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The document summarizes the Harjavalta Industrial Ecosystem in Finland. It describes how the ecosystem was established around Outokumpu's copper and nickel smelting operations in Harjavalta. The ecosystem now includes 13 firms that exchange byproducts and waste to reduce environmental impact. It has led to greater economic and environmental efficiency through collaboration between companies compared to individual optimization. The history of the industrial area is provided, beginning with the relocation of Outokumpu's copper plant during World War II. Key developments include the startup of flash smelting in 1949 and various other firms over time to utilize waste products.
The document summarizes the Harjavalta Industrial Ecosystem in Finland. It describes how the ecosystem was established around Outokumpu's copper and nickel smelting operations in Harjavalta. The ecosystem now includes 13 firms that exchange byproducts and waste to reduce environmental impact. It has led to greater economic and environmental efficiency through collaboration between companies compared to individual optimization. The history of the industrial area is provided, beginning with the relocation of Outokumpu's copper plant during World War II. Key developments include the startup of flash smelting in 1949 and various other firms over time to utilize waste products.
The document summarizes the Harjavalta Industrial Ecosystem in Finland. It describes how the ecosystem was established around Outokumpu's copper and nickel smelting operations in Harjavalta. The ecosystem now includes 13 firms that exchange byproducts and waste to reduce environmental impact. It has led to greater economic and environmental efficiency through collaboration between companies compared to individual optimization. The history of the industrial area is provided, beginning with the relocation of Outokumpu's copper plant during World War II. Key developments include the startup of flash smelting in 1949 and various other firms over time to utilize waste products.
Jyrki Heino 1 and Tuomo Koskenkari 2 University of Oulu, Department of Process and Environmental Engineering 1 Laboratory of process Metallurgy 2 Industrial Environmental Engineering
1 Introduction It is not difficult to find evidence that human activities are beginning to overrun the resources of the planet. The industrial processes that have benefited society are also among the sources of the problems. It is clear that "business as usual" is not an option that industry can maintain for long. (J elinski et al.)
Industrial ecology is the multidisciplinary study of industrial and economic systems and their linkages with fundamental natural systems. Natural ecosystems do not generate waste since the wastes produced by one organism form the food source for another. Hypothetically, in a completely efficient economy functioning in harmony with ecosystems, there would be no waste.
Industrial ecosystems refer to situations in which a number of different companies, usually in close proximity to each other, exchange variety waste outputs. It emphasizes the establishment of public policies, technologies and managerial systems, which facilitate and promote production in a more co-operative manner. Technologies and processes that maximize economic and environmental efficiency are referred to as eco-efficienct (Peck 2000).
The establishment of 'industrial ecosystems,' however, is a relatively new phenomenon. In this presentation Harjavalta industrial ecopark will be introduced (Heino & Koskenkari 2004).
2 Sustainable development and industrial ecosystems How can the concept of sustainable development be made operational in an economically feasible way? Industrial ecology represents precisely one of the paths that could provide real solutions. Industrial ecology emerges at a time when it is becoming increasingly clear that the traditional depollution approach (end-of-pipe) is insufficient. Moreover, approaches such as pollution prevention and cleaner production also have their limits.
Finally, the pollution prevention and cleaner production approaches still think in terms of preventing and reducing wastes, and thus, to a certain extent, share a perspective similar to the end-of-pipe philosophy. By contrast, in certain cases, the industrial ecology approach would even consider increasing the production of a particular "waste", in the absence of a cleaner production viable alternative, if this would allow this "waste" to become a marketable by- product. The point is, therefore, to integrate both end-of-pipe approaches and prevention methods into a broader perspective, to which they should be subordinated. (Erkman 1997)
An eco-industrial park or estate is a community of manufacturing and service businesses located together on a common property. Member businesses seek enhanced environmental, economic, and social performance through collaboration in managing environmental and resource issues. By working together, the community of businesses seeks a collective benefit that is greater than
the sum of individual benefits each company would realize by only optimizing its individual performance (Lowe, et al. 2003). According to Lowe (2003), to be a real eco-industrial park, development must be more than:
A single by-product exchange or network of exchanges; A recycling business cluster; A collection of environmental technology companies; A collection of companies making green products; An industrial park designed around a single environmental theme; A park with environmentally friendly infrastructure or construction; or A mixed-use development (industrial, commercial, and residential).
3 The history of Harjavalta industrial area Outokumpu copper plant in southern Finland was moved from Imatra to Harjavalta because of World War II. After the war, Finland suffered from severe energy shortage. This shortage made the Outokumpu metallurgists and engineers resort to the theory of autogenous smelting, whereby the heat produced by oxidizing metal concentrates is used to maintain the smelting process, and turned that into commercial reality. (Paatela 2002)
The first ever copper flash smelter went into operation in Harjavalta, Finland, in 1949. The technology has since been applied to nickel concentrates. Flash smelting stands as Outokumpus greatest technological achievement. Today, 46 licensees in all five continents evidence its success. The technology is used to produce about 50 % of the worlds primary copper and 30 % of the nickel. (Paatela 2002)
Copper and nickel flash smelters form the heart of the Harjavalta industrial ecopark consist of thirteen different firms. Harjavalta Copper Oy, OMG Harjavalta Nickel Oy, Kemira GrowHow Oy Harjavalta plants and Kemira Oyj Harjavalta, Porin Lmpvoima Oy, Oy AGA Ab, ABB, Amica, Engel, SOL, Skkivline, Lassila & Tikanoja ja Valtasiirto. Table 1 presents the most important milestones of the Harjavalta industarial area (Heino & Koskenkari s. 9)
Table 1. The history of Harjavalta industrial area (Heino & Koskenkari). 1944 Outokumpu copper factory is moved from Imatra to Harjavalta. 1945 The start up of the Outokumpu copper factory 1947 The start up of the Kemira sulfuric acid plant 1949 Outokumpu copper flash smelter goes into operation 1959 Outokumpu nickel flash smelter goes into operation 1960 Outokumpu nickel cathodes production starts 1971 The start up of the oxygen plant 1995 The AGA hydrogen plant start-up 1995 The direct Outokumpu nickel process (DON) 2000 OMG Harjavalta Nickel Oy is founded 2000 Porin Lmpvoima Oy starts the energy production 2002 OMG Harjavalta Nickel Oy starts the nickel chemical production 2004 New Boliden buys the copper and nickel smelters 2004 Harjavalta Copper Oy is founded
4 The Harjavalta industrial area The area of the Harjavalta Industrial Ecopark is almost 300 hectares. In this locale, over 1000 employees are employed. As well as the main firms in the area, there are also over 100 subcontractors functioning. In this section, the five process industry firms, Harjavalta Copper Oy, OMG Harjavalta Nickel Oy, Kemira, Porin lmpvoimala Oy Harjavalta unit and Oy AGA Ab Harjavalta unit, are introduced.
4.1 Harjavalta Copper copper and nickel flash smelters Outokumpu flash smelting is a pyrometallurgical process for smelting copper sulphide concentrates (Figure 1) (Riekkola-Vanhanen 1999, s. 16 17).
Figure 1 Harjavalta copper smelter flow sheet (Riekkola-Vanhanen 1999, s. 17) Besides the primary metals of copper and iron, the concentrate aslo includes smaller amounts of different heavy metals (Ni, Zn, Pb, Co, As, Sb, Bi, Ag and Au). In the case of copper, the general concept of process is: fine dry copper sulphide concentrate and quartz sand as flux are blown into a hot hearth furnace with oxygen (industrial), oxygen-enriched air. The products are a Cu- Fe-S matte, SO 2 enriched off-gases, and slag. The main reaction is:
2 CuFeS 2 + 4O 2 Cu 2 S + 2FeO + 3SO 2 (1)
The matte is further processed in a Peirce-Smith converter to obtain the metallic copper. The slag is treated to recover its 2 % copper content. The off-gas contains about 10 - 75 percent by volume SO 2 . Heating needed for smelting is obtained from the exothermic reaction of oxidizing the Fe and S in the feed. The reaction is (Luomala 2002);
[ ] ( ) FeS O FeO SO + = + 3 2 2 2 (2)
The iron forms with quartz fayalite slag:
2 2 2 FeO SiO FeO SiO + = 2 (3)
The SO 2 is recovered and treated to make either SO 2 or H 2 SO 4 . The recovery of by-products and recycling of dust and wastewater have an important effect on the environment, because dusts and wastewater contain quite a lot of heavy metals.
The Harjavalta Copper DON process eliminates the converting stage altogether and thus greatly simplifies the nickel process. High-grade matte is produced using only the flash smelting furnace and electric furnace without Peirce-Smith converters. The SO 2 is recovered and treated in the same sulphuric acid plant as is the gas from copper smelter. The elimination of converters reduces the investment, operating and maintenance costs significantly. The nickel flash smelting flow sheet is shown in Figure 2.
Figure 2 The nickel flash smelting flow sheet. 4.2 OMG Harjavalta Nickel Oy The high-grade matte is leached, other metals are separated from the solution, and the remaining nickel solution is treated to produce both nickel powder and cathode nickel by electro winning. The nickel production hydrometallurgical process flow sheet is shown in Figure 3 (Pkknen & Mattelmki 1996)
4.3 Pori Lmpvoima Oy Harjavalta unit Pori Lmpvoima Oy utilizes the heat of the exothermic copper and nickel flash smelting process. The energy is captured by the waste heat boilers as is shown in Figures 1 and 2. The reaction heats formed in the sulphuric acid plant through the reactions 4 and 5 is also utilized by Porin Lmpvoima Oy (Heino 2002):
SO 2 +0,5 O 2 SO 3 H =-99,0 kJ /mol (4) SO 3 (g) +H 2 O(l) H 2 SO 4 (l) H =-132,5 kJ /mol (5)
Figure 3 The nickel production hydrometallurgical process flow sheet (Pkknen & Mattelmki 1996).
4.4 Oy AGA Ab Harjavalta Unit The Oy Aga Ab Harjavalta unit manufactures oxygen, nitrogen and argon by air distillation. The hydrogen is made from industrial gasoline. The oxygen, nitrogen, argon and hydrogen are used in the manufacturing of copper and nickel at Harjavalt Copper and OMG Harjavalta Nickel. Parts of the products are used by the other plants outside of industrial area.
4.5 Kemira Harjavalta unit The main product of the Kemira Harjavalta unit is aluminium sulfate made from sulfuric acid and aluminium hydrate (Al(OH) 3 ). The agency of the sulfuric acid and liquid sulfur dioxide is also part of Kemiras business. As well, Kemira manufactures urea phosphate, and different granulated and glasshouse fertilizers. (Heino & Koskenkari 2004, s. 25)
5 The Harjavalta industrial area as an industrial ecosystem This section is based on the enquiry which was directed to the five firms presented in section 4, and to city of Harjavalta. (Heino & Koskenkari 2004)
The most important advantages of the integration to the firms were environmental and recycling advantages, image factors and marketing, and logistic advantages. The network and the better co-operation has also been a very positive development factor. As well, safety actions improved because of the co-operation (Heino & Koskenkari 2004, s. 25)
For the city of Harjavalta, the most important advantages of the industrial area are employment, international dimension, intellectual capital and image because of the famous firms located there. (Heino & Koskenkari 2004, s. 25)
The material and energy change between the firms is shown in Figure 4 (Heino & Koskenkari 2004, s. 31). Extra energy of the processes is utilized as electricity, high temperature steam or heating energy by the process plants or by the city of Harjavalta, which utilizes the energy in district heating.
When considering the Harjavalta industrial area as an industrial ecosystem, we take into consideration the ecosystem principles roundput, diversity, locality and gradual change, which are summarized in Table 2 (Korhonen 2001). Three of the four principles of Korhonen are fullfilled in the Harjavalta Industrial Ecosystem. There are also plans and research work going on to improve friendliness to the environment. (The grounds for this argumentation are better expressed in the oral part of this presentation).
Table 2 Ecosystem principles in industrial ecosystems (Korhonen 2001). Ecosystem Industrial system Roundput Recycling of matter Cascading energy Roundput Recycling of mater Cascading energy Diversity Biodiversity
Diversity Diversity in actors, interdependency and cooperation Diversity in species and organism Diversity and independency in co-operation Diversity in industrial in put, output Locality Utilizing local resources Respecting local natural limiting factors Local independency, co-operation Locality Utilizing local resources, wastes Respecting local natural limiting factors Co-operation between local actors Gradual change Evolution using solar energy Evolution through reproduction Gradual change Using waste material and energy, renewable resources Gradual development of the system diversity Cyclical time, seasonal time Slow time rates in the development of system diversity
Figure 4 The material and energy change between the firms in Harjavalta industrial area (Heino & Koskenkari 2004, s. 31). References Erkman, S. Industrial Ecology: A Historical View. Geneva 1997. Preprint, to appear in J ournal of Cleaner Production. 16 s. Heino, J . Kuparin ja nikkelin valmistuksen ympristasiat ja kierrtys. In: Heikkinen, E.-P. & Heino, J . Metallurgin hyv tiet: Vrimetallien valmistus. Oulu 2002. Oulun yliopisto, s. 30 - 37. Heino, J . & Koskenkari, T. Harjavallan Suurteollisuuspuisto Teollisena ekosysteemin. Oulu 2004. Oulun yliopisto. 44 s. J elinski, l.W., Graedel, T.E., Laudise, R.A., Mccall, D.W. & Patel, C. K. N. Industrial Ecology: Concepts and Approaches. AT&t BEEL Laboratories. Murray Hill, NJ 07974. Korhonen, J . Four ecosystem principles for an industrial ecosystem. J ournal of Cleaner Production 9(2001), s. 253 259. Lowe, E. Introduction to Eco-Industrial Parks and Networks. <URL:http://www.indigodev. com/>8.9.2003. Lowe E., Moran S., & Holmes D. Eco-Industrial Parks. <URL:http://www. indigodev.com/ Ecoparks.html>13.10.2003 Luomala, M. Kuparin liekkisulatusmenetelm ja metallisen kuparin elektrolyyttinen raffinointi. In: Heikkinen, E.-P. & Heino, J . (toim.) Metallurgin hyv tiet: Vrimetallien valmistus. Oulu 2002. Oulun yliopisto, s. 6 18. Paatela, E. Outokumpu Flash Smelting Process received ASM Historical Landmark Award. Helsinki 2002. <URL:http://www.outokumpu.com/>31.05.2004 Peck, S. W. From theory to practice. <http://www.eciad.bc.ca/newcity/ Pages/industrial_ecology.html.>20.5.2000. Pkknen, E. & Mattelmki, E. The Direct Outokumpu Nickel Smelting (DON) Process and the Harjavalta Expansion. Nickel 96. 27 29.11.1996, Kalgoorlie. 7 s. Riekkola-Vanhanen, M. Finnish expert report on best available techniques in copper production and by-production of precious metals. Helsinki 1999, Oy Edita Bb. 80 s.
Article reference: Heino J & Koskenkari T. (2004) Industrial Ecology and the metallurgy industry. The Harjavalta industrial ecosystem. In: Pongrcz E. (ed.): Proceedings of the Waste Minimization and Resources Use Optimization Conference. J une 10 th 2004, University of Oulu, Finland. Oulu University Press: Oulu. p.143-151.