CONDUCTIVITY OF SOME SUBTANCE

(ACID-BASE)
A. Objective
1. To determine the properties of acid and base use litmus paper
2. To determine pH of the materials use the pH stick
3. To identified the electrical conductivity or current of each substance
B. Literary Review
Acid-Base Theory
Acidity or alkalinity of a substance depends on a lot of presence or absence of H ions
(for acid) and OH (for bases) in the substance and the degree of ionization of the
substance. Acid-base concepts have evolved, ranging from the theory of Arrhenius, Br
nsted-Lowry, Lewis. In 1884 Svante Asan Arhenius a theory about the theory of
acids and bases Arhenius base. According to him, the acid is a substance that when
dissolved in water will produce H + ions Diman is the only ion present in solution.
Bases are substances that dissolve when in the ionized water will produce OH-ions,
and ion tetsebut meerupakan ions exist only in solution. In 1923 Denmark clam expert
named JN Br nsted and British chemist named TN Lowry put forward a theory
called the theory of acid-base Br nsted-Lowry, who reads a substance giving proton
(proton donor) is called acid and a substance receiving proton (proton aseptor) are
called bases. From these definitions it is an acid after removal of a proton will form
the conjugate base of the acid. Similarly, the base, after receiving a proton will form
the conjugate acid of the base. Paa 1932, GN Lewiss theory states that said base is a
substance that has one or more pairs of free electrons that can be given to another
substance to form coordinate covalent bonds, while the acid is a substance that can
accept the electron pair.
Acid
Acid was originally from the Latin, namely denfan ktaacidus which means sour.
According to Arrhenius acid is a compound that produces hydrogen ions when
dissolved in water solvent. Acid strength is determined by more or less hydrogen ions
are produced. The more H + ions produced, the stronger the acid properties.

1. The nature of acid

An acidic substance can be said if the substance has properties as follows.
a. Having a sour / acidic / sour when tasted.
b. Produces H + ions when dissolved in water.
c. Has a pH less than 7 (pH <7).
d. Is corrosive, meaning that it can cause rust on metal.
e. When tested with litmus paper, resulting in color changes as follows.
Blue Litmus -> changed to red.
Litmus red -> red remained.
f. Conduct electricity.
g. React with metals produces hydrogen gas.
Acid grouping
Based on the strength, the acid was divided into two groups, namely:
a. Strong acids, ie acids which produce a lot of ions present in solution (perfect
ionized acid in the solution).
b. Weak acid, is a slightly acidic generating ions present in solution (only partially
ionized).
Acids are also useful in our daily life example is as follows:
a. Process in the manufacture of fertilizer
b. Process in Preparation of drugs
c. Cleaning metal surfaces

d. The process of making explosives

e. The process of making food preservative
Languages
According to Arrhenius bases are compounds that are dissolved in water that already
produces hydroxide ions (OH). Increasing number of OH ions produced, the stronger
is the nature of basanya. Languages can also neutralize acid (H +) and produce water
(H20).
Characteristics of alkaline
An alkaline substance can be said if the substance has properties as follows.
a. It seemed bitter and feels slippery on the skin.
b. If the substance is dissolved in water will be produced ions OH .
c. Has a pH above 7 (pH> 7).
d. Is the electrolyte.
e. When tested using litmus paper will give the following results.
Litmus red -> change color to blue.
Litmus blue -> blue fixed
f. Neutralize the acidic nature.
Grouping base
Based on the ability to release ions OH , base can be divided into two namely:
a. Strong bases, ie bases that can produce OH ions in large numbers. Strong bases are
usually referred to as kausatik. Examples like sodium hydroxide, potassium
hydroxide, and calcium hydroxide.

b. While the tongue is weak, the base which can produce OH in the amount of
ammonia small.
The use of bases in a daily life
a. Ingredient in the manufacture of cement.
b. Preparation of detergent / soap.
c. Baking soda in baking.
2. Acid-Base Indicators
In determining the nature of the solution, can use several indicators. The indicator
itself is divided into a universal indicator, the indicator of natural, artificial indicator
compounds, and litmus paper. Here is the explanation of these indicators are:
1. Natural Indicators
Determining the nature of acids and bases can be done with a natural indicator.
Examples of natural indicators such as Geranium, Hibiscus, Red Cabbage, slobber
Leaf, Turmeric, and much more.
2. Litmus Paper
Litmus paper is paper that contains litmus and used to menenjukkan nature of acidity,
alkalinity, or neutrality of the solution. Acid solution can redden blue litmus paper,
while the base solution can be color blue litmus paper red. Indicators are a different
color compounds in acid solution with an alkaline solution. Litmus paper is an
indicator of the easiest to use. This happens because the litmus paper has a very broad
pH range. Litmus paper has a pH range of 0-14, with 0 as the point of most acidic, 7
neutral point, and 14 as the base point. Litmus paper litmus paper consists of red and
blue litmus paper. Red litmus paper will be blue when it is in an alkaline solution, and
face-to-red in acidic solution. Blue litmus paper will be colored red when it is in the
acidic solution, and face-to-blue in alkaline solution. To identify the solution acidic,
basic, and neutral we can test it by using litmus blue and red. Litmus paper is paper
that is given a chemical compound that will show different colors when put in acid or

alkaline solution. Litmus paper will change color according to the solution. The color
change produced by capable real litmus paper due orchein (extract lichenes) are
colored in blue litmus paper. Blue litmus lamus extract made by adding blue to the
white paper. Litmus paper will absorb the extract then dried in the open air, so that the
resulting blue litmus paper. Blue litmus paper in an alkaline solution will remain blue,
because orchein is an anion, so it will not react with the anion (OH-).
3. Universal Indicator
Universal indicator not only determine the nature of acid and alkaline solution, but
also can determine the pH of the solution. There are several forms of universal
indicator. There is a universal indicator composed of sheets of one color and there is
also a universal indicator sheet consists of three or four colors. Each color is contained
in the universal indicator showing the pH of the solution. pH of the solution is known
by comparing the color on the color sheet indicators and information on the container.
Universal indicators are in the form of paper, batanganatau sticks, and liquid. This
indicator untukmenentukan besides acid-base properties can also be used
untukmenentukan degree of acidity or pH of the solution.
- Universal indicator paper
yellow color if dipped into asamakan changed to red or orange, if dicelupkanke the
base will change to blue or purple.
- Universal indicator sticks
its use is almost equal to universal indicator paper, indicator solution to be staying
dicelupkanpada tested yangmuncul then compare the color with the color of existing
standards on the box and adaskala pH.
- Universal indicator liquid
Similar with use with universal indicator paper, indicator tinggalditeteskan the
solution to be tested later bandingkandengan indicator color ribbon. An other way,
acid-base indicators is available in powder form, we live melarutkandalam alcohol.
For example methyl red, methyl orange, bromine and fenolptalin timolbiru.

4. Compound Indicators Artificial

To be more accurate, determination of pH indicator solution made with artificial
compounds. Generally, an artificial indicator compounds dissolved in water before
being used as an indicator solution. Indicator solution is a solution used to determine
the nature of acids and bases of a particular solution.
C. Tools and Materials
Tools :
1. pH universal/pH stick
2. Petridis 3 pieces
3. Pipette 3 pieces
4. Plate drop 1 pieces
5. Multimeter
6. Alligator clip
7. Copper and zinc plate
Materials
1.
2.
3.
4.

H2SO4 1 M; 0,5 M; 0,1 M

CH3COOH 1 M; 0,5 M; 0,1 M
NaOH 1 M; 0,5 M; 0,1 M
NaCl 1 M; 0,5 M; 0,1 M
5 ml for each solution
D. Procedure
Activity 1 (use litmus paper)
a. Preparing tools and materials
b. Taking samples of : H2SO4 1 M; 0,5 M; 0,1 M
CH3COOH 1 M; 0,5 M; 0,1 M
NaOH 1 M; 0,5 M; 0,1 M
NaCl 1 M; 0,5 M; 0,1 M
c. Dropping every samples in the plate drops
d. Putting red and blue litmus in every hole in the plate drops
e. Observing the different change color
f. Tabulating data result
Activity 2 (determine pH of the materials use the pH stick)
a. Preparing tools and materials
b. Taking samples of : H2SO4 1 M; 0,5 M; 0,1 M
CH3COOH 1 M; 0,5 M; 0,1 M
NaOH 1 M; 0,5 M; 0,1 M
NaCl 1 M; 0,5 M; 0,1 M
a. Dropping every samples in the plate drops
b. Putting pH stick in every hole
c. Observing the result color in pH stick
d. Comparing the result color in pH stick with color in pH tables

e. Making tabulation data

Activity 3 (identified the electrical conductivity or current of each substance)
a. Preparing tools and materials
b. Taking each 5 ml samples of : H2SO4 1 M; 0,5 M; 0,1 M
CH3COOH 1 M; 0,5 M; 0,1 M
NaOH 1 M; 0,5 M; 0,1 M
NaCl 1 M; 0,5 M; 0,1 M
c. Putting every substance (every molarity) in different Petridis
d. Switching multimeter on and looking the current scale
e. Menjepitkan copper and zinc plate in jepit buaya which telah terhubung dengan
kabel multitester
f. Put the copper and zinc plate in the each petridis
g. Identifying jarum yang bergerak pada skala arus
h. Writing the result of the observation
i. Making tabulation data
E. Place and Date Observation
Place : Science Laboratory 1
Date : Thursday, October 31st, 2013
F. Result of Activity
Tabulation data and analysis
No. Subtance
1

pH

Litmus paper Electrical

(M)
CH3COOH 0,1

change
Blue red

0,5

Blue

red

Blue

red

0,1

Blue

red

0,5

Blue

red

++

Blue

red

+++

0,1

0,5

++

+++

0,1

13

Red

H2SO4

NaCl

NaOH

blue

Conductivity (mA)

Gelembung
Cu
Zinc
+
+

G. Discussion
H. Conclusion
I. References

0,5

13

Red

blue

13

Red

blue

++