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This experiment measured the gravitational force and final velocity of objects dropped from various heights. A marble and golf ball were each dropped from 1m, 1.5m, and 2m, and their times and velocities were recorded. The gravitational force was calculated to be similar for both objects at each height, around 4.7-4.9 m/s^2. However, the experimental gravitational force values were 50-60% lower than the actual value of 9.8 m/s^2, likely due to air resistance and timing inaccuracies. The final velocities of the objects were also found to be similar. In conclusion, the objects accelerated at nearly the same rate due to gravity alone, as predicted by Newton's second
This experiment measured the gravitational force and final velocity of objects dropped from various heights. A marble and golf ball were each dropped from 1m, 1.5m, and 2m, and their times and velocities were recorded. The gravitational force was calculated to be similar for both objects at each height, around 4.7-4.9 m/s^2. However, the experimental gravitational force values were 50-60% lower than the actual value of 9.8 m/s^2, likely due to air resistance and timing inaccuracies. The final velocities of the objects were also found to be similar. In conclusion, the objects accelerated at nearly the same rate due to gravity alone, as predicted by Newton's second
This experiment measured the gravitational force and final velocity of objects dropped from various heights. A marble and golf ball were each dropped from 1m, 1.5m, and 2m, and their times and velocities were recorded. The gravitational force was calculated to be similar for both objects at each height, around 4.7-4.9 m/s^2. However, the experimental gravitational force values were 50-60% lower than the actual value of 9.8 m/s^2, likely due to air resistance and timing inaccuracies. The final velocities of the objects were also found to be similar. In conclusion, the objects accelerated at nearly the same rate due to gravity alone, as predicted by Newton's second
SN: 8, 18, 20, 42 Cabral, Nolan Ceralde, Keith Bryan Marino, Kristia Nones, Kevin
February 17, 2014
I. Objective: This experiment is being conducted to determine the gravitational force acting on an object and its final velocity when it is being dropped from determined distance (height).
II. Theory: Free fall is described as the motion of an object which is ONLY under the influence of gravity (g) of earth without air resistance. The gravitational force on a body or an object in a state of free fall is uniform and is constant. The direction of the gravitational force accelerates downwards and is directed towards the center of the earth and its value is 32 ft/s 2 or 9.8 m/s 2 or 980 cm/s 2 at sea level.
III. Apparatus:
(1)Golf Ball (1) Marble Meter Stick
Set-up:
Materials: (1) Golf Ball (1) Marble Meter stick Stop watch
Note: This experiment is not limited to any object being trialed. Have enough space where these objects may be dropped.
IV. Procedure After all materials have been gathered, select a member of the group to measure and mark on the wall 1 meter (m), 1.5 m, and 2.0m. Once that has been done, another member will grab one of the trial objects, golf ball or marble, and drop it from a certain height; another member should measure the time of when the object was released to when it hits the ground. Time is measured in seconds. Once data has been gathered record and log into data table.
Note: Initial velocity of an object being dropped is 0 m/s V oy and t o
d y (ht.)
V y and t f
Formulas needed to calculate gravitational force and final velocity Gravity: g Distance: d Time: s Initial Velocity: V oy
Final Velocity: V fy V=d/t g= V fy -V oy / t d = (V oy )(t) + g(t) 2
2gd= (V fy ) 2 (V 0y ) 2 % difference: actual gravity experimental gravity
Actual gravity
V. Data/Results/Computation :
Marble (heavy ball) Distance Time V fy Distance Time V fy Distance Time V fy Trial 1 Trial 2 Trail 3 1.0 m 1.0 m 1.0 m 0.48 s 0.48 s 0.40 s 2.08 m/s 2.08 m/s 2.50 m/s 1.5 m 1.5 m 1.5 m 0.53 s 0.67 s 0.49 s 2.83 m/s 2.23 m/s 3.06 m/s 2.0 m 2.0 m 2.0 m 0.77 s 0.72 s 0.64 s 2.60 m/s 2.78 m/s 3.12 m/s Mean 1.0 m 0.45 s 2.22 m/s 1.5 m 0.56 s 2.68 m/s 2.0 m 0.71 s 2.82 m/s Gravitational Force: at distance of 1.0 m: at distance of 1.5 m: at distance of 2.0 m: g= 2.22 m/s 0 m/s g= 2.68 m/s 0 m/s g= 2.82 m/s 0 m/s 0.45 s 0.56 s 0.71 s g= 4.93 m/s 2 g= 4.78 m/s 2 g= 3.97 m/s 2
Final Velocity: 2(4.93m/s 2 )(1.0m)= V fy 2 -(0) 2 2(4.78 m/s 2 )(1.5m) = V fy 2 -(0) 2 2(3.97 m/s 2 )(2.0m) = V fy 2 -(0) 2
2(4.93m/s 2 )(1.0m)= V fy 2 2(4.78 m/s 2 )(1.5m) = V fy 2 2(3.97 m/s 2 )(2.0m) = V fy 2
3.14 m/s = V fy 3.79 m/s = V fy 3.98 m/s = V fy
% Difference: 9.8 m/s 2 4.93 m/s 2 9.8 m/s 2 4.78 m/s 2 9.8 m/s 2 3.97 m/s 2 9.8 m/s 2 9.8 m/s 2 9.8 m/s 2
% diff. = 0.496 % diff. = 0.512 % diff. = 0.595
Golf ball (light ball) Distance Time V fy Distance Time V fy Distance Time V fy Trial 1 Trial 2 Trail 3 1.0 m 1.0 m 1.0 m 0.46 s 0.48 s 0.44 s 2.17 m/s 2.08 m/s 2.27 m/s 1.5 m 1.5 m 1.5 m 0.66 s 0.56 s 0.48 s 2.27 m/s 2.68 m/s 3.12 m/s 2.0 m 2.0 m 2.0 m 0.75 s 0.83 s 0.93 s 2.66 m/s 2.41 m/s 2.15 m/s Mean 1.0 m 0.46 s 2.17 m/s 1.5 m 0.56 s 2.68 m/s 2.0 m 0.84 s 2.41 m/s Gravitational Force: at distance of 1.0 m: at distance of 1.5 m: at distance of 2.0 m: g= 2.17 m/s 0 m/s g= 2.68 m/s 0 m/s g= 2.41 m/s 0 m/s 0.46 s 0.56 s 0.84 s g= 4.71 m/s 2 g= 4.78 m/s 2 g= 3.91 m/s 2
Final Velocity: 2(4.71 m/s 2 )(1.0 m) = V fy 2 -(0) 2 2(4.78 m/s 2 )(1.5m) = V fy 2 -(0) 2 2(3.91 m/s 2 )(2.0 m) = V fy 2 -(0) 2 2(4.71 m/s 2 )(1.0 m) = V fy 2 2(4.78 m/s 2 )(1.5m) = V fy 2 2(3.91 m/s 2 )(2.0 m) = V fy 2 3.07 m/s = V fy 3.79 m/s = V fy 3.95 m/s = V fy
% Difference: 9.8 m/s 2 4.71 m/s 2 9.8 m/s 2 4.78 m/s 2 9.8 m/s 2 3.91 m/s 2 9.8 m/s 2 9.8 m/s 2 9.8 m/s 2
% diff. = 0.519 % diff. = 0.512 % diff. = 0.601
VI. Analysis of Data: After all of the data had been gathered withi n this experiment our group has concluded that the acceleration of an object is similar to one another as it falls within a certain height or distance. Acceleration of an object from its height is the difference of final velocity and initial velocity divided by time (g= V fy -V oy / t). The experimental values of acceleration (gravitational force) on the objects resulted in similar values like when it was dropped at a height of 1.5 meters. The gravitational force is 4.78 m/s 2 on both experimental objects even though each object had a different mass. The other heights as well resulted in nearly similar values showing that they accelerate downwards at the same speed and time. The final velocities of ball one (marble) compared to ball two (golf ball) was just hundredths of a fraction off, showing that the speed of decent is closely similar to one another. On the other hand, our percentage difference is 51% to 60% from the actual gravitational force which indicates experimental variables such as air resistance, accuracy of time recording on release, and stop of object. These variables played a large role in making such a big difference in experimental gravitational force and actual gravitational force since free fall is the motion of objects that are falling under the sole influence of gravity.
VII. Conclusion: In conclusion with this experiment the gravitational force was similar to each object even though each object did not have the same mass. The variables such as air resistance and timing affected the experimental values and percentages greatly indicating that these factors played a major difference in the experiments outcome. Also, the gravitational force or acceleration of an object is only under free fall when there are no other forces acting upon it but the force of gravity. The experimental results indicated a close similarity in values showing that each objects accelerated at almost the same rate but with the gravitational force being almost 50% to 60% of the actual gravitational force.
Newtons 2 nd Law is the net force of an object is equal to its mass times acceleration (F= m x a). Acceleration due to gravity is then interpreted as (a= F/m). This example is to show that if the two objects are only under the force of gravity without air resistance they will accelerate at the same rate regardless of mass.
(10g= 0.01 kg) (1g= 0.001 kg) Golf ball Marble F(gravity) F g = 0.098N F g = 0.0098N
a= Fnet/mass a= 0.098 N/ .01 kg a= 0.0098N/ .001kg a= 9.8 m/s 2 a= 9.8 m/s 2
VIII. Problem Sets: A rock is dropped 80 meters from a cliff. How long does it take to reach the ground?
V o 2gdy=Vf 2 - Vo 2 2(-9.8m/s 2 )(-80m)= Vf 2 (0) 1568 m 2 /s 2 = Vf 2
d y =80 m
a=g
39.60 m/s = Vf
g= V f V 0 /t ; t = V f V o /g t= 39.60 m/s 0 m/s 9.8 m/s/s V f t= 4.04 seconds.
An object is thrown straight upward with an initial speed of 8 m/s and strikes the ground 3 seconds later. What is the maximum height the ball reached?
C V f = 0 m/s Total time= AC + CB
2gd y = V f 2 V 0 2
2(-9.8 m/s 2 )dy = 0 (8 m/s) 2 d y = - 64 m 2 /s 2