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C b ll Di C b ll Di Campbell Diagram Campbell Diagram

Waterfall Plot Waterfall Plot
Spring Semester, 2010
Chong-Won Lee
Center for Noise and Vibration Control
Department of Mechanical Engineering, KAIST
Campbell diagram Campbell diagram
Whirl speed chart (map)
Frequency-speed diagram
Natural frequency-speed map
Damped natural frequency map
Inte fe ence map Interference map
Frequency interference diagram
2
Typical Campbell diagram: Typical Campbell diagram: twin spool engine
300
HP
=
OP

200
100
W
h
i
r
l

S
p
e
e
d
,

H
z
CMF56 J et Engine
LP
=
146( )
HP LP
Hz = +
1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000
Rotational Speed, rpm
0
M. Lalanne and G. Ferraris, Rotordynamic
Predictions in Engineering, John Wiley & Sons, 1990
32 Bladed Fan Vibration 32 Bladed Fan Vibration
3
32 Bladed Fan Vibration 32 Bladed Fan Vibration
Frequency Frequency- -speed diagram by Campbell (1924) speed diagram by Campbell (1924)
Determination of
Critical ( ),
minor ( ) and
3 nodal
diameter mode
minor ( ) , and
sub-minor ( )
resonant speeds
from
forward/backward
traveling wave modes
of rotating disk of rotating disk

4
Frequency Frequency- -speed diagram by Campbell (1924) speed diagram by Campbell (1924)
Steam turbine
disk wheel
Walking into
w/
n nodal diameter
modes
a mine field?
All mines are
dangerous?
Campbell diagram: turbine blade w/ 24 nozzles Campbell diagram: turbine blade w/ 24 nozzles
IV NPF
V NPF VI NPF
7000
6000
z
Not a possibility,
but a realization
II NPF
III NPF
IV NPF
6000
5000
4000
3000
e

N
a
t
u
r
a
l

F
r
e
q
u
e
n
c
y
,

H
z
Coupled Mode II
Coupled Mode III
-40
but a realization
I NPF
0 1000 2000 3000
Rotor Speed, rpm
2000
1000
0
B
l
a
d
e
Coupled Mode I
0 -20
J. S. Rao, Turbomachine Blade
Vibration, John Wiley & Sons, 1991
M. J. Goodwin, Dynamics of Rotor-bearing
Systems, Unwin Hyman Ltd., 1989, p275
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Campbell diagram
exhibits frequency
margins for
Commercial S/W: SwRI Commercial S/W: SwRI
fundamental stair
and flow
distortion
excitations. Rising
frequencies are
caused by
centrifugal
stiffening;
d di
Thi i
descending
frequencies are
caused by rising
temperature.
This is a
Campbell
diagram.
But too many
possible
resonances.
Rotating Circular Plate: Stationary Coordinates


2
2
2
2
2
2
4
2
v v v
f r + + + = ( , , )

2 2
f ( , , )
w
W
b
R
b
t
D
hb
hb
D
s
= = = = , ,
)
, , r D=
Eh
( -

3
2
12 1
4
4

( , , ):dimensionless transverse deflection of
isotropic, homogeneous, uniform in thickness, disk
v r
( , , ) : dimensionless excitation force f r
s
: mass density, h : thickness, E : elastic modulus
: Poisson's ratio, : rotational speed

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Rotating Circular Plate : Stationary Coordinates
[ ]
v r c e c e R r
mn
jm
mn
jm
m n
mn
( , , ) ( ) ( ) ( )
,


= +

1
2
0
( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( ) c jm c m c f
mn mn mn mn mn
+ = 2
2 2 2

f f r e R r rdrd
mn
jm
mn
( ) ( , , ) ( )

=
1
0
2
( ) 0 : forward traveling wave
( ) 0 for : backward traveling wave
F
mn mn
B mn
mn mn
m
m
m

= + >

= < <


: dimensionless ( , ) modal frequency at =0
: complex wave coordinate
: complex wave force
mn
mn
mn
m n
c
f

m

Chladni Figures (1787)
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Wafer Cutting Machine w/o Initial Tension Wafer Cutting Machine w/o Initial Tension
a
t
u
t
a
l

f
r
e
q
u
e
n
c
y
forward
rotational speed,
n
a
backward
flutter instability
Wafer Cutting Maching w/ Initial Tension Wafer Cutting Maching w/ Initial Tension
a
t
u
t
a
l

f
r
e
q
u
e
n
c
y
forward
backward
rotational speed,
n
a
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Waterfall: conventional spectrum
1X 2X
1B,1F
2BF
2X
3X
2BF
Waterfall: Waterfall: directional spectrum directional spectrum
1X 2X
2F
2B
2X
3X
2F
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Three-disks HDD spindle system
Three Three- -disks HDD spindle system disks HDD spindle system
100
(1,0)
100
90
80
70
60
50
40
(3.0)
(2,0)
(rps)
200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600
0
30
20
conical
Frequency (Hz)
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Three Three- -disks HDD spindle system disks HDD spindle system
528 Hz
677 Hz
677 Hz
1st : in-phase unbalanced mode
2nd & 3rd : balanced modes (uncoupled disk
modes)
2239 Hz
3885 Hz
4th : out-of-phase unbalanced mode
5th : bouncing mode
Fan Blade Vibration Fan Blade Vibration
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Campbells vision in 1924 Campbells vision in 1924
One of the most important features in the
design and manufacture of a steam turbine
is the elimination of the possibility of
vibration occurrence at the various natural
frequencies of its disk wheels and buckets.
The protection of steam turbine disk
wheels from axial vibration Trans ASME wheels from axial vibration, Trans. ASME,
1924, p31-160.
Commercial S/W: DSPCon (2) Commercial S/W: DSPCon (2)
This should be called This should be called
order analysis.
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Damped natural frequency map Damped natural frequency map
log/ decrement
speed
nat. freq
Whirl speed map: root loci Whirl speed map: root loci
exc
n =

UNSTABLE
3

UNSTABLE

1 c

2 c

3 c

1 i

F. F. Ehrich (ed.), Handbook of rotordynamics, McGraw-Hill Inc., 1992, Chapter 2.,

Analytic Prediction of Rotordynamic Response by H.D. Nelson and S. H. Crandall.
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true Campbell diagram by SD true Campbell diagram by SD
bearing vibration
This should be called order analysis or waterfall plot.
Rotating Machinery Analyzer
Campbell Diagram Analysis
Commercial S/W: DSPCon Commercial S/W: DSPCon
This should be called
order analysis
Displayed as a traditional
Campbell diagram or color-
intensity spectrogram.
Order lines may be
superimposed.
Maximum response
frequency/RPM is detected,
marked, and annotated.
order analysis.
Maximum spectral response is
plotted as a function of RPM.
The Envelope of Spectral
responses is plotted as a
function of frequency.
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Campbell Diagram
A mathematically constructed diagram used
to check for coincidence of vibration sources
Science and Engineering Encyclopedia Science and Engineering Encyclopedia
This should be called
order analysis.
with natural resonances. The form of the
diagram is like a spectral map, but the
amplitude is represented by a circular or
rectangular plot, the larger the amplitude the
larger the circle or rectangle.
In this particular example, the even
engine orders are plotted from 1E
to 10E and a resonance is seen at
approximately 120Hz. There is a
resonance at 320Hz excited by 4E
and another at approximately and another at approximately
500Hz that is excited by 6E.
If this was a 4 cylinder 4 stroke
engine 2E would equate to the firing
frequency.
In this particular example, the
smallest circle equates to a sound
pressure level of 35dB(A) and the
largest to 65dB(A).
Dirac Delta Consultants Ltd, 2001-2005
This is a
C b ll di Campbell diagram.
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Whats in Campbell diagram? Whats in Campbell diagram?
Missing information
Evaluation of possible
Existing information
Modal frequency Evaluation of possible
resonances in order of
importance
Modal damping
/logarithmic decrement
/stability
Modal frequency
Excitation order lines
Possible resonances
Input-output relation
/gain
Modal response
/modal vector
Whirl speed chart Whirl speed chart (1 quadrant plot)
2F
+1X
F
2B
1B
1F
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3
4
2F
2B
Whirl speed chart Whirl speed chart (2 quadrant plot)
-1
0
1
2
w
h
i
r
l

s
p
e
e
d

Dimentberg
2B
1B
1F
1B
-4 -2 0 2 4
-4
-3
-2
speed
Lee
2B
F. M. Dimentberg F. M. Dimentberg
1950 1978
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DyRoBeS DyRoBeS
http://www.dyrobes.com/index.htm
DyRoBeS DyRoBeS
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Turbine Generator FEM: Turbine Generator FEM: DyRoBeS DyRoBeS