Chapter 8

First-Order Dierential Equations

8.1 Separable Equations
In many of the following problems we will encounter an expression of the form ln|g(g)| = f(x) +c.
To solve for g(y) we exponentiate both sides of the equation. This yields |g(y)| = e
f(x)+c
= e
c
e
f(x)
which implies g(y) = e
c
e
f(x)
. Letting c
1
= e
c
we obtain g(y) = c
1
e
f(x)
.
1. From dy = sin5xdx we obtain y =
1
5
cos 5x +c.
2. From dy = (t + 1)
2
dt we obtain y =
1
3
(t + 1)
3
+c.
3.
_
y
3
dy =
_
x
2
dx

1
2
y
2
= x
1
+C
y
2
= 2x
1
+C
1
4.
_
5y
4
dy =
_
dx
y
5
= x +C
5.
_
(1 + 2y +y
2
) dy =
_
(1 + 2x +x
2
) dx
y +y
2
+
1
3
y
3
= x +x
2
+
1
3
x
3
+C
6.
_
y
1/2
dy =
_
x
1/2
dx
2y
1/2
=
2
3
x
3/2
+C
y =
_
1
3
x
3/2
+C
1
_
2
528
8.1. SEPARABLE EQUATIONS 529
7.
_
siny dy =
_
(x
2
+ 5) dx
cos y = x
1
+ 5x +C
cos y =
1
x
5x +C
1
8.
_
y
3
dy =
_
cos xdx

1
2
y
2
= sinx +C
y
2
= 2 sinx +C
1
9. From
1
y
dy =
4
x
dx we obtain ln|y| = 4 ln|x| +c or y = c
1
x
4
.
10. From
1
y
dy = 2xdx we obtain ln|y| = x
2
+c or y = c
1
e
x
2
.
11. From e
2y
dy = e
3x
dx we obtain 3e
2y
+ 2e
3x
= c.
12. From ye
y
dy =
_
e
x
+e
3x
_
dx we obtain ye
y
e
y
+e
x
+
1
3
e
3x
= c.
13. From
_
y + 2 +
1
y
_
dy = x
2
lnxdx we obtain
y
2
2
+ 2y + ln|y| =
x
3
3
ln|x|
1
9
x
3
+c.
14. From
1
(2y + 3)
2
dy =
1
(4x + 5)
2
we obtain
2
2y + 3
=
1
4x + 5
+c.
15. From
1
N
dN = (te
t+2
1)dt we obtain ln|N| = te
t+2
e
t+2
t +c or N = c
1
e
te
t+2
e
t+2
t
.
16. From
1
Q70
dQ = kdt we obtain ln|Q70| = kt +c or Q70 = c
1
e
kt
.
17. From
1
5P P
2
dP =
_
1
5P

1
5(P 5)
_
dP = dt we obtain
1
5
ln|P|
1
5
ln|P 5| = t + c so
that ln

P
(P 5)

= 5t +c
1
or
P
P 5
= c
2
e
5t
. Solving for P we have P =
5c
2
e
5t
c
2
e
5t
1
18. From
1
(10 x)(50 x)
dx =
_
1
40(x 50)

1
40(x 10)
_
dx = dt we obtain
1
40
ln|x 50|
1
40
ln|x 10| = t +c so that ln

x 50
x 10

= 40t +c
1
or
x 50
x 10
= c
2
e
40t
. Solving for x we have
x =
10(c
2
e
40t
5)
c
2
e
40t
1
19. From
y 2
y + 3
dy =
x 1
x + 4
dx or
_
1
5
y + 3
_
dy =
_
1
5
x + 4
_
dx we obtain y 5 ln|y + 3| =
x 5 ln|x + 4| +c or
_
x + 4
y + 3
_
5
= c
1
e
xy
.
530 CHAPTER 8. FIRST-ORDER DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS
20. From
y + 2
y 1
dy =
x + 2
x 3
dx or
_
1 +
2
y 1
_
dy =
_
1 +
5
x 3
_
dx we obtain y + 2 ln|y 1| =
x + 5 ln|x 3| +c or
(y 1)
2
(x 3)
5
= c
1
e
xy
.
21.
_
y
2
dy =
_
x
2
dx
1
3
y
3
= x
1
+C
y
3
= 3x
1
+C
1
Setting x = 1 and y = 3, we obtain 27 = 3 +C
1
or C
1
= 30. Thus, y
3
= 3x
1
+ 30.
22.
_
2y dy =
_
(2x + sec
2
x) dx
y
2
= x
2
+ tanx +C
Setting x = 0 and y = 2, we obtain 4 = 0 + C or C = 4. Thus y
2
= x
2
+ tanx + 4 or
y =

x
2
+ tanx + 4.
23. From
1
x
2
+ 1
dx = 4dt we obtain tan
1
x = 4t + c. Using x(/4) = 1 we nd c = 3/. The
solution of the initial-value problem is tan
1
x = 4t
3
4
or x = tan
_
4t
3
4
_
.
24. From
1
y
2
+ 1
dy =
1
x
2
1
dx or
1
2
_
1
y 1

1
y + 1
_
dx we obtain ln|y 1| ln|y + 1| =
ln|x 1| ln|x + 1| + lnc or
y 1
y + 1
=
c(x 1)
x + 1
. Using y(2) = 2 we nd c = 1. A solution of
the initial-value problem is
y 1
y + 1
=
(x 1)
x + 1
or y = x.
25. From
1
y
dy =
1 x
x
2
dx =
_
1
x
2

1
x
_
dx we obtain ln|y| =
1
x
ln|x| = c or xy = c
1
e
1/x
.
Using y(1) = 1 we nd c
1
= e
1
. The solution of the initial-value problem is xy = e
11/x
or y = e
(1+1/x)
3..
26. From
1
1 2y
dy = dt we obtain
1
2
ln|1 2y| = t +c or 1 2y = c
1
e
2t
. Using y(0) = 5/2 we
nd c
1
= 4. The solution of the initial-value problem is 1 2y = 4e
2t
or y = 2e
2t
+
1
2
.
27. Separating variables and integrating we obtain
dx

1 x
2

dy
_
1 y
2
= 0 and sin
1
x sin
1
y = c.
Setting x = 0 and y =

3/2 we obtain c = /3. Thus, an implicit solution of the initial-
value problem is sin
1
x sin
1
y = /3. Solving for y and using an addition formula from
8.1. SEPARABLE EQUATIONS 531
trigonometry, we get
y = sin
_
sin
1
x +

3
_
= xcos

3
+
_
1 x
2
sin

3
=
x
2
+

1 x
2
2
.
28. From
1
1 + (2y)
2
dy =
x
1 + (x
2
)
2
dx we obtain
1
2
tan
1
2y =
1
2
tan
1
x
2
+c or tan
1
2y + tan
1
x
2
= c
1
.
Using y(1) = 0 we nd c
1
= /4. Thus, an implicit solution of the initial-value problem is
tan
1
2y + tan
1
x
2
= /4. Solving for y and using a trigonometric identity we get
2y = tan
_

4
tan
1
x
2
_
y =
1
2
tan
_

4
tan
1
x
2
_
=
1
2
tan

4
tan(tan
1
x
2
)
1 + tan

4
tan(tan
1
x
2
)
=
1
2
1 x
2
1 +x
2
.
29. Substituting y = k and
dy
dx
= 0, we get 6k = 18 or k = 3 so that y = 3.
30. Substituting y = k and
dy
dx
= 0, we get 0 = 5k + 40 or k = 8 so that y = 8.
31. Substituting y = k and
dy
dx
= 0, we get 0 = k
2
k 20 or 0 = (k 5)(k +4) so that y = 5 or
y = 4.
32. Substituting y = k and
dy
dx
= 0, we get 0 = k
2
+ 2k + 4 which is false for all real k. Thus,
there is no constant real solution.
33. Substituting y = k and
dy
dx
= 0 and then solving for k, we see that there are two constant
solutions: y = 0 and y = 1. Separating variables, we have
dy
y
2
y
=
dx
x
or
_
dy
y(y 1)
= ln|x| +c.
Using partial fractions, we obtain
_ _
1
y 1

1
y
_
dy = ln|x| +c ln|y 1| ln|y| = ln|x| +c ln

y 1
xy

= c
y 1
xy
= e
c
= c
1
.
Solving for y we get y = 1/(1 c
1
x).
532 CHAPTER 8. FIRST-ORDER DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS
(a) Setting x = 0 and y = 1 we have 1 = 1/(1/0), which is true for all values of c
1
. Thus,
solutions passing through (0, 1) are y = 1/(1 c
1
x).
(b) Setting x = 0 and y = 0 in y = 1/(1 c
1
x) we get 0 = 1. Thus, the only solution passing
through (0, 0) is y = 0.
(c) Setting x =
1
2
and y =
1
2
we have
1
2
= 1/(1
1
2
c
1
), so c
1
= 2 and y = 1/(1 + 2x).
34. By substituting y = k and
dy
dx
= 0, and then solving for k we see that there are two constant
solutions: y = 3 and y = 3. Separating variables we have
dy
y
2
9
= dx or
dy
(y 3)(y + 3)
=
dx. Using partial fractions, we obtain
_ _
1
6(y 3)

1
6(y + 3)
_
dy = x+c
1
6
ln|y3|
1
6
ln|y+3| = x+c ln

y 3
y + 3

= 6c+c
1
y 3
y + 3
= c
2
e
6x
Solving for y we get y =
3(c
2
e
6x
+ 1)
c
2
e
6x
1
.
(a) Setting x = 0 and y = 0. we have 0 =
3(c
2
+ 1)
c
2
1
so that c
2
= 1 and y =
3(6e
6x
+ 1)
e
6x
1
.
(b) The constant solution y = 3 passes through (0, 3).
(c) Setting x =
1
3
and y = 1, we have
1 =
3(c
2
e
2
+ 1)
c
2
e
2
1
c
2
e
2
1 = 3c
2
e
2
3
4c
2
e
2
= 2
c
2
=
1
2e
2
so that y =
3
_
e
6x+2
2
+ 1
_
e
6x2
2
1
35. In order for y

(x
0
) =

y + 0 to be dened, we must have y + 0 0.

36. In Problem 31, we have
dy
(y 5)(y + 4)
= dx or
_
1
9(y 5)

1
9(y + 4)
_
dy = dx
Integration yields
8.2. LINEAR EQUATIONS 533
1
9
ln|y 5|
1
9
ln|y + 4| = x +c
ln

y 5
y + 4

= 9x +c
1
y 5
y + 4
= c
2
e
9x
Solving for y we get the family of solution y =
(4c
2
e
9x
+ 5)
c
2
e
9x
1
.
The constant solution y = 4 is not a member of this family and is therefore singular.
In Problem 33, we found the family of solutions y =
1
1 c
1
x
. The constant solution y = 0 is
not a member of this family and is therefore singular.
In Problem 34, we found the family of solutions y =
3(c
2
e
6x
+ 1)
c
2
e
6x
1
. The constant solution
y = 3 is not a member of this family and is therefore singular.
37. The right side of the dierential equation
dy
dx
=
x
y
is not dened for y = 0. At x = 5,
however, the function y =

25 x
2
is zero.
8.2 Linear Equations
1. For y

4y = 0, an integrating factor is e

R
4 dx
= e
4x
so that
d
dx
_
e
4x
y

= 0 and y = ce
4x
for < x < .
2. For y

+2y = 0, an integrating factor is e

R
2 dx
= e
2x
so that
d
dx
_
e
2x
y

= 0 and y = ce
2x
for
< x < .
3. Writing the equation as y

+5y =
1
2
, the integrating factor is e
R
5 dx
= e
5x
. Then
d
dx
_
e
5x
y

=
1
2
e
5x
, so e
5x
y =
1
10
e
5x
+ C, and y =
1
10
+ Ce
5x
. (This equation can also be solved by
separation of variables.)
4. For y

+
2
x
y =
3
x
, an integrating factor is e

R
(2/x) dx
= x
2
so that
d
dx
_
x
2
y

= 3x and
y =
3
2
+cx
2
for 0 < x < .
5. For y

+y = e
3t
, an integrating factor is e
R
dt
= e
t
so that
d
dt
[e
t
y] = e
4t
and y =
1
4
e
3t
+ce
t
for < t < .
6. For y

y = e
t
, an integrating factor is e

R
dt
= e
t
so that
d
dt
[e
t
y] = 1 and y = te
t
+ ce
t
for < t < .
7. For y

+ 3x
2
y = x
2
, an integrating factor is e
R
3x
2
dx
= e
x
3
so that
d
dx
_
e
x
3
y
_
= x
2
e
x
3
and
y =
1
3
+ce
x
3
for < x < .
534 CHAPTER 8. FIRST-ORDER DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS
8. For y

+ 2xy = x
3
an integrating factor is e
R
2xdx
= e
x
2
so that
d
dx
_
e
x
2
y
_
= x
3
e
x
2
and
y =
1
2
x
2

1
2
+ce
x
2
for < x < . The transient term is ce
x
2
.
9. For y

+
1
x
y =
1
x
2
, an integrating factor is e
R
(1/x) dx
= x so that
d
dx
[xy] =
1
x
and y =
1
x
lnx+
c
x
for 0 < x < .
10. For y

+
x
1 +x
2
y =
2x
1 +x
2
an integrating factor is e
R
x
1 +x
2
dx
= e
1
2
ln(1+x
2
)
= (1 + x
2
)
1/2
so that
d
dx
_
(1 +x
2
)
1/2
y

=
2x(1 +x
2
)
1/2
1 +x
2
=
2x
(1 +x
2
)
1/2
and y = 2 +
c
(1 +x
2
)
1/2
for <
x < .
11. For y

+
e
x
1 +e
x
y = 0, an integrating factor is e
R
e
x
/(1+e
x
) dx
= 1 +e
x
so that
d
dx
[1 +e
x
y] = 0
and y =
c
1 +e
x
for < x < .
12. For y

+
3x
2
x
3
1
y = 0, an integrating factor is e
R
3x
2
/(x
3
1) dx
= x
3
1 so that
d
dx
_
(x
3
1)y

=
0 and y =
c
x
3
1
for 1 < x < .
13. For y

1
x
y = xsinx an integrating factor is e

R
(1/x)dx
=
1
x
so that
d
dx
_
1
x
y
_
= sinx and
y = cx xcos x for 0 < x < .
14. For y

+ y = cos(e
x
) an integrating factor is e
R
1dx
= e
x
so that
d
dx
[e
x
y] = e
x
cos(e
x
) and
y = e
x
sin(e
x
) +ce
x
.
15. For y

+(tanx)y = sec x, an integrating factor is e

R
tan x dx
= sec x so that
d
dx
[(sec x)y] = sec
2
x
and y = sinx +c cos x for

2
< x <

2
.
16. For y

+ (cot x)y = sec

2
xcsc x and integrating factor is e
R
cot xdx
= e
ln | sin x|
= sinx so that
d
dx
[(sinx)y] = sec
2
x and y = sec x +c csc x for 0 < x < /2.
17. For y

+ (cot x)y = 2 cos x, an integrating factor is e

R
cot x dx
= sinx so that
d
dx
[(sinx)y] =
2 sinxcos x and y = sinx +c csc x for 0 < x < .
18. For
dr
d
+r sec = cos , an integrating factor is e
R
sec d
= sec + tan so that
d
d
[r(sec + tan)] = 1 + sin and r(sec + tan) = cos +c for

2
< x <

2
.
19. For y

+
4
x + 2
y =
5
(x + 2)
2
an integrating factor is e
R
[4/(x+2)]dx
= (x + 2)
4
so that
d
dx
[(x +
2)
2
y] = 5(x + 2)
2
and y =
5
3
(x + 2)
1
+ c(x + 2)
4
for 2 < x < . The entire solution is
transient.
8.2. LINEAR EQUATIONS 535
20. For
dP
dt
+(2t 1)P = 4t 2, an integrating factor is e
R
(2t1) dt
= e
t
2
t
so that
d
dt
_
Pe
t
2
t
_
=
(4t 2)e
t
2
t
and P = 2 +ce
tt
2
for < t < .
21. For y

+
_
1 +
2
x
_
y =
e
x
x
2
an integrating factor is e
R
[1+(2/x)]dx
= x
2
e
x
so that
d
dx
[x
2
e
x
y] = e
2x
and y =
1
2
e
x
x
2
+
ce
x
x
2
for 0 < x < . The transient term is
ce
x
x
2
.
22. For y

+
_
1 +
1
x
_
y =
1
x
e
x
sin2x and integrating factor is e
R
[1+(1/x)]dx
= xe
x
so that
d
dx
[xe
x
y] = sin2x and y =
1
2x
cos 2x+
ce
x
x
for 0 < x < . The entire solution is transient.
23. For y

y = x and integrating factor is e

R
1dx=e
x
so that
d
dx
[e
x
y] = e
x
x and y =
x 1 + ce
x
. Substituting x = 0 and y = 4, we have 4 = 1 + c or c = 3 so that
y = x 1 3e
x
.
24. For y

+ 3y = 2x, an integrating factor is e

R
3 dx
= e
3x
so that
d
dx
_
e
3x
y

= 2xe
3x
, e
3x
y =
2
_
1
3
xe
3x

1
9
e
3x
+C
1
_
, and y =
2
3
x
2
9
+ce
3x
for < x < . If y(0) =
1
3
then c =
5
9
and y =
2
3
x
2
9
+
5
9
e
3x
.
25. For y

+
1
x
y =
1
x
e
x
, an integrating factor is e
R
(1/x) dx
= x so that
d
dx
[xy] = e
x
and y =
1
x
e
x
+
c
x
for 0 < x < . If y(1) = 2 then c = 2 e and y =
1
x
e
x
+
2 e
x
.
26. For y

+
1
x
y = 4 +
1
x
an integrating factor is e
R
1
x
dx
= e
ln x
= x so that
d
dx
[xy] = 4x + 1
and y = 2x + 1 +
c
x
. Substituting x = 1 and y = 8, we have 8 = 3 + c or c = 5 so that
y = 2x + 1 +
3
x
.
27. For y

1
x
y = 2x an integrating factor is e
R

1
x
dx
= e
ln x
=
1
x
so that
d
dx
_
y
x
_
= 2 and
y = 2x
2
+ cx. Substituting x = 5 and y = 1, we have 1 = 50 + 5c or c =
49
5
so that
y = 2x
2

49
5
x.
28. For y

+
1
x + 1
y =
1
x(x + 1)
, an integrating factor is e
R
1/(x+1) dx
= x+1 so that
d
dx
[(x + 1)y] =
1
x
and y =
lnx
x + 1
+
c
x + 1
for 1 < x < . If y(1) = 10 then c = 20 and y =
lnx
x + 1
+
20
x + 1
.
29. For x

+
1
t + 1
x =
lnt
t + 1
and integrating factor is e
R
[1/(t+1)]dt
= t +1 so that
d
dt
[(t +1)x] = lnt
536 CHAPTER 8. FIRST-ORDER DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS
and x =
t
t + 1
lnt
t
t + 1
+
c
t + 1
for 0 < t < . If x(1) = 10 then c = 21 and x =
t
t + 1
lnt
t
t + 1
+
21
t + 1
.
30. For y

+(tant)y = cos
2
t and integrating factor is e
tan tdt
= e
ln | sec t|=sec t
so that
d
dt
[(sec t)y] =
cos t and y = sint cos t + c cos t for /2 < t < /2. If y(0) = 1 then c = 1 and
y = sint cos t cos t.
31. For
di
dt
+
R
L
i =
E
L
and integrating factor is e
R
(R/L)dt
= e
Rt/L
so that
d
dt
_
e
Rt/Li

=
E
L
e
Rt/L
and i =
E
R
+ ce
Rt/L
for < t < . If i(0) = i
0
then c = i
0
E/R and i =
E
R
+
_
i
0

E
R
_
e
Rt/L
.
32. For
dT
dt
kT = T
m
k an integrating factor is e
R
(k)dt
= e
kt
so that
d
dt
[e
kt
T] = T
m
ke
kt
and T = T
m
+ce
kt
for < t < . If T(0) = T
0
then c = T
0
T
m
and T = T
m
+(T
0
T
m
)e
kt
.
33. (a) An integrating factor for y

2xy = 2 is e
R
2xdx
= e
x
2
. Thus
d
dx
[e
x
2
y] = 2e
x
2
e
x
2
y = 2
_
x
0
e
t
2
dt +c =

erf(x) +c.
(b)
y
x
Using a CAS, we nd y(2) 150.92.
34. (a) An integrating factor for
y

+
2
x
y =
10 sinx
x
3
is x
2
. Thus
d
dx
[x
2
y] = 10
sinx
x
x
2
y = 10
_
x
0
sint
t
dt +c
y = 10x
2
Si(x) +cx
2
.
From y(1) = 0 we get c = 10Si(1). Thus
y = 10x
2
Si(x) 10x
2
Si(1) = 10x
2
(Si(x) Si(1)).
8.2. LINEAR EQUATIONS 537
(b)
y
x
Using a CA, we nd y(2) 1.65.
35. Note that f is discontinuous at x = 1. We solve the problem in two parts. For 0 x 1,
f(x) = 1 and an integrating factor is e
R
dx
= e
x
. Then
d
dx
[e
x
y] = e
x
, e
x
y = e
x
+ c, and
y = 1 + ce
x
. Since y(0) = 0, c = 1 and y = 1 e
x
for 0 x 1. For x > 1,
the dierential equation is
dy
dx
= y. By separation of variables, we obtain y = c
1
e
x
.
Thus, y =
_
1 e
x
, 0 x 1
c
1
e
x
, x > 1
. In order to make y a continuous function, we require
lim
x1

y(x) = lim
x1
+
y(x) or 1e
1
= c
1
e
1
. Then c
1
= e1 and y =
_
1 e
x
, 0 x 1
(e 1)e
x
, x > 1
.
1 2 3 4
1
In the graph, f is shown in blue, and
the solution of the IVP is shown in red.
36. Since e
R
P(x)dx+c
= e
c
e
R
P(x)dx
= c
1
e
R
P(x)dx
, we would have
c
1
e
R
P(x)dx
y = c
2
+
_
c
1
e
R
P(x)dx
f(x)dx and e
R
P(x)dx
y = c
3
+
_
e
R
P(x)dx
f(x)dx,
which is the same result achieved upon integration of (4) from the text.
37. On the interval (3, 3) the integrating factor is
e
R
xdx/(x
2
9)
= e

R
xdx/(9x
2
)
= e
1
2
ln(9x
2
)
=
_
9 x
2
and so
d
dx
_
_
9 x
2
y
_
= 0 and y =
c

9 x
2
.
38. The rate at which the animal population changes is proportional to the current animal pop-
ulation.
538 CHAPTER 8. FIRST-ORDER DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS
39. The solution of the rst equation is x = c
1
e

t. From x(0) = x
0
, we obtain c
1
= x
9
and so
x = x
0
e
1t
. The equation equation then becomes
dy
dt
= x
0

1
e
1t

2
y or y

+
2
y = x
0

1
e
1t
which is linear. An integrating factor is e
R
2dt
= e
2t
. Thus
d
dt
_
e
2t
y

= x
0

1
e
1t
e
2t
= x
0

1
e
(21)t
e
2t
y =
x
0

1
e
1t
+c
2
e
2t
.
From y(0) = y
0
, we obtain
y
0
=
x
0

1
+c
2
or c
2
=
y
0

2
y
0

1
+x
0

1
.
The solution is then y =
x
0

1
e
1t
+
y
0

2
y
0

1
+x
0

1
e
2t
.
40. (a) Letting y = u
1
, we can use the chain rule to obtain
dy
dx
=
dy
du
du
dx
=
1
u
2
du
dx
. Substituting
into the DE
dy
dx
+
1
x
y = xy
2
yields
1
u
2
du
dx
=
1
x
u
1
= x(u
1
)
2
. Upon multiplication by
u
2
, we have
du
dx

1
x
u = x.
(b) An integrating factor is e
R

1
x
dx
= e
ln x
= x
1
. Thus
d
dx
[x
1
u] = 1
x
1
u = x +c
u = x
2
+cx
Since y = u
1
we have the solution y =
1
x
2
+cx
.
41. The new DE is
dx
dy
= xy or
dx
dy
+x = y which is linear in the variable x and can therefore
be solved.
42. After substituting Y = y

, we get Y

+Y = x. An integrating factor is e
x
so that
d
dx
[e
x
Y ] = xe
x
e
x
Y = (x 1)e
x
+c
Y = x 1 +ce
x
y

= x 1 +ce
x
y = x
2
x ce
x
+c
8.3. MATHEMATICAL MODELS 539
43. (a) For y

+
3
x
y = 6x, an integrating factor is e
R
3
x
dx
= e
3 ln x
= x
3
so that
d
dx
[x
3
y] = 6x
4
x
3
y =
6
5
x
5
+c
y =
6
5
x
2
+cx
3
(b) Substituting x = 1 and y = 2, we have
2 =
6
5
(1)
2
+c(1)
3
2 =
6
5
c
c =
4
5
The solution is y =
6
5
x
3

4
5
x
3
. The solution is valid for x in (, 0).
(c) Substituting x = 1 and y = 2, we have
2 =
6
5
(1)
2
+c(1)
3
2 =
6
5
+c
c =
4
5
The solution is y =
6
5
x
3
+
4
5
x
3
. The solution is valid for xin (0, ).
(d) We need c = 0 so that y =
6
5
x
2
. Let the initial condition be y(1) =
6
5
.
8.3 Mathematical Models
1. Let P = P(t) be the population at time t, and P
0
the initial population. From
dP
dt
= kP,
we obtain P = P
0
e
kt
. Using P(5) = 2P
0
, we nd k =
1
5
ln2 and P = P
0
e
(ln 2)t/5
. Setting
P(t) = 3P
0
, we have 3 = e
(ln 2)t/5
, so ln3 = (ln2)
t
5
, and t =
5 ln3
ln2
7.9 years. Setting
P(t) = 4P
0
, we have 4 = e
(ln 2)t/5
, so ln4 = (ln2)
t
5
, and t = 10 years.
2. Setting P = 10, 000 and t = 3 in Problem 1, we obtain 10, 000 = P
0
e
(ln 2)3/5
, so P
0
=
10, 000e
0.6 ln 2
6597.5. Then P(10) = P
0
e
2 ln 2
= 4P
0
26, 390.
540 CHAPTER 8. FIRST-ORDER DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS
3. Let P = P(t) be the population at time t. Then dP/dt = kP and P +ce
k
t. From P(0) = c =
500 we see that P = 500e
5t
. Since 15% of 500 is 75, we have P(10) = 500e
10k
= 575. Solving
for k, we get k =
1
10
ln
575
500
=
1
10
ln1.15. When t = 30,
P(30) = 500e
(1/10)(ln 1.15)
3
0
= 500e
3 ln 1.15
= 760 years.
4. Let P = P(t) be bacteria population at time t and P
0
the initial number. From dP/dt = kP
we obtain P = P
0
e
kt
. Using P(3) = 400 and P(10) = 2000 we nd 400 = P 0e
3k
or
e
k
= (400/P
0
)
1/3
. From P(10) = 2000 we then have 2000 = P
0
e
10k
= P
0
(400/P
0
)
10/3
, so
2000
400e
10/3
= P
7/3
0
and P
0
=
_
2000
400
10/3
_
3/7
201.
5. Let A = A(t) be the amount of lead present at time t. From dA/dt = kA and A(0) = 1
we obtain A = e
kt
. Using A(3.3) = 1/2 we nd k =
1
3.3
ln(1/2). When 90% of the lead has
decayed, 0.1 grams will remain. Setting A(t) = 0.1 we have e
t(1/3.3) ln(1/2)
= 0.1, so
t
3.3
ln
1
2
= ln0.1 and t =
3.3 ln0.1
ln(1/2)
10.96 hours.
6. Let N = N(t) be the amount at time t. From
dN
dt
= kt and N(0) = 100, we obtain
N = 100e
kt
. Using N(6) = 97, we nd k =
1
6
ln0.97. Then N(24) = 100e
(1/6)(ln 0.97)24
=
100(0.97)
4
88.5 mg.
7. Setting N(t) = 50 in Problem 6, we obtain 50 = 100e
kt
, so kt = ln
1
2
, and t =
ln1/2
(1/6) ln0.97

136.5 hours.
8. Let h be the half-life and let A(t) = A
0
e
kt
. Then
1
2
A
0
= A
0
e
kh
ln
1
2
= kh
ln2
h
= k
Using A(t
1
) = A
1
and A(t
2
) = A
2
, we have
A
1
/A
2
=
A
0
e
ln 2
h
t1
A
0
e
ln 2
h
t2
= e
ln 2
h
t1+
ln 2
h
t2
= e
ln 2(t
2
t
1
)
h
Hence ln(A
1
/A
2
) =
ln2(t
2
t
1
)
h
and h =
ln2(t
2
t
1
)
ln(A
1
/A
2
)
.
9. Let I = I(t) be the intensity, t the thickness, and I(0) = I
0
. If
dI
dt
= kI and I(3) = 0.25I
0
,
then I = I
0
e
kt
, k =
1
3
ln0.25, and I(15) = 0.00098I
0
.
8.3. MATHEMATICAL MODELS 541
10. From
dS
dt
= rS, we obtain S = S
0
e
rt
where S(0) = S
0
.
(a) If S
0
= $5000 and r = 5.75%, then S(5) = $6665.45.
(b) If S(t) = $10, 000, then t = 12 years.
(c) S $6651.82
11. Assume that A = A
0
e
kt
and k = 0.00012378. If A(t) = 0.145A
0
, then t 15, 600 years.
12. Assume that
dT
dt
= k(T 5) so that T = 5 + ce
kt
. If T(1) = 55

and T(5) = 30

, then
k =
1
4
ln2 and c = 59.4611 so that T(0) = 64.4611

.
13. Assume that
dT
dt
= k(T 10) so that T = 10 + ce
kt
. If T(0) = 70

and T(1/2) = 50

, then
c = 60 and k = 2 ln
2
3
so that T(1) = 36.67

. If T(t) = 15

, then t = 3.06 minutes.

14. Assume that
dT
dt
= k(T 100) so that T = 100 + ce
kt
. If T(0) = 20

and T(1) = 22

, then
c = 80 and k = ln
39
40
so that T(t) = 90

implies t = 82.1 seconds. If T(t) = 98

, then
t = 145.7 seconds.
15. From
dA
dt
= 4
A
50
, we obtain A = 200 + ce
t/50
. If A(0) = 30 then c = 170 and
A = 200 170e
t/50
.
16. From
dA
dt
= 0
A
50
, we obtain A = ce
t/50
. If A(0) = 30 then c = 30 and A = 30e
t/50
.
17. From
dA
dt
= 10
A
50
, we obtain A = 1000 + ce
t/100
. If A(0) = 0 then c = 1000 and
A = 1000 1000e
t/100
.
18. For
dA
dt
+
2
300 +t
A = 6, an integrating factor is e
R
2
300 +t
dt
= e
2 ln |t+300|
= (t +300)
2
so we
have
d
dt
[(t + 300)
2
A] = 6(t + 300)
2
(t + 300)
2
A = 2(t + 300)
3
= c
A = 2t + 300 +
c
(t + 300)
2
Substituting t = 0 and A = 50, we get
50 = 600 +
c
300
2
(550)300
2
= c
49, 500, 000 = c
Hence A(t) = 2t + 600
49, 500, 000
(t + 300)
2
.
542 CHAPTER 8. FIRST-ORDER DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS
19. From
dA
dt
= 10
10A
500 (10 5)t
= 10
2A
100 t
, we obtain A = 1000 10t +c(100 t)
2
. If
A(0) = 0, then c =
1
10
. The tank is empty in 100 minutes.
20. From
dA
dt
= 3
4A
100 + (6 4)t
= 3
2A
50 +t
, we obtain A = 50+t +c(50+t)
2
. If A(0) = 10
then c = 100, 000 and A(30) = 64.38 pounds.
21. From
ds
dt
= v(t), we have ds =
_
mg
k
+
_
v
0

mg
k
_
e
kt/m
_
dt. Integrating, we obtain
s =
mg
k
t +
v
0
mg/k
k/m
e
kt/m
+C =
mg
k
t +
_
m
2
g
k
2

mv
0
k
_
e
kt/m
+C.
Setting s(0) = 0, we obtain 0 =
m
2
g
k
2

mv
0
k
+C or C =
m
2
g
k
2
+
mv
0
k
. Thus,
s(t) =
mg
k
t +
_
m
2
g
k
2

mv
0
k
_
(e
kt/m
1).
22.
dv
dt
= g
k
m
v
2
= g
_
1
k
mg
v
2
_
. Letting c =
_
k
mg
, we have
dv
dt
= g(1c
2
v
2
) or
dv
(1 c
2
v
2
)
=
gdt. Integrating both sides, we have
ln
_
1 +cv
1 cv
_
2c
= gt +c
1
But tan
1
(cv) = ln
_
1 +cv
1 cv
_
so
we have
tan
1
(cv)
c
= gt +c
1
tan
1
(cv) = cgt +c
2
cv = tanh(cgt +c
2
)
v =
tanh
_
_
kg
m
t +c
2
_
_
k
mg
Plugging in t = 0 and v = v
0
, we have
_
k
mg
v
0
= tanh(c
2
) or c
2
= tanh
1
__
k
mg
v
0
_
. This
yields v =
_
mg
k
tanh
_
_
kg
m
t + tanh
1
__
k
mg
v
0
_
_
. As t approaches innity, the hyperbolic
tangent tends to 1. Hence the terminal velocity is v
ter
=
_
mg
k
.
23. From
dX
dt
= ABX and X(0) = 0, we obtain X =
A
B

A
B
e
Bt
so that X
A
B
as t .
If X(t) =
A
2B
, then t =
ln2
B
.
24. From V
dC
dt
= kA(C
s
C) and C(0) = C
0
, we obtain C = C
s
+ (C
0
C
s
)e
kAt/V
.
8.3. MATHEMATICAL MODELS 543
25. From
dE
dt
=
E
RC
and E(t
1
) = E
0
, we obtain E = E
0
e
(t1t)/RC
.
26. From the dierential equation for the current, we see that we must solve
_
1
2
_
di
dt
+10i = 12.
Separating variables, we obtain
di
24 20i
= dt. Integrating, we nd
1
20
ln|24 20i| = t +C.
Solving for i, we get i =
6
5
+ce
20t
. Now i(0) = 0 implies 0 = 6/5+c or c = 6/5. Therefore,
the current is i(t) =
6
5

6
5
e
20t
.
27. Assume L
di
dt
+Ri = E(t), L = 0.1, R = 50, and E(t) = 50 so that i =
3
5
+ce
500t
. If i(0) = 0,
then c = 3/5 and lim
t
i(t) = 3/5.
28. (a) Setting A
h
=
1
4
, A
w
= 50, and g = 32, the dierential equation is
dh
dt
= c

h
25
.
Separating variables, we have
_
25h
1/2
dh = c
_
dt. Then 50

h = ct + C or h =
1
2500
(ct +C)
2
. From h(0) = 20 we nd C = 100

5. Thus h(t) =
1
2500
(ct +100

5)
2
.
(b) Setting h = 0, c = 1, and solving for t, we obtain t = 100

5 s.
(c) Setting h = 0, c = 0.6, and solving for t, we obtain t =
500

5
3
s.
29. We note rst that P(0) =
aP
0
bP
0
+ (a bP
0
)
=
aP
0
a
= P
0
so that the initial condition is satis-
ed. To verify that P(t) satises the dierential equation, compute P

(t) =
a
2
P
0
(a bP
0
)e
at
(bP
0
+ (a bP
0
)e
at
)
2
.
We now compute P(a bP) = aP bP
2
=
a
2
P
0
bP
0
+ (a bP
0
)e
at

a
2
bP
2
0
(bP
0
+ (a bP
0
)e
at
)
2
=
a
2
P
0
(bP
0
+ (a bP
0
)e
at
) a
2
bP
2
0
(bP
0
+ (a bP
0
)e
at
)
2
=
a
2
P
0
(a b)P
0
e
at
(bP
0
+ (a bP
0
)e
at
)
2
From
these calculations, we note that the dierential equation
dP
dt
= P(a bP) is satised.
30. Using Problem 29, we have a = 10
1
, b = 10
7
, P
0
= 5000. The solution is therefore
P(t) =
10
1
(5000)
10
7
(5000) + (10
1
10
7
(5000))e
.1t
=
500
0.0005 + 0.0995e
.1t
lim
t
P(t) =
500
0.0005
= 1, 000, 000
To nd when the population is half the limiting value, we must solve
544 CHAPTER 8. FIRST-ORDER DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS
500, 000 =
500
0.0005 + 0.0995e
.1t
e
.1t
=
_
500
500,000
0.0005
_
0.0995
t =
ln
_
_
_
500
500,000
_
0.0005
0.0995
_
_
0.1
t = 52.93 years
31.
dx
dt
= kx(1000x) = x(1000k kx) Using the result from Problem 29 with a = 1000k, b = k,
and x
0
= 1,
x(t) =
1000k
k + 999ke
1000kt
=
1000
1 + 999e
1000kt
Substituting t = 4 and x = 50 yields
50 =
1000
1 + 999e
4000k
e
4000k
=
1000
50
1
999
=
19
999
k =
ln
_
19
999
_
4000
= 0.00099
Hence x(t) =
1000
1 + 999e
.99t
.
After 6, days, the number of infections is x(6) =
1000
1 + 999e
99(6)
276.
1000
y
x
8.3. MATHEMATICAL MODELS 545
32. (a)
dX
(250 X)(40 X)
= kdt
dX
210(X 250)

dX
210(X 40)
= kdt
1
210
(ln|X 250| ln|X 40|) = kt +c
ln

X 250
X 40

= 210kt +c
1
X 250
X 40
= c
2
e
210kt
X =
40c
2
e
210kt
250
c
2
e
210kt
1
Substituting t = 0 and X = 0, we have
0 =
400c
2
250
c
2
1
250 = 40c
2
25
4
= c
2
This gives X(t) =
250e
210kt
250
25
4
e
210kt
1
. Substituting t = 10 and X = 30, we have
30 =
250e
2100k
250
25
4
e
2100k
1
30
_
25
4
e
2100k
1
_
= 250e
2100k
250
30(25)
4
e
2100k
250e
2100k
= 220

125
2
e
2100k
= 220
e
2100k
=
88
25
k =
ln
_
88
25
_
2100
Hence, X(t) =
250e
.1t
250
25
4
e
01t
1
(b) X(15) =
250e
.1(15)
250
25
4
e
.1(15)
1
32.23 g
546 CHAPTER 8. FIRST-ORDER DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS
(c) lim
t
X(t) =
250
_
25
4
_ = 40 so 40 g of C are formed as t . 50
1
5
(40) = 42 g of A and
32
4
5
(40) = 0 g of B remain as t .
33. (a) Writing the equation as v dv = ky
2
dy and integrating, we obtain
1
2
v
2
=
k
y
+ C or
v
2
=
2k
y
+C
1
. Since v(R) = v
0
, we have v
2
0
=
2k
R
+C
1
. Thus v
2
=
2k
y
+v
2
0

2k
R
.
(b) For the rocket to escape, v must remain positive. That is, v can never be zero; for
then, the rocket stops and begins falling back to earth. Since
2k
y
approaches zero as
y increases, we can guarantee that v
2
will never be zero by requiring v
2
0

2k
R
> 0 or
v
0
>

2kR. Since k = gR
2
,
2k
R
= 2gR and we take the escape velocity to be
v
0
=
_
2gR
_
2(32 ft/s
2
)(4000 mi) =
_
2(32)4000
5280
mi
2
/s
2
6.96 mi/s = 6.96(60)
2
mi/h 25, 000 mi/h.
34. Since the surface area of a sphere is S = 4r
2
, we have
dV
dt
= 4kr
2
. From V =
4
3
r
3
, we
nd r = (3V/4)
1/3
. Then
dV
dt
= 4k (3V/4)
2/3
= (4)
1/3
k3
2/3
V
2/3
and
_
V
2/3
dV = (36)
1/3
k
_
dt; 3V
1/3
= (36)
1/3
kt +C; V
1/3
=
_
4
3

_
1/3
kt +C
1
.
Then V (t) =
_
_
4
3

_
1/3
kt +C
1
_
3
.
35. (a)
dA

A(M A)
= kdt
_
dA

A(M A)
= kt +c
With the substitution x =

A, the integral on the left becomes

2
_
1
M x
2
dx = 2
_
1
(

M +x)(

M x)
dx
=
_
1

M(x +

M)
dx
_
1

M(x

M)
dx
=
1

M
ln

x +

M
x

8.4. SOLUTION CURVES WITHOUT A SOLUTION 547

Hence
_
dA

A(M A)
=
1

M
ln

A+

= kt +c
ln

A+

= k

Mt +c

A+

M
= c
1
e
k

Mt

A =

M(c
1
e
k

Mt
+ 1)
c
1
e
k

Mt
1
So A(t) =
_

M(c
1
e
k

Mt
+ 1)
c
1
e
k

mt
1
_
2
(b) lim
t
A(t) = M.
8.4 Solution Curves without a Solution
1. 2.
548 CHAPTER 8. FIRST-ORDER DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS
3. 4.
5. 6.
7. 8.
8.4. SOLUTION CURVES WITHOUT A SOLUTION 549
9. 10.
11. 12.
0
3
13. Solving y
2
3y = y(y 3) = 0 we obtain the critical points 0 and 3. From
the phase portrait we see that 0 is asymptotically stable (attractor) and 3 is
unstable (repeller).
550 CHAPTER 8. FIRST-ORDER DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS
0
1
14. Solving y
2
y
3
= y
2
(1 y) = 0 we obtain the critical points 0 and 1. From
the phase portrait we see that 1 is asymptotically stable (attractor) and 0 is
semi-stable.
2
15. Solving (y 2)
4
= 0 we obtain the critical point 2. From the phase portrait we
see that 2 is semi-stable.
2
5
16. Solving 10 +3y y
2
= (5 y)(2 +y) = 0 we obtain the critical points -2 and 5.
From the phase portrait we see that 5 is asymptotically stable (attractor) and
-2 is unstable (repeller).
0
2
2
17. Solving y
2
(4 y
2
) = y
2
(2 y)(2 + y) = 0 we obtain the critical points -2, 0,
and 2. From the phase portrait we see that 2 is asymptotically stable, 0 is
semi-stable, and -2 is unstable (repeller).
0
4
2
18. Solving y(2 y)(4 y) = 0 we obtain the critical points 0, 2, and 4. From the
phase portrait we see that 2 is asymptotically stable (attractor) and 0 and 3
are unstable (repellers).
2
0
1
19. Solving y ln(y + 2) = 0 we obtain the critical points -1 and 0. From the phase
portrait we see that -1 is asymptotically stable (attractor) and 0 is unstable
(repeller).
8.4. SOLUTION CURVES WITHOUT A SOLUTION 551
0
ln 9
20. Solving ye
y
9y = y(e
y
9) = 0 we obtain the critical point 0 and ln9. From
the phase portrait we see that 0 is asymptotically stable (attractor) and ln9 is
unstable (repeller).
0
1
1
21. Writing the dierential equation in the form dy/dx = y(1 y)(1 + y) we see
that critical points are located at y = 1, y = 0, and y = 1. The phase portrait
is shown at the right.
0
1
1
22. Writing the dierential equation in the form dy/dx = y
2
(1 y)(1 + y) we see
that critical points are located at y = 1, y = 0, and y = 1. The phase portrait
is shown at the right.
552 CHAPTER 8. FIRST-ORDER DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS
0
c
23. The critical points are 0 and c because the graph of f(y) is 0 at these
points. Since f(y) > 0 for y < 0 and y > c, the graph of the solution is
increasing on (, 0) and (c, ). Since f(y) < 0 for 0 < y < c, the graph
of the solution is decreasing on (0, c).
c
y
x
0.5
1.7
2.2
24. The critical points are approximately at -2,2,0.5, and 1.7. Since f(y) > 0
for y < 2.2 and 0.5 < y < 1.7, the graph of the solution is increasing on
(, 2.2) and (0.5, 1.7). Since f(y) < 0 for 2.2 < y < 0.5 and y > 1.7,
the graph is decreasing on (2.2, 0.5) and (1.7, ).
y
x
8.4. SOLUTION CURVES WITHOUT A SOLUTION 553
mg
k
25. Writing the dierential equation in the form
dv
dt
=
k
m
_
mg
k
v
_
we see that a critical point is mg/k.
From the phase portrait we see that mg/k is an asymptotically stable
critical point. Thus, lim
t
v = mg/k.
26. Writing the dierential equation in the form
dv
dt
=
k
m
_
mg
k
v
2
_
=
k
m
__
mg
k
v
___
mg
k
+v
_
we see that the only physically meaningful critical point is
_
mg/k.
From the phase portrait we see that
_
mg/k is an asymptotically stable critical point.
Thus, lim
t
v =
_
mg/k.
E/R
27. From an inspection of the autonomous dierential equation
di
dt
=
1
L
(E Ri) we see that i = E/R is the equilibrium
solution. If i
0
< E/R, then E Ri > 0 and hence
di
dt
> 0.
If i
0
> E/R, then E Ri < 0 and hence
di
dt
< 0. Upon
exaimination of the resulting phase portrait, we see that
i E/R as t . Thus Ohms Law E = iR is satised
as t .

28. (a) From the phase portrait we see that critical points
are and . Let X(0) = X
0
. If X
0
< , we see that
X as t . If < X
0
< , we see that X(t)
increases in an unbounded manner, but more specic
behavior of X(t) as t is not known.

(b) When = the phase portrait is as shown. If

X
0
< , then X(t) as t . If X
0
> , then
X(t) increases in an unbounded manner. This could
happen in a nite amount of time. That is, the phase
portrait does not indicate that X becomes unbounded
as t .
554 CHAPTER 8. FIRST-ORDER DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS
(c) When k = 1 and = the dierential equation is dX/dt = (X)
2
. For X(t) = 1/(t+c)
we have dX/dt = 1/(t +c)
2
and
( X)
2
=
_

_

1
t +c
__
2
=
1
(t +c)
2
=
dX
dt
.
For X(0) = /2 we obtain
X(t) =
1
t + 2/
.
For X(0) = 2 we obtain
X(t) =
1
t 1/
.

/2
X
t
t
X

2
For X(0) = /2, we have X as t which is what we expected from the phase portrait.
For X(0) = 2, we have X as t increases to 1/. At this point, the solution has a vertical
asymptote. Thus, the solution approaches innity before t grows very large.
29. At points on the isocline
dy
dx
= x
2
+y
2
= 1, the line segments should each have a slope of 1.
Isoclines of the dierential equation
dy
dx
= x+y have the form x+y = c or y = x+c. Thus,
the isoclines are all lines in the plane with slope -1.
30. At points on the nullcline
dy
dx
= x
2
+ y
2
1 = 0, the line segments should each have slope
0. Nullcines of the dierential equation
dy
dx
= x
2
y
2
have the form x
2
y
2
= 0 or y = x.
Thus, the nullcline are the lines y = x and y = x.
8.5. EULERS METHOD 555
0
31. Consider the dierential equation
dy
dt
= y
n
.
If n is odd, then the phase portrait shows that 0 is unstable.
0
If n is even, then the phase portrait shows that 0 is semi-stable.
0
Consider the dierential equation
dy
dt
= y
n
.
If n is odd, then the phase portrait shows that 0 is stable.
0
If n is even, then the phase portrait shows that 0 is
semi-stable.
8.5 Eulers Method
1. We identify f(x, y) = 2x 3y + 1. Then, for h = 0.1,
y
n+1
= y
n
+ 0.1(2x
n
3y
n
+ 1) = 0.2x
n
+ 0.7y
n
+ 0.1,
556 CHAPTER 8. FIRST-ORDER DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS
and
y(1.1) y
1
= 0.2(1) + 0.7(5) + 0.1 = 3.8
y(1.2) y
2
= 0.2(1.1) + 0.7(3.8) + 0.1 = 2.98.
For h = 0.05,
y
n+1
= y
n
+ 0.05(2x
n
3y
n
+ 1) = 0.1x
n
+ 0.85y
n
+ 0.1,
and
y(1.05) y
1
= 0.1(1) + 0.85(5) + 0.1 = 4.4
y(1.1) y
2
= 0.1(1.05) + 0.85(4.4) + 0.1 = 3.895
y(1.15) y
3
= 0.1(1.1) + 0.85(3.895) + 0.1 = 3.47075
y(1.2) y
4
= 0.1(1.15) + 0.85(3.47075) + 0.1 = 3.11514.
2. We identify f(x, y) = x +y
2
. Then, for h = 0.1,
y
n+1
= y
n
+ 0.1(x
n
+y
2
n
) = 0.1x
n
+y
n
+ 0.1y
2
n
,
and
y(0.1) y
1
= 0.1(0) + 0 + 0.1(0)
2
= 0
y(0.2) y
2
= 0.1(0.1) + 0 + 0.1(0)
2
= 0.01.
For h = 0.05,
y
n+1
= y
n
+ 0.05(x
n
+y
2
n
) = 0.05x
n
+y
n
+ 0.05y
2
n
,
and
y(0.05) y
1
= 0.05(0) + 0 + 0.05(0)
2
= 0
y(0.1) y
2
= 0.05(0.05) + 0 + 0.05(0)
2
= 0.0025
y(0.15) y
3
= 0.05(0.1) + 0.0025 + 0.05(0.0025)
2
= 0.0075
y(0.2) y
4
= 0.05(0.15) + 0.0075 + 0.05(0.0075)
2
= 0.0150.
3. Separating variables and integrating, we have
dy
y
= dx and ln|y| = x +c.
Thus y = c
1
e
x
and, using y(0) = 1, we nd c = 1, so y = e
x
is the solution of the initial-value
problem.
h = 0.1
x
n
y
n
Actual Value Abs. Error % Rel. Error
0.00 1.0000 1.0000 0.0000 0.00
0.10 1.1000 1.1052 0.0052 0.47
0.20 1.2100 1.2214 0.0114 0.93
0.30 1.3310 1.3499 0.0189 1.40
0.40 1.4641 1.4918 0.0277 1.86
0.50 1.6105 1.6487 0.0382 2.32
0.60 1.7716 1.8221 0.0506 2.77
0.70 1.9487 2.0138 0.0650 3.23
0.80 2.1436 2.2255 0.0820 3.68
0.90 2.3579 2.4596 0.1017 4.13
1.00 2.5937 2.7183 0.1245 4.58
8.5. EULERS METHOD 557
h = 0.05
x
n
y
n
Actual Value Abs. Error % Rel. Error
0.00 1.0000 1.0000 0.0000 0.00
0.05 1.0500 1.0513 0.0013 0.12
0.10 1.1025 1.1052 0.0027 0.24
0.15 1.1576 1.1618 0.0042 0.36
0.20 1.2155 1.2214 0.0059 .48
0.25 1.2763 1.2840 0.0077 0.60
0.30 1.3401 1.3499 0.0098 0.72
0.35 1.4071 1.4191 0.01320 0.84
0.40 1.4775 1.4918 0.0144 0.96
0.45 1.5513 1.5683 0.0170 1.08
0.50 1.6289 1.6487 0.0198 1.20
0.55 1.7103 1.7333 0.0229 1.32
0.60 1.7959 1.8221 0.0263 1.44
0.65 1.8856 1.9155 0.299 1.56
0.70 1.9799 2.0138 0.0338 1.68
0.75 2.0789 2.1170 0.0381 1.80
0.80 2.1829 2.2255 0.0427 1.92
0.85 2.2920 2.3396 0.0476 2.04
0.90 2.4066 2.4596 0.0530 2.15
0.95 2.5270 2.5857 0.0588 2.27
1.00 2.6533 2.7183 0.0650 2.39
4. An integrating factor for y

+ 2y = 4x is e
2x
. Thus we have
d
dx
[e
2x
y] = 4xe
2x
e
2x
y = (2x 1)e
2x
+c
y = 2x 1 +ce
2x
Substituting x = 0 and y = 2, we have 2 = 1 +c or c = 3. Therefore, the actual solution is
y = 2x 1 + 3e
2x
.
h = 0.1
x
n
y
n
Actual Value Abs. Error % Rel. Error
0.00 2.0000 2.0000 0.0000 0.00
0.10 1.6000 1.6562 0.0562 3.39
0.20 1.3200 1.4110 0.0910 6.45
0.30 1.1360 1.2464 0.1104 8.86
0.40 1.0288 1.1480 0.1192 10.38
0.50 0.9830 1.1036 0.1206 10.93
h = 0.05
558 CHAPTER 8. FIRST-ORDER DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS
x
n
y
n
Actual Value Abs. Error % Rel. Error
0.00 2.0000 2.0000 0.0000 0.00
0.05 1.8000 1.8145 0.0145 0.80
0.10 1.6300 1.6562 0.0262 1.58
0.15 1.4870 1.5225 0.0355 2.33
0.20 1.3683 1.4110 0.0427 3.02
0.25 1.2715 1.3196 0.0481 3.65
0.30 1.1943 1.2464 0.0521 4.18
0.35 1.1349 1.1898 0.0549 4.61
0.40 1.0914 1.1480 0.0566 4.93
0.45 1.0623 1.1197 0.0574 5.13
0.50 1.0460 1.1036 0.0576 5.22
5.
h = 0.1
x
n
y
n
0.00 0.0000
0.10 0.1000
0.20 0.1905
0.30 0.2731
0.40 0.3492
0.50 0.4198
h = 0.1
x
n
y
n
0.00 0.0000
0.10 0.1000
0.20 0.1905
0.30 0.2731
0.40 0.3492
0.50 0.4198
6.
h = 0.1
x
n
y
n
0.00 1.0000
0.10 1.1000
0.20 1.2220
0.30 1.3753
0.40 1.5735
0.50 1.8371
h = 0.1
x
n
y
n
0.00 1.0000
0.05 1.0500
0.10 1.1053
0.15 1.1668
0.20 1.2360
0.25 1.3144
0.30 1.4039
0.35 1.5070
0.40 1.6267
0.45 1.7670
0.50 1.9332
8.5. EULERS METHOD 559
7.
h = 0.1
x
n
y
n
0.00 0.5000
0.10 0.5250
0.20 0.5431
0.30 0.5548
0.40 0.5613
0.50 0.5639
h = 0.1
x
n
y
n
0.00 0.5000
0.05 0.5125
0.10 0.5232
0.15 0.5322
0.20 0.5395
0.25 0.5452
0.30 0.5496
0.35 0.5527
0.40 0.5547
0.45 0.5559
0.50 0.5565
8.
h = 0.1
x
n
y
n
0.00 1.0000
0.10 1.1000
0.20 1.2159
0.30 1.3505
0.40 1.5072
0.50 1.6902
h = 0.1
x
n
y
n
0.00 1.0000
0.05 1.0500
0.10 1.1039
0.15 1.1619
0.20 1.2245
0.25 1.2921
0.30 1.3651
0.35 1.4440
0.40 1.5293
0.45 1.6217
0.50 1.7219
9.
h = 0.1
x
n
y
n
1.00 1.0000
1.10 1.0000
1.20 1.0191
1.30 1.0588
1.40 1.1231
1.50 1.2194
h = 0.1
x
n
y
n
1.00 1.0000
1.05 1.0000
1.10 1.0049
1.15 1.0147
1.20 1.0298
1.25 1.0506
1.30 1.0775
1.35 0.1115
1.40 1.1538
1.45 1.2057
1.50 1.2696
560 CHAPTER 8. FIRST-ORDER DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS
10.
h = 0.1
x
n
y
n
0.00 0.5000
0.10 0.5250
0.20 0.5499
0.30 0.5747
0.40 0.5991
0.50 0.6231
h = 0.1
x
n
y
n
0.00 0.5000
0.05 0.5125
0.10 0.5250
0.15 0.5375
0.20 0.5499
0.25 0.5623
0.30 0.5746
0.35 0.5868
0.40 0.5989
0.45 0.6109
0.50 0.6228
Chapter 8 in Review
A. True/False
1. True
2. True
3. True
4. True
B. Fill in the Blanks
1. y = x 3x
2
+ 36e
3x
+C
2. two
3. e
R
1dx
= e
x
4. -12
5. half-life
6. 2
16
P
0
7.
dP
dt
= 0.16P, P(0) = P
0
8.
dy
dx
= x +xy
CHAPTER 8 IN REVIEW 561
C. Exercises
1. Separating variables, we obtain
1
y
dy = cot xdx = ln|y| = ln| sinx| +C = y = C
1
csc x.
2. The equation is linear and an integrating factor is e
t
, so
d
dt
_
e
t
x

= cos 2t = e
t
x =
1
2
sin2t +C = x =
1
2
e
t
sin2t +Ce
t
.
3. Write the equation in the form
dy
dt
=
5
t
y = 1. An integrating factor is
1
t
5
, so
d
dt
_
1
t
5
y
_
=
1
t
5
=
1
t
5
y =
1
4t
4
+C = y =
1
4
t +Ct
5
.
4. Separating variables, we obtain
ye
y
2
dy = x
2
e
2x
3
dx =
1
2
e
y
2
=
1
6
e
2x
3
+C = 3e
y
2
= e
2x
3
+C
1
.
5. Write the equation in the form
dy
dx
+
8x
x
2
+ 4
y =
2x
x
2
+ 4
. An integrating factor is (x
2
+4)
4
, so
d
dx
_
(x
2
+ 4)
4
y

= 2x(x
2
+ 4)
3
= (x
2
+ 4)
4
y =
1
4
(x
2
+ 4)
4
+C
= y =
1
4
+C(x
2
+ 4)
4
.
6. Separating variables, we obtain
cos
2
xdx =
y
y
2
+ 1
dy =
1
2
x +
1
4
sin2x =
1
2
ln(y
2
+ 1) +C
= 2x + sin2x = 2 ln(y
2
+ 1) +C.
7. From
1
_
1 y
2
dy = 2xdx, we have sin
1
(y) = x
2
+c or y = sin(x
2
+c)
8. From
1
y
2
ey =
1
e
x
+e
x
dx =
e
x
(e
x
)
2
+ 1
dx we obtain
1
y
= tan
1
e
x
+c or y =
1
tan
1
e
x
+c
.
9. An integrating factor is e
2x
so that
d
dx
[e
2x
y] = e
2x
y
_
e
3x
e
2x
_
= x(e
x
1)
e
2x
y = (x 1)e
x

x
2
2
+C
y = (x 1)e
3x

x
2
2
e
2x
+Ce
2x
562 CHAPTER 8. FIRST-ORDER DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS
10. An integrating factor is e
x
so that
d
dx
[e
x
y] = e
x

1 e
x
e
x
y =
2
3
(e
x
+ 1)
3/2
+C
y =
2
3
e
x
(e
x
+ 1)
3/2
+Ce
x
11. The general solution is P = ce
0.05t
. Substituting t = 0 and P = 1000, we have 1000 = c so
that P = 1000e
0.05t
.
12. The general solution is A = ce
0.015t
. Substituting t = 0 and A = 5, we have 5 = c so that
A = 5e
0.015t
.
13. Write the equation in the form
dy
dt
+
1
t
y = t
3
lnt.
An integrating factor is e
ln t
= t, so
d
dt
[ty] = t
4
lnt
ty =
1
25
t
5
+
1
5
t
5
lnt +c
y =
1
25
t
4
+
1
5
t
4
lnt +
c
t
Substituting y = 1 and y = 0, we have c =
1
25
so that y =
1
25
y
4
+
1
5
t
4
lnt +
1
25t
14. From
dy
10y
=
dx
x
, we have
1
10
ln|y| = ln|x| +c
ln|y| = 10 ln|x| +c
1
y = c
2
x
10
Substituting x = 1 and y = 3, we have 3 = c
2
so that y = 3x
10
.
CHAPTER 8 IN REVIEW 563
15.
dy
2y +y
2
= dx
_
dy
(2 +y)y
=
_
dx
_
1
2y

1
2(y + 2)
dy =
_
dx
1
2
ln|y|
1
2
ln|y + 2| = x +c
1
2
ln

y
y + 2

= x +c
ln

y
y + 2

= 2x +c
1
y
y + 2
= c
2
e
2x
Solving for y we have y =
2c
2
e
2x
c
2
e
2x
1
. Substituting x = 0 and y = 3, we have 3 =
3c
2
c
2
1
which
yields 3c
2
3 = 2c
2
or c
2
=
3
5
. Thus the solution is y =

6
5
e
2x
3
5
e
2x
1
.
16.
dy
y(10 2y)
= dx
_
1
10y

1
10(y 5)
dy =
_
dx
1
10
ln

y
y 5

= x +c
ln

y
y 5

= 10x +c
1
y
y 5
= c
2
e
10x
y =
5c
2
e
10x
c
2
e
10x
1
Substituting x = 0 and x = 7, we have 7 =
5c
2
c
2
1
which yields 7c
2
7 = 5c
2
or c
2
=
7
2
. Thus
the solution is y =
35
2
e
10x
7
2
e
10x
1
.
564 CHAPTER 8. FIRST-ORDER DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS
17.
dy
1 +y
2
= dx or tan
1
(y) = x +c. Substituting x =

3
and y = 1, we have
tan
1
(1) =

3
+c

4
=

3
+c
7
12
= c
Thus tan
1
(t) = x
7
12
or y = tan
_
x
7
12
_
.
18.
dy
y
2
1
=
dx
x
_
1
2(y 1)

1
2(y + 1)
dy =
_
1
x
dx
1
2
ln

y 1
y + 1

= ln|x| +c
ln

y 1
y + 1

= 2 ln|x| +c
1
y 1
y + 1
= c
2
x
2
y =
(c
2
x
2
+ 1)
c
2
x
2
1
Substituting x = 2 and y = 2, we have 2 =
(4c
2
+ 1)
4c
2
1
or c
2
=
1
12
. Thus, the solution is
y =

_
1
12
x
2
+ 1
_
1
12
x
2
1
.
19.
dy
y
2
= 8x
2
dx
1
y
=
8
3
x
3
+c
y =
1
8
3
x
3
+c
1
Substituting x = 0 and y =
1
2
, we have
1
2
=
1
c1
or c
1
= 2. Thus the solution is y =
1
8
3
x
3
+ 2
.
20.
dy
dx
= e
x
e
y
e
y
dy = e
x
dx
e
y
= e
x
+c
y = ln(e
x
+c)
CHAPTER 8 IN REVIEW 565
Substituting x = 0 and y = 1, we have
1 = ln(1 +c)
e = 1 +c
e 1 = c
Thus, the solution is y = ln(e
x
+e 1).
21.
dy
dx
=
2x
3y
3
3y
3
dy = 2xdx
3
4
y
4
= x
2
+c
y
4
=
4
3
x
2
+c
1
y =
4
_
4
3
x
2
+c
1
Substituting x = 0 and y = 2, we have 2 =
4

c
1
or c
1
= 16. Thus the solution is y =
4
_
4
3
x
2
+ 16.
22.
dy
dx
= x +y
dy
dx
y = x
An integrating factor is e
x
. Therefore we have
d
dx
[e
x
y] = x
e
x
y =
x
2
2
+c
y =
x
2
2
e
x
+ce
x
Substituting x = 0 and y = 1, we have 1 = c so the solution is y =
x
2
2
e
x
+e
x
.
23. Writing
dP
dt
= kP as
1
P
dP = k dt and integrating, we obtain lnP = kt + C or P = C
1
e
kt
.
Since P(0) = P
0
, P
0
= C
1
and P = P
0
e
kt
. From P(t
1
) = P
1
and P(t
2
) = P
2
, we have
P
1
= P
0
e
kt1
and P
2
= P
0
e
kt2
or
P
1
P
0
= e
kt1
and
P
2
P
0
= e
kt2
. Then e
k
= (P
1
/P
0
)
1/t1
and
e
k
= (P
2
/P
0
)
1/t2
or (P
1
/P
0
)
1/t1
= (P
2
/P
0
)
1/t2
. Thus, (P
1
/P
0
)
t2
= (P
2
/P
0
)
t1
.
24. The temperature of the surrounding medium is T
0
= 30

C and the initial temperature is

T(0) = 150

C. Solving dT/dt = k(T 30), we obtain T = 30 + Ce

kt
. Since T(0) = 150,
566 CHAPTER 8. FIRST-ORDER DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS
C = 120 and T = 30 + 120e
kt
. Using T(1/4) = 90, we have 90 = 30 + 120e
k/4
or 1/2 = e
k/4
.
Thus, e
k
= (1/2)
4
= 1/16 and
T(1/2) = 30 + 120e
k/2
= 30 + 120(e
k
)
1/2
= 30 + 120(1/16)
1/2
= 60

C
T(1) = 30 + 120e
k
= 30 + 120(1/16) = 37.5

C.
25. (a) Write the dierential equation in the form
dA
dt
+(k
1
+k
2
)A = k
1
M. Then an integrating
factor is e
(k1+k2)t
, and
d
dt
_
e
(k1+k2)t
A
_
= k
1
Me
(k1+k2)t
= e
(k1+k2)t
A =
k
1
M
k
1
+k
2
e
(k1+k2)t
+C
= A =
k
1
M
k
1
+k
2
+Ce
(k1+k2)t
.
Using A(0) = 0, we nd C =
k
1
M
k
1
+k
2
and A =
k
1
M
k
1
+k
2
_
1 +e
(k1+k2)t

.
(b) As t , A
k
1
M
k
1
+k
2
. If k
2
> 0, the material will never be completely memorized.
(c)
t
A k
1
M
k
1
+k
2
26. Separating variables, we obtain
1
E
0
q/C
dq =
1
k
1
+k
2
t
dt = C ln

E
0

q
C

=
1
k
2
ln|k
1
+k
2
t| +c
1
=
(E
0
q/C)
C
(k
1
+k
2
t)
1/k2
= c
2
.
Setting q(0) = q
0
, we nd c
2
=
(E
0
q
0
/C)
C
k
1/k2
1
, so
(E
0
q/C)
C
(k
1
+k
2
t)
1/k2
=
(E
0
q
0
/C)
C
k
1/k2
1
_
E
0

q
C
_
C
=
_
E
0

q
0
C
_
C
_
k
1
k +k
2
t
_
1/k2
E
0

q
C
=
_
E
0

q
0
C
_
_
k
1
k +k
2
t
_
1/Ck2
q = E
0
C + (q
0
E
0
C)
_
k
1
k +k
2
t
_
1/Ck2
.
CHAPTER 8 IN REVIEW 567
27. (a) Separating variables, we obtain
1
P
dP = k cos t dt, so ln|P| = k sint+c, and P = c
1
e
k sin t
.
If P(0) = P
0
then c
1
= P
0
and P = P
0
e
k sin t
.
(b)
t
P
P
0
28. Let
dv
dt
= v
dv
dy
so that m
dv
dt
= mg kv
2
becomes mv
dv
dy
= mg kv
2
. Using y(0) = 0
and v(0) = v
0
, it follows that v
2
=
mg +kv
2
0
k
e
2ky/m

mg
k
. If v = 0, then the maximum
height is h =
m
2k
ln
mg +kv
2
0
mg
. From mv
dv
dy
= mg kv
2
, v(0) = 0, and y(0) = 0, we nd that
v
2
=
mg
k
(1e
2ky/m
). Setting y = h, we see that the velocity at impact is v =
v
0
_
1 +
k
mg
v
2
0
.
29. (a)
568 CHAPTER 8. FIRST-ORDER DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS
(b)
(c) As x , y(x) .
As x , y(x) .
30. (a)
dy
dx
= (y 1)
2
(y 3)
2
(b)
dy
dx
= y(y 2)
2
(y 4)
31. Using a CAS we nd that the zero of f occurs at approximately y = 1.3214. From the graph
we observe that dy/dx > 0 for y < 1.3214 and dy/dt < 0 for y > 1.3214, so y = 1.3214 is an
asymptotically stable critical point. Thus, lim
t
y(x) = 1.3214.
32. The rst step of Eulers method gives y(1.1) 9 +0.1(1 +3) = 9.4. Applying Eulers method
one more time gives y(1.2) 9.4 + 0.1(1 + 1.1

9.4) 9.8373.
33. For the curve y = x
3
, we have
dy
dx
= 3x
2
= 3 at both (1, 1) and (1, 1). For the curve
= x
2
+ 3y
2
= 4, we can dierentiate implicitly to get 2x + 6y
dy
dx
= 0 or
dy
dx
=
x
3y
=
1
3
at both (1, 1) and (1, 1). Therefore, the slopes of the tangent lines are perpendicular at
(1, 1) and (1, 1).
34. (a) For the curve xy = c
1
, we dierentiate implicitly to get y +xy

= 0 or y

=
y
x
. For the
curve y
2
x
2
= c
2
, we dierentiate implicitly to get
2yy

2x0
yy

= x
y

=
x
y
Since the slopes are negative reciprocals of each other, we see that the families are
orthogonal trajectories.
CHAPTER 8 IN REVIEW 569
(b)
y
x