(c)2001 American Institute of Aeronautics & Astronautics or Published with Permission of Author(s) and/or Author(s)' Sponsoring Organization.

VIIVIVI
A01-16838
AIAA 2001-1049
Numerical Investigations of Multi
Turbulent Jets in a Cross Flow
T. Ohanian and H.R. Rahai
California State University, Long Beach
Long Beach, California 90840.
39th AIAA Aerospace Sciences
Meeting & Exhibit
8-11 January 2001 / Reno, NV
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(c)2001 American Institute of Aeronautics & Astronautics or Published with Permission of Author(s) and/or Author(s)' Sponsoring Organization.
AIAA 2001-1049
NUMERICAL INVESTIGATIONS OF MUTI TURBULENT JETS IN A CROSS-FLOW
T. Ohanian* and H.R. Rahai+
Mechanical Engineering Department
California State University, Long Beach
Long Beach, Ca. 90840.
Abstract
Numerical Investigations of two turbulent planer jets
in a cross flow are performed. The investigations are
performed for the jets velocity ratios of 0.5 , 1.0, and 2.0
and jets spacing of d, 2d, and 3d. Here d is the jet
diameter. Results show that the jets coupling disappear
when the jets spacing is 3d. For Jets spacing of d and
2d, increasing the exhaust momentum of downstream jet
above the free stream and upstream jet velocities,
increases the throw distance in the cross flow beyond
the wall boundary layer thickness, before it is tilted in
the direction of the free stream flow. There is an
increase in the turbulent kinetic energy due to the jets
coupling, which should enhance the mixing and
diffusion processes.
1. Introduction
Many engineering applications involve jets in cross
flows. These applications include smokestack pollution
dispersion, film cooling of gas turbines, and vertical
impinging jets in V/STOL aircrafts. Details of flow
characteristics of a jet in cross flow depend on many
parameters with the most significant being the ratio of
jet to cross flow momentum. Gregoric et al (1 982)
performed experimental investigations of merging
buoyant turbulent jets in a cross flow. For their
experiments, salt-water jets were discharged into a
stagnant water in a tow tank as they were towed at
different speeds. Their experiments included different
number of ports ranging from 1 to 7. The ports were
placed in a row. The ratios of jet to free stream velocity
were 0.2, 0.5 and 1.0. The experiments are also
performed for three different orientation angles (the
angle between the cross flow and line connecting the
ports) of 0, 45 and 90 degrees. They used flow
visualization and recorded images to analyze the flow
field.
Their results show that as the number of the ports
increases, the amount of entrainment decreases. When
the orientation angle is at 0 degree, a vortex pair is
formed at the jet discharge and is effective in increasing
the entrainment of the ambient fluid. At 45 degrees
orientation angle, the jets are rolled in space along the X
axis and have the lowest entrainment. At 90 degrees
orientation angle, the vortex pair is formed only at the
lower velocity ratios. For 90 degrees orientation angle,
they offered correlations for the jet trajectory and
normalized area.
Andreopoulos (1 982) performed measurements of
velocity fluctuation statistics in the jet-pipe of a jet in a
cross flow conditions for ratios of jet-pipe to cross flow
velocity of 0.25 to 3. His results show that when
velocity ratios are small, strong streamline curvature
affect turbulence activities at the jet exit plane.
However, for large velocity ratios, the pipe flow is
weakly affected by the cross flow. These studies were
extended by Andreopoulos and Rodi (1 984) where they
studied a single round planer jet in the cross flow at
three different velocity ratios of 0.5 , 1 .0, and 2.0. Their
results show that when the velocity ratio is 0.5 , the jet is
dominated by the boundary layer and does not have
enough momentum to penetrate beyond the boundary
layer into the cross flow. However, as the momentum
flux ratio increases, the jet momentum becomes strong
enough to penetrate the boundary layer and into the
cross flow and then it is deflected by the free stream
flow. For large velocity ratios, they also found existence
of two counter rotating vortices within the jet.
Sterland and Hollingsworth (1 975 ) performed
experimental study of multiple square jets directed
normal to the cross flow for different jet spacing to
diameter ratios. Their results show that when the jet
spacing to diameter ratio is one, the jets have the highest
penetration into the cross flow. As this ratio increases,
the jet penetrations are reduced due to entrainment of
free stream fluid in the jet, resulting in increased jets
deflections. Similar trends are found by Ligrani et al
(1 994a).
Comparisons between experimental results for a
round jet in a cross flow with corresponding results for a
square jet are made by Quinn and Militzer (1 988) and
* Graduate Student
t Professor, corresponding author
(c)2001 American Institute of Aeronautics & Astronautics or Published with Permission of Author(s) and/or Author(s)' Sponsoring Organization.
Quinn (1 992), under similar upstream and exit
conditions. Their results show that in the near flow field,
the rate of spreading of the square jet is higher than the
corresponding value for the round jet, which indicates
higher rate of entrainment of the surrounding air into the
square jet. Similar results are found by Haven and
Kurosaka(1 997).
Huang et al (1 991 ) performed experimental
investigation of a heated round jet injected into a cross
flow from an elevated source in the form of a circular
tube. Their results show generation of a counter rotating
vortices at the downstream location of the jet at
approximately one initial diameter and the existence of a
quasi-periodic Karman-like coherent structure in the
wake of the jet.
Kelso et al (1 996) performed experimental
investigation of a round jet in cross flow using flow
visualization techniques and flying hot wire
measurements. In their study, the ratios of jet to free
stream velocity were 2.0 to 6.0. Their results show that
the jets in cross flow contain many interdependent
vortex systems. They discussed the importance and
contributions of the separation inside the pipe, the
vortex rings in the jet shear layer and vorticity from the
flat wall to the counter rotating vortex pair appeared
downstream of the jet These results are presented as a
function of momentum flux ratio and jet Reynolds
number.
Smith and Mungal (1998) performed experimental
investigations of mixing of a round jet normal to a
uniform cross flow, for a range of jet to free stream
velocity ratios, r, of 5 to 25 . Their results suggest that
the trajectory and physical dimension of the jet both in
the near and far fields are related to rd scaling. Here d is
the jet exit diameter. Taking S as the downstream
distance, it is shown that for all momentum flux ratios,
the jet initial decay is proportional to S~
1
'
3
, when
concentration decay is plotted against SI r d . However,
at a location corresponding to S/r
2
d=Q.3, the
concentration decay for each jet branches out and they
slow down and reach a decay rate proportional to
S . They indicate that these results are valid for
r=1 0 to 25 and not valid for r=5 where wall effects
become important.
He et al (1999) performed numerical investigation
of the effect of Schmidt number on turbulent scalar
mixing in a jet in cross flow, using Reynolds averaged
Navier Stokes equations with the standard k 8
turbulence model. Their results show that when the
ratios of jet-to cross flow momentum are small, the
turbulent Schmidt number has a significant effect on the
prediction of species spreading rate. They found best
agreement with corresponding experimental data when
turbulent Schmidt number is equal 0.2.
2. Computational Method
All numerical analyses are performed using the
COMPACT 3D program. The COPMACT program is a
general-purpose program for calculating fluid flow, heat
and mass transfer, chemical reactions, turbulence, and
related processes. It can be used with Cartesian and
cylindrical coordinate systems. In addition, by blocking
out parts of the computational domain, it is also possible
to represent irregular geometries.
The computational grid (X Y Z) for the present
investigations are either 5 0x1 0x1 5 or 1 00X20X30.
Thwo round planer jets of 0.5 units in diameter are
placed on the bottom surface of the computational
domain at the mid section, in the streamwise direction.
The investigations are performed for the jets spacing of
d, 2d, and 3d and jets to free stream velocity ratios,
Rj = Uj IU^ of 0.5 , 1.0, and 2.0. The temperatures
of the jets are set at 80 units and the free stream
temperature is at 30 units. The analyses are performed
based on these dimensionless units. The standard k
turbulence model was used for all the calculations.
3. Results and Discussions
Figures 1 .0-1 .2 show axial and transverse mean
velocities, mean temperature and turbulent kinetic
energy (TKE) for a single jet in a cross flow at a
constant free stream mean velocity of 1 .0 unit and jet
mean velocities of 0.5 , 1 .0 and 2.0. These units are
chosen for qualitative purposes; to investigate the effects
of changing jet momentum on its development in the
cross flow condition. As these results show, with
increase in the jet momentum, the rate of entrainment is
increased with a decrease in the turbulent kinetic energy.
The regions of high turbulent kinetic energy are
confined to the wall boundary layer near the jet outlet.
These results are similar to the previous investigations
of a round turbulent planer jet in a cross flow condition.
Figures 2.0-2.3 show variation of the axial and
transverse mean velocities, the mean temperature and
the TKE for two jets in a cross flow along the mid axial
plane, with jets spacing, dX,=d. When Rl and R2 are
0.5 , the jets are coupled and the region of low axial
velocity is increased near the surface. There are
increases in the regions of low transverse velocity and
high temperature and TKE near the jets planer surface.
The coupled jets do not have enough momentum to
penetrate outside the surface boundary layer.
(c)2001 American Institute of Aeronautics & Astronautics or Published with Permission of Author(s) and/or Author(s)' Sponsoring Organization.
When Rl=l and R2=0.5 , results are similar with the
coupled jet having a higher throw distance before it is
tilted in the streamwise direction. The coupled jet is still
bounded by the surface boundary layer.
When Rl=2 and R2=0.5 , there is a significant
increase in the throw distance of the coupled jet which
penetrate beyond the surface boundary before it is tilted
toward streamwise direction. There is a small region of
low transverse velocity and large regions of high
temperature and high TKE in the vertical direction. The
regions of high temperature and high TKE are reduced
in the downstream direction due to increased
entrainment and mixing between the free stream velocity
and the coupled jet. Similar results are seen when Rl=2
and R2=l with the noted effects being more
pronounced.
Figures 3.0-3.3 results for the two jets in a cross
flow with dX=2d. When Rl and R2 are 0.5 , region of
low axial velocity is near the surface and the results for
the transverse velocity show two small high velocity
regions near the surface. Similar to the corresponding
results when dX=d, the regions of high temperature and
high TKE are close to the surface with higher spreads in
the axial direction. When Rl =l and R2=0.5 , the region
of low axial velocity for the downstream jet is less than
the corresponding region for the upstream jet. Results
for the transverse velocity show decrease in the
transverse velocity for the downstream jet and increase
in the transverse velocity for the upstream jet near the
surface. The results for the temperature field show
regions of high temperature near the surface with
gradual cooling in the downstream direction.
There is a significant reduction in the TKE with a
small high TKE region associated with the downstream
jet
When Rl=2 and R2=0.5 , results for the axial mean
velocity show penetration of the coupled jet beyond the
surface boundary, before it is tilted in the streamwise
direction. The transverse velocity field does not show
two separate regions of high velocity, but only one,
which is extended in the vertical direction.
The results for the mean temperature show two
regions of high temperature, which are joining outside
the surface boundary layer. The high temperature region
for the downstream jet is less than the corresponding
region for the upstream jet, indicating the cooling effect
the upstream jet has on the downstream jet.
The results for the TKE show an expanded region
of high temperature beyond the surface boundary layer.
The high temperature region is declined in the
downstream direction due to the high entrainments of
the free stream fluid.
When Rl=2 and R2=l, results are similar to the
case when Rl =2 and R2=0.5 , with expansions of
regions of low axial velocity, high transverse velocity,
high mean temperature, and high TKE.
Figures 4.0-4.3 show variation of the axial and
transverse velocities, the mean temperature and the TKE
for the jets when dX=3d. When Rl and R2 are 0.5 ,
similar to the previous corresponding results, the regions
of low axial velocity, high transverse velocity, high
mean temperature and high TKE are located near the
surface boundary. The jets are not coupled. While the
two regions of low axial velocity are joined near the
surface due to the entrainments of the jets in the axial
direction, however, other results show clearly the
presence of two separate jets. There are two regions of
nearly identical high transverse velocity, two regions of
high temperature where the region for the upstream jet is
less than the region for the downstream jet due to the
higher cooling effect that the upstream jet is
experiencing, and two regions of relatively high TKE
with expanded region for the upstream jet.
When Rl =l and R2=0.5 , similar results are seen as
the previous case, except the regions for low axial
velocity, high transverse velocity and high TKE are
reduced significantly. There is an increase in the jets
throw distances, but they are still mostly within the
surface boundary.
When Rl =2 and R2=0.5 , the regions for the
upstream jet dominate the flow field. There is a
significant increase in its throw distance, before it is
tilted in the axial direction. The regions of high
transverse velocity and high TKE are associated with
the upstream jet. The temperature field shows two
regions of high temperature, with the expanded region
for the upstream jet.
When Rl=2 and R2=l, results are similar to the
case when Rl=2 and R2=0.5 , except that there are
expanded regions of low axial velocity, and high
temperature for the downstream jet. There are no
significant increases in the transverse velocity and the
TKE for the downstream jet.
4. Conclusions
Numerical investigations of two round planer jets
placed in a cross flow are performed. The ratios of the
jet to free stream velocities, Rj, are 0.5 , 1.0, and 2.0,
and the streamwise spacing between the jets, dX, are d,
2d, and 3d. Results show that when Rl and R2 are
0.5 , for dX=d and 2d, the jets are coupled but mostly
bounded by the surface boundary and the regions of
high temperature, high transverse velocity, and high
(c)2001 American Institute of Aeronautics & Astronautics or Published with Permission of Author(s) and/or Author(s)' Sponsoring Organization.
TKE are near the surface boundary. When dX=3d, the
jets are not coupled and there are two separate
interaction regions with the mixing of the two jets are
performed in the downstream direction. The upstream
jet has higher TKE and lower temperature regions than
the downstream jet.
Increasing the momentum of the jets, increases the
corresponding throw distances, and depending on dX
spacing, the jets may either coupled above the surface
boundary and then diffuse in the downstream direction
or they may tilt in the streamwise direction and then
coupled in the downstream direction. Depending of the
Rj values, the regions of high TKE , high transverse
velocity or high temperature may be near the upstream
or the downstream jet.
The overall results show that the diffusion process
is enhanced when the jets momentums are high enough
to allow them to break through the surface boundary,
before they are tilted in the streamwise direction.
5. References
Anderopoulos, J, 1982, "Measurements in a Jet-
Pipe Flow Issuing Perpendically Into a Cross Stream,"
ASME J. of Fluids Engineering, Vol. 104, pp. 493-499.
Anderopoulos, J., and Rodi, W., 1984,
"Experimental Investigation of Jets in a Crossflow," J.
of Fluid mechanics, Vol. 138, pp. 92-127.
Briggs, G.A. "Plume Rise from Multiple Sources,"
Atmospheric Turbulence and Diffusion Laboratory
Contribution No. 91 (1 974).
Broadwell, J.E. and Breidenthal, R.E., 1984,
Structure and Mixing of a Transverse jet in
incompressible Flow," J. Fluid mech., 148, 405 -41 2.
Gregoric, M, L.R. Davis, and D.J, Bushnell. "An
Experimental Investigation of Merging Buoyant Jets in a
Crossflow", Journal of Heat Transfer, Transactions of
ASME 1 04:236-40(1 982).
Haven, B., Kurosaka, M., 1997, "Kidney and Anti-
Kidney Vorticies in Crossflow jets," J. Fluid Mechanics,
Vol. 35 2, pp. 27-64.
He, G., Guo, Y., and Hsu, A, 1999, "The Effect of
Schmidt Number on Turbulent Scalar Mixing in a Jet-in-
Crossflow," International J. of Heat and Mass Transfer,
Vol. 42, pp. 3727-3738.
Huang, Z., Low, M.S., Kawall, J.G., and Keffer,
J.F., "Structural Feature of a Heated Round Turbulent
Jet in a Cross Flow," Paper No. 25 -1 , Proceeding of the
Eight Symposium on Turbulent Shear Flows,
September 9-1 1 , 1991, Munich, Germany.
Kelso, R.M., Lim, T.T., and perry, A.E, 1996, "An
Experimental Study of Round Jets in Cross-Flow," J. of
Fluid Mechanics, Vol. 306, pp. 1 1 1 -1 44.
Ligrani, P.M., Wigle, J.M., and Jackson, S.W.,
1 994a,"Film-Cooling Holes with Compound Angle
Orientations:Part 2-Results Downstream of a Single
Row of Holes with 6d spanwise spacing," ASME J.
Heat Transfer, Vol. 1 1 6, pp. 35 3-362.
Quinn, W., and Militzer, J., 1988, "Experimental
and Numerical Study of a Turbulent Free Square Jet,"
Physics of Fluids, Vol. 31 , No. 5 , pp. 1 01 7-1 025 .
Quinn, W., 1 992, "Streamwise Evolution of a
Square jet Cross Section," AIAA Journal, Vol. 30, No.
1 2, pp. 285 2-285 7.
Smith, S. and Mungal, M.G., 1 998, "Mixing,
Structure and Scaling of the Jet in Crossflow," J. of
Fluid Mechanics, Vol. 35 7, pp. 83-1 22.
Sterland, P.R., and Hollingsworth, M.A., 1975, "An
Experimental Study of Multiple jets Directed Normal to
a Crossflow," Journal of Mechanical Engineering
Science, Vol. 1 7, No. 3, pp. 1 1 7-1 24.
(c)2001 American Institute of Aeronautics & Astronautics or Published with Permission of Author(s) and/or Author(s)' Sponsoring Organization.
^iSiiii^^^
Figure !* I. A. jet m a cross flow, Ri=L0
IA A-sisgle jei IB a f oss l@w,
:
RI^O.5
liii^^
(c)2001 American Institute of Aeronautics & Astronautics or Published with Permission of Author(s) and/or Author(s)' Sponsoring Organization.
gure 2X Two jets in a cross Sow. R
jets IB a. cross flow.
and dX=d.
6
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Figure 3.0. Two jets in a cross flow. Rl=05 ,
R2=0.5, and dX=2d.
Figure 2.3. Two jets in a cross flow. R 1=2.0
R2=1 .0,anddX=d.
Figure 3.1 . Two jets in a cross flow. R 1=1.0,
R2=0.5, and dX=2d.
(c)2001 American Institute of Aeronautics & Astronautics or Published with Permission of Author(s) and/or Author(s)' Sponsoring Organization.
ill
Figure 4.0. Two jets in a cross flow.
O.S, and dX=3d.
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Figure 4.L Two jets IB a cross flow. R1 =L0,
Figure 4.2. Two jets in a cross 'flow
Figure 4.3. Two jets in a cross flow. R 1=2.0,
R2=1. 0, anddX=3d,