ICND I 100 101 07 Installing Operating Cisco LAN Switches

By Muhammad Asghar Khan
asghar.psh@gmail.com
07 - Installing & Operating Cisco LAN
Switches
Reference: Cisco CCENT/CCNA ICND1 100-101 Official Cert Guide By WENDELL ODOM
Cisco Press
2
Agenda
www.asghars.blogspot.com
Introduction
Cisco Catalyst Switch Brand
Cisco Linksys Switch Brand
The Cisco Catalyst 2960 Switch
Switch Status from LEDs
Accessing the Cisco IOS CLI
CLI Access from the Console
CLI Access with Telnet & SSH
Setting Password Security for CLI
Cisco IOS Modes of Operation
User EXEC Mode
Privileged EXEC Mode

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Agenda
Global Configuration Mode
Switch Configuration Files
Types of Switch Memory
RAM/DRAM
ROM
Flash Memory
NVRAM
Types of Configurations
Initial Configuration (Setup Mode)
Startup Configuration
Running Configuration
Copying Configuration Files
Erasing Configuration Files

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Introduction
Cisco has two major brands of LAN switching products
Cisco Catalyst Switch Brand
Includes a large collection of switches, all of which have
been designed with Enterprises in mind
The Catalyst switches have a wide range of sizes, functions,
and forwarding rates
Cisco Linksys Switch Brand
Includes a variety of switches designed for use in the home
The CCNA exams focus on how to implement LANs
using Cisco Catalyst switches
Both the Catalyst and Linksys brands of Cisco switches
provide the same base features

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Introduction
Within the Cisco Catalyst brand, Cisco produces a wide
variety of switch series or families
Each switch series includes several specic models of
switches that have:
Similar Features,
Similar Price-Versus-Performance trade-offs, and
Similar Internal components

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Cisco positions the 2960 series/family of switches as
full-featured, low cost wiring closet/cabinet switches
for enterprises
2960 switches are mostly used as access switches
The distribution layer switches are often from a
different Cisco switch family, typically a more powerful
and more expensive product family
Figure on next slide shows the photo of the 2960
switch series from Cisco; each switch is a different
specific model of switch inside the 2960 series

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Cisco Catalyst 2960 Series
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Three of the five switches have 48 RJ-45 10/100 ports, meaning
that these ports can negotiate the use of 10BASE-T or
100BASE-TX Ethernet
These switches also have few additional RJ-45 ports on the
right that are 10/100/1000 interfaces on the right, intended to
connect to the core switches of an Enterprise campus LAN
Cisco refers to a switchs physical connectors as either
interfaces or ports. Each interface has a number in the style
x/y, where x and y are two different numbers
In a 2960, the number before the / is always 0. The rst
10/100 interface on a 2960 is numbered starting at 0/1, the
second is 0/2, and so on

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The interfaces also have names; for example, interface
FastEthernet 0/1 is the rst of the 10/100 interfaces
Any Gigabit-capable interfaces would be called
GigabitEthernet interfaces
Cisco supports two major types of switch operating systems:
Internetwork Operating System (IOS)
Catalyst Operating System (Cat OS)
Most Cisco Catalyst switch series today run only Cisco IOS
But for some historical reasons, some of the high-end Cisco LAN
switches support both Cisco IOS and Cat OS
Cisco also uses the term hybrid to refer to 6500 switches that
use Cat OS and the term native to refer to 6500 switches that
use Cisco IOS
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Switch Status from LEDs
Switch hardware includes several LEDs that provide some
status and troubleshooting information
Figure shows the front of a 2960 series switch, with five
LEDs on the left, one LED over each port, and a mode
button

SYST (System)
RPS (Redundant Power Supply)
STAT (Status)
DUPLX (Duplex)
SPEED
Port
MODE
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To make sense of the LEDs, consider the specific example of
SYST LED
SYST LED provides a quick overall status of the switch, with three
states on most 2960 switch models:
Off: switch is not powered on
On (green): switch is powered on and operational (Cisco IOS has
been loaded)
On (amber): switchs Power-On Self Test (POST) process failed, and
the Cisco IOS did not load. In this case, the typical response is to
power the switch off and back on again. If the same failure occurs,
a call to the Cisco Technical Assistance Center (TAC) is typically the
next step
The particular details of how each LED works differ between
different Cisco switch families and with different models inside
the same switch family
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The port LEDsthe LEDs sitting above or below each
Ethernet portmeans something different depending on
which of three port LED modes is currently used on the
switch
The switches have a mode button (labeled with number 6
in Figure) that, when pressed, cycles the port LEDs
through three modes:
STAT
DUPLX, and
SPEED

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Each of the three port LED modes changes the meaning
of the port LEDs associated with each port
In STAT (status) Mode
Off: The link is not working
Solid Green: The link is working, but theres no current traffic
Flashing Green: The link is working, and traffic is currently
passing over the interface
Flashing Amber: The interface is administratively disabled or
has been dynamically disabled for a variety of reasons
In SPEED Mode
Dark LED; meaning 10 Mbps
Solid Green Light; meaning 100 Mbps
Flashing Green; meaning 1000 Mbps (1 Gbps)

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The command-line interface (CLI) is a text-based interface in
which the user, typically a network engineer, enters a text
command and presses Enter
Pressing Enter sends the command to the switch, which
tells the device to do something
Cisco IOS not also define an interface (CLI) for humans but it
also controls the switchs performance and behavior
The switch CLI can be accessed through three popular
methodsthe console, Telnet, and Secure Shell (SSH)
The console is a physical port built specifically to allow
access to the CLI

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Telnet and SSH use the IP network in which the switch
resides to reach the switch
Figure on next slide shows the cabling

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Next, a terminal emulator software package (e.g. tera
term) must be installed and configured to use the PCs
serial port, matching the switchs console port settings

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The default console port settings on a switch are as
follows:
9600 bits/second
No hardware flow control
8-bit ASCII
No stop bits
1 parity bit
Figure shows the configuration window for the settings just
listed
CLI Access with Telnet & SSH
Most terminal emulator packages also include both Telnet &
SSH client functions

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Telnet or SSH application protocol calls the terminal
emulator a Telnet Client or SSH Client and device that
listens for commands is called Telnet Server or SSH
Server
The switch runs Telnet and SSH server software by
default, but needs to have an IP address configured
Telnet & SHH is TCP based where Telnet uses the port 23
and SHH uses the port 22
The key difference b/w Telnet & SHH is that Telnet sends
all data as clear-text data, while the SHH sends data in
more secure manner by using the encryption
By default switch allows only console access, but no
Telnet or SHH access

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Cisco switches refers to console as console line-specifically,
console line 0
Cisco switches also support 16 Telnet sessions, referenced as
virtual terminal (vty) lines 0 through 15
SSH requires a little more effort than console & Telnet, as SSH
uses public key cryptography to exchange a shared session key
Additionally, SSH requires both username and password for
login

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Cisco IOS provides access to several different command
modes
Each command mode provides a different group of
related commands
Entering a question mark (?) at the system prompt
allows you to obtain a list of commands available for
each command mode
The three basic modes are:
User EXEC Mode

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User EXEC Mode
It is the default command mode for the CLI
It is also called User Mode
The user EXEC commands allow you to connect to remote
devices, change terminal settings on a temporary basis,
perform basic tests, and list system information
EXEC refers to the fact that the user only enter the
command, switch executes that command and then
display the message
The prompt for user EXEC mode is the name of the device
followed by an angle bracket:
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Privileged EXEC commands set operating parameters
Privileged EXEC mode is password protected
It is also called simply privileged or enable mode
To enter privileged mode, enter the enable EXEC command
from user EXEC mode:

To set enable mode password, use either the enable
password or enable secret commands
It is recommended that you use the enable secret command
because it uses an improved encryption algorithm

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Use the enable password command only if you boot an older
image of the Cisco IOS software
Figure shows the User & Privileged modes

Global configuration commands apply to features that affect
the system as a whole, rather than just one protocol or
interface

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Commands entered in configuration mode update the
active configuration file
Configuration mode itself contains submodes
Submodes used to configure specific system features
Context-setting commands move you from one
configuration mode or context to another
To enter global configuration mode, enter
the configure command from privileged EXEC mode:

The system prompt changes to indicate that you are now
in global configuration mode
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Some of the sub-modes are:
Access-list Configuration
Line Configuration
Interface Configuration
Access-list Configuration
Use access-list configuration mode when you are creating a
named IP or IPX access list
From global configuration mode, use the ip access-list
or ipx access-list command

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Line configuration
Line configuration commands modify the operation of an
auxiliary, console, physical, or virtual terminal line
From global configuration mode, enter by specifying a line
with a line {aux|con|tty|vty} line-number [ending-line-
number] command

Interface Configuration
The commands entered in this mode modify the operation of
an interface
From global configuration mode, enter by specifying an
interface with an interface command

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Figure shows the relationship b/w EXEC modes and
configuration mode

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The end or Ctrl+z key sequence exit the user from any
part of configuration mode and go back to privileged
EXEC mode
While the exit command backs you out of configuration
mode one sub-configuration mode at a time

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To work with files, you need some sort of memory
Cisco switches uses several types of permanent memory as:
RAM/DRAM
Used by switch as it is used by any other computer
ROM
Stores bootstrap/boot-helper program, that is loaded when the
switch first power on
Bootstrap program finds the image of IOS and load it into the
RAM
Flash Memory
Found in the form of chip inside the switch or a removable
memory card
Stores the Cisco IOS images and it is the default location where
bootstrap searches for the IOS image

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It can also be used to store configuration or backup files
Nonvolatile RAM (NVRAM)
Stores the initial or startup configuration file
A configuration file saves the switch configuration
commands in text format
Switch maintains the following types of configuration:
Initial Configuration (Setup Mode)
Setup mode leads a switch administrator to a basic switch
configuration by using questions that prompt for basic
switch configuration parameters
Figure on next slide describe the process used by setup
mode

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Startup Configuration
Used for initialization when the switch boots
If this file does not exist, the system boots using the factory
defaults

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It is stored in NVRAM
You can use the show startup-config command to view the
startup configuration file
The IOS File System (IFS) refers to startup-config as
nvram:startup-config
Running Configuration
Stores the currently used configuration commands
This file changes dynamically when someone enters
commands in configuration mode
It is stored in RAM
If the switch is reloaded (rebooted) and the running
configuration is not saved all commands will be lost
You can use the show running-config command to view the
startup configuration file
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The IOS File System (IFS)
refers to running-config
as system:running-config

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Copying Configuration Files
The copy command can be used to copy files b/w RAM
or NVRAM on a switch and a TFTP server
The copy command can be summarized as:
copy { tftp|running-config|startup-config }
{ tftp|running-config|startup-config }
It always replaces the existing configuration file when the
file is copied into NVRAM or into a TFTP server, while it
merged the configuration file into the running-config file
in RAM
Figure on next slide depicts the locations and results of
copy operation

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Erasing Configuration Files
You can use three different commands to erase the
contents of NVRAM
write erase (older)
erase startup-config (older)
erase nvram (recomened)
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All the three commands will erase the contents of the
NVRAM configuration file
Note there is no command to erase the contents of the
running-config file; to clear the running-config file, simply
erase the startup-config file and then reload the
switch

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ICND I 100 101 07 Installing Operating Cisco LAN Switches

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