Wireless Communication

VII SEMESTER EC 2401 WIRELESS COMMUNICATION
1

VII Semester

Electronics and Communication
Engineering

EC 2401 WIRELESS COMMUNICATION

QUESTION & ANSWER BANK

2014-15


2

UNIT 3
PART A
1. Give the expression for bit error probability of Gaussian MSK. [Nov/Dec 2013]
Gaussian MSK is a binary modulation which is used to reduce side lobe levels of spectrum by
passing the modulating NRZ data waveform through a premodulation Gaussian pulse shaping
filter.

()

2. What is fading and Doppler spread? [Nov/Dec 2013]
If the receiver is moving towards the source, then the zero crossings of the signal appear
faster and the received frequency is higher. The opposite effect occurs if the receiver is moving
away from the source. The resulting chance in frequency is known as the Doppler shift (fD).
FD = fr f0 = -f0V/C
Where f0 -> transmission frequency
fr -> received frequency
In wireless communications, fading is deviation of the attenuation affecting a signal over certain
propagation media. The fading may vary with time, geographical position or radio frequency,
and is often modeled as a random process. The terms slow and fast fading refer to the rate at
which the magnitude and phase change imposed by the channel on the signal changes.
3. Mention any two criteria for choosing a modulation technique for a specific wireless
application. [May/ June 2013]
Adjacent channel interference must be small.
The spectral efficiency of the modulation format should be as high
Sensitivity with respect to noise should be very small.
Robustness with respect to delay and Doppler dispersion should be as large as possible.
Waveforms should be easy to generate with hardware that is easy to produce and highly
energy efficient.
4. Draw the structure of generic optimum receiver. [May/ June 2013]

3

5. Find out the 3 db bandwidth for a Gaussian low pass filter used to produce 0.25 CMSR
with a channel data rate of R
b
=270 KbPs. What is the 90%power bandwidth in the RF
channel? [Nov/Dec 2012]
Answer:
Given
T=1/R
b
=1/270 X10
3
=3.7s
3-db band width is B=(0.25/T)=0.25/(3.7X 10
-6
)
=67.567 KHz
6. What is slotted frequency hopping? [Nov/Dec 2012]
In frequency hopping systems, the transmitter changes the carrier frequency according to a
certain "hopping" pattern . The advantage is that the signal sees a different channel and a
different set of interfering signals during each hop. This avoids the problem of failing
communication at a particular frequency, because of a fade or a particular interfere
7. List the advantages of QPSK. [May/June 2012]
Can encode two bits per second
Reduce BER twice rate of BPSK
No phase shifts not relative to reference signal
The receiver does not need any reference signal
8. Differentiate between MSK and GMSK. [May/June 2012]

4

Gaussian Minimum Shift Keying, or to give it its full title Gaussian filtered Minimum Shift
Keying, GMSK, is a form of modulation used in a variety of digital radio communications
systems. It has advantages of being able to carry digital modulation while still using the spectrum
efficiently.
GMSK modulation is based on MSK, which is itself a form of phase shift keying. One of the
problems with standard forms of Phase Shift Keying (PSK) is that sidebands extend out from the
carrier. To overcome this, MSK and its derivative GMSK can be used.
MSK and also GMSK modulation are what is known as a continuous phase scheme. Here there
are no phase discontinuities because the frequency changes occur at the carrier zero crossing
points. This arises as a result of the unique factor of MSK that the frequency difference between
the logical one and logical zero states is always equal to half the data rate. This can be expressed
in terms of the modulation index, and it is always equal to 0.5.
A plot of the spectrum of an MSK signal shows sidebands extending well beyond a bandwidth
equal to the data rate. This can be reduced by passing the modulating signal through a low pass
filter prior to applying it to the carrier. The requirements for the filter are that it should have a
sharp cut-off, narrow bandwidth and its impulse response should show no overshoot. The ideal
filter is known as a Gaussian filter which has a Gaussian shaped response to an impulse and no
ringing. In this way the basic MSK signal is converted to GMSK modulation.
MSK is minimum binary FSK which means using two symbols '1' & '0' and choosing two
carriers to represent each symbol "which is done in BFSK", the difference is that the carrier
frequencies in MSK are chosen so that they have minimum separation while maintaining the
CPFSK "continuous phase FSK" also the minimum separations "band" is kept so that we have no
ISI.
9. Draw the mathematical link model for analysis of modulation schemes.
[Nov/Dec 2011]

5

10. What is OQPSK? [Nov/Dec 2011]
The Quadrature Phase Shift Keying (QPSK) is a 4-ary PSK signal. The phase of the carrier
in the QPSK takes 1 of 4 equally spaced shifts.Two successive bits in the data sequence are
grouped together.1 symbol = 2 bits
This reduces bit rate and bandwidth of the channel.

PART B
11. (a) (i) Explain the Nyquist criterion for 1ST cancellation. (8 mark) [Nov/Dec 2013]
As proved by Nyquist, if heff(t) is the impulse response of the overall communication system
(transmitter, channel, receiver), the condition of communication without ISI is
h
eff
(nTS) = A for n=0
= 0 for n=nonzero integer -----------------(1)
where TS=symbol interval, n=integer, A=non-zero constant.
Physically this means that the pulses of all neighboring symbols are zero at the particular
time instant kT
S
of the current symbol.
The effective impulse response is
heff(t)= d(t)*p(t)*hC(t)*hR(t)

6

where d(t) = the impulse function representing our symbol
p(t)=pulse shape of the symbol
h
C
(t)=channel impulse response,
h
R
(t)=receiver impulse response
*=convolution.
The condition of equation (1) is meant by h
eff
(t)=sin(pt/TS)/(pt/TS) (*2)
So, if overall communication system can be modeled as a filter with the impulse response of
(*2) then no ISI occurs . if we sample our received waveform exactly at the symbol time
instants nTS. The transfer function corresponding to (2) is
Heff(f) = (1/fS)rect(f/fS)
= (1/fS) -fS/2<=f<=fS/2
= 0 elsewhere
where fS=1/TS. This is the rectangular `brick wall filter, with absolute bandwidth fS/2.
There are very serious practical problems in the implementation of this zero-ISI filter.
(i) The impulse response h
eff
(t) of (2) is nonzero for t<0.
This means it is noncausal .The current output depends on future inputs not realistic.
(ii) The function of (2) is zero only at exactly t=nTs and that the value of the function
increases/decreases quickly away from zero as we move away from t=nTs (the function has a
relatively large waveform slope (1/t) at each zero crossing). Thus any deviation (error) in the
sampling time from t=nTS leads to significant ISI.
Nyquist also proved that any filter with a transfer function having a rectangular filter of
bandwidth f / 2T,, convolved with any arbitrary even function 2( f) with zero magnitude
outside the passband of the rectangular filter. Satisfies the zero ISI condition. Mathematically
the transfer function of the filter which satisfy the zero IST condition can be expressed as

where Z(J) = Z(J), and Z(J) = 0 f If' ,f0, 1/ 2T. Expressed in terms of the impulse
response, the Nyquist criterion states that any filter with an impulse response can achieve ISI
cancellation.

7

Filters which satisfy the Nyquist criterion are called Nyquist filters (Figure ) Assuming that
the distortions introduced in the channel can be completely nullified by using an equalizer
which has a transfer function that is equal to the inverse of the channel response. then the
overall transfer function 1.1.0/J) can be approximated as the product of the transfer functions
of the transmitter and receiver filters. An effective end-to-end transfer function of H
eff
is often
achieved by using filters with transfer functions
()at both the transmitter and

receiver. This has the advantage of providing a matched filter response for the system. while
at the same time minimizing the bandwidth and inter symbol interference.

11.(a)(ii) With transfer function, explain the raised cosine roll off filter.
(8 mark)[Nov/Dec 2013]
The spectrum of this pulse has a roll-off that follows a sinusoidal shape; the parameter
determining the steepness of spectral decay is the roll-off factor . Defining the functions,

8

A raised cosine shape, so that the pulse shape as observed after the RX filter fulfills the Nyquist
criterion. Due to the requirements of matching the receive filter to the transmit waveform both
the TX pulse spectrum and the RX filter spectrum should be the square root of a raised cosine
spectrum. Such a filter is known as a root-raised cosine filter, and henceforth denoted by
subscript NR. The impulse responses for raised cosine and root-raised cosine pulses follow from
the inverse Fourier transformation (see Figure 11.4); close-form equations can be found in
Chennakeshu and Saulnier [1993].

Or
11.(b) (i) Explain the QPSK transmission and detection techniques.
(8 mark)[Nov/Dec 2013]
14. (a)(i) Explain with neat diagram the modulation and demodulation of QPSK.

9

(16) [ May/June 2012]
Or
14. (b)(i) Describe with a block diagram offset QPSK and its advantages.
(8) [ May/June 2012]

Quadrature Phase Shift Keying (QPSK)
Quadrature phase shift keying (QPSK) has twice the bandwidth efficiency of BPSK, since 2 bits
are transmitted in a single modulation symbol. The phase of the carrier takes on 1 of 4 equally
spaced values, such as 0, it/2, it, and 3it/2, where each value of phase corresponds to a unique
pair of message bits. The QPSK signal for this set of symbol states may be defined as

where Ts is the symbol duration and is equal to twice the bit period. Using trigonometric
identities, the above equations can be rewritten for theBased on this representation, a QPSK
signal can be depicted using a two dimensional constellation diagram with four points. It should
be noted that different QPSK signal sets can be derived by simply rotating the constellation.
From the constellation diagram of a QPSK signal, it can be seen that the distance between
adjacent points in the constellation is Since each symbol corresponds to two bits, then E, = 2E6,
thus the distance between two neighboring points in the QPSK constellation is equal to 2, the
average probability of bit error in the additive white Gaussian noise (AWGN) channel is
obtained as .A striking result is that the bit error probability of QPSK is identical to BPSK, but
twice as much data can be sent in the same bandwidth. Thus when compared to BPSK, QPSK

10

provides twice the spectral efficiency with exactly the same energy efficiency. Similar to BPSK
QPSK can also be differentially encoded to allow non coherent detection.
QPSK Transmission
Figure 5.28 shows a block diagram of a typical QPSK transmitter. The unipolar binary message
stream has bit rate Rb and is first converted into a bipolar non-return-to-zero (NRZ) sequence
using a unipolar to bipolar convener. The bit stream m (t) is then split into two bit streams in1
(t)and TflQ (t) (in-phase and quadrature streams), each having a bit rate of R3 = Rb/2. The bit
stream m1 (t) is called the "even" stream and mQ (t) is called the "odd" stream. The two binary
sequences are separately modulated by two carriers +i(t) and which are in quadrature. The two
modulated signals, each of which can be considered to be a BPSK signal, are summed to produce
a QPSK signal. The filter at the output of the modulator confines the power spectrum of the
QPSK signal within the allocated band. This prevents spill-over of signal energy into adjacent
channels and also removes out-of-band spurious signals generated during the modulation
process. In most implementations, pulse shaping is done at baseband to provide proper RF
filtering at the transmitter output.
QPSK Transmission and Detection Techniques
Figure shows a block diagram of a coherent QPSK receiver. The frontend band pass
filterremoves the out-of-band noise and adjacent channel interference. The filtered output is split
into two parts, and each part is coherently demodulated using the in-phase and quadrature
carriers. The coherent carriers used for demodulation are recovered from the received signal
using carrier recovery circuits of the type described in Figure. The outputs of the demodulators
are passed through decision circuits which generate the in-phase and quadrature binary streams.
The two components are then multiplexed to reproduce the original binary sequence.


11

QPSK Transmission and Detection Techniques
Figure shows a block diagram of a coherent QPSK receiver. The frontend bandpass filter
removes the out-of-band noise and adjacent channel interference. The filtered output is split
intotwo parts,a nd each part is coherently demodulated using the in-phase and quadrature
carriers.T he coherent carriers used for demodulation are recovered from the received signal
using carrier recovery circuits of the type described in Figure. The outputs of the demodulators
are passed through decision circuits which generate the in-phase and quadrature binary streams.
The two components are then multiplexed to reproduce the original binary sequence.

11.(b) (ii) Explain the performance of Digital modulation in slow flat-fading channels.
(8 mark)[Nov/Dec2013]
Digital modulation schemes DPSK and QPSK in detail.
Differential PSK is a non coherent form of phase shift keying which avoids the need for a
coherent reference signal at the receiver. Non coherent receivers are easy and cheap to build, and
hence are widely used in wireless communications. In DPSK systems, the input binary sequence
is first differentially encoded and then modulated using a BPSK modulator. The differentially
encoded sequence { dk is generated from the input binary sequence I } by complementing
themodulo-2 sum of mk and dk - The effect is to leave the symbol dk unchanged from the
previous symbol if the incoming binary symbol mk is 1, and to toggle dk if mk is 0. The
generation of a DPSK signal for a sample sequence which follows the relationship dk = mk
The performance of a digital modulation scheme is degraded by many transmission impairments
including fading, delay spread, Doppler spread, co-channel and adjacent channel interference,

12

and noise. Fading causes a very low instantaneous received SNR when the channel exhibits a
deep fade. Delay spread causes ISI between the transmitted symbols, and a large Doppler spread
is indicative of rapid channel variation and necessitates a receiver with a fast convergent
algorithm. Co-channel interference, adjacent channel interference, and noise are all additive
distortions that degrade the BER performance by reducing the SNR.

Here, we derive the BER performance of digital signalling on frequency non-selective (flat)
fading channel with AWGN. Flat fading channel models are appropriate for narrow-band land
mobile radio systems or mobile satellite systems. Flat fading channels affect all frequency
components of a narrow-band signal in exactly the same way and, therefore, do not introduce
amplitude or phase distortion into the received signal. Frequency selective channels distort the
transmitted signal. Flat fading channel will significantly degrade the BER performance unless
appropriate countermeasures are taken. Diversity and coding techniques are well-known methods
for combating fading. The basic idea of diversity systems is to provide the receiver with
multiple.
12.(a)(i) Explain the principle of /4 differential quadature phase shift keying from a
signal space diagram (8 mark)[May/ June 2013]
The variant of QPSK uses two identical constellations which are rotated by 45 ( radians,
hence the name) with respect to one another. Usually, either the even or odd symbols are used to
select points from one of the constellations and the other symbols select points from the other
constellation. This also reduces the phase-shifts from a maximum of 180, but only to a

13

maximum of 135 and so the amplitude fluctuations of QPSK are between OQPSK and
non-offset QPSK.
One property this modulation scheme possesses is that if the modulated signal is represented in
the complex domain, it does not have any paths through the origin. In other words, the signal
does not pass through the origin. This lowers the dynamical range of fluctuations in the signal
which is desirable when engineering communications signals.On the other hand, QPSK
lends itself to easy demodulation and has been adopted for use in, for example, TDMA cellular
telephone systems.
The modulated signal is shown below for a short segment of a random binary data-stream. The
construction is the same as above for ordinary QPSK. Successive symbols are taken from the two
constellations shown in the diagram. Thus, the first symbol (1 1) is taken from the 'blue'
constellation and the second symbol (0 0) is taken from the 'green' constellation. Note that
magnitudes of the two component waves change as they switch between constellations, but the
total signal's magnitude remains constant (constant envelope). The phase-shifts are between
those of the two previous timing-diagrams.

Timing diagram for /4-QPSK. The binary data stream is shown beneath the time axis. The two
signal components with their bit assignments are shown the top and the total, combined signal at
the bottom. Note that successive symbols are taken alternately from the two constellations,
starting with the 'blue' one

14

.

12.(a)(ii) Derive the expression for probability of error in flat fading channels.
(8)[May/June 2013]

The error probability of diversity systems by averaging the conditional error probability
(conditioned on a certain SNR) over the distribution of the SNR: As an example, let us compute
the performance of BPSK with Nr diversity branches with MRC.
The SER of BPSK in AWGN is given below. Let us apply this principle to the case of MRC.
When inserting Esq. we obtain an equation that can be evaluated analytically: where b is defined
as

For large values of , this can be approximated as

From this, we can see that (with Nr diversity antennas) the BER decreases with the Nr-th power
of the SNR.

15

or
12.b (i) Explain the principle of Minimum shift keying modulation and derive the
expression for power spectral density. (8 mark) [May/ June 2013]
13 (a) (ii) With block diagram explain the MSK transmitter and receiver. Derive an
expression for MSK and its power spectrum. (10) [Nov/Dec 2012]
15.(b) (i)Discuss in detail any two demodulation techniques of MSK. (8) [Nov/Dec 2011]
Minimum shift keying (MSK) is a special type of continuous phase-frequency shift
keying (CPFSK) wherein the peak frequency deviation is equal to 1/4 the bit rare. In
other words MSK is continuous phase FSK with a modulation index of 0.5.
The modulation index of an FSK signal is similar to the FM modulation index,
and is defined as k
FSK
, = (2F)/ R
b
. where F is the peak RF frequency deviation and
R
b
is the bit rate.
A modulation index of 0.5 corresponds to the minimum frequency spacing that
allows two FSK signals to be coherendy orthogonal, and the name minimum shift keying
implies the minimum frequency separation (i.e., bandwidth) that allows orthogonal
detection. 'No FSK signals v
H
(t) and v
L
(t) are said to be orthogonal if
------------------------ (1)
MSK is sometimes referred to as fast FSK, as the frequency spacing used
is only half as much as that used in conventional non coherent FSK .

16

MSK is a spectrally efficient modulation scheme and is particularly
attractive for use in mobile radio communication systems. It possesses properties such as
constant envelope, spectral efficiency, good BER performance, and self-synchronizing
capability.
An MSK signal can be thought of as a special form of OQPSK where the
baseband rectangular pulses are replaced with half-sinusoidal pulses . These pulses have
shapes like the St. Louis arch during a period of 2T
b
. Consider the OQPSK signal with
the bit streams offset as shown in Figure. If half-sinusoidal pulses arc used instead of
rectangular pulses, the modified signal can be defined as MSK and for an N-bit stream
is given by
---------------(2)
--------------(3)
Where,
---------------(4)
and where m
i
(t) and t
5
(t) are the "odd
.
' and 'even'
.
bits of the bipolar data stream which have
values of and which feed the in-phase and quadrature arms of the modulator at a rate of R
b
/2 .
It should be noted that there are a number of variations of MSK that exist in the literature.
For example, while one version of MSK uses only positive half-sinusoids as the basic
pulse shape another version uses alternating positive and negative half-sinusoids as the
basic pulse shape.
All variations of MSK are continuous phase FSK employing different techniques to
achieve spectral efficiency .
The MSK waveform can be seen as a special type of a continuous phase FSK if Equation
(2) is rewritten using trigonometric identities as

17

------------(5)
where
k
, is 0 or rr depending on whether m
i
(t) is 1 or -1. From Equation (5) it can be
deduced that MSK has a constant amplitude. Phase continuity at the bit transition periods is
ensured by choosing the carrier frequency to be an integral multiple of one forth the bit
rate,1/4T .
MSK Power Spectrum
From Equation (6.41), the RF power spectrum is obtained by frequency shifting the
magnitude squared of the Fourier transform of the baseband pulse-shaping function.
For MSK, the baseband pulse shaping function is given by
------------------(6)
The normalized power spectral density for FSK is
----------(7)

Figure: Power spectral density of MSK signal as compared to QPSK and QQPSK signal
MSK Transmitter and Receiver

18

The figure(a) shows a typical MSK modulator. Multiplying a carrier signal with
cos[t/2T) produces two phase-coherent signals at f
c
+ 1 /4T and f
c
- 1 /4T.
These two FSK signals are separated using two narrow band pass filters and
appropriately combined to form the in-phase and quadrature carrier components x(t) and
y(t), respectively. These carriers are multiplied with the odd and even bit streams. m,(t)
and m
Q
(t). to produce the MSK modulated signal s
MSK
(t).

Figure (a):Block diagram of MSK transmitter

The block diagram of an MSK receiver is shown in Figure (b).
The received signal s
MSK
,(t) (in the absence of noise and interference) is multiplied by the
respective in-phase and quadrature carriers x(t) and y(t).
The output of the multipliers are integrated over two bit periods and dumped to a decision
circuit at the end of each two bit periods.
Based on the level of die sig. at the output of the integrator, the threshold detector decides
whether the sig. is a 0 or a 1. The output data streams correspond to rn,(t) and m
o
(t), witich
are offset combined to obtain the demodulated signal.


19

Figure (b):Block diagram of MSK Receiver

12.b (ii) Derive the expression for the probability of error in frequency dispersive fading
channel. (8 mark) [May/ June 2013]
Errors due to frequency dispersion. For FSK, it is immediately obvious how frequency
dispersion leads to errors: random Frequency Modulation (FM) leads to a frequency shift of the
received signal, and can push a bit over the decision boundary. Assume that a +1 was sent (i.e.,
the frequency fc + fmod). Due to the random FM effect, the frequency fc + fmod finst is received.
If this is smaller than fc, the receiver opts for a 1. Note that instantaneous frequency shifts can
be significantly larger than the maximum Doppler frequency even though the statistics of the
random FM are determined by the Doppler spectrum of the channel. Consider the following
equation for the instantaneous frequency:
finst(t ) =Im_r
Obviously, this can become very large when the amplitude becomes very small. In other words,
deep fading dips lead to large shifts in the instantaneous frequency, and thus higher error
probability.
A somewhat different interpretation can be given for differential detection. As mentioned above,
differential detection assumes that the channel does not change between two adjacent symbols.
However, if there is a finite Doppler, then the channel does change remember that the Doppler
spectrum gives a statistical description of channel changes. Thus, a nonzero Doppler effect
implies a wrong reference phase for differential detection. If this effect is strong, it can lead to

20

erroneous decisions. Also in this case it is true that channel changes are strongest near fading
dips.6 For MSK with differential detection, Hirade et al determined the BER due to the
Doppler effect: BERDoppler = 12(1 s(TB))
where s (t ) is the normalized autocorrelation function of the channel (so that s (0) = 1) i.e.,
the Fourier transform of the normalized Doppler spectrum. For small vmaxTB we then get a BER
that is proportional to the squared magnitude of the product of Doppler shift and bit duration:
BERDoppler = 12 2(vmaxTB)2
This basic functional relationship also holds for other Doppler spectra and modulation formats; it
is only the proportionality constant that changes. From this relationship, we find that errors due
to frequency dispersion are mainly important for systems with a low data rate. For example,
paging systems and sensor networks exhibit data rates on the order of 1 kbit/s, while Doppler
frequencies can be up to a few hundred Hz. Error floors of 102 are thus easily possible. This
has to be taken into account when designing the coding for such systems. For high-data-rate
systems (which include almost all current cellular, cordless, and Wireless Local Area Network
(WLAN) systems), errors due to frequency dispersion do not play a noticeable role.7 Even for
the Japanese JDC cellular system, which has a symbol duration of 50 s the BER due to
frequency dispersion is only on the order of 104, which is negligible compared with errors due
to noise.
13 (a) (i) Briefly explain the structure of wireless communication link. (6) [Nov/Dec 2012]
The structure of wireless communication link in Wireless operations permit services like long-
range communications which are impossible or impractical to implement with the wires usage in
communication. This term is commonly used in the telecommunication industry in reference to
telecommunications systems like (e.g. are radio transmitters and receivers and remote controls
etc.) which use some form of the energy like (e.g. are radio waves and the acoustic energy, etc.)
which is used to transfer information without the usage of wires.The information is then
transferred in this manner over both short and long distances.
Transceiver block diagram structure

21

Each of the gigabit transceiver block has a clock multiplier unit CMU which provides clocking
flexibility and supports a range of incoming data streams. In each CMU two transmitter phase-
locked loops that is PLLs which generates the required clock frequencies that is based upon the
synthesis of an input reference clock.In each transmitter PLL supports all multiplication factors
to allow the use of various input clock frequencies during transmission. Both of the transmitters
PLLs are identical for which they support data ranges from 600 Mbps to 6.375 Gbps data
transfer. But however each PLL is configured to support different data rates where each
transmitter PLL drives four channels. During PIPE x8 mode the transmitter PLL of the master
transceiver block drives upto eight channels where CMU block is active both in single-
and double-width modes and is powered off when not in use.
The Simplified models of wireless communication links

This is often preferable to have simplified models for wireless communication links. Moreover
the analog radio channels with the down converters ,upconverters, RF elements and noise
interfere the signals and it is then added to time discreet low pass channel during
transmission.The other simplified models use a digital representation of the channel suitable for
the analysis of the coding scheme.
The Modulation formats

22

The most simple modulation is binary modulation where +1 bit value is mapped to one specific
wave form while a -1 bit value is mapped to a different wave form. During choosing of a
modulation wave format in wireless system the ultimate goal is to transmit with certain energy as
much as information can transmit over a channel.
Or
13 (b) Derive an expression for:
(i) M-ary phase shift keying and (8) [Nov/Dec 2012]
PSK, the carrier phase takes on one of M possible values, namely, = 2(i1)g/M, where
i = 1,2 ,M. The modulated waveform can be expressed as
where E3 = (log2M ) E6 is the energy per symbol and T3 = (log2M) Tb is the symbol period.
The above equation can be rewritten in quadrature form asSince there are only two basis signals,
the constellation of M-ary P8K is two dimensional. TheM-ary message points are equally spaced
on a circle of radius ,JE centered at the origin. The constellation diagram of an 8-ary P8K signal
set is illustrated in. It is clear fromFigure 5.45 that MPSK is a constant envelope signal when no
pulse shaping is used.Equation (5.62), can be used to compute the probability of symbol error for
MPSK systems in an AWGN channel. From the geometry of Figure 5.45, it is easily seen that the
distance between adjacent symbols is equal to Hence the average symbol error probability of an
MaryP8K system is given by Just as in BPSK and QPSK modulation, M-ary P8K modulation is
either coherently detected or differentially encoded for no coherent differential detection. The
symbol error probability of differential M-ary P8K system in AWGNchannel for M _ 4 is
approximated by
Power Spectra of M-ary P5K
The power spectral density (PSD) of an M-ary PSK signal cai be obtainedin a manner similar to
that described for BPSK and QPSK signals. The symbol duration of an M-ary PSK signal is
related to the bit duration Tb byThe PSD of the M-ary PSK signal with rectangular pulses is
given by.The PSD of M-ary PSK systems for M = 8 and M = to are shown in Figure 5.46. As
clearly seen from equation (5.119) and Figure 5.46, the first null bandwidth of M-ary PSK
signals decrease asM increases while Rb is held constant. Therefore, as the value of M increases,
the bandwidth efficiency also increases. That is, for fixed Rb, increases and B decreases as M is
increased. At the same time, increasing M implies that the constellation is more densely packed,

23

and hence the power efficiency (noise tolerance) is decreased. The bandwidth and power
efficiency of M-PSKsystems using ideal Nyquist pulse shaping in AWGN for various values of
M are listed in Table5.4. These values assume no timing jitter or fading, which have a large
negative effect on biterror rate as M increases. In general, simulation must be used to determine
bit error values inactual wireless communication channels, since interference and multipath can
alter instantaneous phase of an MPSK signal, thereby creating errors at the detector. Also,
theparticular implementation of the receiver often impacts performance.
M-ary Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (QAM)
In M-ary PSK modulation, the amplitude of the transmitted signal was constrained to remain
constant, thereby yielding a circular constellation. By allowing the amplitude to also vary with
the phase, a new modulation scheme called quadrature amplitudE modulation (QAM) is
obtained. Figure 5.47 shows the constellation diagram of 16-ary QAM. The constellation
consists of a square lattice of signal points. The general form of an M-ary QAM signal can be
defined as where Emin is the
energy of the signal with the lowest amplitude, and a and b, are a pair of
independent integers chosen according to the location of the particular signal point. Note that
M-ary QAM does not have constant energy per sym- ho!, nor does it have constant distance
between possib!e symbo! states. It reasons that particular values of (t) will be detected with

higher probability than others.
rectangular pulse shapes are assumed, the signal S1 (t) may be expanded in terms of a pair of
basis functions defined asThe power spectrum and bandwidth efficiency of QAM modulation is
identical to M-ary PSKmodulation. In terms of power efficiency, QAM is superior to Mary PSK.
thebandwidth and power efficiencies of a QAM signal for various values of M, assuming
optimumraised cosine rollofi filtering in AWGN. As with M-PSK, the table is optimistic, and
actual biterror probabilities for wireless systems must be determined by simulating the various

24

impairments of the channel and the specific receiver implementation. Pilot tones or equalization
must be used for QAM in mobile systems.

(ii) M-ary quadrature amplitude modulation.
Also derive an expression for their bit error probability. (8) [Nov/Dec 2012]

M-ary Quadrature Amplitude Modulation -- or QAM -- is a modulation where data bits select
one of M combinations of amplitude and phase shifts that are applied to the carrier. The M
possible waveforms may be described by M constellation points. In this exercise, the M = 16
constellation points are confined to a square grid. In this exercise, you will design an 16-QAM
detector to process the data contained in the file qam16data.


25

Modulation


26

Demodulation

14.(b) (ii) Explain the concept of GMSK and mention its advantages (8) [ May/June 2012]
GMSK is a simple binary modulation scheme which may be viewed as a derivative of MSK. In
GMSK, the sidelobe levels of the spectrum are further reduced by passing the modulating NRZ
data waveform through a premodulation Gaussian pulse-shaping filter . Baseband Gaussian pulse
shaping smooths the phase trajectory of the MSK signal and hence stabilizes the instantaneous
frequency variations over time. This has the effect of considerably reducing the sidelobe levels in
the transmitted spectrum. Premodulation Gaussian filtering converts the full response message
signal (where each baseband symbol occupies a single bit period T) into a partial response
scheme where each transmitted symbol spans several bit periods. However, since pulse shaping
does not cause the pattern-averaged phase trajectory to deviate from that of simple MSK, GMSK
can be coherently detected just as an MSK signal, or noncoherently detected as simple FSK. In
practice, GMSK is most attractive for its excellent power efficiency (due to the constant
envelope) and its excellent spectral efficiency The premodulation Gaussian filtering introof
duces 181 in the transmitted signal, but it can be shown that the degradation is not severe if the 3
dB-bandwidth-bit duration product (BT) of the ifiter is greater than 0.5. GMSK sacrifices the
irreducible error rate caused by partial response signaling in exchange for extremely good

27

spectral efficiency and constant envelope properties. The GMSK premodulation filter has an
impulse response given by and the

and the GMSK filter may be completely defined from B and the baseband symbol duration T Itis
therefore customary to define GMSK by its BT product. Figure 5.41 shows the simulated RF
power spectrum of the GMSK signal for various values of AT. The power spectrum of MSK,
which is equivalent to GMSK with a BT product of infinity, is also shown for comparison
purposes. It is clearly seen from the graph that as the ST product decreases, the sidelobe levels
fall off very rapid]y. For example, for a BT=0.5, the peak of the second lobe is more than
30dBbelow the main lobe, whereas for simple MSK, the second lobe is only 20 dB below main
lobe. However, reducing BT increases the irreducible error rate produced by the low pass filter
due to181. As shown in Section 5.11, mobile radio channels induce an irreducible error rate due
to mobile velocity, so as long as the GMSK irreducible error rate is less than that produced by
the mobile channel, there is no penalty in using GMSK. Table 5.3 shows occupied bandwidth
containing a given percentage of power in a GMSX signal as a function of the ST product While
the GMSK spectrum becomes more and more compact with decreasing BT value, the
degradationdue to 181 increases. It was shown by Ishizuka [Ish8O] that the BER degradation
due to 181 caused by filtering is minimum for a ST value of 0.5887, where the degradation in the
required E6/N0 is only 0.14dB from the case of no ISI.

15 (a) Compute the ratio of signal power to adjacent channel interference when using (i)
raised cosine pulses with =0.5, when two considered signals have center frequencies 0 and
1.25/ T. (16) [Nov/Dec 2011]

28

Signal energy

Interfering energy

So signal to noise ratio is 10 log(S/I)=22Db
Or

15.(b)(ii) Explain in detail about optimum receiver structure for non coherent detection.
(8) [Nov/Dec 2011]

When the carrier phase is completely unknown, and differential detection is not an option, then
noncoherent detection can be used. For equal-energy signals, the detector tries to maximize the
metric:


29

An actual realization, where r(t) is a bandpass signal, will in each branch of Figure split the
signal into two subbranches, in which it obtains and processes the I- and Q-branches of the signal
separately; the outputs of the absolute value operation of the I- and Q-branches are then added
up before the select largest operation. In this case, the BER can be computed from Eq. but with
a different definition of the parameters a and b: The optimum performance is achieved in this
case if = 0 i.e., the signals are orthogonal. For the case when || = 1, which occurs for PSK
signals, including BPSK and 4-QAM, the BER becomes 0.5.

Wireless Communication

Загружено:

Сведения о документе

Оригинальное название

Авторское право

Доступные форматы

Поделиться этим документом

Поделиться или встроить документ

Параметры публикации

Этот документ был вам полезен?

Это неприемлемый материал?

Авторское право:

Доступные форматы

Wireless Communication

Загружено:

Авторское право:

Доступные форматы

VII SEMESTER EC 2401 WIRELESS COMMUNICATION

()at both the transmitter and

Вам также может понравиться