CHAPTER 1: ELEMENTS OF PLUMBING

PLUMBING
Plumbing the art and technique of installing pipes, fixtures, and other apparatuses in buildings for bringing
in the supply of liquids, substances and/or ingredients and removing them; and such water, liquid and
other carried-wastes hazardous to health, sanitation, life and property pipes and fixtures after installation
i.e., the plumbing system!. "#ection $%&.' (he )evised *ational Plumbing +ode of the Philippines %,,,-
PLUMBING SYSTEM
Plumbing #ystem includes all potable water supply and distribution pipes, all
plumbing fixtures and traps; all sanitary and storm drainage systems; vent pipes, roof
drains, leaders and downspouts; and all building drains and sewers, including their
respective .oints and connections; devices, receptacles, and appurtenances within the
property; water lines in the premises; potable, tap, hot and chilled water piping; potable
water treating or using equipment; fuel gas piping; water heaters and vents for same.
"#ection $%&.%$ *P+ %,,,-
/ Plumbing system, reduced to its simplest terms, consists of a supply pipe
leading to a fixture and a drainpipe ta0ing the used water away from this fixture.
(he system constitutes the following1
1. The water supply and water distribution system. +arries water from the water
source, street main or a pump to the building and to various points in the building
at which water is used.
2. The plumbing fixtures. (he receptacles that receive the supplied water and allow
the occupants of the building to use the water.
3. The drainage system. (he piping networ0 within the building which conveys from
the plumbing fixtures all wastes and fecal matter "sanitary drainage- as well as
rainwater "storm drainage- to a point of disposal or a treatment facility.
THE PLUMBER
(he plumber is the one who wor0s or engages in the business of installing in
buildings the pipes fixtures and other apparatus for bringing in the water supply and
removing liquid and waterborne wastes.
(here are three categories of plumbers based upon their graces of experiences. (hey
are1
%. /pprentice plumber- a beginner at the trade who usually serves for 2 to 3 years
as helper to a .ourneyman.
$. 4ourneyman plumber- has served his apprenticeship and is competent to perform
the tas0s of installing and repairing plumbing.
3. 5aster plumber- a person technically and legally qualified and licensed to
practice the profession of master plumbing without limitations in accordance with
)epublic /ct %2&6, having passed the examinations conducted by the
Professional )egulation +ommission "P)+-, has received a certificate of
registration from the board of master plumbing and possesses the current license
to practice. "#ection $%7.3 *P+ $88-
THE PLUMBING CODE
(he improper installation of plumbing may affect the health of the occupants of a
building and create a center point for the spread of disease. (he possibility is of
sufficient public interests to require the regulation of plumbing by law. (he right of the
government to regulate the details of plumbing is based on the principle of the
protection of public health.
(he basic goal of the *ational Plumbing +ode of the Philippines is to ensure the
qualified observance of the latest provision of the plumbing and environmental laws.
THE BASIC PRINCIPLES GOVERNING THE NATIONAL PLUMBING CODE
1. /ll premises intene !"r #$m%n $se "r #%&it%ti"n s#%'' &e pr"(ie )it# %
s$pp'* "! p$re %n )#"'es"me )%ter, neither connected to unsafe water supply nor
sub.ect to bac0flow or bac0- siphonage.
2. P'$m&in+ !i,t$res- e(i.es %n %pp$rten%n.es s#%'' &e s$pp'ie )it# )%ter
in s$!!i.ient ("'$me %n press$re adequate to function satisfactorily and without undue
noise.
3. Plumbing shall be designed and ad.usted to $se t#e minim$m /$%ntit* "!
)%ter consistent with proper performance and cleaning.
4. 9evices for heating and storing water shall be so designed and installed as to
pre(ent %n+ers !r"m e,p'"si"n t#r"$+# "(er#e%tin+0
5. E(er* &$i'in+ %&$ttin+ "n % street, alley or easement )it# % p$&'i. se)er
shall ."nne.t its p'$m&in+ !i,t$res t" t#e se)er s*stem0
6. E%.# !%mi'* )e''in+ $nit shall have %t 'e%st "ne )%ter .'"set, "ne 1it.#en
t*pe sin1- % '%(%t"r* and % &%t#t$& "r s#")er to meet the basic requirements of
sanitation and personal hygiene.
7. Plumbing !i,t$res shall be made of sm""t# n"n2%&s"r&ent m%teri%'- !ree !r"m
."n.e%'e !"$'in+ s$r!%.es and shall be '".%te in (enti'%te en.'"s$res0
8. (he r%in%+e s*stem shall be designed, constructed and maintained to
s%!e+$%r %+%inst !"$'in+- ep"sit "! s"'is- .'"++in+ %n )it# %e/$%te .'e%n"$ts
so arranged that the pipes may be readily cleaned.
9. /ll pipin+ shall be of $r%&'e NAMPAP2%ppr"(e m%teri%'s- !ree !r"m
e!e.ti(e )"r1m%ns#ip- esi+ne %n ."nstr$.te &* Re+istere M%ster P'$m&ers
to ensure satisfactory service.
10. :ach !i,t$re ire.t'* ."nne.te t" t#e r%in%+e s*stem shall be e/$ippe
)it# % )%ter2se%'e tr%p0
11. (he r%in%+e pipes pipin+ s*stem shall be designed to pr"(ie %e/$%te
.ir.$'%ti"n "! %ir !ree !r"m sip#"n%+e- %spir%ti"n "r !"r.in+ "! tr%p se%'s under
ordinary use.
12. Vent termin%'s shall e,ten t" t#e "$ter %ir and installed to pre(ent .'"++in+
%n t#e ret$rn "! !"$' %ir to the building.
13. Plumbing systems shall be sub.ected to such tests t" e!!e.ti(e'* is.'"se %''
'e%1s %n e!e.ts in t#e )"r1m%ns#ip.
14. S$&st%n.e )#i.# )i'' .'"+ t#e pipes- pr"$.e e,p'"si(e mi,t$res- estr"*
t#e pipes "r t#eir 3"ints "r inter!ere $n$'* )it# t#e se)%+e2isp"s%' pr".ess shall
n"t be allowed to enter the building drainage system.
15. Proper protection shall be provided to pre(ent ."nt%min%ti"n of food, water,
sterile goods and similar materials &* &%.1!'") "! se)%+e. ;hen necessary, the fixture,
device or appliance shall be connected indirectly with the building drainage system.
16. *o water closet shall be located in a room or compartment which is not pr"per'*
'i+#te %n (enti'%te0
17. <f there is no sewer system in the area, s$it%&'e pr"(isi"n shall be made !"r t#e
isp"s%' "! &$i'in+ se)%+e &* s"me %..epte met#" "! se)%+e tre%tment %n
isp"s%', such as a septic tan0.
18. ;here a p'$m&in+ r%in%+e s*stem may be s$&3e.t t" &%.1!'") "! se)%+e,
s$it%&'e pr"(isi"n shall be made t" pre(ent its "(er!'") in t#e &$i'in+0
19. Plumbing systems shall be m%int%ine in ser(i.e%&'e ."niti"n &* Re+istere
M%ster P'$m&ers0
20. /ll plumbing !i,t$res shall be inst%''e pr"per'* sp%.e, to be %..essi&'e !"r
t#eir intene $se0
21. Plumbing shall be installed with $e re+%r t" t#e preser(%ti"n "! t#e stren+t#
"! str$.t$r%' mem&ers %n t#e pre(enti"n "! %m%+e t" )%''s %n "t#er s$r!%.es
t#r"$+# !i,t$re $s%+e0
22. Se)%+e "r "t#er )%ste !r"m p'$m&in+ s*stems- which may be deleterious to
surface or sub-surface waters s#%'' n"t &e is.#%r+e int" t#e +r"$n "r int" %n*
)%ter)%*, unless first rendered innocuous through sub.ection to some acceptable form
of treatment.
BRIEF HISTORY OF PLUMBING PRACTICE IN THE PHILIPPINES
<n 1456, the P'$m&in+ Tr%e was duly recognized by the government in the +ity
of 5anila. M%ster P'$m&er 7"#n F0 H%%s became the first C#ie! "! t#e Di(isi"n "!
P'$m&in+ C"nstr$.ti"n %n Inspe.ti"n. / Plumbing +ode based on the Plumbing
+ode of the =nited #tates was incorporated into the >uilding +ode for the +ity of 5anila.
<n 1489, the N%ti"n%' M%ster P'$m&ers Ass".i%ti"n "! t#e P#i'ippines
:NAMPAP; was formally organized
M%ni'% Cit* Orin%n.e 6<11, the =P'$m&in+ C"e "! t#e Cit* "! M%ni'%> was
enacted and placed under the Dep%rtment "! P$&'i. Ser(i.es, 5anila.
<n 149<, the (hird +ongress approved H"$se Bi'' N"0 4?6 which in 7$ne 1@-
1499, became R0A0 18A@ =P'$m&in+ L%) "! t#e P#i'ippines> upon ratification of
President )amon 5agsaysay.
?n 7%n$%r* 6@- 1494, the N%ti"n%' P'$m&in+ C"e "! t#e P#i'ippines
prepared by */5P/P was promulgated and approved by 5alaca@ang.
>efore 5artial Aaw in %,&$, Rep$&'i. A.t N"0 ?9<1 otherwise 0nown as the
=B$i'in+ C"e "! t#e P#i'ippines> was passed with the B*ational Plumbing +ode of
%,3,C as referral code in full text.
(he Pr"!essi"n%' Re+$'%ti"n C"mmissi"n :PRC; adopted the Re(ise
P'$m&in+ C"e "! 1444 which President 4oseph :strada approved De.em&er 61- 1444
pursuant to Se.ti"n < "! R0A0 18A@ 0nown as the P'$m&in+ L%)0
TYPICAL PLUMBING SYSTEM OF A
TOILET AND BATH
CHAPTER 6: PROPERTIES OF BATER
GENERAL
;ater plays an important part in the plumbing system. <t is a common, but in
many ways, an unusual liquid. Aarge quantities of water are required in buildings for
personal use, food preparation, cleaning and general domestic purposes, and possibly
also for fire fighting, laundries, swimming pools, irrigation and recreational use.
;e sometimes tend to thin0 of water as an inexhaustible natural resource.
Dowever, our supply of fresh water is definitely limited, and improved conservation
practices are necessary if our needs are to be supplied.
THE DEMAND OF BATER
DEMAND REQUIREMENT
9rin0ing, +oo0ing, 9ishwashing 5ust be pure, sterilized and protected from
contamination. #upplies ta0en direct from
mains or from exclusive storage.
Personal ;ashing and 9omestic +leaning #imilar but moderated to allow cold and
hot supplies to be drawn from main
storage tan0 or cistern via distribution
networ0.
Aaundry Eenerally clean and wholesome, soft and
free form <ron and 5anganese staining.
Fire Fighting Digh Pressure. +onnections must not
permit contamination of mains water.
#wimming +lean, filtered and sterilized with free
chlorine residue for post-sterilization. +an
be recirculated.
>oilers and Deating Plants #oft treated water, stored and circulated
separate from domestic supplies.
<rrigation *o special requirement, except reasonably
free from solids and slit "result in bloc0ed
Pipes and nozzles- and uudecomposed
material "pollution-.
THE BATER CYCLE
(he cycle basically consists of water entering the atmosphere through
evaporation and returning through condensation is that these processes result in natural
water purification. ;hen water evaporates, only water molecules leave the surfaces;
salts and other solids in solution remain behind. (he condensed water is thus purified
water- except in so far as it pic0s up pollutants in the air. (hus evaporation and
condensation of water vapor are the source of all natural fresh water on earth.
Fresh water from precipitation falling on the ground gradually ma0e its way
through streams, rivers and la0es to oceans or seas as a result. /s precipitation hits the
ground, it may follow either of two alternative pathways, which are
/ molecule of D
$
? can absorb a maximum capacity of %$ grains.
")elative Dumidity-
)DG "7/%$- x %88G 22H
)DG "%8/%$- x %88G 62.22H
<mpervious Aayer- does not allow D
$
? to pass through.
,. P$ri!ie B%ter2 water that undergoes a process where the pollutants are
removed or rendered harmless.
%8. P"''$te B%ter2 water that contains one or more impurities that ma0e the
water unsuitable for a desired use.
%%. Gr%* B%ter2 water drained from lavatories, sin0, laundry trays and showers;
contains minor pollutants.
%$. B'%.1 B%ter2 water drained from water closets and urinals; carries body
wastes and contains ma.or pollutants.
%2. St"rm B%ter2 rainwater drained from roof gutters and downspouts.
BATER CUALITY PROBLEMS AND THEIR CORRECTION
PROBLEM CAUSE EFFECT CORRECTION
10 A.iit* +ontains carbon
dioxide. +istern and
pond waters
containing decaying
vegetation are li0ely
to be acidic
+orrosion of non-
ferrous pipes,
rusting and clogging
of steel pipes.
Passing the water
through a bed of
crushed marble or
limestone to
achieve al0alinity, or
adding sodium
silicate.
60 H%rness Presence of
5agnesium and
+alcium
+logging of pipes.
<mpaired laundering
and food
preparation.
<ntroduction of water
softeners made up
of Ieolite "a
greenish granular
material-
80 T$r&iit* #ilt or suspended
matters pic0ed up in
surface or near
surface flow.
9iscoloration and
bad taste.
Filtration
<0 C"'"r Presence of <ron
and 5anganese
9iscoloration of
fixtures and Aaundry
Precipitation by
filtration through
manganese zeolite
"oxidizing filter-
90 P"''$ti"n +ontamination by
organic matter or
sewage
9isease +hlorination
BATER PURIFICATION
;ater purification is any method that will remove one or more materials that
ma0e the water unsuitable for a given use. (he methods that are commonly used in
water purification are1
%. #ettling or #edimentation
$. Filtration
2. /dsorption/ Flocculation-+oagulation
7. /eration
3. 9istillation
'. 9isinfection/ +hlorination
(he natural water includes all of these purification methods except disinfection.
#itting in la0es, ponds, or the oceans, water is sub.ect to settling "sedimentation-. /s
it percolates through soil or porous roc0s, it is filtered "filtration-. #oil and humus are
also good chemical adsorbents "coagulation/ flocculation-. /s water flows down
streams and rivers, detritus is removed by biological oxidation "aeration-. /s water
evaporates and condenses, it is distilled "distillation-.
(hus, numerous freshwater sources might be safe to drin0 were it no for human
pollution. (he most serious threat to human health is contamination with disease-
causing organisms and parasites, which come from the excrements of humans and
their domestic animals. <n human settlements, one can see how the organisms may
get into water and be passed onto people before any of the natural purification
processes can wor0.
(D: 5:()?P?A<(/* +:>= ;/(:) 9<#()<+( "5+;9-
(he 5etropolitan +ebu ;ater 9istrict "5+;9- is the sole commercial provider in
5etro +ebu comprising of four cities and four municipalities. /s of year $888,
5+;9 served 78H of the total population of 5etro +ebu.
5+;9 is primarily tas0ed to deliver adequate, safe, potable and affordable water to
is conssionares.
5+;9 has two sources or its water supply1
%. Eround ;ater
$. #urface ;ater
GROUND BATER TREATMENT PRECESS USED BY MCBD
Eround water sources are naturally and presumably purified by a compact thic0
filter media layer of ungraded sands, soils and roc0s at considerable depth. Dence,
disinfection using +hlorine Eas and other +hlorine #alts is the only treatment process
employed. Dere, water that is extracted from their ground through a pumping equipment
is allowed to pass through chlorination facility using chlorine gas to 0ill any presence of
coliform organisms and other froms of bacteria. ;ater is the stored in a reservoir ready
for distribution into each concessionaire!s faucet.
/t certain areas in the distribution networ0, 9irect feed pumping stations are
employed to augment the water supply. (hese are strategically located in different
areas 5etro +ebu.
SURFACE BATER BASIC TREATMENT PROCESS EMPLOYED BY MCBD
)unoff or surface water is first stored in dam. From this, water goes through a
series of treatment processes.
T#e B$#is%n D%m :Tis% Fi'tr%ti"n;
>uhisan 9am is +ebu!s first and only dam 5+;9!s only surface water source. <t
supplies the (isa "Aabangon- filter plant with up to '88 cubic meter per hour "'88,888
liters per hour or %36,788 gallons per hour- or about an average of 7,888 cubic meter
daily "7 million liters or %.83 million gallons-.
(his dam is located in >uhisan, a southern mountain baranggay of +ebu +ity. (his was
designed by $& year-old :usebius 4ulius Dalsema. /E and P, the winning bider, as0ed
Php 7'2, '$6.88 to do the wor0. ?n *ovember %8, %,%%, the dam was completed and
ready to be filled.
;ith a height of $& meters, the concrete dam has a conical arch design which
transfers the stress in the reservoir "caused by water strain- to the sides of the dam
thereby anchoring it firmly in place.
(hree 7.3 meter wide flood gates exist for flood control purposes. <ts long
concrete spillway allows overflow water to escape safely when the dam gates are
raised.
(wo 0ilometers of raw water main pipes extend from the dam to the distribution
reservoir in (isa. From the latter, a four 0ilometer pipeline distributes water to
concessionaires in +ebu +ity. /nother $% 0ilometers of pipelines were also laid for
improved water distribution.
(oday the almost %88 year old >uhisan 9am is as strong as when it first
operated.
TREATMENT PROCESS
5+;9 treats the surface water using the conventional process comprising of the
following1
1. Aeration
2. Coagulation- Flocculation
3. edimentation
!. Filtration
". #isinfection$ Chlorination
1. Aeration- ;ater is sprayed into the air to release any trapped gases and absorb
additional oxygen for better taste.
2. Coagulation- Flocculation- (his is the process by which small sediment particles
which do not settle well combine together to form larger particles which can be
removed by sedimentation. (his process includes physical and chemical
process1
a. +oagulation- is the chemical process in which the coagulant reacts with
the sediment to ma0e it capable of combining into larger particles. (his is
called destabilization.
b. Flocculation- is the physical process in which the sediment particles
collide with each other and stic0 together.
3. edimentation- (his is the process by which suspended solids are removed from
the water by gravity settling and deposition. (his process usually follows
coagulation-flocculation. (he ob.ective of this process is to remove most of the
suspended solids, reducing the loads on the filters.
4. Filtration- (his is the passage of fluid through a porous medium suspended
matter which did not settle by gravity. <n water purification, matter to be removed
includes suspended silt, clay, colloids, and microorganisms including algae,
bacteria, and viruses. / filter bed consists of a granular non-porous material held
one place by the force of gravity or by the direction of flow.
5. #isinfection$ Chlorination- (his is the most important process used in the
production of water of a safe and sanitary quality. +hlorination is the method of
introducing a controlled amount of chlorine to the water in order to attain a
desired degree of disinfection.
After the processes% water is stored in a reser&oir% then to the transmission mains% then
to the% distribution lines% down to the ser&ice connections and lastly to the
concessionaire's faucet.
SURFACE BATER SUPPLY AND TREATMENT SYSTEM
;ater is ta0en from the water shed reservoir and piped to the treatment plant. /t
the plant, "%- water is aerated to release trapped gases and to absorb oxygen for better
taste, "$- Alum$tawas (aluminum sulfate) is added to coagulate organic particles, and "2-
the water is put into a settling basin for several hours to allow coagulated particles to
settle. <t is then "7- filtered through sand filters, "3- Chlorine is added to 0ill bacteria and
put into a storage tan0 for distribution to concessionaires.
CHAPTER 8: PLUMBING FIDTURES
FIXTURES2 receptacles attached to a plumbing system other than a trap in which water
or waste may be collected or retained for ultimate discharge into the plumbing system.
COMMON TYPES OF PLUMBING FIDTURES USED IN RESIDENCES
%. ;ater closet 7. =rinal
$. Aavatory 3. >idet
2. Jitchen sin0 '. >ath tub
WATER CLOSET2 / plumbing fixture used to receive human excremental and to
discharge it through a waste pipe, using water as a conveying medium. ;ater closets
are classified according to design% ma*e% flushing mechanism% shape and installation.
/. (KP:# ?F ;/(:) +A?#:( /# (? 9:#<E*
%. #iphon washdown 2. #iphon Lortex
2. #iphon .et 7. )everse trap
1. #<PD?* ;/#D9?;*- (he least expensive but the
noisiest; only small amount of standing water-
susceptible to fouling, staining and contamination. <t is
mechanically satisfactory and is lower in price. Dence,
it is widely used and entirely acceptable where price is
the main consideration.
2. #<PD?* 4:(- (he .et being submerged introduces its
water underwater so that its operation is entirely muffled.
<t has a large amount of standing water to prevent fouling.
<t is mechanically efficient but expensive.
2. #<PD?* L?)(:M- this type of bowl develops its flushing
action through the water entering through diagonal holes
around the rim which creates a swirling action which forms
a vortex in the center. <t is considered to be the most
quiet, most efficient and most sanitary water closet.
7. ):L:)#: ()/P N the trap way located at the rear of
the water closet eliminated the buldge at the front. (he
design and appearance of the bowl plus its large water
area and quietness in operation, ma0e it desirable than
siphon wash down.
>. (KP:# ?F ;/(:) +A?#:( /# (? 5/J:
%. ?ne-piece 2. Pail Flush
$. +lose +oupled 7. #quat bowl
1. ?*:-P<:+: ;/(:) +A?#:(- (he water closet fixture is manufactured with the
bowl and the flush tan0 molded into a single unit. =sually used in tandem with the
bidet.
2. +A?#:9 +?=PA:9 ;/(:) +A?#:(- a water closet where in the flush tan0 is
separate but is attached to the toilet bowl. <t is a two-piece model.
3. P/<A FA=#D ;/(:) +A?#:(- a water closet comprising only of a bowl without
a flush tan0. Flushing action is obtained only through water poured from a pail or
buc0et. (his is used in areas where running water systems are not available.
4. #O=/( >?;A ;/(:)- / water closet that is otherwise 0nown as B:astern
typeC since the user assumes a squatting position rather than a sitting position.
+. (KP:# ?F ;/(:) +A?#:( /# (? FA=#<*E 5:+D/*<#5
%. Flush tan0
$. Flush Lalve "flushometer-
%. FA=#D (/*J- holds a supply of water for flushing a fixture such as the water
closet. <t has a capacity of 3 to ' gallons.
2. FA=#D L/AL:- valve designed to supply a fixed quantity of water for flushing
purposes. <t is activated by direct water pressure without the use of a flush tan0.
<t is also 0nown as Flushometer or Flushometer valve. (he flush valve requires
%8 to $8 psi flow pressure.
9. (KP:# ?F ;/(:) +A?#:( /# (? #D/P:
%. )ound Front
$. :longated Front
%. )?=*9 F)?*(- intended for installation on a limited space.
$. :A?*E:(:9 F)?*(- is more comfortable but occupies a larger space.
:. (KP:# ?F ;/(:) +A?#:( /# (? <*#(/AA/(<?*
%. Free #tanding "Flour mounted-
$. ;all Dung ";all 5ounted-
5<*<5=5 ;/(:) +A?#:( +A:/)/*+:#
)?=ED<*E-<* 9<5:*#<?*# ?F ;/(:) +A?#:(

PLUMBING FIDTURE MATERIALS :GENERAL RECUIREMENTS;
+,A-.T/ 0F F.1T,23
i. 9ense
ii. 9urable
iii. *on-absorbent
iv. #mooth, <mpervious #urface
v. Free form unnecessary concealed fouling surfaces
4.5.4,4 T2A6 #.A43T32 A5# #F, 7A-,3
i. ;ater closet private installation &'mm P "2 B- 7 9F=, 7C P
ii. ;ater closet public installation &'mmv P "2C- ' 9F=, 7C P
Quse ' 9F= when computing for septic tan0 size
.83 0F 9AT32 ,66-/ A5# 9F, 7A-,3
i. ;ater closet, Flush tan0 %$ mm P "%/$ B- 2 "Private-
3 "Public-
ii. ;ater closet, Flush Lalve $3mm P "%C- ' "Private-
%8 "Public-
4.5.4,4 .83 0F 735T
i. (he minimum size of vent for water closet is 3%mm :.
735T.-AT.05 0F T ;<
i. +eiling mount exhaust fan duct type.
ii. (hermal exhaust fan
T.-3 .5 T324 0F #3.=5 F02 T;<
i. $88mm x $88mm for ceramic
LAVATORY2 a fixture designed for the washing of the hands or face. <t is also 0nown as
wash basin.
T/63 0F -A7AT02/
%. ;all Dung lavatory
$. Pedestal Aavatory
2. +ounter (ype Aavatory
a. ?ver +ounter
b. =nder counter
7. ?ne- Piece Aavatory
T/63 0F -A7AT02/ FA,C3T
a. Center et
b. 9ide pread
20,=>.5=-.5 0F -A7AT02/
4.5.4,4 -A7AT02/ C-3A2A5C3
4AT32.A- F02 -A7AT02.3
a. Litreous +hina
b. :nameled +ast <ron
c. #tainless #teel
d. Plastic
4.5.4,4 T2A6 #.A43T32 ; #F, 7A-,3
o ;ash basin, in sets 26mmP $ 9F=
o ;ash basin, single 26mm P % 9F=
.83 0F 9AT32 ,66-/ 6.63 ; 9F, 7A-,3
o Aavatory %$mmP "%/$C- % "Private use-
$"Public use-
4.5.4,4 .83 0F 735T F02 -A7AT02/
o (he minimum size of vent for a lavatory is 2$mmP.
BIDET2 a plumbing fixture used for washing the middle part of the body, especially the
genitals. <t is also 0nown as the #itz >ath.
- #etting and clearance for bidet shall be the same as in the water closet.
- >idet minimum trap diameter is 26mm and its 9F= value is $.
- #ize of water supply is %$mm and ;#F= is $ "private- or 7 "public-
BATH TUB2 a tube for bathing, usually a fixed plumbing installation designed for one
person. <t is available in left outlet and right outlet.
Qminimum size of vent is 26mmP "% RC-
Qbathtub minimum trap diameter is 26mm and the 9F= value is $.
Qsize of supply pipe is %$mm and ;#F= value is $ "private- and 7 "public-.
Q):O=<):5:*(# F?) ;D<)AP??A >/(D(=># "#:+. 7%% *P+ %,,,-
a. Provide removable access panel to the pump.
b. Aocate the circulation pump above the crown weir of the trap.
c. (he pump and the circulation piping shall be self-draining to minimize water
retention.
d. #uction fittings on whirlpool bathtubs shall comply with the listed standards.
URINAL2 / sanitary fixture equipped with a water supply and drain for flushing away
urine.
T/63 0F ,2.5A-
1. 9all hung ,rinal

2. 6edestal ,rinal
3. tall ,rinal
!. Trough ,rinal
4.5.4,4 C-3A2A5C3 F02 ,2.5A-
5<*<5=5 ()/P 9</5:(:) /*9 9F= L/A=:
a. =rinal, ;all-mounted 3%mm "$C- ' 9F=
b. =rinal, #tall 3%mm "$C- ' 9F=
c. =rinal, (rap arm 3%mm "$C- 2 9F=
#<I: ?F #=PPAK P<P: /*9 ;#F= L/A=:
a. =rinal, ;all-mounted %,mm "2/7C- 3 ;#F=
b. =rinal, #tall %,mm "2/7C- 3 ;#F=
5<*<5=5 #<I: ?F L:*(
a. (he minimum size of vent is 26mmP
SINES
5<*<5=5 ()/P 9</5:(:) /*9 9F= L/A=:
Jitchen #in0 ")esidential-; % R BP 26 mm P $ 9F=
3%mm minimum waste pipe
>ar #in0 "+ommercial- % R BP 26 mm P $ 9F=
3%mm minimum waste pipe
>ar #in0 "Private- % R BP 26 mm P % 9F=
26mm minimum waste pipe
#in0 "+ommercial, <ndustrial, <nstitutional- % R BP 26 mm P 2 9F=
36mm minimum waste pipe
#in0 "+linic-; Flushing )im 2 BP &'mm P ' 9F=
#ervice sin0 "#lop- $ BP 3% mm P 29F=
Aaundry (ub % R BP 26 mm P $ 9F=
#<I: ?F #=PPAK P<P: /*9 ;#F= L/A=:
Jitchen sin0 R BP 26 mm P $ "Private-; 7 "Public-
#cullery sin0 2/7 BP 26 mm P $ "Private-; 7 "Public-
#lop #in0 R BP 26 mm P $ "Private-; %8 "Public-
Aaundry (ub R BP 26 mm P $ "Private-; 7 "Public-
>ar sin0 R BP 26 mm P % "Private-; $ "Public-
9)<*J<*E F?=*(/<*
5inimum trap diameter is 2%mm and 9F= value is %.
#ize of waste supply is %$mm P and the ;#F= value "each faucet- is % "private
use- or $ "public use-.
5inimum size of vent is 2$mm P "% SC-
#D?;:) >/(D
5inimum trap diameter is 3%mm and the 9F= value is $.
#ize of water supply is %$mm P and the ;#F= value "each head- is $ "private
use- or 7 "public use-.
5inimum size of vent is 26mm P.
FA??) 9)/<*#
5inimum trap diameter is 3%mm and the 9F= value is $.
D?#: ><>>
#ize of water supply is %$mm P and the ;#F= value is 2 "private use- or 3
"public use-
EITCHEN SINE2 a plumbing fixtures usually consisting of a basin with a water supply,
connected with a drain.
T/63 0F ?.TC>35 .5?
a. #ingle >owl- #ingle 9rain
b. 9ouble >owl- #ingle 9rain
c. 9ouble >owl- 9ouble 9rain
d. (riple >owl
e. +orner #in0
OTHER PLUMBING FIDTURES
#A?P #<*J- / deep sin0, usually set low and used by .anitors for emptying pails
of dirty water and mop cleaning.
9)<*J<*E F?=*(/<*- / fixture consisting of a shallow basin, together with a
water .et designed to provide potable water for human consumption.
A/=*9)K (=>- / deep wide sin0 or but used for washing clothes. <t is also
0nown as Aaundry (ray or #et (ub.
#D?;:) >/(D- /n apparatus for spraying water on the body, usually from
above. 9rain is through the shower bath floor drain.
#+)=> #<*J- a plumbing fixture usually located in the operating room in a
hospital to enable personnel to scrub their hands prior to a surgical procedure;
the hot and cold water supply is activated by a 0nee-action mixing valve or by
wrist or pedal control.
6-,4<.5= ,5.T (ec. 21@.13 56C 1AAA)
(he minimum standard quantities of plumbing fixtures that discharge waste into a
plumbing installation include;
% water meter
% water closet
% lavatory
% shower head and drain for a bathtub or shower stall
% 0itchen sin0
% laundry tray
2 floor drains
7 faucets/ hose >ibb
%2 (otal numbers of fixtures and fittings that comprise a plumbing
unit
*?(:# ?* #D?;:) ):+:P(?) "*P+ %,,,-
%. :ach shower receptor shall be constructed to have a finished dam, curb or
threshold of at least $3.7 mm lower that the outside floor.
$. (he dam or threshold shall not be less than 3%mm nor more than $$6mm in
depth, when measured from the top of the dam or threshold to the top of the
drain.
PLUMBING ACCESSORIES
%. #oap holder
$. Paper holder
2. (oothbrush and tumbler holder
7. (owel holder/ tower bar
3. #eat +over
TYPICAL FIDTURE LAYOUT FOR TOILET AND BATH :minim$m imensi"ns;
TOILET FIDTURE CLEARANCES FOR DISABLED PERSONS :per BP 8<< T#e
A..essi&i'it* L%);

GRABRAIL HEIGHTS AT URINALS
MOUNTING DIMENSIONS FOR TOILET F BATHROOM ACCESSORIES

MOUNTING DIMENSIONS OF ACCESSORIES AND FITTINGS AT SHOBER
AREA
MOUNTING DIMENSIONS OF ACCESSORIES AND FITTINGS
AT BATH TUBG SHOBER

CHAPTER <: DRAINAGE SYSTEM
(he drainage system is composed of the piping networ0 within a structure which
conveys sewage, rainwater, or other wastes from their point of origin to a point of
disposal, such as a public sewer or a private treatment facility "septic tan0-. (his system
is often 0nown as the 9;L #ystem "9rainage, ;aste and Lent-. (he complete
drainage system is subdivided into four "7- sub-systems, as follows.
1. #?<A 9)/<*/E: #K#(:5- (he piping that conveys the discharge of water
closets or fixtures having similar functions "containing fecal matter-, with or
without the discharges from other fixtures.
$. ;/#(: 9)/<*/E: #K(:5 or #/*<(/)K 9)/<*/E: #K#(:5- (he piping
that receives the liquid discharge, from plumbing fixtures other than those fixtures
"water closets- receiving fecal matter. (his piping is free of fecal flow.
2. #(?)5 9)/<*/E: #K#(:5- (he piping system that receives clear water
drainage from leaders, downspouts, surface run-off, ground water, subsurface
water, condensate water, cooling water or other similar discharges and conveys
them to the point of disposal. /ll sanitary wastes must be excluded.
7. L:*( #K#(:5- the piping system that receives a flow or air to or from a
drainage system or to provide a circulation of air within such system to protect
trap seals from siphonage or bac0 pressure.
GENERAL RECUIREMENTS FOR A PROPERLY DESIGNED DRAINAGE SYSTEM
a. (he piping must be air tight, gas tight and water tight.
b. :ach plumbing fixture, except those with integral traps, shall be separately
trapped by an approved type water seal trap. (his is to prevent odor-laden and
germ-laden to rise out of the drainage system and contaminate the surrounding
air in the room.
c. :ach plumbing fixture trap shall be provided with vent pipes. (his is to protect the
drainage system against siphonage and bac0 pressure and to assure air
circulation throughout the drainage system.
d. / cleanout, easily accessible, shall be provided for inspection or cleaning of the
pipe run. (he location of the cleanout shall be1
- /t the upper end of every horizontal waste or soil pipe.
- /t every change of horizontal direction of not more than $$.3
degrees
- ;ithin %.3 m "3!- inside the property line before the house sewer
connection
- /t every %3m "38!- to a horizontal run of a soil or waste pipe
e. /ll horizontal piping shall be run in practical alignment and at a uniform grade of
not less than $H or $ cm per meter toward the point of disposal.
f. /ll horizontal piping shall be supported and anchored at intervals not to exceed 2
meters.
g. Lertical piping shall be secured at sufficiently close intervals to 0eep the pipe in
alignment. #tac0s shall be properly supported at their bases.
DEFINITION FROM NPC 1444 EDITION
>0,3 $ <,.-#.5= #2A.5- part of the lowest horizontal piping of a plumbing system,
which receives the discharges from the soil, waste and other drainage pipes inside of a
building and conveys it to the house sewer outside of the building.
>0,3 $ <,.-#.5= 3932 2 extends from the house drain at a point 8.'8 meters
from the outside face of the foundation wall of a building to the .unction with the street
sewer or to any point of discharge, and conveying the drainage of one building site. *o
house/building sewer shall be smaller than %38mm in diameter, nor less in size than the
house/building drain
9AT3 6.63 - conveys only wastewater or liquid waste free of fecal matter.
0.- 6.63- any pipe which conveys the discharge of water closet, urinal or fixtures
having similar functions, with or without the discharges from other fixtures to the building
drain or building sewer.
0.- TAC? 6.63- a vertical soil pipe conveying fecal matter and waste water.
735T 6.63 - used for ensuring the circulation of air in a plumbing system and for
relieving the negative pressure exerted on trap seals.
735T TAC?- the vertical vent pipe installed primarily for providing circulation of air to
and from any part of the soil, waste of the drainage system.
36T.C TA5?- / watertight covered receptacle designed and constructed to receive
the discharge of sewage from a building sewer, separate solids from the liquid, digest
organic matter and store digested solids the clarified liquids to discharge for final
disposal.
62.7AT3 39A=3 #.60A- /T34- a septic tan0 with the effluent discharging
into a subsurface disposal field, seepage pits or of such other facilities or may be
permitted by the plumbing code.
200F =,TT32- the water collector at the eaves of the building.
#095 60,T- / vertical pipe which conveys rain water, also 0nown as conductor or
rain water.
T024 #2A.5- )eceives storm water , clear, rain or surface-water waste "#9-
CATC> <A.5- / receptacle in which liquids are retained for a sufficient period of time
to allow materials to settle to deposit.
T2A6- / fitting or device designed and constructed to provide, when properly vented, a
liquid seal which prevents the bac0flow of foul air or methane gas without materially
affecting the flow of sewage or waste water through it.
MATERIALS USED FOR THE PLUMBING DRAINAGE SYSTEM APPROVED BY
THE 1444 NATIONAL PLUMBING CODE0
31C23TA #2A.5A=3 6.6.5=
%. +ast iron
$. 9uctile iron
3. Ealvanized steel "shall not be used underground. ?ept at least 1"2mm abo&e
ground)
4. Ealvanized wrought iron (shall not be used underground. ?ept at least 1"2mm
abo&e ground)
3. Aead
'. +opper
&. >rass
6. #eries %888, pvc, dmv
9. :xtra strength vitrified clay pipe (shall not be used abo&e ground. At least
3BBmm below finish ground le&el.)
%8. /pproved material having smooth and uniform bore
*?(:1 /># and PL+ 9;L can be used in high rise buildings at the discretion of the
)5P and with the full consent of the owner.
#2A.5A=3 F.TT.5=
%. +ast <ron
$. 5alleable
2. Aead
7. >rass
3. +opper
'. />#
&. PL+
6. Litrified clay
735T 6.63
%. +ast iron
$. 9uctile cast iron
2. Ealvanized steel
7. Ealvanized wrought iron
3. Aead
'. +opper
&. >rass
6. #chedule 78, />#, 9;L
,. #eries %888, PL+, 9;L
735T TAC?
%. +opper
$. +ast iron
2. Ealvanized wrought iron
7. PL+
735T F.TT.5=
%. +ast <ron
$. Ealvanized malleable iron
2. Ealvanized steel
7. Aead
3. +opper
'. >rass
&. />#
6. PL+
#095 60,T (.5T32.02)
%. +ast iron
$. Ealvanized steel
2. <ron
7. >rass
3. +opper
'. Aead
&. #ched 78, />#, 95L
6. #eries %888, PL+, 9;L
#09560,T (43#.,4 >3.=>T <,.-#.5=)
%. E.<. pipe, sch. 28
$. +<#P, #.;.
2. +opper tube, type 9;L
7. #ch. 78, />#, 9;L
3. #eries %888, PL+, 9;L
#095 60,T (31T32.02$ -09 >T. <-#=)
%. $' E/, Ealvanized sheet metal with steel pipe or cast iron at its lowest section
draining to the catch basin.
#095 60,T (>.=> 2.3)
%. #hall be of stronger pipe materials to resist the high hydrostatic pressure.
200F #2A.5
%. +ast iron
$. +opper
2. ?ther corrosion resistant materials
T2A6 (3C. 1BB3 56C 1AAA)
%. />#
$. +ast brass
2. +ast iron
7. Aead
3. PL+
Figure $- (he function of the trap and one of the several functions of a vent preventing
siphonage.
LOSS OF TRAP SEAL- (his failure can be attributed directly to inadequate ventilation
of the trap and the subsequent minus and plus pressures which occur in the piping
system. #ee figure 2.
Five "3- +ause of (rap #eal Aoss
1. Sip#"n%+e2 (he withdrawal of a liquid from a trap due to a suction caused by liquid flow
in a pipe.
a. 9irect #elf- siphonage
b. <ndirect or 5omentum #iphonage
2. B%.1 Press$re2 pressure developed in opposition to the flow of liquid in a pipe due to
friction, gravity or some other restriction to flow of the conveyed fluid. :xcessive pressure
at the lowest branch causing trap seal to loo0 for opening.
3. E(%p"r%ti"n2 ?ccurs when a fixture is not used for a long time. / 9eep seal is the best
solution but clogs the pipe due to accumulated solid wastes.
4. C%pi''%r* Attr%.ti"n2 foreign ob.ects in the traps absorbing trap seal
5. Bin E!!e.ts2 strong winds through the vent system forcing water out of the trap
SUPPORTS- are devices for holding and securing pipes and fixtures to walls, ceiling,
floors or structural members. #upports include hangers, anchors% brac0ets, and cradles.
.5#.23CT 9AT3 6.6.5= (ection C1B 56C 1AAA)
(he drains of the following equipments shall not be directly connected to any soil,
waste and vent pipes.
%. :vaporative cooler
$. /ir ;asher
2. /ir +onditioner
7. +old #torage )oom
3. )efrigerator
'. +ooling +ounter
&. Food and 9rin0s #torage
6. +ulinary/ 9ishwashing #in0 for food preparation )oom
+ooling and air conditioning equipments may be separated by an Qairbrea0.
Food equipments shall be separated from the drainage system by a full Qairgap.
Q/irbrea0- a physical separation, which may be a low inlet into the indirect waste
receptor from the fixture, appliance or device indirectly connected, at least $3mm.
Q/irgap, drainage.- the unobstructed vertical distance through the free atmosphere
between the lowest opening from any pipe, plumbing fixture, appliance or appurtenance
conveying waste to the flood level rim of the receptor.
DRAINAGE- BASTE AND VENT :DBV; PIPING SYSTEM
(he drainage system is composed of groups of pipes and fittings that convey waste
from the building to the proper means of disposal system.
1. B$i'in+ Se)er- (hat part of the horizontal piping of a drainage system which
system which extends from the end of the building and which receives the
discharge of the building drain and conveys it to the public sewer, private sewer,
individual sewage disposal system or other point of disposal.
2. B$i'in+ r%in- the part of the lowest horizontal piping of a plumbing system
which receives the discharge from soil, waste and other drainage pipes inside of
a building and conveys it to the house sewer.
3. Se)%+e Disp"s%' S*stem. / system for the treatment and disposal of domestic
sewage by means of a septic tan0, cesspool, or mechanical treatment, all
designed to serve a single establishment, development or building.
(he drainage piping system contains fittings that serve as drains% traps and &ents.
#rains- fittings used for draining fluid from point of use to the piping system.
Traps- fittings or device designed and constructed to provide a liquid seal which prevent
the bac0 passage of air without materially affecting the flow of sewage or water through
it.
7ents-pipes and fittings installed in the system to provide air circulation so as to protect
trap seals from siphonage and bac0 pressure.
TYPES OF TRAP COMMONLY USED IN RESIDENTIAL FIDTURES
1. P- (rap used at lavatories, sin0s, floor drain and scuppers.
2. 9rum (rap used at bathtubs and bidets
2. Douse (rap
7. ?ther /ppliances
a. >ac0 flow valve
b. Flow control valve
c. Erease trap/ grease interceptor
Dr$m Tr%p2 / cylindrical trap
commonly used on the drain pipe
from a bathtub or under the
bathroom floor.

SIHESS AND CAPACITIES OF GREASE TRAPS
#<I:# 9<5:*#<?*#
"mm-
A x ; x D
P<P: #<I: <*A:(
/*9 ?=(A:(
"mmT-
FA?; )/(:
EP5 AP#
- $&, T x $%' 3% $ 8.%2
- 28%T x $82 3% 2 8.%,
- 228T x $7% 3% 7 8.$3
- 23' x $&, 3% 3 8.2$
%88 26% x 283 x $62 3% & 8.77
$88 78' x 23' x $,6 3% %8 8.'2
288 7&8 x 788 x 28$ 3% %3 8.,3
788 '$, x 7,3 x 26% 3% $8 %.$'
388 ',, x 7$, x 77% &' $3 %.6
'88 &'$ x 7&8 x 7&8 &' 23 $.$%
&88 62$ x 38$ x 3%6 &' 38-33 2.%3
688 6&2 x 33, x 367 &' &3 7.&2
,88 ,8$ x &$7 x 6,8 &' ,3 '.88
%888 %862 x 63% x ,32 &' %88 '.2%
%%88 %$76 x %8%' x %88' &' %$3 &.6,
%$88 %7$$ x %837 x %8$, %8$ %38 ,.7'
%288 %37, x %%83 x %%3' %8$ $88 %$.'$
%788 %688 x %286 x %$&8 %8$-%$& $38 %3.&&
%388 $8$, x %76' x %7%' %$&-%3$ 288 %6.,2
B%.1 F'") V%'(e2 9evice
that prevents the reversal of
flow which might flood and
cause damage to the
building.
H"$se Tr%p2 a device
installed to prevent
circulation of air between the
drainage of the building and
the building sewer.
*ote1 5inimum height of 6,mm required from cover of grease trap to bottom of fixtures
served.
#ource1 5etma (rading and <ndustrial corporation
+/(. *o. %883
P?(. *o. $7%6&
FA?; +?*()?A L/AL: <#
):+?55:*9:9 F?)
<*#(/AA/(<?* >:;::*
F):: A:L:A D/*9A: 9)/<*
/*9 E):/#: ()/P (?
P):L:*( F/(# F)?5
+A?EE<*E <*(? P<P:#.
F):: A:L:A D/*9A: 9)/<*
"5:(5/ >)/*9-
=#<*E F):: A:L:A D/*9A:
9)/<* <# F?) :/#K
9)<PP<*E ?F ;/#(:
;/(:) F)?5 J<(+D:*
#<*J.
E):/#: ()/P/ E):/#: <*(:)+:P(?)
*?(:1
Erease trap is not required for individual dwelling units or for any private living
quarters. "sec. %8%%.%, *P+ %,,,-
1 *o food waste disposal unit shall be connected to or discharged into any grease
trap. "#ec %8%2, *P+ %,,,-
SIHING OF GRESE INTERCEPTORS "(/>A: %8-7, *P+ %,,,-
+G 5 x ; x ) x F
E):/#: ()/P. / 9:L<+: F?)
):5?L<*E F/( /*9 E):/#:
F)?5 ;/#(: ;/(:) >K
/AA?;<*E (D: ):(/<*:9
A<O=<9 (? +??A /*9 (D:
E):/#: (? #?A<9<FK; (D:*
(D: E):/#: <# #:P/)/(:9 >K
FA?/(/(<?*; <( )<#:# (? (D:
(?P ?F (D: ()/P, ;D:): <( <#
D:A9. (D: P)<5: P=)P?#: ?F
/ E):/#: ()/P <# (? /##=):
/ F):: FA?;<*E 9)/<*/E:
(D)?=ED P<P: A<*:# /( /AA
(<5:# >K <*(:)+:P(<*E,
/++=5=A/(<*E /*9
):+?L:)<*E EA?>=A:# ?F
E):/#: F/( /*9 ?<A# F)?5
;/#(: ;/(:).
*?(:1
% +ubic meterG $'7 gallons
;D:):1
+G size of grease interceptors "liquid capacity-
5G *umber of meals served at pea0 hour
)G ;aste flow rate;
;ith dishwashing machine ' gallon flow "per meal/ day-
;ithout dishwashing machine 3 gallon flow "per meal/ day-
#ingle service 0itchen $ gallon flow "per meal/ day-
Food waste disposer % gallon flow "per meal/ day-
Dospital 0itchen $3 gallon / bed / day
FG #torage Factors
Fully equipped commercial 0itchen
6 hour operation1 %
%6 hour operation1 $
$7 hour operation1 2
#ingle service 0itchen1 %.3
A46-3 620<-34D
9etermine the capacity and volume of the grease trap for a canteen that serves
an average of 38 meals a day that is open from %%188 am to &188pm.
#?A=(<?*1 #G 5 x ; x ) x F G 38 x 3 x $.3 x %
#G U G '$3 gallons
5G 38 meals
;G3 cal/ meal/ day
)G $.3 hours
FG %
#olve for volume of grease trap "L- m
2
"cubic meter-
LG '$3/ $'7 G $.2& cubic meter volume of grease trap
OTHER METHODS USED FOR SIHING THE GREASE INTERCEPTOR
For grease traps the serve non-scheduled meals to a nonspecific number of
occupants, as in restaurants, fast foods services and luncheonettes;
+ G 8.8, "J x * x D x E x #-
;here1
+G Aiquid capacity
JG Facility access coefficient
G %.$3 for freeways
G %.88 for recreation areas
G 8.68 for main highways
G 8.3 for lesser roads
*G number of seats "use fractional value if occupancy is rarely full-
DG *umber of hours per day of operation
EG ;aste flow rate "general value is 7.3 Eals-
#G #ewage capacity factor
G %.& for outflow to public sewer
G $.3 for outflow to opposite disposal
For grease traps that serve scheduled meals to a specific number of occupants
as in hospitals , nursing homes and schools;
+G 8.%7 "5 x E x #-
;here;
5G number of scheduled meals served per day; %, $ or 2
TYPES OF VENTS
%. 5ain soil and waste vent
$. 5ain vent
2. <ndividual vent or bac0 vent
7. =nit vent
3. +ircuit vent or loop vent
'. )elief vent
&. Ko0e vent
6. ;et vent
,. Aooped vent
%8. =tility vent
5ain soil and waste vent. (he portion of
soil stac0 pipe above the highest installed
fixture branch extending through the roof.
<ndividual vent or bac0 vent. (he portion of the
vent pipe system which serves a single fixture.
5ain vent. (he principal portion of the vent
pipe system to which vent braches may be
connected. <t serves as a collecting vent
line.
=nit vent. (he portion of the vent pipe system
which ventilates two fixture of similar design
installed on opposite sides of a partition.
(he vent stac0 is
installed between
the $
nd
and 2
rd
fixture
as a precaution. <n
the case the soil
branch becomes
clogged, the 2
rd
fixture scours the
pipe of fecal waste
which may obstruct
the vent.


+ircuit vent or loop vent. (he portion of the drainage system which ventilates two or
more fixture traps that discharge into a soil or waste branch.
9isposal field area1
/G "%.38 V $3 V %.38- %.68
/G 38.7 m
$
W &8 m
$
"rule of thumb-
Q )evise distance of trenches
9G &8/ $6 G $.3 m
#?<A
P:)+?A/(<?*
)/(: "$3mm- "%C-
/PPA<+/(<?* )/(:
"EP9/ #O. 5:(:)-
% minute 3&.88
$ minutes 7'.$$
3 27.78
%8 $7.&2
%3 %,.23
$8 %'.%$
28 %%.62
73 6.'8
'8 3.27
)elief Lent. (he portion of the vent pipe installation that permits additional circulation of air
around the drainage pipes to eliminate bac0 pressure and retardation of waste flow.