Factor for Mechanical

Properties

porosity,

mineralization and

collagen fiber orientation

Bone Terminologies

Osseous Tissue

Cancellous/Trabacular

Compact

Cortical

Shapes

long short flat

irregular sesamoid

Microstructure

!oo"en or #amella
Cells

osteoblast osteoid osteocyte

osteoclast

Bone Tissue



Hierarchical structural organization of bone

!oo"en or #amella
A B

$nother %ierarchical &ie' of
Bone

Osteoporosis
(
Osteoporosis ) *isease 'ith a reduction
in bone mass and changes in bone
architecture that increase the li+elihood of
fracture ,Floman -../0
(
Osteopenia ) 1eduction in bone mass
'hich can lead to full osteoporosis ,2$t
1is+30
2*isease of $ging3
Vaccaro 2003

Osteoporosis
%ormonal
Factors
4utritional
Factors
Physical
$cti"ity
Osteopenia
Reduced BMD
slightly elevated risk
of fracture
Severe BMD reduction
very high risk of
fracture
(hip, wrist, spine, ribs)
2 !illion "!ericans affected # $% of these are wo!en
&$ !illion suffer fro! osteoporosis
& !illion have low bone !ass

Osteoporosis
(
age
)
'omen lose 5678-9 of their bone mass
each year until age 75 or menopause
)
after menopause rate of bone loss
increases ,as high as :6790

*o you get shorter 'ith age;
(
Osteoporosis compromises structural
integrity of "ertebrae
)
'ea+ened trabecular bone
)
"ertebrae are 2crushed3
(
actually lose height
(
more 'eight anterior to spine so the
compressi"e load on spine creates 'edge8
shaped "ertebrae
) create a +yphotic cur"e +no'n as Dowagers Hump
(
for some reason men<s "ertebrae increase in
diameter so these effects are minimized

Pre"enting Osteoporosis
(
=-/6> billion in -..7 ,?=/> million/day0
(
#ifestyle Choices
)
proper diet
(
sufficient calcium, "itamin *,
(
dietary protein and phosphorous ,too much;0
(
tobacco, alcohol, and caffeine
)
@A@1CBS@, @A@1CBS@, @A@1CBS@
( CD9 incidence of osteoporosis in sedentary population
compared to E/9 in hard physical labor occupations
,Bre'er et al., -.>/0

Osteoporosis, $cti"ity and the @lderly
1ate of bone loss ,758DE yr olds, #ane et al6, -..50
C9 o"er E years for runners
:8D9 o"er E years for controls
%o'e"er 8 rate of loss Fumped to -58-/9
after stopped running
suggest substitute acti"ities should pro"ide
high intensity loads, lo' repetitions
,e6g6 'eight lifting0

'rganic (o!ponents
(e)g) collagen)
*norganic (o!ponents
(e)g), calciu! and phosphate)
+,-.$%
(dry wt)
/
2
'
(2,-0$%)
one of the
body1s hardest
structures
viscoelastic
ductile
brittle
Biomechanical Characteristics of Bone - Bone Tissue
2,-0$%
(dry wt)

(o!pression 2ension Shear 2orsion Bending
Mechanical #oading of Bone

#oading Types

&ertebral fractures
cervical fractures
spine loaded through head
e6g6, football, di"ing, gymnastics
once 3spearing4 was outlawed
in football the nu!ber of cervical
in5uries declined dra!atically
lumbar fractures
'eight lifters, linemen, or gymnasts
spine is loaded in hyperlordotic
,a+a s'aybac+0 position
(o!pressive 6oading

2ensile 6oading
Main source of tensile load is muscle
tension can stimulate tissue gro'th
fracture due to tensile loading is usually an avulsion
other inFuries include sprains, strains, inflammation, bony deposits
'hen the tibial tuberosity eGperiences eGcessi"e loads from Huadriceps
muscle group de"elop condition +no'n as Osgood-Schlatters disease

Shear 7orces
created by the application
of compressi"e, tensile or a
combination of these loads

Bone Compressi"e Strength
Material (o!pressive
Strength (M8a)
Femur ,cortical0 -/-8EEC
Tibia ,cortical0 -5:8E55
!ood ,oa+0 C58>5
Steel /D5
From: Biomechanics of the Musculo-skeletal System, igg an! Her"og

Relative Strength of Bone

9sually a 0- or :-point
force application
Bending 7orces

Shear Testing

2orsional 7orces
(aused by a twisting twisting force
produces shear, tensile, and
compressi"e loads
tensile and compressi"e loads are
at an angle
often see a spiral fracture de"elop
from this load

Strength and Stiffness of Bone Tissue
e"aluated using relationship bet'een
applied load and amount of deformation
#O$* 8 *@FO1M$TBO4 CI1&@
Bone Tissue Characteristics
"nisotropic ;iscoelastic <lastic 8lastic

Stress = 7orce>"rea Strain = (hange in 6ength>"ngle
?ote@ Stress-Strain curve is a nor!aliAed 6oad-Defor!ation (urve

elastic
region
plastic region
fracture>failure
S
t
r
e
s
s

(
6
o
a
d
)
Strain (Defor!ation)
stress
strain
@lastic J Plastic responses
(
elastic thru 0%defor!ation
(
plastic response leads to fracturing
(Strength defined by failure point
(Stiffness defined as the slope of the
elastic portion of the curve

Stress8Strain Cur"e of Bone

Stress8Strain cur"e
for Bone

@lastic Biomaterials ,Bone0
(
<lastic>8lastic characteristics
Brittle !aterial fails before
per!anent defor!ation
Ductile !aterial defor!s
greatly before failure
Bone eBhibits both properties
#oad/deformation cur"es
deformation ,length0
l
o
a
d
ductile material
elastic
limit
bone
brittle material

$nisotropic response
beha"ior of bone is dependent
on direction of applied load
Bone is strongest along
long aGis 8 !hy;

Bone $nisotropy
tension
compression
trabecular
cortical
shear
tension
compression
5 E55 -55 75 -75
MaGimum Stress ,MPa0
From: Biomechanics of the Musculo-skeletal System, igg an! Her"og

$nisotropy of Bone

4egati"e PoisonKs 1atio

Examples of Tensile Strength of Materials
Material Tensile
Strength
Teeth (enamel) 35
Bone (large mammal) !!
"#lon (s#nthetic fiber) $%!!!
Steel (t#pical) $%!!!

Examples of &ompressi'e Strength of Materials
Material &ompressi'e Strength of
Materials
(oo) ()r# ash timber) *5

Bone% compact (length +ise) $,!
Teeth (enamel) !!
Steel (t#pical) $!!!


Examples of The Extensibilit# of Materials
Material Extensibilit#
&oral s-eleton !.!!!3

Bone (#iel) or gi'ing strain) !.!!/
Bone (ultimate% brea-ing strain) !.!
Steel (or)inar#) !.$0!.35


Examples of Shear Mo)ulus% 1r stiffness in Shear
Material Shear Mo)ulus(M2a)
(oo) (fresh tree trun-s) *5!
Bone (compact mammalian) 5% !!!
Teeth (enamel) /5% !!!
Steel (t#pical) ,,% !!!

Examples of 2oisson3s 4atio% 1r factor of 5ateral
&ontraction
Material 2oisson3s
4atio
&or- !.!!
Teeth ()ental an) enamel) !.3!
Bone (compact mammalian) !.*!

Examples of (Tangent) 6oung3s Mo)uli of Elasticit#% in
megapascals% or megane+tons per s7uare meter
Material 6oung3s Mo)uli of
Elasticit#(M2a)
Tree trun-s /% *!!
Bone (large mammal) $8% !!!
Teeth (enamel) /!% !!!
Steel (mil)) !!% !!!

The 4esilience of some Biological Materials
Material
4esilience
Sil- (spi)er) 35
Elastin (nuchal ligament) ,/
Ab)uctin (sessile bi'al'es) 8!
Ab)uctin (scallops) 9$
&ollagen (ten)on) 93
4esilin (insect +ing hinge) 9,:


Fracture in Tensile #oading

Fracture under Compression

Bending #oad

Torsion #oading

Combined #oading

Muscle @ffects on Bone

Torsional #oad in %ip Loint

#oading 1ate *ependancy

1epetition *ependancy

!olff<s #a'
(
bone is laid do'n 'here needed and
resorbed 'here not needed
(
shape of bone reflects its function
)
tennis arm of pro tennis players ha"e
cortical thic+nesses /79 greater than
contralateral arm ,Meller J Spengler, -.>.0
(
osteoclasts resorb or ta+e8up bone
(
osteoblasts lay do'n ne' bone
Biomechanical Characteristics of Bone

Bone *eposits
$ response to regular acti"ity
;
regular eBercise pro"ides stimulation to
maintain bone throughout the body
;
tennis pla#ers an) baseball pitchers
)e'elop larger an) more )ense bones in
)ominant arm
;
male an) female runners ha'e higher than
a'erage bone )ensit# in both upper an)
lo+er extremities
;
non0+eightbearing exercise (s+imming%
c#cling) can ha'e positi'e effects on
BM<

Bone 1esorption
lac+ of mechanical stress
Calcium ,Ca0 le"els decrease
Ca remo"ed through blood "ia +idneys
=
increases the chance of +idney stones
'eightless effects ,hypogra"ity0
astronauts use eGercise routines to pro"ide
stimulus from muscle tension
=
these are only tensile forces 8 gra"ity is
compressi"e


5 75 -55 -75 E55 E75 /55
5
7
-5
-7
E5
E7
/5
2ypical ;ertical CR7 during running
ti!e (!s)
7
A

(
?
>
k
g
)
%eel8toe running pattern
Tip8Toe running pattern

Changes in bone o"er time
@arly Nears
(
Osgood8Schlatter<s disease
(
de"elopment of inflammation, bony deposits, or
an a"ulsion fracture of the tibial tuberosity
(
muscle8bone strength imbalance
(
2gro'th factor3 bet'een bone length and
muscle tendon unit ,e6g6, rapid gro'th of femur
and tibia places large strain on patellar tendon
and tibial tuberosity0
(
during puberty muscle de"elopment
,testosterone0 may outpace bone de"elopment
allo'ing muscle to pull a'ay from bone

Changes in bone o"er time
@arly Nears
(
o"eruse inFuries
)
repeated stresses mold s+eletal structures
specifically for that acti"ity
)
#ittle #eaguer<s @lbo'
(
premature closure of epiphyseal disc
)
Oymnasts
(
CA greater occurrence of lo' bac+ pathology in
young female gymnasts than in general
population ,Lac+son, -.D:0

Changes in bone o"er time
$dult Nears
(
little change in length
(
most change in density
)
lac+ of use decreases density
(
*@C1@$S@ ST1@4OT% OF BO4@
(
acti"ity
)
increased acti"ity leads to increased
diameter, density, cortical 'idth and Ca

Changes in bone o"er time
$dult Nears
(
hormonal influence
)
estrogen to maintain bone minerals
)
pre"iously only consider after menopause
)
no' see lin+ bet'een amenorrhea and
decreased estrogen 8 Female $thlete Triad
osteoporosis
disordered
eating
amenorrhea
lo' body fat
eGcessi"e training
lo' estrogen
le"els

Changes in Bone O"er Time
Older $dults
(
/5 yrs males and C5 yrs females
)
BM* pea+s ,Frost, -.>7P Oyster et al., -.>C0
)
decrease BM*, diameter and
mineralization after this
(
acti"ity slo's aging process

$ge, Bone Mass and Oender
From: Biomechanics of Musculoskeletal #n$ury, %hiting an! &ernicke
Bo
n
e

Ma
s
s

,
g

o
f

Ca
0
-55 5 75 E7 D7
755
-555
$ge ,yr0