Locomotion Motion

Kinematics • Nothing is ever perfectly still!

Concepts: Position & Displacement – Is this statement true?

Velocity & Speed
Acceleration
Motion in one Dimension • Everything moves?
Free Fall
Physiological Detection of Acceleration
– How about this statement?
Chapter 2
Pages: 16-23, 27-29
PHYS 1L03, Fall 2009, McMaster University, R. Nejat PHYS 1L03, Fall 2009, McMaster University, R. Nejat

Motion Motion
The bird’s flight!
Q: What kind of
motion can you
verify for this bird’s
flight?

The Cheetah is running.

Can we analyze its motion? These images of a bird in flight show the bird’s
position as a function of time.
PHYS 1L03, Fall 2009, McMaster University, R. Nejat PHYS 1L03, Fall 2009, McMaster University, R. Nejat

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 Motion Motion
• In any motion, we deal with:
The bird’s flight! – Where is the object?
A: • Position
– How far has the object moved from where
is was?
• Displacement
– How fast is the motion?
• Velocity
– Is the motion getting faster or slower?
What kind of motion can you verify for this bird’s flight? • Acceleration
PHYS 1L03, Fall 2009, McMaster University, R. Nejat PHYS 1L03, Fall 2009, McMaster University, R. Nejat

One-Dimensional (1D) Motion One-Dimensional Motion

• Position • Displacement
– refers to an object location relative to some –refers to the change in an object’s
origin or reference point. position
Δx

0 1 2 3 4 x1 x
0 xi xf
0 1 2 3 4 x2
Δ x = x f − xi
• The position of the ball is different in these two
• f stands for final and i stands for initial.
coordinate systems with two different origins.
PHYS 1L03, Fall 2009, McMaster University, R. Nejat PHYS 1L03, Fall 2009, McMaster University, R. Nejat

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One-Dimensional Motion One-Dimensional Motion
• Displacement Δ x = x f − xi • Displacement is a vector quantity.
– Δ x > 0 indicates the motion is in the
positive x direction. • Vector: is a quantity that has both a
magnitude and a direction.
x
0 xi xf
– Position is a vector quantity.
– Δ x < 0 indicates the motion is in the
negative x direction. • Scalar: is a quantity with no direction.
x – The mass of an object is a scalar quantity.
0 xf xi
PHYS 1L03, Fall 2009, McMaster University, R. Nejat PHYS 1L03, Fall 2009, McMaster University, R. Nejat

One-Dimensional Motion One-Dimensional (1D) Motion

Displacement vs. Distance:
• One Dimensional (1D) motion can be
• The displacement of an object is not the described by scalars (real numbers
same as the distance it travels.
with units) as functions of time.
Example: – e.g. x(t)
• come toward me and return back to your
seat: • The sign (positive or negative) keeps
– The distance you walk is twice the distance track of direction.
between me and you.
– Your displacement is zero, because at the end
you had returned to your original position.
PHYS 1L03, Fall 2009, McMaster University, R. Nejat PHYS 1L03, Fall 2009, McMaster University, R. Nejat

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 One-Dimensional Motion One-Dimensional Motion

• Position-versus-time graph: Example:

• Position-versus-time X(km) T(min)
graph +3 0
+3 10
– The position of a train at
various time is given at the +10 23
table, draw the position vs. +10 28
time graph for it.
0 40
-26 56

PHYS 1L03, Fall 2009, McMaster University, R. Nejat PHYS 1L03, Fall 2009, McMaster University, R. Nejat

One-Dimensional Motion One-Dimensional Motion

Position vs time graph
X(km) T(min) Velocity:
+3 0
10 • is a vector.
+3 10
+10 23 0 • indicates how fast and in what direction an
object is moving.
Position x (km)

+10 28
-10
0 40
• is the rate of change of an object’s
-26 56 -20 displacement.

-30 • Depends on both the displacement and

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 the time interval
Time t (min)
PHYS 1L03, Fall 2009, McMaster University, R. Nejat PHYS 1L03, Fall 2009, McMaster University, R. Nejat

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 One-Dimensional Motion One-Dimensional Motion
Average Velocity:
Instantaneous Velocity:
x2 − x1 Δ x vinst(t2) = slope of this line
vaverage = = Δx d x
t 2 − t1 Δt vinst = lim =
B
Δt →0 Δt dt
(omitting vector signs).
e (omitting vector signs).
lin
• Average velocity is the t hi
s
of
slop of the straight line op
e
• Instantaneous velocity
sl
connecting two points g
v av
=
at any time is the slop
on the position vs time A
of a line tangent to the
graph. position-versus-time
graph at that time.
• Unit of v is m/s
PHYS 1L03, Fall 2009, McMaster University, R. Nejat PHYS 1L03, Fall 2009, McMaster University, R. Nejat

One-Dimensional Motion One-Dimensional Motion

Example:
Instantaneous Velocity: Δx d x • The position of a particle as a function of time is
vinst = lim = given by the curve shown below. Find the
Δt →0 Δ t dt instantaneous velocity at time t = 2 s. When is the
• Is represented by velocity greatest? When is it zero? Is it ever
the slope of a line x (m) negative? What is the average velocity of this
tangent to the particle between t = 2 s and t = 5s?
curve on the
position-versus-
time graph

t (sec)
PHYS 1L03, Fall 2009, McMaster University, R. Nejat PHYS 1L03, Fall 2009, McMaster University, R. Nejat

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One-Dimensional Motion One-Dimensional Motion
Example: Example:
velocity at t=2 s? Zero velocity?

Negative velocity?

Greatest velocity ?
Average velocity?

PHYS 1L03, Fall 2009, McMaster University, R. Nejat PHYS 1L03, Fall 2009, McMaster University, R. Nejat

One-Dimensional Motion One-Dimensional Motion

Acceleration:

• is a vector.

• indicates how fast and in what direction an

object’s velocity is changing.

• is a rate of change of velocity.

• Depends on both the velocity and the

• Having the same top speed, how an African lion time interval
can catch a Cape buffalo?
PHYS 1L03, Fall 2009, McMaster University, R. Nejat PHYS 1L03, Fall 2009, McMaster University, R. Nejat

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 One-Dimensional Motion One-Dimensional Motion
• Average Acceleration: • Average Acceleration: v2 − v1 Δv
aavg = =
t 2 − t1 Δt
v2 − v1 Δ v
aaverage = = v2 • Is represented by
t 2 − t1 Δt
the slope of the velocity
(omitting vector signs)
straight line
• Instantaneous Acceleration: connecting two B
points on the v2 velocity v
Δv A
ainst = lim v1 velocity-versus-time v1
Δ t →0 Δ t time
graph. t1 t2
(omitting vector signs)

• Unit of a is m/s2
PHYS 1L03, Fall 2009, McMaster University, R. Nejat PHYS 1L03, Fall 2009, McMaster University, R. Nejat

One-Dimensional Motion One-Dimensional Motion C D

B

• Instantaneous Acceleration: ainst = lim Δ v

Example: x
Δ t →0 Δ t • Graphs of x(t), v(t), a(t)
E
• Is represented by • The position-versus-time t
A
the slope of a line graph of an object
moving along x-axis is v
tangent to the given. t
curve on the
vA
velocity-versus- vB – Draw the velocity-
A B
time graph. versus time graph, v(t).
a
– Draw the acceleration- t
versus-time graph, a(t).

PHYS 1L03, Fall 2009, McMaster University, R. Nejat PHYS 1L03, Fall 2009, McMaster University, R. Nejat

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One-Dimensional Motion C D One-Dimensional Motion
B
• Graphs of x(t), v(t), a(t) x
• Constant acceleration: ainst = const .
• x(t)
E
t v2 − v1
A ainst = aaverage = =a
• v(t) v t 2 − t1

t v final − vinitial
a =
t final − tinitial
• a(t). a
t v final + vinitial
vaverage =
2
PHYS 1L03, Fall 2009, McMaster University, R. Nejat PHYS 1L03, Fall 2009, McMaster University, R. Nejat

One-Dimensional Motion One-Dimensional Motion

• Constant acceleration: • Uniform motion: v = const . v initial = v final
– If acceleration is constant, the following
kinematic equations describe 1D motion
x − xinitial = v t
(omitting vector signs).
• Uniform and non-uniform:
a = const .
⎛ vinitial + v final ⎞
x (t ) = xinitial + vinitial t + 12 a t 2 x − xinitial = vaverage t = ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ t
⎝ 2 ⎠
v (t ) = vinitial + a t • Free Fall:

v (t ) 2 = vinitial
2
+ 2 a ( x − xinitial ) ⎧a = − g
⎨
⎩ g = 9 .8 m / s
2

PHYS 1L03, Fall 2009, McMaster University, R. Nejat PHYS 1L03, Fall 2009, McMaster University, R. Nejat

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 One-Dimensional Motion One-Dimensional Motion
Points to remember: • Constant acceleration: a = const .
• There are no fancy equations to memorize
How do we get those kinematics equations?
(all equations are given in tests and exam)
Using only our definitions of Δ x, v and a we can
• All of the Kinematics equations can be come up with those equations:
derived in a few lines of algebra from the
v f − vi
definitions of displacement, velocity, and a= ⇒ v f − v i = a (t f − t i ) = a t
acceleration t f − ti

• Lets do it as a practice. Consider the case v f = vi + a t i ≡ initial

of constant acceleration f ≡ final

PHYS 1L03, Fall 2009, McMaster University, R. Nejat PHYS 1L03, Fall 2009, McMaster University, R. Nejat

One-Dimensional Motion One-Dimensional Motion

• Constant acceleration: a = const . • Constant acceleration: a = const .
How do we get those kinematics equations:
x f − xi = vavg t ⎛ v f + vi ⎞
v avg = ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ v f = vi + a t v = v0 + a t
⎝ 2 ⎠
⎛ v f + vi ⎞
x f − xi = ⎜⎜
⎝ 2 ⎠
⎟⎟ t
v f = vi + a t x f = xi + vi t + 12 a t 2 x = x0 + v0 t + 12 a t 2
⎛ v + a t + vi ⎞
x f − xi = ⎜ i ⎟t v 2f − vi2 = 2 a ( x f − xi ) v 2 − v02 = 2 a ( x − x0 )
⎝ 2 ⎠

x f = xi + vi t + 12 a t 2

PHYS 1L03, Fall 2009, McMaster University, R. Nejat PHYS 1L03, Fall 2009, McMaster University, R. Nejat

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 One-Dimensional Motion One-Dimensional Motion
Example:
• Free Fall: • Sitting beside an old lady in the park, you grab
⎧a = − g her purse and start running. Over the first 10.0
⎨ m, you accelerate at 1.20 m/s2 up to your top
⎩ g = 9 .8 m / s
2
running speed, and then continue to sprint at
this rate for 15.0 s more before being tackled
v = vi + a t ⇒ v = vi − g t
from behind by the old lady.
x = xi + vi t − g t2 – How far from the bench did you get before
x = xi + vi t + 12 a t 2 ⇒ 1
2
being caught?
– How long did it take the old lady catch you?
v 2 = vi2 + 2a ( x − xi ) ⇒ v 2 = vi2 − 2 g ( x − xi ) v (t ) = vi + a t v (t ) 2 = vi2 + 2 a ( x − xi )
i ≡ initial x (t ) = xi + vi t + 12 a t 2 i ≡ initial
PHYS 1L03, Fall 2009, McMaster University, R. Nejat PHYS 1L03, Fall 2009, McMaster University, R. Nejat

One-Dimensional Motion One-Dimensional Motion

Example: Example:
a = 0 m/s2
a = 1.20 m/s2 v = const = ?
vi = 0 m/s
Δx1 = 10.0 m Δx2 = ?

Start Running Reach Top Busted!

Speed

t1 = ? t2 = 15.0 s
PHYS 1L03, Fall 2009, McMaster University, R. Nejat PHYS 1L03, Fall 2009, McMaster University, R. Nejat

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 One-Dimensional Motion One-Dimensional Motion

Example (Free Fall): Example (Free Fall):

• An object initially at rest falls vertically from a
tree branch, h = 4.0 m above the ground.
Neglecting air resistance, how long does the
object travel through air?
v (t ) = vi + a t
⎧a = − g
⎨
⎩ g = 9.8 m / s
2
x (t ) = xi + vi t + a t 1
2
2

v (t ) 2 = vi2 + 2 a ( x − xi )
i ≡ initial
PHYS 1L03, Fall 2009, McMaster University, R. Nejat PHYS 1L03, Fall 2009, McMaster University, R. Nejat

Motion Motion
• Physiological Detection of Acceleration: • Physiological Detection of Acceleration:
–Pacinian corpuscles
• Vestibular organ
• Acceleration sensors located in the skin (a – Semicircular canals (3)
type of mechanoreceptor)
– Macula (4)
• They respond to any stimulus which
causes them to deform, such as pressure
or acceleration

–Vestibular organ
• Semicircular canals
• Macula
http://weboflife.nasa.gov/learningResources/vestibularbrief.htm
PHYS 1L03, Fall 2009, McMaster University, R. Nejat PHYS 1L03, Fall 2009, McMaster University, R. Nejat

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 Motion
Motion
• Physiological Detection of Acceleration:
• Physiological Detection of Acceleration:
– Vestibular organ

http://weboflife.nasa.gov/learningResources/vestibularbrief.htm

PHYS 1L03, Fall 2009, McMaster University, R. Nejat PHYS 1L03, Fall 2009, McMaster University, R. Nejat

Motion Motion
• Vestibular Organ: • Semicircular canals of the vestibular organ:

PHYS 1L03, Fall 2009, McMaster University, R. Nejat PHYS 1L03, Fall 2009, McMaster University, R. Nejat

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 Locomotion, Physics Next Class, we Start:
• Question: How does an appreciation for
SPERINTER
physics extend your understanding Biomechanics
of locomotion?
Forces, Newton Laws

• Question: Do the changes that physics brings to Concepts:

your understanding of locomotion lead Force
you to reassess your outlook towards Newton’s Laws
Free body diagram
Physics? Equilibrium

Reading Assignment: Chapter: 3, 4

? Pages: 40-70, 103-105
PHYS 1L03, Fall 2009, McMaster University, R. Nejat PHYS 1L03, Fall 2009, McMaster University, R. Nejat

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