the word given.

fter puberty between the age of 1< and 12' the body of a girl
______________ and grows _______________ on the face' armpits and
around the pubic region. 3er _________________ begins to develop and
becomes bigger. The ovary begins to release a mature egg or
______________ every 2E days. .he will have her _____________________
at a regular interval about 2E days.
2. Underline the correct answers below to compare and contrast a male gamete
and a female gamete.
19
breasts increases hair ovum menstruation
!ifferences
$Testes % ,vary)
$.mallest cell % Largest cell)
$,ne % 6illions)
$1an swim % 1annot move)
.perm cell ,vum cell
$Testes % ,vary)
$.mallest cell % Largest cell)
$,ne % 6illions)
$1an swim % 1annot move)
,rgan
.iBe
@umber
6obility
Learning Outcomes:
!escribe the meaning of menstruation.
!escribe the menstrual cycle.
!escribe the changes in the uterus wall during menstrual cycle.
#elate the fertile phase of the menstrual cycle to fertiliBation.
1. Complete the statement below to describe the meaning of menstruation using
the words given.
6enstruation is the ________________ through the cervi" and
______________of the female and the menstrual discharge
contains______________' dead ovum and layer of tissue from the
_________________________.
2. The diagram below shows the menstrual cycle.
Complete the following statement to describe the menstrual cycle based on
the diagram above.
a. 6enstruation starts on the ____________ day.
b. The menstrual cycle consist of _______________days.
c. mature egg or ovum will be released on the _____________ day.
Complete the following statement in *uestions ( and 9 using the words
given.
20
vagina blood discharge blood uterus wall
2terus wall brea+s down
2terus wall begins to thic+en
mature ovum is released
If fertilisation ta+es
place' the uterus wall
will continue to thic+en
Brea+ down thic+ens 4ertilisation
(. !uring menstruation' the walls of the uterus will ____________________. If
fertilisation ta+es place' the wall of the uterus will continue to
___________________.
9. _____________________ will occur if a single sperm is able to swim into the
uterus during the fertile phase of the menstrual cycle and fuses with a mature
ovum.
Learning Outcomes:
!escribe fertilisation in human
Identify the location of implantation of embryo
!escribe the development of a Bygote into an embryo and subse*uently into
a foetus until birth.
1. Complete the statement below to describe fertilisation in human using the
words given.
4ertilisation is the fusion between the ____________ and the
_____________ which ta+es place in the ______________________ to
produce a Bygote.
2. 6ar+ with 0 the location of implantation of the embryo in the figure below.
(. Complete the chart below on the se*uence of development until a baby is
born using the words given.
21
sperm fusion 4allopian tube ovum
,vum 4ertilisation &mbryo
Learning Outcomes:
#elate the importance of ta+ing nutritious food to the health of both mother
and foetus during pregnancy.
&"plain the importance of avoiding the inta+e of substances that are harmful
to the foetus
1. Dra! lines to match the type of food with its function to relate the importance
of ta+ing nutritious food to the health of both mother and foetus during
pregnancy.

%ood %unction
/itamins a) 0revention of constipation in mother
4ibre b) 4or formation of haemoglobin in the
red blood cells.
0rotein c) To build body tissues and growth.
1alcium and
0hosphorus
d) To strengthen bones and teeth of
foetus and prevent tooth decay in the
mother
Iron e) To strengthen the immune system
2. Complete the table below to e"plain the importance of avoiding the inta+e of
substances that are harmful to the foetus using the words given.

small baby mental retardation heart damage abnormal baby
/lcohol Drugs "moing
22
Learning Outcomes:
.tate the meaning of sterility.
!escribe ways to overcome sterility.
1. Underline the correct answer in the statement below to describe the meaning
of sterility.
.terility is the $inability % ability) to reproduce.
2. Complete the table below to match sterility with the correct ways to overcome
sterility using the information given.
1ays to overcome sterility
"terility
Ta+ing nutritious food
.urgery
3ormone treatment
In vitro fertiliBation
23
a. To increase sperm or egg production.
b. 3elp to prevent sterility.
c. 1orrect the problems such as bloc+ed 4allopian tubes or bloc+ed sperm ducts.
d. 3elp infertile couples conceive which fertiliBation occurs in the culture dishes.
Learning Outcome:
!escribe the methods of birth control
1. Dra! lines to match the following methods of birth control with the correct
description.
2ethod .xamples Description
1hemicals
Birth control pills a. Involves refraining from
copulation during the fertile
phase.
.permicides b. 6ade of artificial hormones
to prevent ovulation and the
release of ovum.
.urgical
/asectomy c. device inserted into the
uterus to prevent implantation
Ligation
d. 1ontain chemicals to +ill
sperm.
Barrier %
6echanical
1ondom
e. 0revent ovulation and the
release of ovum.
I21!
f. .perm ducts are cut and
legated.
!iaphragm

g. 4allopian tubes are cut and
ligated.
#hythm method

h. Thin rubber cap fitted at the
cervi"
24
Learning Outcomes:
0resent argument against the abuse of birth control and its effects on the
community.
&"plain the importance of research on human reproduction
1. Complete the chart below using the list given.
2. 1rite True $T) or 4alse $4) the importance of research on human
reproduction.
a) 1an control an ever increasing world population. $ )
b) 6arried couples cannot plan their number of children. $ )
c) To find new and better methods of birth control. $ )
d) .olve the problems of couples who do not have children. $ )
.ffect of birth
control on the
community
3ood effect &ad effect
-
- - -
25
a) encourage free se"
b) prevent unwanted pregnancies
c) helps a family to limit the number of children
d) can lead to a grey population
Learning Outcomes:
Identify the different parts of a flower.
Identify the male and female reproductive parts of a flower.
Identify the male and female gametes
!escribe the functions of the male and female reproductive parts of a
flower in se"ual reproduction.
1. Label the different parts of a flower using the words given.
2. The diagram below shows the male and the female reproductive parts
of a flower.
Underline the correct answer for the following statements.
a. The $stamen % pistil) is the male reproductive part of a flower.
b. The $stamen % pistil) is the female reproductive part of a flower.
(. Dra! lines to match the reproductive parts of a flower with the correct
statement below.
9. Underline the correct answer for the following statements.
a. The male reproductive parts of a flower consist of the $anther %
ovary) which produces pollen grains containing the male gametes.
b. The female reproductive parts of a flower consist of the $anther %
ovary) which produces the ovule containing the female gametes.
26
petal ovary anther stigma
b)
a)
c) d)
anther
ilamen
t
stamen
stigma
style
ovary
ov!le
pistil
.tamen
0istil
0roduces pollen grains which contain the
male gametes.
0roduces ovules which contain the egg
cells or the female gametes.
Insect-pollinated flowers
and
Bird-pollinated flowers
4lowers are small' dull coloured without
any smell or nectar. 0ollen grains are
smooth with long filaments and hang
out of the flower.
5ind-pollinated
flowers
4lowers are large and brightly
coloured. 0roduces a lot of sweet
scented nectar. 0ollen grains are large
and stic+y or spi+y
5ater-pollinated
flowers
4lowers are found in plants that gorw
near water with pollen grains that can
float on the surface of water.
Learning Outcomes:
!escribe what pollination is.
#elate the characteristics of flower to their agents of pollination.
.tate the types of pollination.
1. The diagram below shows the process of pollination.
Complete the sentence below to describe what pollination is.
0ollination is the transfer of pollen grains from _____________ to
_____________.
2. Dra! lines to match the characteristics of flower to their agents of
pollination
(. Label the diagram below with the correct type of pollination using the
words given.
27
.elf-pollination 1ross-pollination
.imilarities
Learning Outcomes:
1ompare and contrast self-pollination and cross-pollination.
&"plain the advantages of cross-pollination.
1. a. Complete the table below to compare and contrast self-pollination and
cross- pollination.
b. Underline the correct answers below.
2. The following shows the advantages of cross-pollination.
Underline the correct answer for some of these advantages.
a. 3as the characteristics of both the parent plants.
b. 0roduces $better % bad) fruits and seeds.
c. 0roduces $higher % lower) yield.
d. $Less % more) resistant to diseases.
e. 6ore adaptable to the environment.
28
"elf'pollination
Cross'pollination
Both processes involves the transfer of the pollen grains from
an _______________ to a ______________
!ifferences
a. $.ame % !ifferent) plants
b. $,ne % 6any )
c. $@eeded % @ot needed)
a. $.ame % !ifferent) plants
b. $,ne % 6any)
c. $@eeded % @ot needed)
4lowers fromFF.
@umber of plants
involved
gents of pollination
Learning Outcome:
&"plain with e"amples the advantages of cross-pollination in agriculture.
1. Complete the table below to e"plain the advantages of cross-pollination in
agriculture using the information below.
Uses /dvantages
a) 4or e"amples paddy plants that have shorter
stal+s and upright leaves are easier to harvest.
b) 0roduces variety of paddy that ta+es shorter
time to mature such as 6ahsuri and 6alin:a.
c) To increase yield of crops @ew varieties of paddy such as >adaria'
.e+embang and .etan:ung can increase the
yield of paddy in 6alaysia from 1 ton%hectare to
9 tons%hectare.
d) 6#!I has produced a variety of paddy that is
resistant to red disease caused by a virus
carried by insects.
Learning Outcomes:
29
To obtain crops with better characteristics
To obtain crops that mature earlier
To obtain crops that are resistant to pests and diseases
.eed 4ruit &mbryo
Identify the location where fertiliBation occur in flower
!escribe fertiliBation in plants.
!escribe the formation of fruit and seeds.
1. The diagram below shows what happened after pollination.
t which location 0' 4 or 5 does fertiliBation occur % ta+e place in flowerG
Location of fertilisation) __________________
2. Complete the se*uence below to describe the process fertilisation in plants
using the information below.
(. "tate the changes to the following parts of flower after fertilisation using the
words below.
$arts of flo!er Changes
,vary
Hygote
,vule
0etals % sepals % stigma % stamen !rop off
Learning Outcomes:
Identify the structure of a seed.
30
. 0ollen grain germinates.
B. Pollen tube grows down the style.
1. male gamete fuses with the female gamete and a Bygote is
formed.
!. Pollen tube grows out from the pollen grains.
&. Pollen tube reaches the ovary and a male gamete enters the
ovule.
4. s pollen tube grows' male gametes are developed.
/ F C
&"plain the functions of the different parts of a seed.
1. Label the diagram below to identify the structure of a seed using the
words given.
2. Dra! lines to match the different parts of a seed with the correct
function.

Learning ,utcome:
Describe the physical changes of seedling during germination
31
pl!m!le radicle testa
&mbryo
#adicle
1otyledon
6icropyle
3ilum
Testa
.tores and provides food for the
embryo.
!evelops into a new shoot.
!evelops into a root.
ttaches the seed to the fruit.
llows air and water to enter.
0rotects the seed.
a)
b)
c)
16 The follo!ing information sho!s the physical changes of seedling
during germination6
.
1omplete the se7uence belo! using the above information to
describe the physical changes of seedling during germination in
the correct order6
Learning Outcomes:
32
Testa breas6
$lumule emerges from the cotyledons and gro!s up!ards to form
t!o leaves6
(adicle emerges from the testa and gro!s do!n!ards into the soil
and lateral roots gro! from it6
Testa breas
a6
b6
Cotyledons shrin and drop off6
Bryophyllum
.weet potato
Tapioca
Dam
Ainger
Arass Banana
/egetative parts of the
plant
Aroup 1
@ame of the plants
/egetative parts of the
plant
Aroup 2
@ame of the plants
/egetative parts of the
plant
Aroup (
@ame of the plants
&"plain with e"amples the meaning of vegetative reproduction.
.tate the parts of the plants that can reproduce vegetatively.
1lassify flowering plants according to the parts that can reproduce
vegetatively.
!escribe the application of research carried out on vegetative reproduction in
agriculture.
1. Complete the statement below to e"plain the meaning of vegetative
reproduction.
The ability of some plants to produce new plants without producing fruits and
_________________ is +nown as vegetative reproduction.
2. Complete the statement below to state the parts of the plants that can
reproduce vegetatively
@ew plants grow from the vegetative parts of the parent plants such as the
roots' _________________ or ___________________.
(. Classify the following plants into three groups based on the vegetative parts
of each plant.
Learning Outcomes:
33
Ainger
Arass
Banana
1lassify flowering plants according to the parts that can reproduce
vegetatively.
!escribe the application of research carried out on vegetative reproduction in
agriculture.
1. Dra! lines to match the following plants with the correct modified stems that
reproduce vegetatively.
.xamples of plant 2odified stems
#hiBomes
Bulbs
Tubers
.uc+ers
#unners
26 Dra! lines to match the application of plant tissue culture in agriculture with
the correct description.
/pplications Description
1loning
2seful in the cultivation of plants li+e
orchids.
0ropagation of plant
2sed to produce plants that are
tolerant to pests and disease
0roduction of pest and
disease resistant plants.
n unlimited number of plants that are
genetically similar can be produced
within a short period of time
Chapter 8
34
0otato
,nion
Learning Outcomes:
!escribe what growth is'
Identify the characteristics used to measure growth rate'
1. Underline the correct answer below to describe what growth is.
Arowth is the process in which our body $increases % decreases) in siBe'
number in cells and weight' and changes its shape and functions.

2. Complete the statement below to identify the characteristics used to measure
growth rate.
Arowth can be determined by measuring the physical characteristics of a
person such as __________________ and _________________ over a
period of time.
(. The diagram below shows the human growth curve.
/ns!er the following *uestions based on the information in the diagram
above'
a. t which stage is growth the fastest % rapid growthG
______________________________________________________________
b. t which stage is growth the slowest % slow growthG
______________________________________________________________
c. t which stage growth is negative % negative growthG
______________________________________________________________
d. t which stage is growth minimal % minimal growthG
______________________________________________________________
35
Learning Outcome:
nalyse the growth curve for male and female'
1. The diagram below shows the growth curve of human males and females.
1rite $True) or $4alse) for the following statement based on the information in
the diagram above
"tatement True * %alse
a. The growth for boys and girls are at the same rate until
they reached the age of 9 years old.
b. Airls grow faster than boys after the age of 19.
c. Boys grow faster than girls between the ages of 12 and 19
d. Boys grow faster than girls between the ages of 9 and 12
36
Learning Outcomes:
1ompare and contrast between the growth rate in male and female.
!escribe the effects of nutrition on the growth in children.
1. The diagram below shows the growth curve of human males and females.
.
Compare and contrast between the growth rate in male and female below.
The differences in growth rate between the ages of)
2. Dra! lines to match the following nutrients with their effects on the growth of
children if they lac+ these nutrients in their diet.
37
Iodine
Iron
>washior+or
naemia
Aoiter
#ic+et
0rotein
/itamin !
.imilarities
2ale %emale
Both grow at a same rate after birth until the age of)
"""""""""""
$4aster % .lower)
$4aster % .lower)
$4aster % .lower)
$4aster % .lower)
$4aster % .lower)
$4aster % .lower)
9 and 12
12 and 19
19 and 2<
Chapter 9
Learning Outcomes:
!escribe what a mineral is.
&"plain through e"amples that minerals e"ist in the form of natural elements
or natural compounds'
Identify the elements in natural compounds'
1. Complete the statement below to define what minerals are using the words
given.
6inerals are _____________________ found in the &arthIs crust in the form
of natural __________________ or natural ___________________.
2. 3roup the minerals below into natural elements or natural compounds)
(. Complete the following to identify the elements in a natural compound.

a. 6etal o"ide J 6etal K _________________________
b. 6etal carbonate J 6etal K ______________ K ______________
c. 6etal sulphide J 6etal K _________________
d. .ilicate J 6etal K ________________ K ,"ygen
38
@atural elements @atural compounds
:atural 2inerals
1alcium carbonate' magnesium sulphide' silver' mercury'
.ilicon dio"ide' platinum' aluminium silicate'
gold
inorganic solid elements compounds.
Learning Outcomes:
!escribe the properties of minerals.
5rite e*uations in words to show the effect of heat on the minerals.
1. Complete the statements below to describe the properties of minerals using the
words given.
a. 6ost minerals are hard and cannot _______________ in water.
b. 6ost metal __________________ are very stable compounds.
c. They do not brea+ down when ______________________.
d. 6etal carbonates brea+ down to give metal o"ides and ________________.
e. 6etal sulphides brea+ down to give metal o"ides and _________________.
2. Complete the word e*uations below to show the effects of heat on minerals
using the words given.
a. 1opper carbonate _________________ ; carbon dio"ide
b. Iron sulphide _________________ ; sulphur dio"ide
c. Lead carbonate __________________ ; carbon dio"ide
39
dissolve heated carbon dio"ide sulphur dio"ide
o"ides
copper o"ide iron o"ide lead o"ide
Learning Outcomes:
.tate e"amples of metals and non-metals
!escribe the reactions between metals and non-metals
5rite e*uation in words for the reaction between metals and non-metals
.tate that metals react with non-metals at different rate
1. Complete the table below to group metals and non-metals using the words
given.
2. The table below shows the rate of reaction between metals and non metal.
(eaction (ate of reaction
6agnesium K o"ygen 6agnesium o"ide /ery 4ast
luminium K o"ygen luminium o"ide 4ast
Hinc K o"ygen Hinc o"ide .low
Based on the result above' underline the correct answer to describe the
reactions between metals and non-metals.
!ifferent metals react at $different rates % same rates) with non metals.
(. Complete the word e*uation below to show the reaction between metals and
non-metals.
a. Iron K ,"ygen J ___________________________
b. 6agnesium K .ulphur J ___________________________
9. Underline the correct answer below show the reaction between metals and non
metals.
!ifferent metals will reacts with non-metal at $the same rate % different rate).
40
6ercury .ulphur 0latinum !iamond Aold 1arbon
.ilver Araphite Iron
2etals :on 2etals
"ilicon
compoun
d
.ilica
"ilica
4lint
"ilicate
sbestos
Learning Outcomes:
.tate the different forms of silicon compounds
.tate the e"ample of silica
.tate the e"ample of silicate
#elate the properties of silicon compounds to their stability
&"plain through e"amples the uses of silicon compounds in our daily life
1. :ame the two types of silicon compound.

2. :ame two e"amples of silica.
(. :ame two e"amples of silicate.
9. The table below shows the properties of silicon compounds.
Based on the properties of silicon compounds in the table)
Underline the correct answer to relate the properties of silicon compounds to
their stability.
.ilica and silicate are $stable % unstable) compounds.
;. Complete the statements below to e"plain through e"amples the uses of
silicon compounds in our daily life using the words given.
a. __________________ is used to ma+e glass ob:ect li+e test tubes.
b. 1lay is used to ma+e ___________________ ob:ects such as flower pots.
c. __________________ is used to ma+e watches and prisms.
41
Insoluble in water
!o not decompose on heating
!o not react with acids
.and 1eramics ?uartB
42