1

CHAPTER 1
1.1 Introduction
Microstrip antennas are low profile, conformable to planar and non planar surfaces, simple and
inexpensive to manufacture on printed circuited technology, mechanically robust when mounted
on rigid surfaces, compatible with MMIC designs. They are also referred to as patch antennas.
These antennas are very versatile in terms of resonant frequency, polarization, pattern, and
impedance. In addition, by adding loads between the patch and the ground plane, such as pins
and varactor diodes, adaptive elements with variable frequency, impedance, polarization and
pattern can be designed.
The rectangular microstrip patch antenna is usually made of a conducting material. The
rectangular microstrip patch antenna is parallel to the ground plane. The rectangular microstrip
patch and the ground plane are separated by substrate. The basic configuration of the rectangular
microstrip patch antenna is described in fig1.

Fig 1.1: Basic configuration of the rectangular microstrip patch antenna
However, there are certain disadvantages of microstrip antennas such as low efficiency, low
power, high Q (sometimes in excess of 100), poor polarization purity, poor san performance,
spurious feed radiation and very narrow frequency bandwidth, which is typically only a fraction
of a percent or at most a few percent.
There are certain methods to improve the efficiency of microstrip antennas such as increasing the
height of substrate which can extend the efficiency upto 90% and bandwidth upto 35%.In
addition, microstrip antennas also exhibit large electromagnetic signatures at certain frequencies
outside the operating band.

2

1.2 Characteristics of Microstrip patch antenna

a) Consists of very thin metallic strip- t<<o.
b) The metallic strip is placed a small fraction above the ground plane- h<< o., usually
0.003 o s s h 0.05 o.
c) The strip and the ground plane are separated by a dielectric sheet.
d) The dielectric constant of substrates is usually in the range of 2.2 s se
r
12.
e) The most desirable are the thick substrates for good antenna performance.
f) The dielectric constant value should be in the lower end of the above prescribed range for
good antenna performance.
g) Thick substrates with low dielectric constant provide better efficiency, larger bandwidth
and loosely bound fields for radiation into space, but at the expense of larger element
size.
h) Thin substrates with high dielectric constants are desirable for microwave circuitry
because they require tightly bound fields to minimize undesired radiation and coupling,
and lead to smaller element sizes. However due to higher losses, they are less efficient
and have relatively smaller bandwidths.


1.3 Design considerations
There are three essential parameters for the design of a rectangular microstrip patch antenna
as follows,
(1) Frequency of operation: The resonant frequency of the rectangular microstrip
patch antenna must be selected appropriately.
(2) Dielectric constant of the substrate: The low dielectric material is analyzed to
yield better antenna parameter output.
(3) Height of the substrate: The height of the dielectric substrate is selected such that
it minimizes the fringing effect.

1.4 Method of analysis
There are many methods for analysis of microstrip antennas. The most popular methods are
transmission line, cavity, and full wave (which include primarily integral equations/Moment
Method).
3

The transmission line model is easiest of all, it gives good physical insight, but is less
accurate and it is more difficult to model coupling. Compared to transmission line model,
cavity model is accurate but at the same time more complex.
However, it also gives good physical insight and is rather difficult to model coupling
although it has been used successfully. In general when applied properly, he full wave
models are very accurate, very versatile, and can treat single elements, finite and infinite
arrays, stacked elements, arbitrary shaped elements, and coupling. However they are the most
complex methods and usually gives the less physical insight. We have done analysis using
transmission line model only. The patch configuration used in all the three designs is
rectangular.
1.5 Basic principle of operation
The metallic patch essentially creates a resonant cavity, where the patch is the top of the
cavity, the ground plane is the bottom of the cavity, and the edges of the patch form the sides
of the cavity. The edges of the patch act approximately as an open-circuit boundary
condition. Hence, the patch acts approximately as a cavity with perfect electric conductor on
the top and bottom surfaces and a perfect magnetic conductor on the sides. This point of
view is very useful in analyzing the patch antenna, as well as in understanding its behavior.
Inside the patch cavity the electric field the electric field is essentially z directed and
independent of the z coordinate. Hence, the patch cavity modes are described by a double
index (m, n). For the (m, n) cavity mode of the rectangular patch the electric field has the
form
|
.
|

\
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
W
y n
L
x m
A E
mn Z
t t
cos cos
Where L is the patch length and W is the patch width.
The patch is usually operated in the(1, 0) mode, so that L is the resonant dimension, and the
field is essentially constant in the y direction. The surface current on the bottom of the metal
patch is then x directed, and is given by For this mode the patch may be regarded as a wide
microstrip line of width W, having a resonant length L that is approximately one-half
wavelength in the dielectric. The current is maximum at the centre of the patch, x = L/2,
while the electric field is maximum at the two radiating edges, x = 0 and x = L. The width
W is usually chosen to be larger than the length (W =1.5 L is typical) to maximize the
bandwidth, since the bandwidth is proportional to the width. (The width should be kept less
than twice the length, however, to avoid excitation of the (0,2) mode.)

4

At first glance, it might appear that the microstrip antenna will not be an effective radiator
when the substrate is electrically thin, since the patch current in will be effectively shorted by
the close proximity to the ground plane. If the modal amplitude A10 were constant, the
strength of the radiated field would in fact be proportional to h. However, the Q of the cavity
increases as h decreases (the radiation Q is inversely proportional to h). Hence, the amplitude
A10 of the modal field at resonance is inversely proportional to h. Hence, the strength of the
radiated field from a resonant patch is essentially independent of h, if losses are ignored.
The resonant input resistance will likewise be nearly independent of h. This explains why a
patch antenna can be an effective radiator even for very thin substrates, although the
bandwidth will be small.

1.6 Software used
ADS (Advanced design system) will be used to design and analyze the performance of
microstrip patch antenna. Advanced Design System is the leading electronic design automation
software for RF, microwave and signal integrity applications. ADS has been used in innovative
and commercially successful technologies, such as S-parameters and 3D EM simulators, used by
leading companies in the wireless communication and networking, and aerospace and defense
industries.
ADS provide full, standards-based design and verification with Wireless Libraries and circuit-
system-EM co-simulation in an integrated platform. ADS software is one of the strongest
software. It is based on FDTD (finite domain time difference method), FEM (finite element
method) and MM (moment method) methods. Moment method is also referred to as low
frequency asymptotic. The ADS platform comprises solutions for design entry, synthesis,
system, circuit, 3D EM simulation, analysis/post processing, and a complete flow to
manufacturing. It easily integrates with the designer's enterprise IC or PCB framework.







5

CHAPTER 2
2.1 Fundamental Parameters of Antenna
2.1.1 Radiation Pattern

An antenna radiation pattern or antenna pattern is defined as a mathematical function or a
graphical representation of how the electric or magnetic field intensities vary with respect to the
angular positions, elevation and azimuth, for a fixed range. Radiation properties include power
flux density, radiation intensity, field strength, directivity, phase or polarization


Figure 2.1: Coordinate system for antenna analysis

2.1.2 BeamWidth

The beamwidth of an antenna is defined as the angular separation between two identical points
on opposite sides of the pattern maximum.. One of the most widely used beamwidth is the Half-
Power Beamwidth which is defined asIn a plane containing the direction of the maximum of a
beam, the angle between the two directions in which the radiation intensity is one-half value of
the beam
The angular separation between the first nulls of the pattern, and it is referred to as the First-Null
Beam width (FNBW).


Fig.2.2: Radiation lobes and beam widths of an antenna pattern
6


2.1.3 Radiation Intensity

Radiation intensity in a given direction is defined as the power radiated from an antenna per unit
solid angle. The radiation intensity is a far-field parameter, and it can be obtained by multiplying
the radiation density by the square of the distance.

2.1.4 Directivity

The Directivity of an antenna is defined as the ratio of the radiation intensity in a given direction
from the antenna to the radiation intensity averaged over all directions. The average radiation
intensity is equal to the total power radiated by the antenna divided by 4.

A
D
O
=
t 4


2.1.5 Antenna Efficiency

Related with an antenna, there are a number of efficiencies. The total efficiency, takes into
account losses at the input terminals and with the structure of the antenna. Such losses may be
due to reflections because of the mismatch between the transmission line and the antenna
conduction and dielectric losses.


2.1.6 Antenna Gain

The gain of the antenna is closely related to the directivity, it is a measure that takes into account
the efficiency of the antenna as well as its directional capabilities. It is defined as the ratio of the
intensity, in a given direction, to the radiation intensity that would be obtained if the power
accepted by the antenna were radiated isotropically.

2
4

t
e
A
G =




7


2.2 Feeding Techniques
2.2.1 Inset Feed
This feed yields high input impedance. Since the current is low at the ends of a half-wave patch
and increases in magnitude toward the center, the input impedance could be reduced if the patch
is fed closer to the center. One method of doing this is by using an inset feed.

Fig. 2.3 Patch Antenna with an Inset Feed.
2.2.2. Coaxial Cable or Probe Feed
Microstrip antennas can also be fed from underneath via a probe as shown in Figure 2.4. The
outer conductor of the coaxial cable is connected to the ground plane, and the center conductor is
extended up to the patch antenna.

Fig2.4: Coaxial cable feed of patch antenna.
The coaxial feed introduces an inductance into the feed that may need to be taken into account if
the height h gets large (an appreciable fraction of a wavelength). In addition, the probe will also
radiate, which can lead to radiation in undesirable directions.

8



2.2.3 Coupled (Indirect) Feeds
The feeds above can be altered such that they do not directly touch the antenna. For instance, the
probe feed in Figure 2.4 can be trimmed such that it does not extend all the way up to the
antenna. The inset feed can also be stopped just before the patch antenna, as shown in Figure 2.5

Fig2.5: Coupled (indirect) inset feed.
The advantage of the coupled feed is that it adds an extra degree of freedom to the design. The
gap introduces a capacitance into the feed that can cancel out the inductance added by the probe
feed.
2.2.4 Aperture Feeds
Another method of feeding microstrip antennas is the aperture feed. In this technique, the feed
circuitry (transmission line) is shielded from the antenna by a conducting plane with a hole
(aperture) to transmit energy to the antenna, as shown in Figure 2.6.

Fig2.6. Aperture coupled feed.
9

The upper substrate can be made with a lower permittivity to produce loosely bound fringing
fields, yielding better radiation.
The lower substrate can be independently made with a high value of permittivity for tightly
coupled fields that don't produce spurious radiation. The disadvantage of this method is
increased difficulty in fabrication.
2.4 Transmission line model
This model represents the microstrip antenna by two slots of width W and height h, separated by
a transmission line of length L. The microstrip is essentially a non-homogeneous line of two
dielectrics, typically the substrate and air.


Fig2.7. Microstrip line Fig2.8. Electric field lines

Hence, as seen from Figure , most of the electric field lines reside in the substrate and parts of
some lines in air. As a result, this transmission line cannot support pure transverse-
electromagnetic (TEM) mode of transmission, since the phase velocities would be different in
the air and the substrate. Instead, the dominant mode of propagation would be the quasi-TEM
mode. Hence, an effective dielectric constant (
reff
e ) must be obtained in order to account for the
fringing and the wave propagation in the line.
The value of
reff
e is slightly less than
r
e because the fringing fields around the periphery of the
patch are not confined in the dielectric substrate but are also spread in the air as shown in Figure
above. The expression for
reff
e is given by Balanis as:

2
1
12 1
2
1
2
1

(

+
e
+
+ e
= e
W
h
r r
reff

where
reff
e = effective dielectric constant

r
e = dielectric constant of substrate
h = height of dielectric substrate
W = width of the patch
10

Figure given below shows a rectangular microstrip patch antenna of length L, width W resting on
a substrate of height h. The co-ordinate axis is selected such that the length is along the x
direction, width is along the y direction and the height is along the z direction.


Fig2.9. Microstrip patch antenna

In order to operate in the fundamental
10
TM mode, the length of the patch must be slightly less
than /2 where is the wavelength in the dielectric medium and is equal to
reff
o
e

where
o
is
the free space wavelength. The
10
TM mode implies that the field varies one /2 cycle along the
length, and there is no variation along the width of the patch. In the Fig:2.10(a) shown below, the
microstrip patch antenna is represented by two slots, separated by a transmission line of length L
and open circuited at both the ends. Along the width of the patch, the voltage is maximum and
current is minimum due to the open ends. The fields at the edges can be resolved into normal and
tangential components with respect to the ground plane.

Fig: 2.10(a) Top view Fig: 2.10(b) bottom view

11

It is seen from Fig:2.10(b) that the normal components of the electric field at the two edges along
the width are in opposite directions and thus out of phase since the patch is /2 long and hence
they cancel each other in the broadside direction.
The tangential components (seen in Figure), which are in phase, means that the resulting fields
combine to give maximum radiated field normal to the surface of the structure.
Hence the edges along the width can be represented as two radiating slots, which are /2 apart
and excited in phase and radiating in the half space above the ground plane .The fringing fields
along the width can be modeled as radiating slots and electrically the patch of the microstrip
antenna looks greater than its physical dimensions. The dimensions of the patch along its length
have now been extended on each end by a distance L, which is given empirically by


( )
( )
|
.
|

\
|
+ e
|
.
|

\
|
+ + e
=
A
8 . 0 258 . 0
264 . 0 3 . 0
412 . 0
h
W
h
W
h
L
reff
reff

where

2
1
12 1
2
1
2
1

(

+
e
+
+ e
= e
W
h
r r
reff

The effective length of the patch
eff
L now becomes

eff
L = L +2L
For a given resonance frequency fr , the effective length
eff
L is given as

reff r
eff
f
c
L
e
=
2

For a rectangular microstrip patch antenna, the resonance frequency for any
mn
TM is given as

2
1
2 2
2
(
(

|
.
|

\
|
+
|
.
|

\
|
e
=
W
n
L
m c
f
reff
o

Where m and n are modes along L and W respectively
For efficient radiation, the width W is given as
W=
1
2
2 + e
reff r
f
c

Where c is the free space velocity of electromagnetic waves
Since above equation does not accounts for fringing it must be modified to include edge effects
and should be computed using

( )
reff reff
rc
L L
c
L
c
f
e A +
=
e
=
2 2 2
=
r
L
c
q
e 2

12

Where

r
rc
f
f
q =
The q factor is referred to as the fringe factor (length reduction factor). As the substrate height
increases, fringing also increases and leads to larger separations between the radiating edges and
lower resonant frequencies.

2.5 Fringing effects
Because the dimensions of the patch are finite along the length and width, the field at the edges
of the patch undergoes fringing along length and width at the two radiating slots of a microstrip
antenna. The amount of fringing is a function of the dimensions of the patch and height of the
substrate. For the principal E-plane(x-y plane) fringing is a function of the ratio of length of the
patch L to the height h of the substrate (L/h) and the dielectric constant
r
e of the substrate. Since
for microstrip antennas L/h >> 1, fringing is reduced; however, it must be taken into account
because it influences the resonant frequency of antenna.
Electric field lines are non homogeneous line of 2 dielectrics; typically the substrate and air.
Most of the electric field lines reside in the substrate and part of some lines exist in air. As
W/h>>1 and
r
e >>1, the electric field lines concentrate mostly in the substrate. Fringing in this
case makes the microstrip lines look wider electrically compared to its physical dimensions.
Since some of the waves travel in the substrate and some in air, an effective dielectric constant is
introduced to account for fringing and the wave propagation in the line.
To introduce the effective dielectric constant, let us assume that the center conductor of the
microstrip line with its original dimensions and height above the ground plane is embedded into
one dielectric. The effective dielectric constant is defined as the dielectric constant of the
uniform dielectric material so that the line of figure has identical electrical characteristics,
particularly propagation constant, as the actual line of figure. For a line with air above the
substrate, the effective dielectric constant has values in the range of 1<
reff
e <
r
e . For most
applications where the dielectric constant of the substrate is much greater than unity the value of
effective dielectric constant will be closer to the value of the actual dielectric constant of the
substrate. The effective dielectric constant is also a function of frequency. As the frequency of
operation increases, most of the electric field lines concentrate in the substrate. Therefore the
microstrip line behaves more like a homogeneous line of one dielectric (only the substrate), and
the effective dielectric constant approaches the value of dielectric constant of the substrate.
For low frequencies the effective dielectric constant is essentially constant. At intermediate
frequencies its value begins to monotonically increase and eventually approach the values of
dielectric constant of the substrate. The initial values of effective dielectric constant are referred
to as the static values and they are given by

2
1
12 1
2
1
2
1

(

+
e
+
+ e
= e
W
h
r r
reff

13

CHAPTER 3
3.1 Design Procedure

Based on the simplified formulation that has been described, a design procedure is outlined
which leads to practical designs of rectangular microstrip antennas. The procedure assumes that
the specified information includes the dielectric constant of the substrate ( )
r
e , the resonant
frequency( )
r
f , and the height of the substrate h. The procedure is as follows:-

SPECIFY:
r
e ,
r
f (in GHz) and h(mm)

DETERMINE: W, L

DESIGN PROCEDURE:-

1. For an efficient radiator, a practical width that leads to good radiation efficiencies is

W=
1
2
2 + e
reff r
f
c

Where c is the free space velocity of em wave.

2. Determine the effective dielectric constant of the microstrip antenna using


2
1
12 1
2
1
2
1

(

+
e
+
+ e
= e
W
h
r r
reff


3. Once W is found, determine the extension of the length AL using


( )
( )
|
.
|

\
|
+ e
|
.
|

\
|
+ + e
=
A
8 . 0 258 . 0
264 . 0 3 . 0
412 . 0
h
W
h
W
h
L
reff
reff


4. The actual length of the patch can now be determine by solving for L using

L
f
c
reff r
L
A
e
= 2
2

14


Fig. 3.1 Flowchart showing the design procedure








15

CHAPTER 4
4.1 Description of Software
ADS(Advance Design Systems), 3-D planar EM simulation software for electronics and antenna
analysis, a partial differential equation solver of Maxwell's equations based on the method of
moments. It is a 3-D planar electromagnetic (EM) simulator used for passive analysis. It is a full
wave, method of moments (MOM) based electromagnetic simulator for analyzing and
optimizing planar and 3D structures in a multi-layer dielectric environment. It solves Maxwell's
equation in integral form and its solutions include the wave effects, discontinuity effects,
coupling effects and radiation effects. The simulated result includes S,Y, and Z-parameters,
VSWR, RLC equivalent circuits, current field distribution, near and far field estimation,
radiation pattern etc.

4.1.1 Features of ADS Software
(a) ADS is EM Design Kit for real-time full-wave EM tuning, optimization and synthesis.
(b) Multi-fold speed improvement and multi-CPU support for much improved efficiency.
(c) Equation-based schematic-layout editor with Boolean operations for easy and flexible
geometry editing and parameterization.
(d) Lumped element equivalent circuit automatic extraction and optimization for convenient
circuit designs.
(e) Improved integration into Microwave Office from Applied Wave Research.

4.1.2 Applications of ADS
(a) MMIC Design.
(b) Signal Integrity Analysis.
(c) RFIC Design.
(d) RF & Microwave Board Design.
(e) RF System-in-Package & RF Module Design.
(f) Planar antennas such as microstrip antennas and slot antennas.
(g) Wire antennas such as various types of dipole, monopole, helix and quadrifilar antennas.
(h) Small antennas such as inverted F-antennas and its derivations.

16

CHAPTER 5

5.1 Work done

Mathematical analysis and Formulae used
( )
( )
) 9 ( 1
444 . 1 ln 667 . 0 393 . 1
120
) 8 ( 1
4
8
ln
60
) 7 (
) 6 (
4
) 5 ( 2
2
1
) 4 (
8 . 0 258 . 0
264 . 0 3 . 0
412 . 0
) 3 ( 12 1
2
1
2
1
) 2 (
1
2
2
) 1 (
2
2
2
2
1
>
(

+ |
.
|

\
|
+ + e
=
s
(

+
e
=
=
=
A
e e
=
|
.
|

\
|
+ e
|
.
|

\
|
+ + e
= A
(

+
e
+
+ e
= e
+ e
=
e
=

h
W
f or
h
W
h
W
Z
h
W
f or
h
W
W
h
Z
D
G
K
f
D c
A
L
f
L
h
W
h
W
h L
W
h
f
c
W
f
c
L
reff
c
reff
c
o
e
reff o o o
reff
reff
r r
reff
r o
r o
t
t

17


5.2 Design specifications for square patch
5.2.1 Base Paper
Design specification
o
f = 2.4GHz

r
e =4.6
h =1.6mm
for square patch
W=L=29.2 from equation (1)
reff
e =4.2 from equation (3)
L A =0.731mm from equation (4)
e
A =0.00526
2
m from equation (6)
c
Z =33.25O from equation (9)

5.2.2 Design 1
o
f = 2.4GHz
r=4.6
h=3.2mm
W=L=29.2mm from equation (1)
reff
e =3.98 from equation (3)
L A =1.43mm from equation (4)
e
A =0.005
2
m from equation (6)
c
Z =51.21O from equation (9)
18

5.2.3 Design 2
o
f =2.4GHz
r=2.45
h=1.58mm
W=47.5mm from equation (2)
L=39mm from equation (1)
reff
e =2.33 from equation (3)
L A =0.812mm from equation (4)
e
A =0.0067
2
m

from equation (6)
c
Z =41.1O

from equation (9)
5.2 Design specification for dual patch

5.3.1 Design 1
o
f = 14.8GHz
r=2.08
h=1.2mm
W=8mm
L=6.3mm from equation (1)
reff
e =1.86 from equation (3)
L A =0.618mm from equation (4)
e
A =.0001711
2
m from equation (6)
c
Z =33.17O from equation (9)


19


5.3.2 Design 2
o
f = 14.8GHz
r=2.08
h=1.38mm
W=8mm
L=6.3mm from equation (1)
reff
e =1.848 from equation (3)
L A =0.768mm from equation (4)
e
A =.000197
2
m from equation (6)
c
Z =40.08O from equation (9)











20

CHAPTER 6
6.1 Simulation Results of square patch at 2.4 GHz.
6.1.1 Base paper
Layout of square patch




Plot of return loss with respect to frequency

m1
freq=
dB(design_mom..S(1,1))=-2.763
2.444GHz
1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 0.5 4.0
-2.5
-2.0
-1.5
-1.0
-0.5
-3.0
0.0
Frequency
M
a
g
.

[
d
B
]


(
H
)
Readout
m1
S11
m1
freq=
dB(design_mom..S(1,1))=-2.763
2.444GHz
H
1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 0.5 4.0
-100
0
100
-200
200
Frequency
P
h
a
s
e

[
d
e
g
]
S11
21


Radiation pattern



6.1.2 Design 1
Layout of square patch

22



Plot of return loss with respect to frequency
Radiation pattern




m1
freq=
dB(TEST9_mom_a..S(1,1))=-2.618
2.475GHz
2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0 5.5 2.0 6.0
-2.5
-2.0
-1.5
-1.0
-0.5
-3.0
0.0
Frequency
M
a
g
.

[
d
B
]
Readout
m1
S11
m1
freq=
dB(TEST9_mom_a..S(1,1))=-2.618
2.475GHz
2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0 5.5 2.0 6.0
-100
0
100
-200
200
Frequency
P
h
a
s
e

[
d
e
g
]
S11
23

6.1.3 Design 2

Layout of rectangular patch




Plot of return loss with respect to frequency


m1
freq=
dB(test5_mom_a..S(1,1))=-23.106
2.417GHz
2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0 5.5 2.0 6.0
-100
0
100
-200
200
Frequency
P
h
a
s
e

[
d
e
g
]
S11
2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0 5.5 2.0 6.0
-25
-20
-15
-10
-5
-30
0
Frequency
M
a
g
.

[
d
B
]
Readout
m1
S11
m1
freq=
dB(test5_mom_a..S(1,1))=-23.106
2.417GHz
24

Radiation pattern









25

6.2 Simulation result of dual patch at 14.8GHz in Ku band
6.2.1 Design 1

Layout of dual patch antenna with h=1.2mm



Plot of return loss with respect to frequency


26


Radiation Parameters

6.2.2 Design 2
Layout of dual patch with h=1.38mm


27


Plot of return loss with respect to frequency


Radiation Parameters


28

CHAPTER 7

7.1 Conclusion
We have implemented three designs with certain modifications in each design and we have got
better results from previous designs. The comparison among three results is given below:-

COMPARISON RESULT OF SQUARE AND RECTANGULAR PATCH AT 2.4GHz


TABLE 7.1(a)






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COMPARISON RESULTS OF DUAL PATCH AT 14.8GHz IN Ku BAND

TABLE 7.1(b)
Concluding remarks
The return loss of a dual patch antenna is investigated in free space and is compared with that of
a simple square patch antenna. The modified antenna resonates at 14.8GHz frequency in Ku
band with much improved return loss and directivity. From the above designs implemented the
best design is design1 of dual patch antenna at 14.8GHz with thickness of substarate h=1.38mm
and substrate material PTFE/Teflon with dielectric constant of 2.08. this design is useful in direct
communication with satellite.this is because of the following features:-
7.1.1 For square and rectangular patch
a) Radiated power:- The radiated power of design 2 is 7.055mW which is much greater as
compared to that of design 1 and base paper. This increased amplitude of radiated power
depicts that antenna can work more effectively than the other radiating antennas by
emitting more amount of increased useful radiation at higher frequency which makes it
suitable for satellite communication in Ku band. It can be used in applications such as
direct broadcast television.

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b) Directivity:- In comparison to other designs, the directivity of design 2 is much greater.
This means that the beam is more directive leading to optimum design. Directivity is an
important parameter that shows how much directive the beam is as compared to ideal
isotropic antenna towards the receiving antenna. More is the directivity; more is the
power received by the receiving antenna.


c) Gain: - Gain of design 2 is highest as compared to other designs. This means that gain of
other 2 designs is less. Since gain and directivity are nearly equal, this means less losses
in the antenna. Gain is an important factor in design of antenna as it leads to the reduction
of losses in transmitting and receiving antenna.

d) Efficiency factor: - Efficiency of design 2 is slightly less than design1. However it it is
compensated by higher losses and directivity. Increased efficiency means that it can work
with higher efficiency giving directive beam. Efficiency factor depends on both the gain
of an antenna and directivity of an antenna.


e) Effective Aperture: - Effective aperture of design 2 is highest. But due to increase
efficiency factor it proves to be more useful design as compared to others.

f) Return loss: - Return loss of design 2 is lowest. It indicates that the reflected power from
the patch to the transmission line is less. Furthermore, it also indicates that the
characteristics impedance of transmission line and the patch is effectively matched.

7.1.2 For dual patch
a) Radiated power:- The radiated power of design 1 is 5.62mW which is much greater as
compared to that of design 2. This increased amplitude of radiated power depicts that
antenna can work more effectively than the other radiating antennas by emitting more
amount of increased useful radiation at higher frequency which makes it suitable for
satellite communication in Ku band. It can be used in applications such as direct
broadcast television.
b) Directivity:- In comparison to other designs, the directivity of design 1 is neither more
nor less. This means that the beam is more directive leading to optimum design.
Directivity is an important parameter that shows how much directive the beam is as
compared to ideal isotropic antenna towards the receiving antenna. More is the
directivity; more is the power received by the receiving antenna.

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c) Gain:- Gain of design 1 is less as compared to design 2. This means that gain of design 1
is less. Although gain is less but it is compensated for by the other factors including the
radiated power, directivity and efficiency factor. Gain is an important factor in design of
antenna as it leads to the reduction of noise factor in transmitting and receiving antenna.


d) Efficiency factor:- Efficiency of design 1 is more as compared to design 2 thereby
making design 1 a more effective design. Increased efficiency means that it can work
with higher efficiency giving higher input to output ratio. Efficiency factor depends on
both the gain of an antenna and directivity of an antenna.

e) Effective Aperture:- Effective aperture of design 1 is less as compared to design 2
which adds to the advantage of design 1. Less effective aperture means more effective
design because useful part of the antenna that is radiating is less. Hence, more directive
the beam will be and it also adds to the added advantage of increased radiation power.
Also, during the manufacture process of antenna less material is requires which reduces
the cost of antenna.


f) Return loss:- Return loss of design 1 is less than the design2. It indicates that the
reflected power from the patch to the transmission line is less. Furthermore, it also
indicates that the characteristics impedance of transmission line and the patch is
effectively matched.













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CHAPTER 8


7.1 Conclusion

Microstrip patch antenna can provide printed radiating structure, which are electrically thin,
lightweight and low cost, is a relatively not too old. The development of system such as Satellite
communication, highly sensitive radar, radio altimeters and Missiles systems needs very light
weight antenna which can be easily attached with the systems and not make the system bulky.
These requirements are main factors to the development of the microstrip patch
antenna. By doing this we can get required results. Rectangular and circular microstrip patch
antenna are most common and very easy to analysis but to enhance their bandwidth, and to
achieve multiband operation we need to make some slots on the patch and to work on defected
ground structure, defected microstrip structure and meta-material.


7.2 Suggestion for future work

In the above designs presented in this report, we have implemented them using only one feed
technique i.e., inset feed. Now, in the future designs we will try to implement other feed
techniques along with multilayer substrates to improve the radiated power. Further, we will also
try to overcome the minor shortcomings of the above implemented designs and try to take into
consideration the polarization of antenna.
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REFERNCES

1. V.Harsha Ram Keerthi, N.Sri pravallika, P.Srinivasulu Design of C-Band Square
Microstrip Patch Antenna with Dual Feed for Radar Applications Using ADS,
International Journal of Engineering and Advanced Technology (IJEAT) ISSN: 2249
8958, Volume-2, Issue-4, April 2013.

2. Rampal Kushwaha, Design and analysis of gain for rectangular microstrip patch antenna
, International Journal of Advanced technology and engineering research

3. Constantine A. Balanis, Antenna Theory: Analysis and Design, 3rd Edition, John
Wiley and Sons, Inc. Hoboken, New Jersey 2005.

4. Yosef Yilak Woldeamanuel Design of 2.4GHz horizontally polarized microstrip
patch antenna using rectangular and circular directors and reflectors. Master of
Science, in Electrical EngineeringDepartment of Electrical Engineering, The
University of Texas at Tyler November 2012.


5. Rana, Rahul and Reddy, C V V (2009) Design of Linearly Polarized Rectangular
Microstrip Patch Antenna Using IE3D/PSO. BTech thesis.

6. Sunil Kumar Thakur, Design and analysis of Microstrip Patch Antenna using
Metamaterial. BTech Thesis.

7. Md. Mahabub Alam, Rifat Ahmmed Aoni, Md. Toufikul Islam Gain Improvement of
Micro Strip Antenna Using Dual Patch Array Micro Strip Antenna,Journal of Emerging
Trends in Computing and Information Sciences ISSN 2079-8407,Volume-3,December
2012.