Session 14: Gender Analysis and Gender

Action Plans in Transport Projects

Sonomi Tanaka
Lead Gender Specialist
Regional and Sustainable Development Department, ADB
Poverty and Social Analysis Training for the Transport Sector
10 12 September 2014 | Auditorium Annex 1 & 2
The views expressed in this paper are the views of the author and do not necessarily reflect the views
or policies of the Asian Development Bank (ADB), or its Board of Governors, or the governments they
represent. ADB does not guarantee the accuracy of the data included in this paper and accepts no
responsibility for any consequence of their use. The countries listed in this paper do not imply any
view on ADB's part as to sovereignty or independent status or necessarily conform to ADB's
terminology.
Gender Equality Gender Equality --Key for Inclusive Transport Key for Inclusive Transport
Gender differences in travel patterns, access,
affordability need to be reflected in designs
Women as a stakeholder group need to be
involved to raise voice
Assess project impact channels through a
gender lens
Gender integral in PSA
ADBs numerical target for gender
mainstreaming 45% of ADB and 55% of ADF
A tool to translate gender analysis findings into actions
Mirrors project outputs
Includes gender targets and design features
Key gender targets/indicators in project DMF (>50% of
outputs)
Inclusion of GAP in ADB project appraisal document
(RRP)
Gender specialists and other institutional mechanisms
and resources specified
Legal covenant of GAP implementation
Project Gender Action Plan (GAP) Project Gender Action Plan (GAP) --
ADB gender mainstreaming tool ADB gender mainstreaming tool
Composition of Transport Projects, 2009 Composition of Transport Projects, 2009--2013 2013
16%
19%
23%
17%
100%
31%
39%
50%
52%
69%
61%
50%
48%
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
Project Count
Gender Mainstreamed Urban Transport Projects Gender Mainstreamed Transport Projects
Rest of Transport Projects
Emerging Challenges Emerging Challenges
Templatish gender designs
Gender targets set without baseline or proxy
Weak gender actions (e.g., x% women
participating in consultation meetings)
Unrealistic expectations (e.g., x% women in
construction work in Afghanistan)
Gender targets not supported by facilitating
mechanisms
Designs not guided by solid gender analysis
What does this tell you? What does this tell you?
if existing gender inequalities are
addressed simultaneously
Transport services and infrastructure
can positively contribute to reducing
gender gaps and womens
empowerment.
Gender Analysis: Gender Analysis:
Key I ssues for Transport Key I ssues for Transport
Gender differences in travel patterns
Gender differences in use of modes
Gender differences in time use & time poverty
Gender differences in access to resources for travel
Gendered use & access to public space
Gender differences in mobility and safety
Gender differences in access to economic opportunities
Gender differences in voicing transport needs
Womens Travel Patterns and Mobility Womens Travel Patterns and Mobility
Constraints in Developing Countries Constraints in Developing Countries
Typical Gender Barriers (1) Typical Gender Barriers (1)
Barriers to mobility
Rural context Women travel
often by foot, around the home
Importance of feeder roads,
footpaths, footbridges
Urban context Women may be
more reliant on public transport
Womens multiple tasks may
prevent or add to travel times
Socio-cultural constraints
Barriers to gender-equal access to services
Roads not enough, need transport services
and intermediary means of transport
Lack of intermediate means of transport
Affordability
Reliability linked to time poverty
Quality of services
Typical Gender Barriers (2) Typical Gender Barriers (2)
Barriers to economic
opportunities
Lack of capacity to fully capture
economic opportunity
(e.g., skills, credit, property)
Limited access to motored
vehicles
Womens goods/produce vs.
mens
Photo from AIT
Typical Gender Barriers (3) Typical Gender Barriers (3)
Barriers to employment in transport sector
Women cannot travel far to construction sites
Limited job information & skills
Different approaches to pay vs. contribution
Work harassment and lack of child care facilities
Modern urban transport is male dominated sector
Typical Gender Barriers (4) Typical Gender Barriers (4)
Barriers to safety and security
Road safety ignores gender
Sexual harassment on public
transport
Physical designs and services in
support of womens transport
security & safety e.g. lighting,
womens spaces, location
Typical Gender Barriers ( Typical Gender Barriers (55))
Sexual Harassment in Urban Transport
Studies in PAK, AZE, GEO Case of Baku (AZE)
79% of female metro users experience
harassment
Almost all did not react, or only
frowned fear of escalation or violence
80% of harassed were 18-30 years old
26% experienced help from bystanders
most helpers were older women
82% experienced harassment on the
train itself
35% on the platform
Not time specific, but more physical
types are experienced when the metro
is crowded
Feelings: angry, annoyed, disgusted
30% have decreased metro use
Possible links with metro management?
(Courtesy: S. Campbell, CWRD)
Barriers to influencing decision-making
Lack of critical mass of women in
transport sector
Voices of women as road and
transportation users not heard
No incentive for service to respond
to womens needs
Peters (2011)
Typical Gender Barriers (6) Typical Gender Barriers (6)
World Bank/Australia Study on Gender World Bank/Australia Study on Gender
and Public Transport in Kathmandu and Public Transport in Kathmandu
(2013) (2013)
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BTqh1kAM
p-U
(Courtesy of the World Bank)
Ways to address gender in Ways to address gender in
transport projects? (1) transport projects? (1)
Policy Enabling gender-responsive sector policy & institutions
Participation of women and men in policy development, project
planning, implementation and monitoring
Accessibility Selection criteria for roads sections and urban
transport services; attention to intermediate means of transport
Affordability Tariff policy, cost recovery schemes, flexible tickets
Acceptability Physical designs (universal access in vehicle designs,
women-only spaces, separate waiting spaces, side walks, street
lights); service schedules; security and safety concerns
Livelihoods & Employment
Labor based technologies & targets for women
Training of community & community mobilization (e.g. road
construction groups, savings)
Income generation & market points to enhance women's capacity to
capture opportunities for marketing
Women as drivers, ticketing agents, etc.
Capacity
Gender equal training opportunities for project staff
Training for women on skills & participation in decision-making
Mitigation of risks
HIV/AIDS, Trafficking, Labor Standards, Resettlement, Road Safety
Ways to address gender in Ways to address gender in
transport projects? (2) transport projects? (2)
Project Output Gender Actions/Designs Proposed
Output 1:
Road
rehabilitation
At least 40% of unskilled laborers will be female with pay equity
Contractors will not employ child labor on civil works contracts
Road shoulders will be sealed surface enabling carts with wheels
Output 2:
Road asset
management
Capacity building of local contractors on gender and labor-based appropriate
technology
Sex disaggregated database to track the use of local labor
Community contracts to women for sustainable road maintenance works
At least 50% women road side maintenance workers
Output 3:
Road safety and
safeguards
program
All project roads with speed bumps in villages and road safety signage
A community-based road safety campaign with 50% women facilitators
Inclusion of HIV/AIDS and human trafficking prevention programs during
and after construction
Output 4:
Climate change
adaptation
Emergency warning systems will engage women in the planning stages
Provisions will be included for women in actual operation of the systems
Climate change adaptation will include community-based work programs
involving women in planting and caring for road-side trees and other plants
GAP Example 1: Cambodia Rural GAP Example 1: Cambodia Rural
Road Improvement Project (2010) Road Improvement Project (2010)
http://www.adb.org/themes/gender/videos/222777
22
ENGINEERING DESIGNS
Stations
Station, street and corridor lighting,
security systems (CCTV cameras
stations and approaches to stations)
Separate toilets for women in stations
Buses
Access ramps and at-level boarding
Automatic doors
Signage and awareness / education
campaigns within stations and buses (ITS
and Passenger Information System) to
protect womens safety, security and rights
OPERATIONAL DESIGNS
Reserved seats: Reserve 20% of seats for
pregnant women, women with children, elderly
Public consultation with women: to set fares,
service hours, routes, quality of services
Cross-subsidypolicies: affordability and higher
usage. Subsidized monthly travel passes for
70% garment workers provided by garment
factories
Commercial Space: 15% spaces reserved for
women vendors in underpasses and stations
Queuing system: separate male and female
queues
Priority boarding: pregnant women & disabled
Training: of operation staff with emphasis on
gender and social aspects
Employment: Percentage of jobs (SPO, bus
drivers, etc.) reserved for women (20%)
Awareness Campaigns: on issues faced by
women e.g. safety, sexual harassment
GAP Example 2: Bangladesh Greater Dhaka Sustainable Transport
Project (2012)
Share experience of any
gender issues in your
project?
What actions were taken
to address these issues?
Challenges?
Group Exercise Group Exercise
Discuss Possible Gender Actions Discuss Possible Gender Actions
Some Tools on Gender and Transport
ADB Gender Tool Kit: Transport
http://www.adb.org/documents/gender-tool-kit-transport-
maximizing-benefits-improved-mobility-all
ADB Tool Kit on Gender Equality Results and Indicators
(Chpt 12 Transport) http://www.adb.org/documents/tool-
kit-gender-equality-results-and-indicators
ADB Universal Access in ADB Transport Projects:
Guidelines on Universal Access
WB Gender and Public Transport, Kathmandu Nepal
http://www.worldbank.org/content/dam/Worldbank/document/SA
R/nepal/Gender-and-Public-Transport-in-Nepal-Report.pdf
Contact Us
Sonomi Tanaka, Lead Gender Specialist, RSDD,
ADB (stanaka@adb.org)
Visit http://adb.org/gender
Blog http://blogs.adb.org/subjects/gender