MCS-EE Dept LTI Systems

30 Aug 2007 1
Digital Signal Processing
LTI Systems ...Lab 3

We are now familiar with the systems and their classification. One major class of
systems that would occupy most of our thoughts during engineering is the class of LTI
systems--- Linear Time-Invariant Systems. Why?
Well, first because the most of the systems in this universe, or at least most of the
systems we come across are LTI; or they can be modeled as, assumed to be with very
small margin of error, or pretend to behave like LTI systems. Secondly, because
solving non-linear systems has always been cumbersome. Owing to all this, we really
need to understand LTI systems theory. Hence, we will try to uncover, rather than
cover these fundamental concepts. Nevertheless, one thing we need to keep in mind
that in some cases, its inevitable to deal with non-linearities.
Lets start with some questions: How an input signal to an LTI system is transformed
to an out put?, What is the characteristic of an LTI system?, How can we describe
or represent a system?, or What are the implications of an LTI system? and many
more We need to know both the mathematics as well as the philosophy behind this
mathematics. Thats the logic as well as the intuition have to be developed if we want
to prove and then improve, following the following quote:

It is with logic that one proves; it is with intuition that one invents. (Henri Pioncare)

In this lab we shall try to answer the questions we framed
above, going into the detailed working of systems. Lets keep our eyes
open while a system transforms an input into an output.

Problem 1: The convolution process
a) In the previous lab, you formed a large number of signals. Also you developed a
function to convolve two signals. As the first step in this lab, well develop an intuition
towards convolution operation. [Will be discussed in the lecture before lab]
b) Using the signals you developed in the previous lab, convolve the following and
match the results with your hand-calculations:
i) x1[n] = 2 (n + 2) - (n-4), with (n)
ii) x1[n] = 2 (n + 2) - (n-4), with (n-4)
iii) x1[n] = 2 (n + 2) - (n-4), with itself
iv) x1[n] = {1,0,2,0,0,-1} and h[n] = {0,0,1,1/2,1/4,0} for -2 n 3,
c) Convolution demonstration: MATLAB gives us the ability to demonstrate the process
of convolution in detail: the pictorial view of convolution. We actually need the plots of
the signals being convolved, and a window of the overlap between these signals. On a
parallel plot, we can show the output, which is calculated from the overlapping region.
You will have three parallel pictures: input1, input2, output, while the overlap is shown
in a window. (You may like to change the color of the overlapping samples).
Problem 2: The Magic of Systems
MCS-EE Dept LTI Systems
30 Aug 2007 2
a) Make a signal that combines two sinusoids:
x1[n] = sin(2*pi*300*[0:1/8000:44/8000]),
x2[n] = 0.5*sin(2*pi*3900*[0:1/8000:44/8000]);
Now use h[n] = {1/6,1/6,1/6,1/6,1/6,1/6} for 0 n 5, as the system impulse
response through which this signal is passed. Look at the output and comment.
b) Just reverse the sign of alternate values of h[n] and perform the same steps as
above. Get the output and see what happens this time.

Yes, this is precisely what we mean by magic of systems. However, as science students,
we must aim at explaining this phenomenon and get out of the habit of declaring
things as magic. This might take you this whole course, though.

As a conclusion from the parts (a) and (b) of this problem, its possible to think of
doing many things in this life with the help of a little thought into the designing of
systems to do with the signals whatever we want. For example, separate the voice of a
flute from that of sitar, removing noise from a signal, which may be speech, picture,
video, or ECG data. This is just one aspect of DSP. On the similar lines, we can explain
whats going on inside some already existing systems.

Problem 3: Inverse Systems
a) In our previous lab, we formed an echo producing system. Today, well form an
echo removal system while we know the process of echo creation. Lets say A=0.25,
and T=0.5sec for echo generation system in our previous lab. Form an inverse system,
by doing the mathematical proof, and implement it to see the results.

b) We have a very typical system known as Accumulator with impulse response:
h[n] =

=

0
] [
k
k n =

=
n
k
k] [ = u[n]
Implement this system and use any arbitrary signal to demonstrate accumulator action.
Now think of an inverse system of accumulator. You will need to think about how the
accumulator works and then you just need to do the opposite of it. Implement this
inverse system and demonstrate the inverse action with an example.

Problem 4: Difference Equations
We are theoretically familiar with the systems that can be represented with linear
constant-coefficient difference equations. Here we explore them a little bit.
a) Write down the difference equation for the Accumulator and its inverse systems.
Implement the MATLAB function to realize these equations and see the results.
b) We can write down the difference equation for our magic systems of Problem 2.
c) We have an LTI system described by the following diff. Equation:
y[n] + 0.9y[n-2] = 0.3x[n] + 0.6x[n-1] + 0.3x[n-2]
How to represent them in MATLAB?
Find out the impulse response of this system, both analytically and from MATLAB. In
MATLAB, we can use filter to get the output of a system whose difference equation is
known. Compare the two impulse responses obtained.