Incidence angle ():

- It is the angle between the suns direct rays and the normal to any
surface.
- The general expression for calculating the indirect angle of the beam
radiation is,

- It can reduce for the horizontal surface, ie when ( = 0
0
), then above
equation can be reduces to,

- It can reduces to vertical surfaces, ie when (( = 90
0
), then above
equation can be reduces to,
Cos = (-sin cos cos )+ (cos sin cos cos) + (cos sin sin)

- if a surface is inclined surface facing due to south, the surface azimuth
angle () is Zero, then above equation reduces to,
- Cos = sin sin( ) + cos cos cos( )
- If a vertical surface facing south, the =90
0
, and = 0
0
, then the
incidence angle is measured from the following expressions,
- Cos = sin cos cos - cos sin

Measurements of Day length, sun rise and Sun set:

a. Day length:
- It is the time each day from the moment the upper limb of the sun
appears above the horizon during the sun rise to the moment when the
upper limb of the sun disappears below the horizon during sun set.
- It is also termed as length of a day or length of the day time.
- It is expressed in terms of (Smax)
- It is measured from the following expression.
-
) tan * tan ( cos
15
2
S
1
max
| o
(

=





b. Solar hour angle (s):
- It is the hour angle corresponding to sunrise or sunset (s) on a
horizontal surface can be found from the following expressions.
- This hour angle is used to find the day length of any location on earth
surface and any particular day.
- s = cos
-1
(-tan * tan )

c. Sun Rise Time (SRT):
- Although the Sun appears to "rise" from the horizon, it is actually
the Earths motion that causes the Sun to appear. The illusion of a
moving Sun results from Earth observers being in a rotating reference
frame.
- It is time at the sun rise in the east direction of the local observer every
day.
- It is measured by the given,
SRT = 12-(0.5*Smax)

c. Sun Set Time (SST):
- Although the Sun disappears to "set" from the horizon, it is actually
the Earths motion that causes the Sun to disappear. The illusion of a
moving Sun results from Earth observers being in a rotating reference
frame.
- It is time at the sun is set at the West direction of the local observer
every day.
- It is measured by the given,
SRT = (0.5*Smax)