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Banding
This defect is found in spray applications where there is heavy application of paint on the
outside of the spray pattern with little paint in the canter of the fan.
Bleeding
This is the migration of the color from a previous coat into the freshly applied top coat.
This defect usually occurs when a light color is applied over a dark color, particularly
reds and maroons which are prepared by using organic pigments not resistant to solvents
or application over a surface contaminated with bitumen where the solvents in the fresh
paint dissolve the bitumen.
Blistering
This defect is the appearance of irregular blisters on the paint finish.
• Cleaning all surfaces free of grease and allowing the solvent to evaporate.
• Using recommended thinner at correct ratio.
• In spray applications, inspect so that water does not build up in the traps,
especially in humid weather.
• Check that the new paint is compatible with the old surface.
• Do not apply paint films too quickly and allow solvents to evaporate before re-
coating.
Blooming
This defect gives a bloom or white deposit, like the bloom on a grape or plum, after the
paint has dried. The cause is the rising of soluble fractions of the pigment rising to the
surface on the paint's drying. The remedy for spray paints is to rub the surface down.
Blushing
This is a white deposit appearing on the surface of lacquer films only. The defect is
caused by painting with lacquers in high humidity conditions where the water contained
in the air condenses on the paint film The remedy is not to paint in humid conditions or to
add a strong, active solvent that may stop the blushing.
Bronzing
This is a defect that was often observed on cars painted red or blue where after a period
of time a characteristic red tone developed on the paint surface. The cause was older
types of pigments like phthalocyanine or Prussian blues. The defect is not common with
the pigments available today.
Chalking
Chalking is the powdery deposit on the surface of the paint which dulls the gloss and
appears after exposure. This defect is usually associated with long exposures to sunlight
and is a natural degradation of the paint film. Some combinations and types of pigments
and resins show more pronounced chalking than others.
Checking
Checking is the appearance of wide splits with round edges that occur in the top coat. The
cause is usually due to the surface not being clean (could be old paint) or too high a film
build or the materials not being mixed properly. The remedy is to remove the old paint,
cleaning the surface and mixing the paint ingredients properly.
Cracking or Crazing
This defect is a series of irregular cracks in the surface of the paint.
The remedy is the let the intermediate coats dry before the top coat is applied, clean the
surface well, remove the previous coat or ensure that the top coat is not applied too
thickly.
Dirt Retention
This is the deposition of dirt and dust on the paint film. For certain types of paint, the dirt
may become entrained into the surface. The paints that resist dirt retention are high-gloss
enamels while the low gloss latexes are the most susceptible to this defect.
Fading
Fading is the decrease in the intensity of the color after exposure. It should be tested for
after removal of any chalking that may have occurred as this will tend to mask the actual
fade of the pigment. In general organic pigments, especially those of low cost, will fade
more than pigments that are inorganic. More expensive coatings especially prepared for
exterior exposure will resist fading more than less expensive paints.
Fish Eye
This defect is indicated by small round imperfections in the top coat. The defect is caused
by traces of silicone or oil on the surface prior to painting. The remedy is to thoroughly
clean the surface and if spray painting, to ensure that there is an oil filter on the air line.
Flaking
Flaking is the lifting of small-to-large sections of the paint and is due to poor adhesion
and to the brittleness of the paint. The causes can be varied, for example the defect could
be caused by efflorescence or the migration of soluble salts to the paint-media interface
which can cause the paint to be forced off the surface. The paint may react with moisture
and any traces of alkali to decompose the paint - this is called saponification. It may be
due to failure to remove millscale from the steel before painting.
Flooding is similar to floatation in that one of the pigments migrates to the surface when
the paint is produced using two pigments with different densities.
Gassing
This is the formation of a gas, usually by hydrogen, by the reaction of reactive pigments,
like Zinc and Aluminum, with acidic materials in the resin. It can be overcome by better
formulation or packaging the paint separate from the pigment and mixing the ingredients
prior to application.
Mould
The growth of mould on a paint film causes severe discoloration. Mould is a plant growth
that requires moisture, the presence of food and the correct temperature for growth. The
defect can occur on most types of paint but is most prevalent in bathrooms, kitchens and
exterior walls that are in shady positions. The paints that are most susceptible are soft oil-
based paints or varnishes and emulsions, especially if they are low gloss where dirt can
be trapped in the film.
Often the mould growth can be killed and color removed by washing with dilute sodium
hypochlorite solution taking due care as this preparation is alkaline. Safety glasses and
gloves have to be worn. Before repainting, susceptible surfaces should be prepared with
anti-mould preparations, like sodium pentachlorophenate and by using either paints
prepared with mould inhibiting pigments, like Zinc oxide, or by using high gloss finishes.
In extreme cases it may be necessary to remove the high humidity in the room by using
exhaust fans.
Orange Peel
This defect gives the paint finish the rough appearance similar to the outside of an
orange. The defect is found in spray painting and is generally due to having the wrong
solvent. It can also be due to an incorrectly adjusted spray gun.
The solution is to use the manufacturers recommended thinner and to adjust and use the
gun correctly.
Peeling
Peeling is simply another type of flaking where the amount of paint film removed is
greater.
Pinholing
The defect is the appearance of small holes in dried paint film. The problem is most
probably caused by too thick a coat trapping solvents into the film, or by air bubbles. The
defect may be due to not cleaning the surface before painting, using the wrong solvents in
spray painting or incorrect air pressure. The problem can be solved by addressing the
above causes.
Poor Flow
Poor flow can manifest itself in two ways: if the paint is too thick and will not flow out
this will show up as a rough surface or orange peel where the surface resembles the skin
of an orange; if the paint flows too much the result will be runs, sags and wave formation.
This defect is remedied by proper formulation and when thinning the paint to use the
right solvent and the correct amount.
The defect occurs due to the high densities of some pigments and can be accelerated by a
drop in viscosity, the paint being stored at high ambient temperatures or by being
subjected to vibration for example on long transportation by rail.
The control of settling lies in selection of suitable pigments and the addition of additives
that increase the viscosity of the paint.
Slow Drying
Slow drying occurs when the paint remains tacky for an extended period of time. This
will result in the film picking up insects or dirt before it is hard and will make repainting
difficult.
• Too thick of an application of the paint when using air-drying paints. As these
paints require oxygen to penetrate the film to produce dying, if the film is too
thick oxygen will not penetrate.
• The viscosity of the paint is too high for the application. This can occur in cold
weather and can be overcome by reducing the viscosity with the recommended
thinners for the paint.
• The paint was applied at too cold a temperature. This will cause the chemical
reaction that takes place to cause the film to cure slowly.
• High humidity due to rain or the like will reduce the evaporation of the solvent,
the first step in drying.
• The surface to which the paint is applied is not clean and has traces of wax or
paint removed on it.
• The coat to which the paint is being applied has not dried when the next coat is
applied.
Staining
Contamination of many surfaces with water, soot, smoke, tannins and tobacco can result
in color coming through the paint surface to cause stains. Stains caused by water will
leave a tide mark and after drying, the paint around the stain can be removed and the
surface repainted. If the surface may become damp again, remove the source of the water
or paint with chlorinated rubber or a hard varnish. Patches of soot or smoke should be
removed before coating. Use of an insulating paint before the final coat can help.
Nicotine should be removed with an alkaline cleaner (bleach) before coating. Remember
to wash off all the alkali before attempting to paint.
Viscosity Drop
Low viscosities may be simply due to incomplete stirring or the addition of too much
solvent. The viscosity may decrease on standing in water-borne paints due to enzymic
attack on the thickeners used. Modern latex paints use thickeners that are not readily
attacked by bacteria. Changes in the orientation of the pigments (for example partial
flocculation) may reduce the viscosity.
• Due to the paint's being applied too thick, especially with high oil-length alkyds,
varnishes with wood oil and too much cobalt drier, enamels based on alkyd or
phenolic resins with drying oils and black enamels containing bitumen.
• Stoving paints containing bitumen.
• Frosting may be due to the products combustion in the oven reacting with the
surface of the film or may be due to high humidity.
• Too much cobalt drier.
Sometimes the wrinkle pattern may be induced into the paint to produce films that will
hide surface defects.
Another type of defected related to wrinkling are crocodiling or alligatoring where the
wrinkle pattern resembles the hide of one of these reptiles.