Textbook and Notes

CMPT 354 Textbook:

Database Systems and Structures Database System Concepts, 3rd Edition
Abraham Silberschatz, Henry Korth, S. Sudarshan
◆
Course home page:
◆ Osmar R. Zaïane http://www.cs.sfu.ca/CC/354/zaiane/
◆

Summer 1998

Office Hours Course Objectives

To provide an introduction to data models, database systems,

Wednesdays 17:30 to 19:30
Thursdays 20:30 to 21:30
Teaching Assistant
Kris Koperski
Mondays 16:30 to 18:45
Tuesdays 16:30 to 18:15
Fridays 16:30 to 17:30
the structure and use of relational database systems and
relational languages, indexing and storage management,
query processing in relational databases, and the theory of
relational database design.
Students will understand the fundamental
concepts underlying database systems and
gain hand-on experience with applications
using database systems.

Contents
Grading
◆ Architecture of database systems
◆ Data models » Assignments ??%
– entity-relationship model
» Project ??%
– relational model
◆ Relational Languages
» Midterm ??%
◆ Relational Database Design » Final exam ??%
◆ Object-Oriented Databases
◆ Storage and File Structures
◆ Indexing and Hashing To be discussed...
◆ Query Processing

1
Chapter 1 Objectives a logic file

Get a rough initial idea what a database Operating physical

management system (DBMS) is and what system files
types of models exist.

Get an overview about how databases work

and the different issues with DBMSs. A file system sets up mappings between logical files and
physical files.

File management system: efficient file access

Database management system: efficient data access
Database:
a large collection of data
an integrated collection of data
Database management system:
a software system that provides an efficient as
well as convenient environment for accessing as
well as updating data in a database.
Purpose of a Database System
DBMS developed to handle the following difficulties:
◆ Data redundancy and inconsistency
◆ Difficulty in accessing data
◆ Data isolation - multiple files and formats
◆ Integrity problems
◆ Atomicity of updates
◆ Concurrent access by multiple users
◆ Security problems

Functionality of a Database System Database Approach

◆ Specifying the database structure
– data definition language
PROGRAM 1
◆ Manipulation of the database DBMS
– query processing and query optimization
Query Processor
◆ Integrity enforcement Integrated
PROGRAM 1
Transaction Mgr Database
– integrity constraints …
◆ Concurrent control
– multiple user environment PROGRAM 2

◆ Crash recovery
◆ Security and authorization

2
 History of File Organizations:
Sequential search
index sequential Get information from a disk file
B-tree in just a few disk accesses ■ Goals of a database management system
Hashing ● provides an efficient as well as convenient
environment for accessing data in a database.
Classification of Database Models: ➠ database query and update
Entity-relationship
● enforce information security
network
➠ database security , concurrence control, and crash recovery
hierarchical
relation Various database models provide ■ Conflict interest between convenience and
logical and physical data independence
object-oriented efficiency
deductive to separate simple logical database
structures and complicated physical ● data abstraction
object-relational
file structures.

■Three level of data abstraction ■ Data independence

●physical level ● capability of changing a database scheme without having
➠describe how data are actually stored in a database to change the scheme at the next higher level
●conceptual level ● two level of data independence
➠describe what data are actually stored in a database
●view level
➠describe a part of the entire database
■Database scheme and instance view scheme

●Scheme: overall structure (plan) of the database logical data independence

●Instance: the current contents of the database logic scheme
●three levels of database scheme
➠physical scheme: file structure physical data independence
➠conceptualscheme (logical scheme): the database structure physical scheme
➠view scheme: a part of database structure that is of interest to specified users.

■ Database Languages
● data definition language (DDL) :
➠ specify the conceptual database scheme
✦ view definition language, storage definition language
● data manipulation language (DML): query language ■ Database users
➠ used to retrieve and update information in a database
● naive users
● host language: a conventional high level language used
● casual users
to write application programs
● application programmers
■ database manager
● a program module within a DBMS which provides
■ Database administrator
➠ the interface between the lower level file manager and high level ● a person who is responsible for the database design,
DML and application programs scheme modification, user authorization, etc..
➠ integrity checking
➠ security enforcement
➠ crash recovery
➠ concurrence control

3
 ■ Database models:
● conceptual tools used to describe
Database Management System Structure
➠ data

naive application casual data ➠ data relationships

users programmers users administrator ➠ data semantics

application system database ➠ data constraints

query
programs calls scheme
■ Major database models
data manipulation
language query data definition ● E-R model: a logic foundation for conceptual database
processor language
precompiler
compiler
design
application
program
database ● network model: a set of records connected by links
manager
object code DBMS
● hierarchical model: a set of database trees
file manager ● relational model: a set of tables

data
files
data
dictionary

H.F. Korth and A. Silberschatz. Database System Concepts, McGraw-Hill, 1986.