logo1

Specifying Subsets Empty Set Intersection Complement Model

The Axiom of Specication
Bernd Schr oder
Bernd Schr oder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
The Axiom of Specication
logo1
Specifying Subsets Empty Set Intersection Complement Model
The Axiom of Specication
If S is a set and p() is an open sentence for the elements of S,
then the collection of all elements x S that satisfy p(x) is a set,
too. It is denoted

x S : p(x)

or

x S | p(x)

.
Note how similar the Axiom of Specication is to the third
assumption in Russells Paradox. The only difference is that the
objects must come out of an existing set. (But thats crucial.)
So now we have recaptured the parts of the assumptions in
Russells Paradox that we denitely cannot live without.
Bernd Schr oder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
The Axiom of Specication
logo1
Specifying Subsets Empty Set Intersection Complement Model
The Axiom of Specication
If S is a set and p() is an open sentence for the elements of S,
then the collection of all elements x S that satisfy p(x) is a set,
too.
It is denoted

x S : p(x)

or

x S | p(x)

.
Note how similar the Axiom of Specication is to the third
assumption in Russells Paradox. The only difference is that the
objects must come out of an existing set. (But thats crucial.)
So now we have recaptured the parts of the assumptions in
Russells Paradox that we denitely cannot live without.
Bernd Schr oder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
The Axiom of Specication
logo1
Specifying Subsets Empty Set Intersection Complement Model
The Axiom of Specication
If S is a set and p() is an open sentence for the elements of S,
then the collection of all elements x S that satisfy p(x) is a set,
too. It is denoted

x S : p(x)

or

x S | p(x)

.
Note how similar the Axiom of Specication is to the third
assumption in Russells Paradox. The only difference is that the
objects must come out of an existing set. (But thats crucial.)
So now we have recaptured the parts of the assumptions in
Russells Paradox that we denitely cannot live without.
Bernd Schr oder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
The Axiom of Specication
logo1
Specifying Subsets Empty Set Intersection Complement Model
The Axiom of Specication
If S is a set and p() is an open sentence for the elements of S,
then the collection of all elements x S that satisfy p(x) is a set,
too. It is denoted

x S : p(x)

or

x S | p(x)

.
Note how similar the Axiom of Specication is to the third
assumption in Russells Paradox. The only difference is that the
objects must come out of an existing set. (But thats crucial.)
So now we have recaptured the parts of the assumptions in
Russells Paradox that we denitely cannot live without.
Bernd Schr oder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
The Axiom of Specication
logo1
Specifying Subsets Empty Set Intersection Complement Model
The Axiom of Specication
If S is a set and p() is an open sentence for the elements of S,
then the collection of all elements x S that satisfy p(x) is a set,
too. It is denoted

x S : p(x)

or

x S | p(x)

.
Note how similar the Axiom of Specication is to the third
assumption in Russells Paradox.
The only difference is that the
objects must come out of an existing set. (But thats crucial.)
So now we have recaptured the parts of the assumptions in
Russells Paradox that we denitely cannot live without.
Bernd Schr oder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
The Axiom of Specication
logo1
Specifying Subsets Empty Set Intersection Complement Model
The Axiom of Specication
If S is a set and p() is an open sentence for the elements of S,
then the collection of all elements x S that satisfy p(x) is a set,
too. It is denoted

x S : p(x)

or

x S | p(x)

.
Note how similar the Axiom of Specication is to the third
assumption in Russells Paradox. The only difference is that the
objects must come out of an existing set.
(But thats crucial.)
So now we have recaptured the parts of the assumptions in
Russells Paradox that we denitely cannot live without.
Bernd Schr oder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
The Axiom of Specication
logo1
Specifying Subsets Empty Set Intersection Complement Model
The Axiom of Specication
If S is a set and p() is an open sentence for the elements of S,
then the collection of all elements x S that satisfy p(x) is a set,
too. It is denoted

x S : p(x)

or

x S | p(x)

.
Note how similar the Axiom of Specication is to the third
assumption in Russells Paradox. The only difference is that the
objects must come out of an existing set. (But thats crucial.)
So now we have recaptured the parts of the assumptions in
Russells Paradox that we denitely cannot live without.
Bernd Schr oder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
The Axiom of Specication
logo1
Specifying Subsets Empty Set Intersection Complement Model
The Axiom of Specication
If S is a set and p() is an open sentence for the elements of S,
then the collection of all elements x S that satisfy p(x) is a set,
too. It is denoted

x S : p(x)

or

x S | p(x)

.
Note how similar the Axiom of Specication is to the third
assumption in Russells Paradox. The only difference is that the
objects must come out of an existing set. (But thats crucial.)
So now we have recaptured the parts of the assumptions in
Russells Paradox that we denitely cannot live without.
Bernd Schr oder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
The Axiom of Specication
logo1
Specifying Subsets Empty Set Intersection Complement Model
Proposition. There is a set that contains no elements.
Proof. By our rst axiom, there is a set S.
p(x) =

(x S) (x S)

is an open sentence. By the Axiom of

Specication, A :=

x S : p(x)

x S : (x S) (x S)

is a set. But because p(x) is always false, A has no elements.

The set will be called the empty set, denoted / 0.
Bernd Schr oder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
The Axiom of Specication
logo1
Specifying Subsets Empty Set Intersection Complement Model
Proposition. There is a set that contains no elements.
Proof.
By our rst axiom, there is a set S.
p(x) =

(x S) (x S)

is an open sentence. By the Axiom of

Specication, A :=

x S : p(x)

x S : (x S) (x S)

is a set. But because p(x) is always false, A has no elements.

The set will be called the empty set, denoted / 0.
Bernd Schr oder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
The Axiom of Specication
logo1
Specifying Subsets Empty Set Intersection Complement Model
Proposition. There is a set that contains no elements.
Proof. By our rst axiom, there is a set S.
p(x) =

(x S) (x S)

is an open sentence. By the Axiom of

Specication, A :=

x S : p(x)

x S : (x S) (x S)

is a set. But because p(x) is always false, A has no elements.

The set will be called the empty set, denoted / 0.
Bernd Schr oder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
The Axiom of Specication
logo1
Specifying Subsets Empty Set Intersection Complement Model
Proposition. There is a set that contains no elements.
Proof. By our rst axiom, there is a set S.
p(x) =

(x S) (x S)

is an open sentence.
By the Axiom of
Specication, A :=

x S : p(x)

x S : (x S) (x S)

is a set. But because p(x) is always false, A has no elements.

The set will be called the empty set, denoted / 0.
Bernd Schr oder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
The Axiom of Specication
logo1
Specifying Subsets Empty Set Intersection Complement Model
Proposition. There is a set that contains no elements.
Proof. By our rst axiom, there is a set S.
p(x) =

(x S) (x S)

is an open sentence. By the Axiom of

Specication, A :=

x S : p(x)

x S : (x S) (x S)

is a set.
But because p(x) is always false, A has no elements.
The set will be called the empty set, denoted / 0.
Bernd Schr oder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
The Axiom of Specication
logo1
Specifying Subsets Empty Set Intersection Complement Model
Proposition. There is a set that contains no elements.
Proof. By our rst axiom, there is a set S.
p(x) =

(x S) (x S)

is an open sentence. By the Axiom of

Specication, A :=

x S : p(x)

x S : (x S) (x S)

is a set. But because p(x) is always false, A has no elements.

The set will be called the empty set, denoted / 0.
Bernd Schr oder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
The Axiom of Specication
logo1
Specifying Subsets Empty Set Intersection Complement Model
Proposition. There is a set that contains no elements.
Proof. By our rst axiom, there is a set S.
p(x) =

(x S) (x S)

is an open sentence. By the Axiom of

Specication, A :=

x S : p(x)

x S : (x S) (x S)

is a set. But because p(x) is always false, A has no elements.

The set will be called the empty set, denoted / 0.
Bernd Schr oder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
The Axiom of Specication
logo1
Specifying Subsets Empty Set Intersection Complement Model
Proposition. There is a set that contains no elements.
Proof. By our rst axiom, there is a set S.
p(x) =

(x S) (x S)

is an open sentence. By the Axiom of

Specication, A :=

x S : p(x)

x S : (x S) (x S)

is a set. But because p(x) is always false, A has no elements.

The set will be called the empty set, denoted / 0.
Bernd Schr oder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
The Axiom of Specication
logo1
Specifying Subsets Empty Set Intersection Complement Model
Proposition. Let C be a nonempty family of sets. Then there is
a set I so that an object x is an element of I iff for all C C we
have x C.
Proof. C C : x C is an open sentence. Let C
0
C. By the
Axiom of Specication I :=

x C
0
: [C C : x C]

is a
set. The elements of I are all the objects that are in all sets
C C.
Denition. Let C be a family of sets. The set of elements x so
that x C for all C C is called the intersection of C. The
intersection of the family C is denoted

C. The intersection of
two sets A and B will also be denoted AB.
Bernd Schr oder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
The Axiom of Specication
logo1
Specifying Subsets Empty Set Intersection Complement Model
Proposition. Let C be a nonempty family of sets. Then there is
a set I so that an object x is an element of I iff for all C C we
have x C.
Proof.
C C : x C is an open sentence. Let C
0
C. By the
Axiom of Specication I :=

x C
0
: [C C : x C]

is a
set. The elements of I are all the objects that are in all sets
C C.
Denition. Let C be a family of sets. The set of elements x so
that x C for all C C is called the intersection of C. The
intersection of the family C is denoted

C. The intersection of
two sets A and B will also be denoted AB.
Bernd Schr oder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
The Axiom of Specication
logo1
Specifying Subsets Empty Set Intersection Complement Model
Proposition. Let C be a nonempty family of sets. Then there is
a set I so that an object x is an element of I iff for all C C we
have x C.
Proof. C C : x C is an open sentence.
Let C
0
C. By the
Axiom of Specication I :=

x C
0
: [C C : x C]

is a
set. The elements of I are all the objects that are in all sets
C C.
Denition. Let C be a family of sets. The set of elements x so
that x C for all C C is called the intersection of C. The
intersection of the family C is denoted

C. The intersection of
two sets A and B will also be denoted AB.
Bernd Schr oder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
The Axiom of Specication
logo1
Specifying Subsets Empty Set Intersection Complement Model
Proposition. Let C be a nonempty family of sets. Then there is
a set I so that an object x is an element of I iff for all C C we
have x C.
Proof. C C : x C is an open sentence. Let C
0
C.
By the
Axiom of Specication I :=

x C
0
: [C C : x C]

is a
set. The elements of I are all the objects that are in all sets
C C.
Denition. Let C be a family of sets. The set of elements x so
that x C for all C C is called the intersection of C. The
intersection of the family C is denoted

C. The intersection of
two sets A and B will also be denoted AB.
Bernd Schr oder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
The Axiom of Specication
logo1
Specifying Subsets Empty Set Intersection Complement Model
Proposition. Let C be a nonempty family of sets. Then there is
a set I so that an object x is an element of I iff for all C C we
have x C.
Proof. C C : x C is an open sentence. Let C
0
C. By the
Axiom of Specication I :=

x C
0
: [C C : x C]

is a
set.
The elements of I are all the objects that are in all sets
C C.
Denition. Let C be a family of sets. The set of elements x so
that x C for all C C is called the intersection of C. The
intersection of the family C is denoted

C. The intersection of
two sets A and B will also be denoted AB.
Bernd Schr oder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
The Axiom of Specication
logo1
Specifying Subsets Empty Set Intersection Complement Model
Proposition. Let C be a nonempty family of sets. Then there is
a set I so that an object x is an element of I iff for all C C we
have x C.
Proof. C C : x C is an open sentence. Let C
0
C. By the
Axiom of Specication I :=

x C
0
: [C C : x C]

is a
set. The elements of I are all the objects that are in all sets
C C.
Denition. Let C be a family of sets. The set of elements x so
that x C for all C C is called the intersection of C. The
intersection of the family C is denoted

C. The intersection of
two sets A and B will also be denoted AB.
Bernd Schr oder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
The Axiom of Specication
logo1
Specifying Subsets Empty Set Intersection Complement Model
Proposition. Let C be a nonempty family of sets. Then there is
a set I so that an object x is an element of I iff for all C C we
have x C.
Proof. C C : x C is an open sentence. Let C
0
C. By the
Axiom of Specication I :=

x C
0
: [C C : x C]

is a
set. The elements of I are all the objects that are in all sets
C C.
Denition. Let C be a family of sets. The set of elements x so
that x C for all C C is called the intersection of C. The
intersection of the family C is denoted

C. The intersection of
two sets A and B will also be denoted AB.
Bernd Schr oder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
The Axiom of Specication
logo1
Specifying Subsets Empty Set Intersection Complement Model
Proposition. Let C be a nonempty family of sets. Then there is
a set I so that an object x is an element of I iff for all C C we
have x C.
Proof. C C : x C is an open sentence. Let C
0
C. By the
Axiom of Specication I :=

x C
0
: [C C : x C]

is a
set. The elements of I are all the objects that are in all sets
C C.
Denition.
Let C be a family of sets. The set of elements x so
that x C for all C C is called the intersection of C. The
intersection of the family C is denoted

C. The intersection of
two sets A and B will also be denoted AB.
Bernd Schr oder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
The Axiom of Specication
logo1
Specifying Subsets Empty Set Intersection Complement Model
Proposition. Let C be a nonempty family of sets. Then there is
a set I so that an object x is an element of I iff for all C C we
have x C.
Proof. C C : x C is an open sentence. Let C
0
C. By the
Axiom of Specication I :=

x C
0
: [C C : x C]

is a
set. The elements of I are all the objects that are in all sets
C C.
Denition. Let C be a family of sets.
The set of elements x so
that x C for all C C is called the intersection of C. The
intersection of the family C is denoted

C. The intersection of
two sets A and B will also be denoted AB.
Bernd Schr oder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
The Axiom of Specication
logo1
Specifying Subsets Empty Set Intersection Complement Model
Proposition. Let C be a nonempty family of sets. Then there is
a set I so that an object x is an element of I iff for all C C we
have x C.
Proof. C C : x C is an open sentence. Let C
0
C. By the
Axiom of Specication I :=

x C
0
: [C C : x C]

is a
set. The elements of I are all the objects that are in all sets
C C.
Denition. Let C be a family of sets. The set of elements x so
that x C for all C C is called the intersection of C.
The
intersection of the family C is denoted

C. The intersection of
two sets A and B will also be denoted AB.
Bernd Schr oder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
The Axiom of Specication
logo1
Specifying Subsets Empty Set Intersection Complement Model
Proposition. Let C be a nonempty family of sets. Then there is
a set I so that an object x is an element of I iff for all C C we
have x C.
Proof. C C : x C is an open sentence. Let C
0
C. By the
Axiom of Specication I :=

x C
0
: [C C : x C]

is a
set. The elements of I are all the objects that are in all sets
C C.
Denition. Let C be a family of sets. The set of elements x so
that x C for all C C is called the intersection of C. The
intersection of the family C is denoted

C.
The intersection of
two sets A and B will also be denoted AB.
Bernd Schr oder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
The Axiom of Specication
logo1
Specifying Subsets Empty Set Intersection Complement Model
Proposition. Let C be a nonempty family of sets. Then there is
a set I so that an object x is an element of I iff for all C C we
have x C.
Proof. C C : x C is an open sentence. Let C
0
C. By the
Axiom of Specication I :=

x C
0
: [C C : x C]

is a
set. The elements of I are all the objects that are in all sets
C C.
Denition. Let C be a family of sets. The set of elements x so
that x C for all C C is called the intersection of C. The
intersection of the family C is denoted

C. The intersection of
two sets A and B will also be denoted AB.
Bernd Schr oder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
The Axiom of Specication
logo1
Specifying Subsets Empty Set Intersection Complement Model
Visualization With Venn Diagrams
C
1
Bernd Schr oder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
The Axiom of Specication
logo1
Specifying Subsets Empty Set Intersection Complement Model
Visualization With Venn Diagrams
C
1
Bernd Schr oder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
The Axiom of Specication
logo1
Specifying Subsets Empty Set Intersection Complement Model
Visualization With Venn Diagrams
C
1
C
2
Bernd Schr oder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
The Axiom of Specication
logo1
Specifying Subsets Empty Set Intersection Complement Model
Visualization With Venn Diagrams
C
1
C
2
C
1
C
2

Bernd Schr oder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
The Axiom of Specication
logo1
Specifying Subsets Empty Set Intersection Complement Model
Visualization With Venn Diagrams
C
1
C
1
C
2
C
1
C
2

Bernd Schr oder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
The Axiom of Specication
logo1
Specifying Subsets Empty Set Intersection Complement Model
Visualization With Venn Diagrams
C
1
C
1
C
2
C
2
C
1
C
2

Bernd Schr oder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
The Axiom of Specication
logo1
Specifying Subsets Empty Set Intersection Complement Model
Visualization With Venn Diagrams
C
1
C
1
C
2
C
2
C
3
C
1
C
2

Bernd Schr oder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
The Axiom of Specication
logo1
Specifying Subsets Empty Set Intersection Complement Model
Visualization With Venn Diagrams
C
1
C
1
C
2
C
2
C
3
C
1
C
2

{C
1
, C
2
, C
3
}

Bernd Schr oder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
The Axiom of Specication
logo1
Specifying Subsets Empty Set Intersection Complement Model
Proposition.
Let C be a family of sets and let C C. Then

C C.
Proof. We must prove that every element of

C is an element
of C, too. Let x

C be arbitrary but xed. Then x is an

element of every set in C. In particular, x C. Because
x

C was arbitrary, this means that

C C.
Denition. Let C be a family of sets. If

C = / 0, then the
family C is called disjoint.
Bernd Schr oder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
The Axiom of Specication
logo1
Specifying Subsets Empty Set Intersection Complement Model
Proposition. Let C be a family of sets
and let C C. Then

C C.
Proof. We must prove that every element of

C is an element
of C, too. Let x

C be arbitrary but xed. Then x is an

element of every set in C. In particular, x C. Because
x

C was arbitrary, this means that

C C.
Denition. Let C be a family of sets. If

C = / 0, then the
family C is called disjoint.
Bernd Schr oder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
The Axiom of Specication
logo1
Specifying Subsets Empty Set Intersection Complement Model
Proposition. Let C be a family of sets and let C C.
Then

C C.
Proof. We must prove that every element of

C is an element
of C, too. Let x

C be arbitrary but xed. Then x is an

element of every set in C. In particular, x C. Because
x

C was arbitrary, this means that

C C.
Denition. Let C be a family of sets. If

C = / 0, then the
family C is called disjoint.
Bernd Schr oder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
The Axiom of Specication
logo1
Specifying Subsets Empty Set Intersection Complement Model
Proposition. Let C be a family of sets and let C C. Then

C C.
Proof. We must prove that every element of

C is an element
of C, too. Let x

C be arbitrary but xed. Then x is an

element of every set in C. In particular, x C. Because
x

C was arbitrary, this means that

C C.
Denition. Let C be a family of sets. If

C = / 0, then the
family C is called disjoint.
Bernd Schr oder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
The Axiom of Specication
logo1
Specifying Subsets Empty Set Intersection Complement Model
Proposition. Let C be a family of sets and let C C. Then

C C.
Proof.
We must prove that every element of

C is an element
of C, too. Let x

C be arbitrary but xed. Then x is an

element of every set in C. In particular, x C. Because
x

C was arbitrary, this means that

C C.
Denition. Let C be a family of sets. If

C = / 0, then the
family C is called disjoint.
Bernd Schr oder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
The Axiom of Specication
logo1
Specifying Subsets Empty Set Intersection Complement Model
Proposition. Let C be a family of sets and let C C. Then

C C.
Proof. We must prove that every element of

C is an element
of C, too.
Let x

C be arbitrary but xed. Then x is an

element of every set in C. In particular, x C. Because
x

C was arbitrary, this means that

C C.
Denition. Let C be a family of sets. If

C = / 0, then the
family C is called disjoint.
Bernd Schr oder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
The Axiom of Specication
logo1
Specifying Subsets Empty Set Intersection Complement Model
Proposition. Let C be a family of sets and let C C. Then

C C.
Proof. We must prove that every element of

C is an element
of C, too. Let x

C be arbitrary but xed.

Then x is an
element of every set in C. In particular, x C. Because
x

C was arbitrary, this means that

C C.
Denition. Let C be a family of sets. If

C = / 0, then the
family C is called disjoint.
Bernd Schr oder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
The Axiom of Specication
logo1
Specifying Subsets Empty Set Intersection Complement Model
Proposition. Let C be a family of sets and let C C. Then

C C.
Proof. We must prove that every element of

C is an element
of C, too. Let x

C be arbitrary but xed. Then x is an

element of every set in C.
In particular, x C. Because
x

C was arbitrary, this means that

C C.
Denition. Let C be a family of sets. If

C = / 0, then the
family C is called disjoint.
Bernd Schr oder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
The Axiom of Specication
logo1
Specifying Subsets Empty Set Intersection Complement Model
Proposition. Let C be a family of sets and let C C. Then

C C.
Proof. We must prove that every element of

C is an element
of C, too. Let x

C be arbitrary but xed. Then x is an

element of every set in C. In particular, x C.
Because
x

C was arbitrary, this means that

C C.
Denition. Let C be a family of sets. If

C = / 0, then the
family C is called disjoint.
Bernd Schr oder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
The Axiom of Specication
logo1
Specifying Subsets Empty Set Intersection Complement Model
Proposition. Let C be a family of sets and let C C. Then

C C.
Proof. We must prove that every element of

C is an element
of C, too. Let x

C be arbitrary but xed. Then x is an

element of every set in C. In particular, x C. Because
x

C was arbitrary, this means that

C C.
Denition. Let C be a family of sets. If

C = / 0, then the
family C is called disjoint.
Bernd Schr oder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
The Axiom of Specication
logo1
Specifying Subsets Empty Set Intersection Complement Model
Proposition. Let C be a family of sets and let C C. Then

C C.
Proof. We must prove that every element of

C is an element
of C, too. Let x

C be arbitrary but xed. Then x is an

element of every set in C. In particular, x C. Because
x

C was arbitrary, this means that

C C.
Denition. Let C be a family of sets. If

C = / 0, then the
family C is called disjoint.
Bernd Schr oder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
The Axiom of Specication
logo1
Specifying Subsets Empty Set Intersection Complement Model
Proposition. Let C be a family of sets and let C C. Then

C C.
Proof. We must prove that every element of

C is an element
of C, too. Let x

C be arbitrary but xed. Then x is an

element of every set in C. In particular, x C. Because
x

C was arbitrary, this means that

C C.
Denition.
Let C be a family of sets. If

C = / 0, then the
family C is called disjoint.
Bernd Schr oder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
The Axiom of Specication
logo1
Specifying Subsets Empty Set Intersection Complement Model
Proposition. Let C be a family of sets and let C C. Then

C C.
Proof. We must prove that every element of

C is an element
of C, too. Let x

C be arbitrary but xed. Then x is an

element of every set in C. In particular, x C. Because
x

C was arbitrary, this means that

C C.
Denition. Let C be a family of sets.
If

C = / 0, then the
family C is called disjoint.
Bernd Schr oder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
The Axiom of Specication
logo1
Specifying Subsets Empty Set Intersection Complement Model
Proposition. Let C be a family of sets and let C C. Then

C C.
Proof. We must prove that every element of

C is an element
of C, too. Let x

C be arbitrary but xed. Then x is an

element of every set in C. In particular, x C. Because
x

C was arbitrary, this means that

C C.
Denition. Let C be a family of sets. If

C = / 0, then the
family C is called disjoint.
Bernd Schr oder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
The Axiom of Specication
logo1
Specifying Subsets Empty Set Intersection Complement Model
Proposition.
Let A and B be sets. Then there is a set that
contains all elements of A that are not in B.
Proof. The desired set is {x A : x B}.
Denition. Let A and B be sets. The set of elements of A that
are not in B is denoted A\B. This set is called the (relative)
complement of B in A.
Bernd Schr oder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
The Axiom of Specication
logo1
Specifying Subsets Empty Set Intersection Complement Model
Proposition. Let A and B be sets.
Then there is a set that
contains all elements of A that are not in B.
Proof. The desired set is {x A : x B}.
Denition. Let A and B be sets. The set of elements of A that
are not in B is denoted A\B. This set is called the (relative)
complement of B in A.
Bernd Schr oder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
The Axiom of Specication
logo1
Specifying Subsets Empty Set Intersection Complement Model
Proposition. Let A and B be sets. Then there is a set that
contains all elements of A that are not in B.
Proof. The desired set is {x A : x B}.
Denition. Let A and B be sets. The set of elements of A that
are not in B is denoted A\B. This set is called the (relative)
complement of B in A.
Bernd Schr oder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
The Axiom of Specication
logo1
Specifying Subsets Empty Set Intersection Complement Model
Proposition. Let A and B be sets. Then there is a set that
contains all elements of A that are not in B.
Proof.
The desired set is {x A : x B}.
Denition. Let A and B be sets. The set of elements of A that
are not in B is denoted A\B. This set is called the (relative)
complement of B in A.
Bernd Schr oder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
The Axiom of Specication
logo1
Specifying Subsets Empty Set Intersection Complement Model
Proposition. Let A and B be sets. Then there is a set that
contains all elements of A that are not in B.
Proof. The desired set is {x A : x B}.
Denition. Let A and B be sets. The set of elements of A that
are not in B is denoted A\B. This set is called the (relative)
complement of B in A.
Bernd Schr oder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
The Axiom of Specication
logo1
Specifying Subsets Empty Set Intersection Complement Model
Proposition. Let A and B be sets. Then there is a set that
contains all elements of A that are not in B.
Proof. The desired set is {x A : x B}.
Denition. Let A and B be sets. The set of elements of A that
are not in B is denoted A\B. This set is called the (relative)
complement of B in A.
Bernd Schr oder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
The Axiom of Specication
logo1
Specifying Subsets Empty Set Intersection Complement Model
Proposition. Let A and B be sets. Then there is a set that
contains all elements of A that are not in B.
Proof. The desired set is {x A : x B}.
Denition. Let A and B be sets.
The set of elements of A that
are not in B is denoted A\B. This set is called the (relative)
complement of B in A.
Bernd Schr oder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
The Axiom of Specication
logo1
Specifying Subsets Empty Set Intersection Complement Model
Proposition. Let A and B be sets. Then there is a set that
contains all elements of A that are not in B.
Proof. The desired set is {x A : x B}.
Denition. Let A and B be sets. The set of elements of A that
are not in B is denoted A\B.
This set is called the (relative)
complement of B in A.
Bernd Schr oder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
The Axiom of Specication
logo1
Specifying Subsets Empty Set Intersection Complement Model
Proposition. Let A and B be sets. Then there is a set that
contains all elements of A that are not in B.
Proof. The desired set is {x A : x B}.
Denition. Let A and B be sets. The set of elements of A that
are not in B is denoted A\B. This set is called the (relative)
complement of B in A.
Bernd Schr oder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
The Axiom of Specication
logo1
Specifying Subsets Empty Set Intersection Complement Model
Visualization With Venn Diagrams
A A
Bernd Schr oder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
The Axiom of Specication
logo1
Specifying Subsets Empty Set Intersection Complement Model
Visualization With Venn Diagrams
A A
Bernd Schr oder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
The Axiom of Specication
logo1
Specifying Subsets Empty Set Intersection Complement Model
Visualization With Venn Diagrams
A B B A
Bernd Schr oder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
The Axiom of Specication
logo1
Specifying Subsets Empty Set Intersection Complement Model
Visualization With Venn Diagrams
A B B A

A\B
Bernd Schr oder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
The Axiom of Specication
logo1
Specifying Subsets Empty Set Intersection Complement Model
Visualization With Venn Diagrams
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Bernd Schr oder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
The Axiom of Specication
logo1
Specifying Subsets Empty Set Intersection Complement Model
A Model
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Bernd Schr oder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
The Axiom of Specication
logo1
Specifying Subsets Empty Set Intersection Complement Model
A Model
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Bernd Schr oder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
The Axiom of Specication
logo1
Specifying Subsets Empty Set Intersection Complement Model
A Model
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Bernd Schr oder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
The Axiom of Specication
logo1
Specifying Subsets Empty Set Intersection Complement Model
A Model
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Bernd Schr oder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
The Axiom of Specication
logo1
Specifying Subsets Empty Set Intersection Complement Model
A Model
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Bernd Schr oder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
The Axiom of Specication
logo1
Specifying Subsets Empty Set Intersection Complement Model
A Model
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Bernd Schr oder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
The Axiom of Specication
logo1
Specifying Subsets Empty Set Intersection Complement Model
A Model
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Bernd Schr oder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
The Axiom of Specication
logo1
Specifying Subsets Empty Set Intersection Complement Model
A Model
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Bernd Schr oder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
The Axiom of Specication
logo1
Specifying Subsets Empty Set Intersection Complement Model
A Model
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Bernd Schr oder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
The Axiom of Specication
logo1
Specifying Subsets Empty Set Intersection Complement Model
A Model
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,
,
,
,
,
,
,
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Bernd Schr oder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
The Axiom of Specication