Solutions 1.

7-Page 79

Problem 3

Separate the variables and use partial fractions to solve the initial value problems.

) 7 ( 4 x x
dt
dx
= , 11 ) 0 ( = x

Separating variables gives dt
x x
dx
=
) 7 ( 4
. Factoring using partial fractions yields:
dt
x x
dx
dt
x x
dx
28
7
1 1
) 7 ( 28
1
28
1
=

+


Integrating both sides will give x(t).
C
t
C t x
x
e C Note
e C
x
x
e e
C t
x
x
C t x x
dt
x x
dx
=
=

=
+ =

+ =
=

+
+

~
:
~
7
28
7
ln
28 ) 7 ln( ln
28
7
1 1
28
28 7
ln


The initial condition is used to find C
~
.
t
t
t
t
t
e
x
e
x
e
x
e
x
x
or
e
x
x
C
C x
28
28
28
28
28
11
4
11
11 7
11
4
1
7
11
4
1
7
11
4 7
4
11
7
4
11 ~
) 1 (
~
4
11
11 ) 0 (

=
=
=
=

=
= = =

Rearranging and solving for x yields:

t
e
t x
28
4 11
77
) (

=






















Problem 5

The time rate of change of a rabbit population P is proportional to the square root of P.
At time t = 0 (months) the population numbers 100 rabbits and is increasing at the rate of
20 rabbits per month. How many rabbits will there be one year later?

The given information translates into equation form as follows:
P k
dt
dP
=

The initial conditions are used to find k.

2
100 20
=
= =
k
k
dt
dP


Separating variables and integrating will give P(t).
( )
2
2
2
2 / 1
10 ) (
20
2
100 ) 0 (
2
2
2 2
2
+ =
=

= =

+
=
+ =
=

t t P
C
C
P
C t
P
C t P
dt
P
dP



484 ) 12 ( = P













Problem 7

Suppose that when a certain lake is stocked with fish, the birth and death rates and
are both inversely proportional to P . (a) Show that
( )
2
0 2
1
) ( P kt t P + =
where k is a constant. (b) If and after 6 months there are 169 fish in the lake,
how many will there be after 1 year?
100
0
= P

(a) The governing differential equation is P
dt
dP
) ( = (see pg70-71). The statement
that and are both inversely proportional to P translates into equation form as
follows:
P
B
P
A
= = : where A and B are arbitrary constants. The differential equation
now becomes:
P k
dt
dP
P B A
P
dt
dP
P
P
B
P
A
dt
dP
=
=

=
) (
1

where k = A-B.

Separating variables and integrating both sides gives:
2
2 / 1
2 / 1
~
2
2

+ =
+ =
=


C
kt
P
C kt P
kdt dP P

~
C is
0
P because:
2
0
~
) 0 ( C P P = =

Therefore
2
0
2
) (

+ = P
kt
t P

(b) The given information is used to find k (with t in months).
256 100
2
) 12 ( 1
) 12 (
1
100
2
) 6 (
169 ) 6 (
2
2
=

+ =
=

+ = =
P
and
k
k
P



256 ) 12 ( = P
































Problem 11

Consider a population satisfying the logistic equation , where
is the time rate at which births occur and is the rate at which deaths
occur. If the initial population is
) (T P
2
/ bP aP dt dP =
aP B =
2
bP D =
0
) 0 ( P P = , and births per month and deaths per
month are occurring at time t = 0, show that the limiting population is .
0
B
0
D
0
B M =
0 0
/ D P

The differential equation can be rewritten as follows:
) (
) (
2
P bP
dt
dP
bP a P
dt
dP
b
a
=
=


Recall that the logistic equation can be written as ) ( / P M kP dt dP = . Comparing this
form to the above differential equation implies that
b
a
M = . From the given information,
a and b at t = 0 can be found and substituted into the equation for M.
2
0
0
0
0
0
0
P
D
b
P
B
a
=
=

Substitution yields:

0
0 0
D
P B
M =
















Problem 13

Consider a rabbit population P(t) satisfying the logistic equation as in Problem 11. If the
initial population is 240 rabbits and there are 9 births per month and 12 deaths per month
occurring at time t = 0, how many months does it take for P(t) to reach 105% of the
limiting population M?

From the relations in Problem 11, b . The details for
finding P(t) from the logistic equation can be found on pg.72. The result is:
4800 / 1 240 / 12 /
2 2
0 0
= = = = P D k
kMt
e P M P
MP
t P

+
=
) (
) (
0 0
0


From Problem 11, 180
12
) 240 )( 9 (
0
0 0
= = =
D
P B
M . Substituting the known values into the
above equation gives
80 / 3 4800 / 180
60 240
43200
) 240 180 ( 240
) 240 ( 180
) (
t t
e e
t P

=
+
= . The time
when P(t) is 105% of M can now be found.

80 / 3
60 240
43200
) 180 ( 05 . 1 ) (
t
e
t P

= =

Solving for t (in months) gives

22 . 44 = t months