Chapter 3 Transmission Line

and Waveguide
3 0 I t d ti 3.0 Introduction
Transmission Lines are used for low-loss transmission
f i of microwave power.
Are two conductors required for the transfer of EM
wave energy?
L. Rayleigh, 1897
TE and TM modes propagation in hollow waveguides
with rectangular or circular cross sections.
Experiments in 1936
(1) G. C. Southworth at AT&T: Rectangular waveguide.
1
(2) M. L. Barrow at MIT : Circular waveguide.
3.1 General Solutions for TEM, TE, and TM Waves
General two conductor Closed waveguide as a General two-conductor
transmission line
Closed waveguide as a
transmission line
Assume that all fields have a timedependence of and
j t
e
e
propagation factor .
EM fields in a waveguide or transmission line are
j z
e
|
decomposed into longitudinal and transverse components as
| |
( , , ) ( , ) ( , )
j z
t z
x y z x y e x y e
|
= + E E z
2
| |
( , , ) ( , ) ( , )
j z
t z
x y z x y h x y e
|
= + H H z
Field Solution
( ) ( ) ( )
2 2 2 2 2 2 2
0 0 0
t c t
k k k |

V + = V + = V + =
` ` `
) ) )
E E E
H H H
( ) ( ) ( )
t
) ) )
H H H
0 0
t z
t
t
E
j
H
|

V = V =
` ` `
) ) )
E E
H H
t z
H
) ) )
H H
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )

je
|
V =
c | |
E H
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )

t t z t t z t z
t t z
E j E j H
z
j H
| e
e
c | |
V + + = V + = +
|
c
\ .
V =
z E z z E z H z
E z
( )
2 2
2

1
t t t t t
t
t t t t z c t t
t
z
z t z
j E k j H
j E j H
k

| e
| e
V V = V V V = V + = V
= V V
E E E E
z
z
E ( )
2
c
k
Similarly,
( )
1
j H j E | ec V + V H z
3
( )
2 t t z t z
c
j H j E
k
| ec = V + V H z
Field Solution (Contd)

1
t
x y
c c
V = +
c c
| | c c
x y
In the Cartesian
coordinates,
2
1
1
x z z
c
E j E j H
x y k
| e
| | c c
=
|
c c
\ .
| | c c
2
1
1
y z z
c
E j E j H
y x k
H j E j H
| e
ec |
| | c c
= +
|
c c
\ .
| | c c
=
|
I bi di
2
2
1
x z z
c
y z z
H j E j H
y x k
H j E j H
k
ec |
ec |
=
|
c c
\ .
| | c c
=
|
c c
\ .
( )
2
In arbitrary coordinates
1

t t z t z
j E j H
k
| e = V V E z
2 y
c
x y k
|
c c
\ .
( )
2
1

c
t t z t z
k
j H j E
k
| ec = V + V H z
c
k
In a cylindrical waveguide, the transversal EM field
components can be expressed in terms of E and H the
4
components can be expressed in terms of E
z
and H
z
the
longitudinal fields.
(1) TEM Waves or TEM modes ( )
0, 0 0
z z c
E H k = = = with a nontrival solution.
| |
Wave
Equations
( )
2
2 2 2 2 2
0
0 0
t
k
k k |
| |

|
V + = V + =
` `
|
| ) )
\ .
E E
H H

Equations 2
0
2 2
2
2 2
0 e.g. 0
k
t
c
=
| ) )
\ .
| | c c
V = + =
` ` |
c c
) ) \ .
E E
H H
2 2
x y
|
c c
) ) \ .
H H
The transverse fields of a TEM wave are thus the same
h i fi ld h i b h d
c | |
as the static fields that can exist between the conductors.
Electrostatic field problem: (Ref. Jackson Chap. 8)
( )
( ) ( ) ( )


t t z
j E
z
j E j H
e
| e
c | |
V = V + +
|
c
\ .
= V + = +
E H z E z
z E z H z
5
( ) ( ) ( ),
z-component 0 ( , ) ( , )
t
t t z t z
t t t
j E j H
x y x y
| e
|
= V + = +
V = = V
z E z H z
E E
Wave Impedance p
TEM
y
x
E
E
Z
H H
e |
q
| c
= = = = =
y x
H H
j
| ec
e V = E H
| |
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )

t t z t t z t z
E j E j H
z
| e
c | |
V + + = V + = +
|
c
\ .
z E z z E z H z
Similarly
( )
Similarly,

t t t
j j j
j j j j
ec | ec
| ec | ec
V = V =
= =
H E z H H
z H E H z E
( )

t t t
t t
j j
j j
| e
| e
V =
=
z E H
z E H
,

t t t t
t t t
j j j j | ec | ec
|
q
ec
= =
= =
z H E H z E
E H z H z
1

t t
t t t
j j | e
|
e q

= =
z E H
H z E z E
(Wave impedance is in general not the
h i i i d f h li )
ec
( , ) ( , )
t t
x y x y q = E H z
characteristic impedance of the line)
6
( , ) ( , )
t t
x y x y q = H z E
Procedure for Analyzing a TEM Line
1. Solve the 2D Laplace equation,
y g
2
( , ) 0.
t
x y | V =
2. B. C., tangential E or normal H.
3. ( , ) ( , ), ( , ) ( , )
t t t t
x y x y x y x y | q = V = E H z E
4. Calculate V
12
and I
5 k Z V I | = = 5.
12 o
, . k Z V I | = =
Examples:
Coaxial line, the two-wire line, and the parallel-plate
waveguide in Table 2.1.
7
(2) General Properties of TE Waves ( ) p
0
z
E
j j j | | |
=
c c
2 2 2
,

t t z x z y z
c c c
j j j
H H H H H
x y k k k
j j
Z E H E H
| | |
e e
c c
= V = =
c c
c c
= = =
H
E H z
2 2
,
TE t t x z y z
c c
Z E H E H
y x k k
= = =
c c
E H z
(a) Solve H
z
from the Helmholtz wave equation :
( ) ( )
2 2 2 2
0 or 0 with
j z
z t c z z z
k H k h H h e
|
V + = V + = =
( )
z
q
y
x
E
E k
Z
e q
= = = =
(b) Dispersive wave impedance
TE
y x
Z
H H | |
= = = =
(c) Dispersive phase constant depends on line geometry
2 2
k k |
8
(c) Dispersive phase constant depends on line geometry.
2 2
c
k k | =
(3) General Properties of TM Waves ( ) p
0
z
H
j j j
E E E E E
| | |
=
c c
V E
2 2 2
,

t t z x z y z
c c c
j j j
E E E E E
x y k k k
j j
H E H E
| | |
ec ec
= V = =
c c
c c
= = =
E
z
H E
2 2
,
TM
t t x z y z
c c
H E H E
Z y x k k

c c
H E
(a) Solve E
z
from the Helmholtz wave equation :
( ) ( )
2 2 2 2
0 or 0 with
j z
z t c z z z
k E k e E e e
|
V + = V + = =
(b) Di i i d
TM
y
x
E
E
Z
H H k
| |q
= = = =
(b) Dispersive wave impedance
(c) Dispersive phase constant depends on line geometry.
TM
y x
H H k ec
2 2
c
k k | =
9
3.2 Parallel-Plate Waveguide: TEM, TE, and
TMW TM Waves
(1) TEM modes or TEM waves
2
0
( ) 0 0 0
z z
E H
W d |
= =
V s s s s
( )
2
o
( , ) 0, 0 , 0
with . . : ( , 0) 0, ( , )
x y x W y d
BC x x d V
|
| |
V = s s s s
= =
Assume that and has no variation in x: , W d f
0
c
=
Assume that and has no variation in x: , W d f
0
x c
o
( , ) ( , )
( ) ( )
x y A By x y V y d
V d
| |
|
= + =
V y
( )
( )
o
o
( , ) ( , )
( , ) ,
j z j z
j
e x y x y V d
x y e V d e k
| |
|
|
|

= V =
= = =
y
E e y
10
( )
o

j z
V d e
|
q q

= = H z E x
Line Parameters for Parallel Plate Waveguides
0

W W W
j z
WV
I d d H d
|
} } }
J H
Total current on the top plate
0 0 0
0 j z
s x
I dx dx H dx e
d
|
q
= = = =
} } }
J z y H z
Voltage difference between top and
0
0
d
j z
y
V E dy V e
|
= =
}
g p
bottom plates
0
V d
The characteristic impedance
j z
V
|
0
(wave impedance)
V d
Z
I W
q q = = =
Phase velocity
j z o
y
j z o
V
E e
d
V
H
|
|

=
1
TEM mode
p
v
e
| c
= =
Phase velocity j z o
x
H e
d
|
q
=
11
| c
(2) TM
n
Waves or TM
n
Modes --- H
z
=0
Self-study
2 2 2
2
2 2 2
( , , ) 0
z
k e x y z
x y z
| |
c c c
+ + + =
|
|
c c c
\ .
2
2
2
( ) 0 ( , , ) ( , ) , , 0
j z
c z z z
k e y e x y z e x y e j
z x
y
|
|

| |
c c c
+ = : = = =
|
|
c c
c
\ .
0
( ) sin cos
. . : ( ) 0, ( ) sin , , 0,1, 2,...( 0)
z c c
z z n c
y d
e y A k y B k y
n n
BC e y e y A y k n n
d d
t t
= +
= = = = =
0,
( ) , ( ) , , , , , ( )
z z n c
y d
y y y
d d
=
sin
j z
z n
n y
E A e
d
|
t

=

cos
mode
j z
x n
c
n
d
j n y
H A e
k d
TM
j
|
ec t
|

cos
0
j z
n
c
x y z
y
j n y
E A e
k d
E H H
|
| t

= = =

12
x y z

TM
0
mode is actually the TEM mode.
(3) TE
n
Waves or TE
n
Modes --- E
z
=0
Self-study
2 2 2
2
2 2 2
( , , ) 0
z
k h x y z
x y z
| |
c c c
+ + + =
|
|
c c c
\ .
2
2
2
( ) 0 ( , , ) ( , ) , , 0
j z
c z z z
k h y h x y z h x y e j
z x
y
|
|

| |
c c c
+ = : = = =
|
|
c c
c
\ .
( ) sin cos
. . : ( ) 0, ( ) cos , , 0,1, 2,...( 0)
z c c
z z n c
h y A k y B k y
n n
BC h y h y B y k n n
t t
= +
c
= = = = =
cos
n
j z
n y
H B e
|
t

=

0,
( ) , ( ) , , , , , ( )
z z n c
y d
y y y
y d d
=
c
cos
sin
TE mode
n
z n
j z
x n
c
H B e
d
j n y
E B e
k d
|
e t

2 2
( ) k d | n
TE mode
sin
0
n
c
j z
y n
c
j n y
H B e
k d
E E H
|
| t

2 2
( )
n
k n d | t =
13
0
y z x
E E H

= = =

What does =0 mean?

Self-study
(1) Phase velocity if . .
p p
v v e | = = 0 | =
(2) What does mean?
p
v =
14
3.3 Rectangular Waveguides
TE modes: E
z
=0 & TM modes: H
z
=0
2 2
(1) TE modes: ( , , ) ( , ) ,
Separation of Variables: ( , ) ( ) ( )
j z
z z c
z
H x y z h x y e k k
h x y X x Y y
|
|

= =
= p ( , ) ( ) ( )
z
y y
2 2
2
| |
c c
|
2
2 2
2 2
( , ) 0
1 1
c z
k h x y
x y
X Y
c c
+ + =
|
|
c c
\ .
c c
2 2
2
2 2
2 2
1 1
0
c
X Y
k
X Y
x y
c c
+ + =
c c
2 2
2 2
2 2
, ,
x y
X Y
k X k Y
x y
c c
= =
c c
Geometry of a
15
2 2 2
where
x y c
k k k + =
y
rectangular waveguide
Rectangular Waveguides (Contd)
2 2 2 j| 2 2 2
mn
(1) TE mode ( , , ) ( , ) ,
j z
z z c
H x y z h x y e k k
|
|

= =
( ) ( ) ( ) h X Y
. . : ( , ) 0, 0,
y
BC e x y x a = =
( , ) ( ) ( )
cos sin
cos sin
z
x x
h x y X x Y y
X A k x B k x
Y C k y D k y
=
= +
= +
( )
0, , 0,1, 2,...
( , ) 0, 0,
y
x
x
y
B k m a m
e x y y b
t = = =
= =
cos sin
( , ) cos cos
y y
z
Y C k y D k y
m y n y
h x y
a b
t t
= +
| | | |
=
| |
\ . \ .
cos cos
j z
m x n y
H A e
|
t t
| | | |
| |
0, , 0,1, 2,...
x
D k n b n t = = =
a b
\ . \ .
2
cos cos
cos sin
j
z mn
j z
x mn
H A e
a b
j n m x n y
E A e
a b
k b
|
|
e t t t

=
| |
\ . \ .
| | | |
=
| |
\ . \ .
2
2
sin cos
cmn
j z
y mn
cmn
a b
k b
j m m x n y
E A e
a b
k a
|
e t t t

\ . \ .
| | | |
=
| |
\ . \ .
,
cmn
y
x
x y
TEmn TEmn
E
E
H H
Z Z
= =
16
2 2
TEmn
cmn
k
Z
k k
q e
|
= =

Rectangular Waveguides (Contd)

TE modes TE
mn
modes
cos cos
j z
z mn
m x n y
H A e
a b
|
t t

| | | |
=
| |
\ . \ .
2
cos sin
j z
x mn
cmn
j n m x n y
E A e
a b
k b
|
e t t t

\ . \ .
| | | |
=
| |
\ . \ .
y
x
TEmn
E
H
Z
=
2
sin cos
j z
y mn
cmn
j m m x n y
E A e
a b
k a
|
e t t t

| | | |
=
| |
\ . \ .
x
y
TEmn
E
H
Z
=
17
Rectangular Waveguides (Contd)
TE modes
Self-study
TE
mn
modes
cos cos
j z
z mn
m x n y
H A e
b
|
t t

| | | |
=
| |
\ . \ .
2
cos sin
j z
x mn
a b
j n m x n y
E A e
a b
k b
|
e t t t

| |
\ . \ .
| | | |
=
| |
\ . \ .
y
x
TE
E
H
Z
=
2
2
sin cos
cmn
j z
y mn
a b
k b
j m m x n y
E A e
b
k
|
e t t t

\ . \ .
| | | |
=
| |
\ . \ .
TEmn
x
y
TE
Z
E
H
Z
=
2
y mn
cmn
a b
k a
| |
\ . \ .
TEmn
Z
18
Modal Parameters for the TE
mn
Mode
Phase constant:
2 2
2 2 2 2 2
mn cmn
m n
k k k
a b
t t
| |
| | | |
= = =
| |
\ . \ .
2 2
Cutoff frequency:
1 k
\ . \ .
| | | | 1
2 2
W i d
cmn
cmn
k m n
f
a b
t t
t c t c
| | | |
= = +
| |
\ . \ .
Wave impedance:
120
,
y
x
E
E k
Z
q t
q = = = = = ,
TE
y x r
Z
H H
q
| c c
19
Modal Characteristics of the TE
10
Mode
---Dominant Mode (a>b) Dominant Mode (a>b)
10
cos
j z
z
x
H A e
a
|
t

| |
=
|
\ .
10
2
10
sin
j z
z
c
a
j x
E A e
a
k a
|
et t

\ .
| |
=
|
\ .
10
10
2
10
sin
c
j z
z
k a
j x
H A e
a
k a
|
|t t

\ .
| |
=
|
\ .
10
2
0
c
x y
a
k a
E H
\ .
= =
| | The TE
10
mode has the lowest
cutoff frequency. It is used as
th d i t d
2
2
10
a
t
| | e c
| |
= =
|
\ .
the dominant mode.
10 10
,
2
c c
r
c
k f
a a
t
c
= =
20
10 TE
Z
e
|
=
Rectangular Waveguides (Contd)
(2) TMModes
Self-study
(2) TM Modes
2 2 2
2 2
(2) TM modes: ( , , ) ( , ) ,
j z
z z c
E x y z e x y e k k
|
|

= =
| |
c c
2 2
2
2 2
( , ) 0
Separation of Variables: ( ) ( ) ( )
c z
k e x y
x y
e x y X x Y y
| |
c c
+ + =
|
|
c c
\ .
=
2 2
2
2 2
Separation of Variables: ( , ) ( ) ( )
1 1
0
z
c
e x y X x Y y
X Y
k
X Y
x y
=
c c
+ + =
c c
2 2
2 2 2 2 2
2 2
, , where
x y x y c
x y
X Y
k X k Y k k k
x y
c c
c c
= = + =
c c
cos
x
y
X A k x B = + sin & cos sin
x y y
k x Y C k y D k y = +
. . : ( , ) 0, 0,
0, , 0,1, 2,...
z
x
BC e x y x a
A k m a m t
= =
= = =
m x n y t t | | | |
21
( , ) 0, 0,
0, , 0,1, 2,...
z
y
e x y y b
C k n b n t
= =
= = =
( , ) sin sin
z
m x n y
e x y
a b
t t | | | |
=
| |
\ . \ .
Rectangular Waveguides -- TM Modes
Self-study
sin sin
j z
z mn
m x n y
E B e
a b
j
|
t t
|
| | | |
=
| |
\ . \ .
| | | |
2
cos sin
sin cos
j z
x mn
cmn
j z
j m m x n y
E B e
a b k a
j n m x n y
E B e
|
|
| t t t
| t t t

| | | |
=
| |
\ . \ .
| | | |
| |
2
sin cos
,
j
y mn
cmn
y
x
x y
E B e
a b k b
E
E
H H
Z Z
|
=
| |
\ . \ .
= =
2 2
x y
TMmn TMmn
cmn
TEmn
Z Z
k k
Z
k
|q
ec

= =
k ec
2 2
2 2 2
Phase constant:
m n
k k k
t t
| |
| | | |
| |
2 2 2
mn cmn
k k k
a b
| |
| | | |
= = =
| |
\ . \ .
Cutoff frequency:
Wave impedance:
22
2 2
1
2 2
cmn
cmn
k m n
f
a b
t t
t c t c
| | | |
= = +
| |
\ . \ .
120
,
y
x
TMmn
y x r
E
E
Z
H H k
|q t
q
c c
= = = = =
Rectangular Waveguides -- TM Modes
Self-study
( , ) sin sin
z
m x n y
E x y
t t | | | |
=
| |
\ . \ .
( , )
sin sin
z
j z
z mn
y
a b
m x n y
E B e
a b
|
t t

| |
\ . \ .
| | | |
=
| |
\ . \ .
2
cos sin
j z
x mn
cmn
a b
j m m x n y
E B e
a b
k a
|
| t t t

\ . \ .
| | | |
=
| |
\ . \ .
2
sin cos
j z
y mn
cmn
j n m x n y
E B e
a b
k b
|
| t t t

| | | |
=
| |
\ . \ .
,
y
x
x y
TMmn TMmn
E
E
H H
Z Z
= =
2 2
TMmn
k
Z
k
|q
= =
2 2
cmn
k
ec

23
The Propagation Factor and the Wave Vector
Propagation factor

x y
jk x jk y j z
j
e e
|

=
k r

x y z
k k k = + + k x y z
Ph l it
2 2 2 2
( ) ( ) k m a n b t t | = + +
y
Phase velocity
(a) in wave direction and
(b) in the direction
,
p
v k e =
pu u
v k e = ( , , or ) u x y z
The two conductor planes will cause the wave
propagating in the x and y directions to be totally
fl t d ( ) 1 I
Such reflection cause a standing wave. This
explains that why the EMfield components are
reflected ( ). 1 I =
cos or sin
x x
jk x jk x
x x
e e k x k x

explains that why the EM field components are
expressed in terms of cos or sin functions.
24
cos or sin
y y
x x
jk y jk y
y y
e e k y k y

Wave Propagation in a Rectangular Waveguide
x y
jk x jk y j z
j
e e
|

=
k r
Propagation factor
H d h
y j
e e =

How does the wave propagate

in each of x , y and z
direction?

x y z
k k k = + + k x y z
2 2 2 2
( ) ( ) k m a n b t t | = + +
direction?
25
3.7 & 3.8 Stripline and Microstrip
Stripline: 1950s Microstrip: 1960s
TEM Quasi-TEM
air
dielectric
p
v c
c
v
=

26
dielectric
p
r
v
c
=

3.7 Stripline
Fundamental mode: TEM mode
A stripline also supports higher-order TM & TE modes,
which are avoided in practice.
Approximation formulas for analysis:
30
0.441
o
o r
b
Z
W b
W
t
c
=
+

2
0 for 0.35
e
W
d
W W
b b W W

>

= =

| |

for 120
0.85 0.6 for 120
30
r o
r o
x Z
W
b
x Z
c
c

< O

=

> O

27
0.35 for 0.35
b b W W
b d
| |

<
|

\ .
30
0.441
r o
x
Z
t
c
= =
Does stripline have higher-order modes?
Of course, yes In addition to the TEMmode, it has higher-order Of course, yes. In addition to the TEM mode, it has higher order
modes.
The structure of stripline is actually a perturbation of parallel-
plate waveguide which has TE and TM higher-order modes plate waveguide , which has TE
n
and TM
n
higher order modes.
The cutoff frequencies of TE
n
and TM
n
are ,which can n b t
28
be very high if b is sufficiently small.
3.8 Microstrip
(1) The most popular planar transmission line.
(2) Easily integrated with microwave active and passive devices. (2) Easily integrated with microwave active and passive devices.
(3) Easy fabrication with low cost.
(4) Dominant mode is quasi TEMmode a hybrid mode; not a pure
29
(4) Dominant mode is quasi-TEM mode, a hybrid mode; not a pure
TEM mode.
Microstrip Analysis (Approximation)
1 1 1
2 2 1 12
r r
e
d W
c c
c
+
= +
+ 2 2 1 12
60 8 4
ln , for 1
d W
d W W
W d d c
+
| |
+ s
|
\ .

120
, for 1
e
o
W d d
Z
W
d W W
c
t
\ .

=

>

( | |

1.393 0.667ln 1.444

e
d W W
d d
c
( | |

+ + +
| (
\ .
30
http://chemandy.com/calculators/microstrip_transmission_line_calculator.htm
Microstrip Synthesis (Given Z
0
and
r
)
2
8 4
or , for 2
sinh
2
A
A
e W
A d
e W

s

=

1 2 0.61
1 ln(2 1) ln( 1) 0.39 , for 2
2
r
r r
d
W
B B B
d
c
t c c
=

(

+ + >
` (

)
1 1 0.11
0 23
o r r
Z
A
c c | | +
+ +
|
0.23
60 2 1
377
o r r
r r
A
B
c c
t
= + +
|
+
\ .
=
31
2
o r
B
Z c
=
Microstrip Synthesis (Given Z
0
and
0
)
Example 3.7 Microstrip Synthesis
Calculate W and the length for a microstrip line with 50
characteristic impedance and a phase shift of 90
o
at 2.5GHz.
d = 1.27mm, and 2.2.
r
c =
3.081 3.081 1.27 3.91
1 1 1
1 87
r r
W d W mm
c c
c
= = =
+
= + =
Sol:
1.87
2 2 1 12
4
90 21 9
e
o
d W
c
l k l l
c
t
|
= + =
+
32
4
90 21.9
2
o
e o
e
c
l k l l mm
f
t
| c
t c
= = = =
Does microstrip have higher-order modes?
In a closed microstrip, there exists a dominant mode, called
quasi-TEM modes, and many higher-order modes , including
evanescent modes and complex modes.
Dispersion Characteristics of Microstrip
1
c
v
k v
|
| c c = = = = ,
(effective dielectric constant): function of frequency dispersive
o e e p
o
o e e
e
k v
k
| c c
c c c
c
= = = =

33
3.11 Other Transmission Lines and Waveguides
1.RidgeWaveguide
(a) TE and TMmodes (a) TE and TM modes
(b) Structure lowers the cutoff frequency of the dominant mode.
( ) St t i b d idth d h b tt i d (c) Structure increases bandwidth and has better impedance
characteristics for matching purpose.
34
Dielectric Waveguides
(a) Both TE and TM waves exist. ( )
(b) , so that most fields are confined to the ridge region.
( ) E il i d i h i d i
2 1 r r
c c >
2
( )
r
c
(c) Easily integrated with active devices.
(d) Small size, suitable for millimeter-wave to optical wave.
35
Slotline and Coplanar Waveguides
Slotline
(a) Quasi-TEM mode is available.
(b) Ranks just behind microstrip.
CPW
(a) Even and odd quasi-TEM modes exist.
(b) Particularly useful for fabricating with
36
active circuitry.
Table 3.6
Comparison of Common Transmission Lines and Waveguides
Characteristic Coax Waveguide Stripline Microstrip
Modes: Preferred TEM TEM Quasi-TEM
Other TMTE TMTE TMTE Hybrid TMTE
10
TE
Other TM,TE TM,TE TM,TE Hybrid TM,TE
Dispersion None Medium None Low
Bandwidth High Low High High dw d g ow g g
Loss Medium Low High High
Power capacity Medium High Low Low
Physical size Large Large Medium Small
Ease of Medium Medium Easy Easy
fabrication fabrication
Integration Hard Hard Fair Easy
37
3.3 Circulator Waveguides
c c
Determining the longitudinal components E
z
and B
z
, we could
quickly calculate all the others.
2 2
( )
( / )
z z
x
E B i
E k
c k x y
E B i
e
e
c c
= +
c c
c c
2 2
( )
( / )
z z
y
E B i
E k
c k y x
B E i
e
e
c c
=
c c
c c
2 2 2
( )
( / )
z z
x
B E i
B k
c k x c y
B E i
e
e
e
c c
=
c c
c c
2 2 2
( )
( / )
z z
y
B E i
B k
c k y c y
e
e
c c
= +
c c
(
2 2 2
2
2 2 2
2 2 2
0
z
k E
x y v
e ( c c
+ + =
(
c c

( c c
If 0 TE (transverse electric) waves;
If 0 TM (transverse magnetic) waves;
z
z
E
B
=
=
38
2 2 2
2
2 2 2
0
z
k B
x y v
e ( c c
+ + =
(
c c

( g ) ;
If 0 and 0 TEM waves.
z
z z
E B = =
TMMode of a Waveguide (B = 0):
TE and TM modes
2 2
( ) 0 with boundary condition 0
t z z
s
E E
ik
V + = =

TMMode of a Waveguide (B
z
= 0):
2

1
z
t t z
ik
E

ce
= V E

Assume perfectly
conducting wall.
1

t z t z t
z e
k Z
ce
= = H e E e E
2 2 2

k ce

, wave impedance
of TMmodes
e z
Z k ce

z
k ce =

2 2

TE Mode of a Waveguide (E
z
= 0):
of TM modes
2 2
( ) 0 with boundary condition 0
t z z
n
s
z
H H
ik
H

c
c
V + = =
= V H

, wave
impedance of TE modes
h z
Z k e
b.c. 0
s
= n H
2

t t z
t z t h z t
H
Z

e
= V
= =
H
E e H e H

impedance of TE modes
0
0
0
s
z t
s
t z
s
H
H
c
=
V =
n e n H
n
2 2 2


t z t h z t
z
z
Z
k
k ce

=
E e H e H

39
0
z
s n
H
c
c
=
Table 3.5
Circular

nm nm
x x '
Circular
Waveguide
40
The Roots of Bessel Function (TM
nm
modes)
m=1 2.4048 3.8317 5.1356 6.3802 7.5883 8.7715
nm
x
0 0
( )
m
J x
1 1
( )
m
J x
2 2
( )
m
J x
3 3
( )
m
J x
4 4
( )
m
J x
5 5
( )
m
J x
2 5.5201 7.0156 8.4172 9.7610 11.0647 12.3386
3 8.6537 10.1735 11.6198 13.0152 14.3725 15.7002
4 11 7915 13 3237 14 7960 16 2235 17 6160 18 9801 4 11.7915 13.3237 14.7960 16.2235 17.6160 18.9801
5 14.9309 16.4706 17.9598 19.4094 20.8269 22.2178
0
( ) J x
1
( ) J x
2
( ) J x
( ) J x
3
( ) J x
4
( ) J x
5
( ) J x
41
The Roots of Bessel Derivative (TEnm modes)
m=1 3.8317 1.8412 3.0542 4.2012 5.3175 6.4156
nm
x'
0 0
( )
m
J x ' '
1 1
( )
m
J x ' '
2 2
( )
m
J x ' '
3 3
( )
m
J x ' '
4 4
( )
m
J x ' '
5 5
( )
m
J x ' '
2 7.0156 5.3314 6.7061 8.0152 9.2824 10.5199
3 10.1735 8.5363 9.9695 11.3459 12.6819 13.9872
4 13 3237 11 7060 13 1704 14 5858 15 9641 17 3128 4 13.3237 11.7060 13.1704 14.5858 15.9641 17.3128
5 16.4706 14.8636 16.3475 17.7887 19.1960 20.5755
( ) J x '
1
( ) J x
2
( ) J x '
3
( ) J x '
4
( ) J x '
( ) J x ' 4
( )
5
( ) J x
42
0
( ) J x '
Normalized Cutoff Frequency and Attenuation
43
Field Patterns and Surface Current
of Circular Waveguide Modes
Coaxial TEM
of Circular Waveguide Modes
surface current
E-field
44
Attenuation of Circular Waveguide Modes
(a) Fix waveguide radius @ R=1mm (b) Fix cutoff frequency @26 5GHz
radius
TE01 TE11
0.6904cm0.3317cm
TM01 TEMinner TEMouter
0.1269cm 0.292cm 0.4333cm
mode
(a) Fix waveguide radius @ R 1mm (b) Fix cutoff frequency @26.5GHz
0.03
0.04
TE
Mode
Cutoff frequency: 26.5 GHz
length=5cm
0.01
0.02
L
o
s
s
TE
01

TE
11

TM
01

TEMouter
TEMinner
28 32 36 40
Frequency(GHz)
0
dP P P
L
z out in
1
h 1
2

o
1
1
TE
TM
TEM
dz P
e
P
Loss
z
in
out in
2
where , 1
2
= = o
o
|
|
.
|

\
|

+
|
|
.
|

\
|
|
|
.
|

\
|
|
|
.
|

\
|
=

2 2
2
2
2
1
1
m X
m
f
f
f
f
R
R
mn
c c s
o
2
1
2
1

|
|
.
|

\
|
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
f
f
R
R
c s
o
( )
ab
a b
a
b
R
m
+

=
ln 2q
o
c
c
s

f
R =
oo
1
=
m
R
45
Applications of the Circular Waveguide Modes Applications of the Circular Waveguide Modes
Gyrotrons (generating millimeter and terahertz radiation sources) Gyrotrons (generating millimeter and terahertz radiation sources)
TE
11
, TE
21
, TE
01
, TE
02
, TE
06
,
Millimeter-wave devices
Rotary Joints---TE
01
, TM
01
, coaxial TE
01
, coaxial TEM
Ci l t d I l t TM TE Circulator and Isolator---TM
11
, TE
11
Plasma applicator Plasma applicator
TE
01
, TM
01
, coaxial TE
01
, coaxial TEM
Microwave /material applicator
TE
11
, TM
01
, TM
11
, TE
01
,
46
Applications: Gyrotrons (I) pp y ( )
Fundamental cyclotron harmonic: TE
11
,
TE
11
: NTHU gyrotron experiment before 2003
0
Reflection method
12
-8
-4
2
1

(
d
B
)
-20
-16
-12
S
2
Hi h i ffi i
30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37
Frequency (GHz)
-20
L fl i High conversion efficiency
Mode purity
Low reflection
Broad bandwidth
47
T. H. Chang, L. R. Barnett, K.R. Chu, F. Tai and C.L. Hsu, Rev. Sci. Instruments, 70(2), 1530 (Feb. 1999).
T. H. Chang, S. H. Chen, L. R. Barnett, and K. R. Chu, Characterization of Stationary and Nonstationary Behavior of Gyrotron
Oscillators, Phys. Rev. Lett. 87, 064802, (2001).
TE
01
Mode Converter
F Wb d t T h t
Decomposition Integration
From W-band to Terahertz
2
-1
0
d
B
)
Finish Product
A
C
-4
-3
-2
n
s
m
i
s
s
i
o
n

(
simulation
front back
B
C
D
30 32 34 36 38
-6
-5
t
r
a
n
before welder
after welder
30 32 34 36 38
freq (GHz)
N. C. Chen, C. F. Yu, C. P. Yuan, and T. H. Chang, A mode-selective circuit for TE
01
Gyrotron Backward-wave Oscillator with
wide-tuning range, Appl. Phys. Lett. 94, 101501 (2009).
48
Applications: Gyrotrons (II)
Second cyclotron harmonic:
Slotted TE
21
: Reduce the magnetic field requirement
80
borken line : smooth-bore waveguide
solid line : slotted-bore waveguide (b/a=1.5)
t/2 mode (TE )
60
2t mode (TE
01
)
t/2 mode (TE
31
)
a
b
40
f


(
G
H
z
)
s=3
20
t mode (TE
21
)
t/2 mode (TE
11
)
s=2
-8 -4 0 4 8
k
z
(cm
-1
)
0
B
z
=6.8 kG
t/2 mode (TE
11
)
s=1
49
k
z
(cm )
N. C. Chen, C. F. Yu, and T. H. Chang*, A TE
21
second harmonic gyrotron backward-wave oscillator with slotted structure,
Phys. Plasmas, 14, 123105 (2007).
Applications: Gyrotrons (III) pp y ( )
Terahertz higher-order mode:
TE
02
: 203GHz using micro-fabrication technique (LIGA)
TE
06
: Mode converter free (Why?)
T H Chang* B Y Shew C Y Wu and N C Chen "X ray microfabrication and measurement of a terahertz mode
50
T. H. Chang*, B. Y. Shew, C. Y. Wu, and N. C. Chen, X-ray microfabrication and measurement of a terahertz mode
converter", Rev. Sci. Instrum. 81, 054701 (2010).
N. C. Chen, T. H. Chang*, C. P. Yuan, T. Idehara and I. Ogawa, Theoretical investigation of a high efficiency and broadband
sub-terahertz gyrotron", Appl. Phys. Lett. 96, 161501 (2010).
Applications: Rotary joint
Optimal choice: TE
01
mode
TE
01
TM
01
CoaxialTEM
TE
01
01
incident
radiation
boundary
Efield
(scaler)
surfacecurrect
(vector)
boundary
51
T. H. Chang and B. R. Yu, High-Power Millimeter-Wave Rotary Joint, Rev. Sci. Instrum. 80, 034701 (2009).
Applications: Circulator/Isolator
Optimal choice: TM
11
mode
B ff
Bias on:
Port 2 Port 3
Bias off:
Port 2 Port 3
Bias on:
Port 2 Port 3 Port 2 Port 3
Port 1
ferrite
P t 1
TM
110
mode
52
Port 1
Plasma applicator: TE
11
, TM
040
, TE
031
s pp c o :
11
,
040
,
031
TM
040
Novel distributive type: Novel distributive type:
2 2 circular polarized TE
11
TE
031
TE
031
53
NTHU Patent pending
Microwave /material applicator
Example: TM Example: TM
110
microwave source
2.45 GHz, 3 kW ,
IR temperature
sensor
resonant frequency
adjustable
54
NTHU US Patent
viewing port
The End of Chap. 3 f p
55