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KNOW YOUR CITY: A CITY OF 2030 WITHOUT SLUMS

LUSAKA REPORT

Table of Contents
Introduction ............................................................................. 4
1. General Project Background ....................................................... 4
1.1 Project Aim ................................................................................ 4
1.2 Project Organisation.5
1.3 Project Activities and Results ....................................................... 5
Know Your City Lusaka ............................................................. 5
2. Methodology and Technical Tools ............................................... 8
2.1 Key tools ................................................................................... 9
3. Project Process ......................................................................... 11
3.1 Community mobilisation, engagement and training .................... 11
3.2 Establishing a social fund for the urban poor: Womens Savings
Schemes.11
3.3 Enumeration and mapping process ........................................... 12
3.4 Utilisation of Collected information .......................................... 14
3.5 Summary of Project Progress ................................................... 16
4. Challenges ............................................................................... 19
5. Key Lessons Learned ............................................................... 21
5.1 Lessons Surrounding Participation .............................................. 21
5.2 Lessons Surrounding Partnerships .............................................. 22
6. Assessment of Results ............................................................. 23
Appendixes ............................................................................. 25
Appendix 1: Summary of the enumeration reports ....................... 25
Executive summary: Zingalume Compound ...................................... 25
Executive summary: George Compound .......................................... 30
Appendix 2: Household Survey Questionnaire .............................. 34
Appendix 3: Mapping forms used ................................................. 43
Kalikiliki Household Mapping Form ................................................... 43
Kalikiliki Enumeration: Water and Sanitation Form .......................... 44
Appendix 4: Sample Map .............................................................. 45
Appendix 5: Logical Framework for Scaling Up Project in Lusaka 46
Appendix 6: Draft Lusaka Informal Settlement Upgrading Strategy
.................................................................................................... 49

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Introduction
This final report outlines the process and results of the Know Your City
project jointly implemented in Lusaka by the Lusaka City Council (hereafter
the LCC) and informal settlement dwellers, of the Zambia Homeless and Poor
Peoples Federation (ZHPPF) of Lusaka city. The project sought to foster a
sustainable working relationship between local authorities and informal
settlement dwellers in a bid to expedite the creation of inclusive cities in
Zambia.
1. General Project Background
1.1 Project Aim
Established under the Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) entered into by
Slum Dwellers International (SDI) and the United Cities and Local
Governments of Africa (UCLGA), these organizations sought to pilot a joint-
work project encouraging local government-community cooperation around
issues of inclusive city planning and slum upgrading. Through the Know Your
City joint work programme, and the nature of UCLGA and SDIs networks,
local governments and organized slum dweller communities were brought
together through the enumeration exercise an SDI tested tool to build the
capacity of urban poor communities to enter a constructive dialogue with
local authorities and collect information about the informal settlements and
their development needs.
Addressing the urgent need enhance the collective knowledge and data about
slums and informal settlements in Africa, the project aims to provide slum
communities and local municipalities with the tools they need to better plan

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and manage their cities in an inclusive manner. In order to do this, the city in
question must recognize that informal settlements and their populations are
part of the city and that the poor urban communities have fundamental
rights to be included in the planning process and strategic decisions
surrounding city planning and the provision of public services. Knowledge
starts with information gathering and correct statistics, thus the Know Your
City campaign is the first step towards inclusive planning and development in
African cities.
1.2 Project Organisation
This project was implemented under partnership between the United Cities
and Local Governments of Africa (UCLG-A) and the Slum Dwellers
International (SDI).
The UCLG-A is the umbrella organization and a united voice and
representative of local governments in Africa. It is an institution that gathers
40 national associations of local government from all regions of Africa as well
as over 2000 cities that have more than 100,000 inhabitants each. UCLGA
represents nearly 350 million citizens. The Executive Committee of UCLGA
passed a resolution to carry out joint work programme with SDI at the
UCLGA meeting held in Dakar, Senegal, 26 April, 2011. Through a
consultative process, the UCLG-A selected two of its members, the Lusaka
City Council (Zambia), in the Southern Africa region, and the city of
Ouagadougou (Burkina Faso), in West Africa, to participate in the pilot
project.
The SDI is an umbrella organization of federations formed by urban poor to
engage in initiatives to upgrade slums and squatter settlements, secure
tenure, develop new housing that low income households can afford and
improve provision for infrastructure and services. SDI has a range of well-
developed and tested tools that support communities from informal
settlements to form community organizations, build the capacity of urban
poor communities to enter a constructive dialogue with local authorities and
collect information about the informal settlements and their development
needs.
The project was funded by the Cities Alliance (CA) through a grant of
$74,825.00 with a focus to catalyze urban transformation processes that
promote more inclusive cities; and advance collective know-how through

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learning distilled from project experiences. The United Cities and Local
Governments World Secretariat headquartered in Barcelona was the fund
recipient and disbursed on behalf of the Joint Work Programme.

1.3 Project Activities and Results
The core activities implemented through this project include:
Engaging poor urban communities to work with the participating
local authorities to develop inclusive cities;
Mapping & enumerating all households in settlements within
participating cities that are under threat of eviction and or identified
for upgrading;
Increasing the public knowledge & information of poor urban
settlements & scaling up the programme;
Designing and establishing an urban poor investment fund;
Embarking on a home improvement project in George compound.
Working jointly with local authorities, this programme consists of
communities collecting information about their own slum communities, which
will then build the knowledge capacity of slum dweller communities, local
authorities, city planners and other stakeholders on the realities of informal
settlements in the city where the Know Your City Project is implemented.
Together, these groups can then use this information to examine critical
issues such as the management and development of cities and re-evaluate
the current policies to ensure that slums and slum dwellers are integrated
into broader city development plans.
Projected results for the pilot project also included:
Availability of data and information for planning;
Enhanced capacity for slum upgrading for local authorities and
communities;
Networking and knowledge management and sharing on slum
upgrading;

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Established social investment fund for urban poor communities
This report covers the Lusaka component of the Know Your City project.
Know Your City Lusaka:
The Lusaka component of the project had three main partners, Lusaka City
Council; Peoples Process on Housing and Poverty in Zambia (PPHPZ); and
Zambia Poor Peoples Federation (ZHPPF).
As one of the two chosen cities for the implementation of the Know Your City
Project, Lusaka embraced the project. With an already established
federation, Zambia Homeless and Poor Peoples Federation (ZHPPF) and
support NGO, Peoples Process on Housing and Poverty in Zambia (PPHPZ),
the implementation of the Know Your City project took root quickly.
Beginning enumerations in George Compound, the largest settlement in
Lusaka, ZHPPF, PPHZ and participating community leaders began discussions
with the Lusaka City Council (LCC) on how the city and slum communities
can begin working together through this project. After the official opening of
the Know Your City project in Zambia and the signing of a MoU between
ZHPPF, PPHPZ and the LCC on 30 March 2012, the steering committee
entitled the project steering committee was established. Composed of 4
representatives from the informal settlements, 3 local authority staff and 2
PPHPZ representatives, the committee met every month to manage the
coordination and implementation of the Know Your City project in Lusaka,
ensuring that each stakeholder plays his or her part in the process.
Together the Project Steering Committee identified ten slum communities in
which to roll out this project; however, within the projects 10-month
timeframe only seven settlements were fully enumerated in the Lusaka
region. Working hand-in-hand through joint-work team, community
enumerators with the support of Lusaka city planners collected socio-
economic information from slum dwellers in George Compound, Kalikiliki,
Chipata, Mtendere East Compound, Zingalume compound, Chazanga and

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Chaisa compound. In addition to the enumeration information, the teams
were able to compile and complete GIS maps in two of these settlements
George and Kalikiliki compounds and a nearly complete map of the Mtendre
East Compound establishing the spatial layout of housing units, water and
sanitation facilities as well as other basic services facilities.
The information collected under this project has equipped communities, as
well as local authorities and other stakeholders, with a collective knowledge
to strategically design, plan and implement programmes that address the
needs of slum dwellers in these communities. Armed with this information,
the LCC, PPHPZ, ZHPPF and these newly enumerated informal settlements
have already begun discussions and designs for joint-work slum upgrading
initiatives beginning with water and sanitation one of the greatest needs for
all the communities where information was collected. Communities are
dynamic and therefore keeping track of changes occurring within the
community is important as well as remaining strategic in responding to
urbanization and other factors that exacerbate poverty in these communities.
2 Methodology and Technical Tools
Under the paradigm that knowledge is power, the Know Your City Project
works under the premise that a better knowledge of cities will help local
authorities and slum dweller communities plan the future of their cities.
However, it is more than just accessing knowledge but the process of
gathering knowledge that is key. The previous, and all too common trend,
has been the Lusaka city council research team imposing themselves on slum
communities to collect information, which was often used against these
populations rather than in an effort to assist the struggles faced by these
communities. These professionals often approach these communities as
merely beneficiaries and objects of study rather than city citizens with
valuable knowledge and input about their own communities and innovative
ideas to contribute to the development of slums. This invasion is often met
with mistrust, misunderstanding and often hostility between the city and

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slum dweller communities, which in turn leads to false information or
omissions because the slum populations fear the threat of forced eviction
and/or other actions that detrimentally effect informal settlement
communities.
Moving away from this approach, the Know Your City project aims to
reconcile these conflicts through joint-work partnerships between the city
and slum dweller communities. Adopting the SDI core rituals of community-
led enumerations, GIS mapping and savings schemes, the Know Your City
project stimulates equal engagements between local authorities and slum
dweller communities through these mobilizing tools, highlighting the value of
the slum communities taking an active role in their own community
upgrading. By starting at the beginning together, mobilizing and collecting
information together, generates a level of trust and respect between these
two parties, leading to changes in city practices that advocate the active
participation of slum dwellers throughout the city planning process.
Furthermore, through these mobilisation and information gathering tools,
communities are empowered through the ownership of information they
collected
2. 1 Key Tools:
Community-led enumerations: these enumerations are led by trained
community members who are responsible for going door-to-door throughout
the whole informal settlement, ensuring that data is collected from every
household and structure. The houses are grouped and numbered to ensure
that data-collection is done correctly and completely inclusive of the full
informal settlement. Using community created questionnaires, community
enumerators are able to calculate: the general population of the settlement,
average family size, education, economic activities, infrastructure, security of
tenure, number of households, etc. The information from these
questionnaires are then entered into a database where it is then sent through
the statistical package for social sciences to produce manage, analyze and
summarize the data. (Please refer to Appendix 1: Summary of Enumeration

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reports and Appendix 2: Household Survey Questionnaire for more
information).
GIS mapping: similar to the enumeration process, recruited community
members are trained in geo-referenced mapping including, but not limited
to: GIS mapping tools, use of Geographical information systems mapping to
map slum communities and how to create and analyse geo-referenced maps.
With the support of a GIS specialist, these community mappers use satellite
images, which should be made available by the city council, or Google maps
to match and identify structures and service provisions found in the satellite
images, adding information that these images do not show. Using GIS
equipment and techniques learned during training, community mappers then
compile the information gathered to create a complete- analysed geo-
referenced map of the informal settlement which identifies all structures,
roads, water and sanitation units, schools, community centers, markets, etc
found in the community. These maps are added to the enumeration data,
helping to identify priority issues that each settlement faces in terms of
housing and/or service provision. (Please refer to Appendix 3: Mapping
Forms Used and Annex 4: Sample Map for more information).
Savings Schemes: Recognizing the women are often the true engines of
development due to their commitment to the household, family and
community, womens savings schemes help mobilise other community
members, builds the capacity of women as leaders in slum community and
the general financial capacity of slums. Through daily interactions and weekly
meetings, savings group members begin to articulate the existing problems
in the community and brainstorming collective solutions to some of these
problems. The funds collected through these schemes serve as another
negotiating tool for slum dwellers in interactions with their governments and
other stakeholders, demonstrating their financial management and
mobilisation abilities. Furthermore, savings schemes and their collective
funds often help sustain community-run slum upgrading projects. As a result

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of all the above, these savings schemes often become the heart of change in
slum communities.

3 Project Process
3.1 Community mobilisation, engagement and training
Informal settlement dwellers were tasked with the responsibility to engage
community members in the targeted settlements around the need to
participate in the project. Mobilising communities around womens saving
schemes and community-run enumerations, ZHPPF and PPHPZ were able to
identify and recruit community leaders and enumerators in each of the
identified informal settlements. Conducting door-to-door information
sessions, ZHPPF and community-identified leaders mobilized community
practitioners encouraging people to participate in the household surveys.
They identified community stakeholders, who also helped them to identify
potential participants and organize those who demonstrated interest in
volunteering during the process.
Federation members, who demonstrated expertise in the enumeration
process, specifically questionnaire administration, trained a total of 210
community enumerators in seven of the identified settlements. Community
enumerators were introduced to the key survey tools and given an
opportunity to practice before the actual enumeration exercise took place.
Realizing that the community practitioners would be expected to map the
targeted informal settlements, the community decided to request for support
from the federation members in Zimbabwe to hold a workshop on GIS
mapping. Six community practitioners were trained in GIS mapping, covering
topics, including but not exclusive to: a basic introduction to GIS; the use of
GIS information (spatial information); digitizing; and map production.
3.2 Establishing a social fund for the urban poor: Womens Savings
Schemes

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As one of the main objectives of the Know Your City Project, throughout the
enumeration and mapping processes the enumerators and community
mobilisers helped motivate the establishment of 10 new women-run savings
schemes of about 50 members each in George and Chipata compounds.
These 10 schemes have joined already existing savings schemes in pooling
their collective savings into one account entitled the Swalisano Urban Poor
Fund. This fund will then be used to finance the contributing slums upgrading
projects.
Through weekly meetings, each respective savings scheme calculates the
savings collected, separating the funds into three categories: daily savings,
health savings and the Swalisano Urban Poor Fund (UPF). Funds from daily
savings are set-aside until members collectively decide to either evenly split
the money or use the funds for a groups priority needs. Health savings are
specifically collected to support group members if illness falls upon them or
their family members. However, each member is required to contribute $2.00
a month to the group Swalisano fund, which will then be added to a collective
Urban Poor Fund (UPF) which is then used to finance slum upgrading projects
in the slum communities. The money is then revolved back into the fund
after the completion of one project to then finance future slum upgrading
initiatives. In the final Know Your City reporting period, it was estimated that
the 10 savings groups from George and Chipata Compound had already
saved: $1478.00 in the collective Swalisano UPF, $84.00 in health funds and
$400.00 in daily savings.
3.3 Enumeration and mapping process
Prior to the enumeration exercise, the targeted settlements would be zoned
in sections and households would be given a special coding system to ensure
that each household of the settlement is included in the enumeration. The
team of enumerators would then be divided into two teams of 15 members
each. Meeting each morning at the agreed upon hour, the 30 enumerators
would collect the community-created questionnaires and any other materials
they required. One of the teams would be tasked to go in the settlement

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numbering the structures, while the other would follow behind administering
the questionnaire. At the end of each days work enumerators would meet to
discuss the challenges that they face in the field so that the next days work
would be better. It should be highlighted that all seven enumerations were
entirely conducted by community practitioners in collaboration with Lusaka
City Council community development officers.
At the start of the project, enumerators were provided with a daily transport
refund for those coming from outside the targeted community to meet
together in a central area where they would collectively prepare their
afternoon meals between suverying. This helped to create group cohesion
and discussions among enumerators as well as improving the quality of the
data that was being collected because they took these opportunities to go
through each questionnaire together, beginning to screen and analyse the
data.
It was later discovered that this approach was both costly and time
consuming. Enumerators commented on the time lost moving to and from
this central area. To save time, it was agreed that enumerators would be
given an amount equivalent to the cost of the food previously taken at the
start of the project and the transport refund.
Due to delays in availability of necessary satellite images and GIS equipment,
the mapping aspect of the project was delayed until well after the
enumeration process was under way in the seven settlements. After months
of negotiations and engagement with the Lusaka City Council to acquire
these satellite images, these images proved to be unclear and difficult to
work with. The committee then decided that the attempt to use these
satellite images should be abandoned and replaced by Google images. The
mapping exercise finally began in October 2012, starting with the Kalikiliki
settlement. Headed by the 6 member mapping team, who had been trained
in Zimbabwe in April 2012 and retrained through a refresher course in
October, community members were sensitized on the importance of mapping
and how to map settlements using GIS.

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With the support of the GIS specialist who prepared and distributed the
images to the community mapping team members, mapping teams made
up of newly trained community members and one or two of the original six
trained in Zimbabwe went out into the settlement, identifying individual
structures on the ground and capturing additional information on the layout
and building found in the settlement. The mapping team would normally be
divided into groups of two where one person would read the map the other
would capture information about the structures. Returning to the PPHPZ
offices the teams would then digitize the maps in ArcGis and enter the
corresponding data into the system.
After entering all of the information into database, the community
enumerators and mappers compiled and analyzed the data into settlement
reports, which were then shared with the rest of the community, city
planners, LCC, the Mayor of Lusaka and other stakeholders. Furthermore, the
analysed data, reports and completed analysed GIS maps have been shared
with the rest of the public through the LCC database.
3.4 Utilisation of collected information
Recognizing the value of the partnership between LCC and organized slum
communities and the work taking place on the ground through the join-work
teams, monthly meetings between all parties were conducted throughout the
enumeration and mapping process discussing: updates on the work taking
place, challenges, success and the way forward in terms of the Know Your
City Project. These conversations, along with the resulting information
developed from enumeration and mapping processes, incited discussions of
future joint work slum upgrading projects between the city and slum dweller
communities, the Lusaka City Council and Zambian Federation. Furthermore,
the city of Lusaka, Peoples Process on Housing and Poverty in Zambia, and
federation are taking steps to scale-up this project to a city-wide scale,
completing the enumerations, mapping, profiling and reporting of the
remaining slum communities in Lusaka.

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Upon the completion of the Know Your City Project, the alliance held a
dialogue forum with the Lusaka City Council, community practitioners, and
Ministry of Local Government officials to discuss the impact of the project as
well as come up with a draft slum upgrading strategy. A total of 20 people
attended this 2-day long forum. Continuing to work hand-in-hand with the
LCC, PPHPZ and ZHPPF drafted the Lusaka Informal Settlement Upgrading
Strategy. This document intends to provide a road map to improve the
livelihoods of people living and working in Zambias informal settlements
through the provision of security of tenure, housing improvement, income
generation and physical and social infrastructure. The aim of this strategy
document is to consolidate the efforts of all the relevant stakeholders
involved in slum upgrading projects in Lusaka and develop a common
strategy and implementation agenda in order to be able to move forward
with the programme. (Please refer to Annex 5: Lusaka Informal Settlement
Upgrading Strategy for more information).

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3.5 Summary of project progress

Project Title: Know Your City Project Lusaka
Summary of Project outcomes
Activities planned No. Deliverables Deviation from
original project
design
Reason for
deviation
Comment of assumptions
constraints
Preparation and
signing of the
Memorandum of
understanding
1 Signed M.o.U
Between the
Lusaka city
council and
informal
settlement
dwellers

Planning meeting in
all the ten informal
settlements to be
enumerated

10 Detailed
implementation
plan and budgets
Project Steering Committee was
ambitious assuming that 10 settlements
could be enumerated and mapped in 10-
months. LCC and ZHPPF plan to finish
the remaining 3 settlements even after
the end of the Know Your City Pilot
Project in Lusaka.
Training of
enumerators in
each in each
10 Trained
enumerators
It was assumed that the same
community members would volunteer
for the entire time it takes to enumerate

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settlement a settlement; however this proved to be
impossible. So refresher courses on
enumerations for those participants who
joined the enumeration process later.
Rolling out
enumerations in
each of the ten
informal
settlements
7 Enumeration
report
Up to the end of the
project, only two
reports were
produced
Enumerations were
conducted in 7
settlements, but only
managed to enter
data for 2 settlements
during the project
timeframe
Community participation was sometimes
sporadic because some community
members were demanding allowances
and if not given they would withdraw
their participation and this dragged
implementation
Preparation of
maps related to
enumerations
2 Map samples for
George
Compound,
Kalikiliki and
Mtendere East
It was planned that
each of the 10-
targeted informal
settlements would be
mapped.
Within a limited
timeframe proved a
significant constraint
on the projects
progress. In the end
only two settlement
maps have been
completed in full.
Acquiring satellite images with an
excellent resolution was a challenge and
this made it difficult to do mapping at
the same time with enumerations.
Map and Geo-
referenced data in
10 settlements
2 Geo-referenced
maps
It was planned that
10 selected informal
settlements will be
mapped and Geo-
referenced
It was discovered that
to be able to produce
all the 10 maps, the
alliance would require
more time to
implement because
some of these
settlements are quite
big and mapping is
Acquiring satellite images with an
excellent resolution was a challenge and
this made it difficult to do mapping at
the same time with enumerations.

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very time consuming.
Set up savings
schemes:
Community Savings
Schemes
10 Establishment of
functional saving
schemes
The concept of community savings is
sold on the basis of members willingly
saving money for various needs and
community members are free to join or
not.
Forums of slum
dwellers and local
authority officials to
meet to discuss
outcomes, agree on
priority upgrading
intervention
3 Prioritized
intervention for
upgrading
It was planned that
after every
enumeration and
mapping, community
members would
meet with their local
authority leaders to
discuss.
Both parties unable to
meet together for
more than the brief
meetings on the
project progress. Only
three of these priority
need intervention
meetings took place.

Know Your City
Sensitization
Workshop -
1 Increased
awareness on
informal
settlements
It was assumed that the project would
formal change city planning practices
and policy; however, this type of change
takes time and many negotiations. The
Know Your City Sensitization Workshop
was an opportunity to share ideas and
begin these negotiations for policy
change that is pro-poor and inclusive of
slum dweller communities. The Project
Steering Committee drafted the Lusaka
Informal Settlement Upgrading
Strategy, which was discussed during
the workshop.

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4. Challenges
As a pilot project, it is expected that unforeseen challenges and obstacles would
arise. Some of these challenges were met with simple solutions, while others faced
long periods of reflection before a sustainable solution was found. However, these
obstacles serve to improve upon the Know Your City Project and similar
programmes.
The main challenges faced during this pilot were:
Limitations of timeframe: As mentioned earlier, the 10-month timeframe
allocated for the pilot project proved limited, not taking into the amount of
time taken for mobilisation, enumerations, profiling and mapping. All these
activities take time and require patience; if rushed, the resulting information
will prove inadequate to base the success of future slum upgrading
programmes. Furthermore, due to the unforeseen obstacles that were
presented during the pilot in Lusaka, the project steering committee was
unable to enumerate and map the 10 settlements originally identified.

Limited materials: During the project implementation thousands of
questionnaires had been generated and were supposed to be entered and
analyzed. The major challenge had been that data entry has been so slow
simply because there were few computers and people to enter it and it was
taking long to finish and produce reports. There were only three slum youths
entering data since there were only three computers dedicated to the Know
Your City project. This affected the pace at which progress was being made.
To remedy this problem the Lusaka City Council seconded two of their
members of staff from the research department to beef up the data entry
team. It had also been proposed that data be entered manually to produce
draft results that the community and the council could use but will have to be
correlated with the ones to be produced at the later stage through the
statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS).


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Obstacles surrounding community mobilisation and training: Another
challenge that the project faced was lack of consistent community
participation especially from members that are not part of the federation of
the urban poor. The project was being piloted in settlements where major
international organisations have been operating and have been giving
incentives to induce community participation. This made it very difficult to
solicit for community participation where no allowances would be given. To
address this challenge the federation had to re-sensitize non federation
members on the importance of community participation in their own
development processes and managed to get more non federation members
to participate. They had to appeal to the development value of the
enumerations and mapping in order to get non-federation community
members to get on board.

In addition, it was discovered that the community mapping team did not
thoroughly understand the mapping process and its technicalities hence
errors were noticed in the data that was being generated. The exercise was
then halted to reorient the mapping team on the type and quality of spatial
data that they should collect. After the mapping team members were
reoriented, the alliance was able to correctly map Kalikiliki and Mtendere
compound.

Insufficient funds and irregular fund disbursement: With a budget
limited to just over USD35,000.00 for each pilot city participating in the
Know Your City Project, it was a challenge for the Lusaka team to meet all
the objectives and deliverables for the project on a limited budget. Lusaka
was unable to enumerate and map the 10 slum communities they originally
hoped to implement the Know Your City Project and when the money was not
sufficient SDI pre-financed activities. It was also highlighted that mapping,
enumerations and survey drafting all take time and a certain level of
technological support that is often out of reach for slum communities.


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Furthermore, the extended delays in disbursement of project funds that were
faced during the pilot projects had a negative affect on the project.
Community members became discouraged and dropped out of the process
returning to their daily activities. This then caused project activities to be
suspended due to the lack of funds and volunteers; however, when activities
were to be resumed it was necessary to remobilise enumerators and
surveryers to regain their commitment to the project.

5. Key Lessons Learned
Community participation has proved to be vital in the sustainability of this and any
future partnerships between informal settlements and municipalities. This project
has managed to change that kind of perception and demonstrate that informal
settlement dwellers have a role to play in their development process if only they
are respected for who they are and what they can contribute to the process.
Although the overall project was successful on multiple levels, there are key lessons
that were learned through this pilot project in Lusaka that can help refine the
project for replication and scaling up:
5.1 Lessons surrounding Participation:
Mobilising communities: The mobilisation of community members to
participate in the enumeration process takes time and often times, the
community has a hard time understanding the importance of volunteering
because they have been used to being paid by other international NGOs to
develop their communities. These obstacles can delay project timeframes
and can be discouraging; however, by using already mobilised community
members and members of savings schemes as community mobilisers, with
time slum communities will begin to see the benefits of community-run
enumerations and mapping.

Rotation of community enumerators: Maintaining the same community
enumerators throughout the enumeration and profiling process of a slum

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settlement can cause some of the enumerators to request payment for the
enumeration work. Since these volunteers are abandoning their other jobs or
income generating activities to participate in the enumeration process,
expecting them to work on community enumerations continuously until its
completion is unreasonable unless they receive a daily or weekly stipend
besides lunch. After experiencing this situation in some of the slum
communities being enumerated, the Lusaka team began to rotate their
community enumerators, recruiting and training new identified community
enumerators to work for a week or so and then repeating this process with a
new selection of community members. However, this process requires that a
number of enumeration and mapping trainings take place to train the newly
recruited enumerators or refresh community enumerators who had to leave
the process for a time to return to their income generating activities.

5.2 Lessons surrounding Partnerships:
Importance of transparency: One of the major lessons that this project
has presented is that transparency in any partnership is critical to the
success of any project embarked on. Throughout the process in Lusaka, the
project budget was shared with the relevant stakeholders, helping to address
unnecessary expectations from both the community members and council
staff. The council has even gone an extra mile to provide their staff with the
support necessary to enable them work with communities during this current
and future projects. This of course was after the realization that the project
could not meet all the costs and that the information that is being collected
will be beneficial to both the council and the community hence the need to
commit resources to it.

Collaboration between the formal and informal: The second lesson is
that the project has revealed that it is very possible for professionals to work
side by side with non-professionals and produce work that is professional.
The project has proved once again that when communities work side by side
with city officials it helps to address apprehensions from community

21
members about the council coming to survey their community for a possible
eviction especially in communities with undefined legal status. The duality of
the authority of the city planners validated the profiling and enumeration
being conducted by community members while the participation and
explanations presented by community enumerators about the project and
why this information was being gathered gave comfort to the rest of the
community that the information would not be used to do harm and disrupt
the lives of these informal populations. The roles of each party compliment
one another and provided a well-rounded approach to information gathering.
6. Assessment of results

One of the deliverables of the project is to generate information that can be used
for planning through sustained partnerships between the informal settlements and
their respective municipalities and the project is slowly achieving that. The project
has fostered a partnership between the council and informal settlements that
guarantees future collaboration on any slum-upgrading project. The community
feels comfortable working hand-in-hand with professionals as equals.
Changing the perception of slum dwellers in the eyes of local authorities, this
project has created a sense of trust and respect between both parties. In terms of
meeting the project objectives and deliverables, the pilot project in Lusaka has met
the main objective and developed the core deliverables required. However, more
than just the listed objectives, this project has achieved the ultimate objective by
inspiring a partnership between the Lusaka City Council and slum dweller
organizations and communities. This partnership has not only fostered working
relationships between communities and local authorities, but has created a space
for slum dwellers to play an active role in city development and planning.
Future plans are for this partnership to continue through other slum upgrading
initiatives, using the data collected through the Know Your City project as the basis
for future programmes in Lusaka. Currently the slum dweller communities, PPHPZ
and the LCC are designing projects around water and sanitation, lack of secure

22
tenure and poor structured housing - all community-identified priority problems in
the slums of Lusaka. Beginning with George Compound the first informal
settlement enumerated and mapped during the Know Your City Project designs
and plans for affordable sanitation facilities and home improvement joint-work
projects are underway, along with negotiations for land tenure for identified slum
communities.
Furthermore, the LCC, PPHPZ, ZHPPF and participating slum communities plan to
continue with the project on their own, enumerating and mapping all the informal
settlements in the Lusaka area. In addition to this initiative, all parties hope to
scale-up this programme to a nation-wide scale, where Lusaka would serve as a
learning centre for other municipalities and slum dwellers interested in
implementing a similar programme in their own cities. It is hoped that these
initiatives will lead to the adoption of formal policy change and inclusive city
planning initiatives, which were outlined and presented in the Lusaka Informal
Settlement Upgrading Strategy drafted by the project steering committee.



23
Appendix 1: Summary of Enumeration Reports
Executive summary: Zingalume compound
This paper presents the summary of the findings of the community-led information
gathering in Zingalume compound about the social and economic condition of the
settlement. Community members carried out the exercise with support from the
Lusaka City Council community development officers.
Zingalume compound started as an overspill of the neighbouring George compound
in the late 1980s. It was established to accommodate households that were being
displaced in George compound to pave way for infrastructure development such as
roads and water pipes.
Preliminary findings of the survey indicate that the settlement has an estimated
population size of 6118 residents with 874 households. 76 percent of the housing
units are mostly built from concrete blocks with a few built from anthill clay. The
survey also revealed that 79.1 percent of the households are renting the houses in
which they are staying. 61.8 of those who own houses or land have secure tenure
in form of occupancy certificates that give them land use rights for a period of 30
years and only 13 percent have full title deeds.
51 of the total number of respondents are either in full time or part time
employment while 49 percent are engaged in self help economic activities such as
vending. The preliminary results also show that 86 percent of the interviewed
households are sharing 21 water points that are religiously controlled to just allow
60 litres of water per household per day.
The survey also found out that 98 percent of the respondents said that they are
using a traditional pit latrine as a form of sanitation option and in most cases they
are either full or poorly built. The settlement has only 86 pit latrines and these are
shared between 5 to 15 persons per pit latrine.

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50 percent of the residents have access to electricity which is sporadically supplied
and so during blackouts residents resort to using charcoal and paraffin as
alternative sources of heating and lighting energy respectively.
There is no proper waste management system in the areas and so residents just dig
and bury their waste. The settlement has experienced partial floods during heavy
rainy seasons that sometimes have washed away poorly constructed houses and
toilets. The community identified increased access to clean water, more schools,
proper roads and improved quality of houses and toilets as priority development
challenges that need to be addressed urgently.
Given the above findings, the study made the following recommendations as the
road map to addressing the challenges identified.
There is need for community members to engage their ward councilor over
access to occupancy certificates that will encourage them to invest in their
structures and sanitation facilities.
Community members should get mobilized and start up community based
enterprise that will address waste management in the community as well as
create income for those doing formally employed.
There is need to increase access to proper sanitation in the settlement so
that there is decency in the settlement.





25

Figure 1 Summary of enumeration results for Zingalume
Thematic Area Information collected Statistics
Settlement profile
ZINGALUME
COMPOUND

Location (City/Country)
LUSAKA
ZAMBIA


Value
Percent
age (%)
Total Number of structures Enumerated: 1761 100
Total number of households captured 874 100
Total number of households enumerated 874 92.6
Population profile Total number of people in enumerated households 6118 92.6
Household details gender of head of household 599 Male68.5
274
Female
31.4
number of people in household 6118


Estimated population 7000

Residential structure
details
Average household size 6

average number of rooms per household 2

Proportion of concrete dwellings 664 76.0
Proportion of ant-hill clay dwellings 26 3
Tenure details Number of households renting 691 79.1
Number of households owned by occupants 138 15.8
Number of households with certificates of occupancy 540 61.8
Number of households with formal title deeds 114 13
Employment/Income Proportion of households with head in formal employment 332 38

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Proportion of households with head in informal employment 120 13.7
Water Access Proportion of households accessing water from borehole 69 7.9
Shallow wells 6 0.7
Yard taps 35 4
Kiosks 28 3.2
Proportion of households sharing water point 754 86
Proportion of households owning water point 113 12.9
Sanitation Proportion of households using pit latrine 857 98.1
Proportion of households sharing pit latrine with neighbors 56 6.4
Average number of people/households per toilet 15 69.7

Number of pit latrines toilets available
86

Other services
Availability of formal electricity connection in dwelling (number of
HH)
467 50

Available markets 1


Available clinics 1


Availability of other lighting energy sources (if no formal
connection)
Waste disposal mechanism dig and bury

infrastructure Available state schools 2

Available churches 4

Available bars 41

Available playing space none

Available shops(Grocery shops, butcheries etc) 19
Disaster history
Main environmental hazards (floods, mudslides, heavy rains,
collapsed houses)
Floods
Developmental priorities Most urgent needs
water
roads
schools
Improved
housing

27




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Executive summery George compound
This paper presents the summary of findings of the enumeration carried out in
George compound to establish the living conditions, the socio-economic aspects of
community life as well as access to basic service delivery. The survey was
managed, controlled and propelled by the community members who received
capacity on how to collect data and analyze the data.
The findings of the study reveal that the settlement has a total of 11,023
households with an estimated population of 66,138. The houses in the settlement
are predominantly built from concrete blocks, mud bricks and anthill clay and are
generally poorly constructed. The findings show that the common type of sanitation
is the traditional pit latrine making up 99.2 % of households. This presents a
serious sanitation and environmental problem in the settlement in the sense that
many households are sharing traditional pit latrines as many families especially
tenants have no access to their own toilets. Specifically, the enumeration report
indicates that 62.9 % of households share sanitation facilities between 6 and 15
members. This places users at a risk of contracting diseases due to the unhygienic
nature of the sanitation. On the other hand, the use of traditional pit latrines poses
a serious environmental hazard as ground water is susceptible to pollution.
The common water sources for the community are communal water taps and the
settlement has about 185 water kiosks. These water points are controlled and
residents are only allowed to get about 100 litres of water per day. The study
revealed that residents need more litres of water than what they are currently
accessing and so they are forced to get water from shallow wells which are
contaminated.
In summary the report makes the following recommendations about the settlement
The community needs improved access to reliable and safe water source.

There is need to increase capacity of residents to implement and manage
sanitation infrastructure other than pit latrines and other conventional
sanitation facilities.

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The community need to be mobilized to enable them to start saving for their
toilets as well as connections to water
There is need to extend the period that households have access to communal
taps and also increase the amount of water they get per day.
The community has very poor sanitation facilities, which are in deplorable
conditions; this challenge is likely to trigger a serious outbreak of diseases in
the settlement.


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Figure 2 Summary of enumeration results for George

Thematic Area information collected Statistics
Settlement profile
GEORGE
COMPOUND

Location (City/Country) LUSAKA ZAMBIA

Value
Percentage
(%)
Total Number of structures Enumerated: 16,520 100
Total number of households captured 11,908 100
Total number of households enumerated 11,023 92.6
Population profile Total number of people in enumerated households 66,138 92.6
Household details gender of head of household 40,476 Male 68.
25,000 Female 37.8
number of people in household 66,138


Estimated population 71448

Residential
structure details
Average household size 6

average number of rooms per household 2

Proportion of concrete dwellings 7,665 69.5
Proportion of ant-hill clay dwellings 259 2.3
Tenure details Number of households renting 7,930 71.9
Number of households owned by occupants 1,752 15.9
Number of households with certificates of occupancy 6,019 54.6
Number of households with formal title deeds 1,605 14.6
Employment/Inco
me
Proportion of households with head in formal employment 3,720 33.7
Proportion of households with head in informal employment 1,216 11.0
Water Access Proportion of households accessing water from borehole 287 2.6

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Thematic Area information collected Statistics
Shallow wells 211 1.9
Yard taps 403 3.7
kiosks 800 7.3
Proportion of households sharing water point 6,620 60.1
Proportion of households owning water point 695 6.3
Sanitation Proportion of households using pit latrine 8,906 80.8
Proportion of households sharing pit latrine with neighbours 825 7.5
Average number of people/households per toilet 16


Number of pit latrines toilets available
3153

Other services
Availability of formal electricity connection in dwelling (number of
HH)
5,080 46.1

Available markets 1


Available clinics 1

Availability of other lighting energy sources (if no formal connection) 3,363 30.5
Waste disposal mechanism dig and bury

infrastructure Available state schools 2

Available churches 27

Available bars 45

Available playing space 16

Available shops(Grocery shops, butcheries etc) 243
Disaster history
Main environmental hazards (floods, mudslides, heavy rains,
collapsed houses)
Floods 2009
Developmental
priorities
Most urgent needs
Toilets
Water
Roads
schools

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