Proof for Riemann H y p o t h e s i s.

(Mathew Cherian BE, MBA(Western Michigan University.)

On private independent research.)

Abstract: Proof of Riemann’s hypothesis that the real part of the solution of ξ
function is ½ is proved. Historical development of this area of Mathematics from
Gauss, Legrange, Euler, Riemann to Hilbert is discussed. Initially a surrogate for ξ
function is derived and taking intermediate limits of integration between bounds it is
proved that the real trivial part of Riemann ξ function is ½. Also Riemann’s ξ =∫
1/Ln(x) between limits 2 and ‘n’ gives the number of Prime numbers between 0 and
that number x. So I choose the original ξ function of Riemann to prove it. This is given
in the book “God created Integers” by Prof. Stephen Hawkings published by Penguin
which is a good reference for this. A second part of the proof requires that the non-
trivial complex part of the root must lie on the ½ plane which is also proved proving
the Eleptical nature of the ξ function. Please refer any books on basic building blocks
of conic sections and their relationships and roots for Parabolic, Hyperbolic and
Eleptical functions. There is a good book by Prof. Hardy on this, on’ Complex
Numbers’.

Subscription: Legrange and Gauss conjured that п(x) the function counting all the
primes less than x asymptotically approaches Li(x) meaning п(x)/Li(x) tend to 1,
where,
n
Li(x) = ∫ dx/ln(x)
2

Euler created a time series solution to the function Li(x) and Riemann named it the
ξ function adding his own solution to Euler’s work.

In Riemann’s words “a value x is the root of a function f(x) if f(x)=0. A root of the
function ξ(x) is real if and only if the root of the zeta function is complex number
with real part equal to ½”.

Proving the real part to be ½ was left undone by Riemann. Hilbert later on added,
finding the proof for Riemann hypothesis as one of the problem that remain un
resolved in Mathematics.
(Stephen Hawkings(Ref.))

Also Riemann’s Hypothesis conjures that all the non-trivial roots of Riemann’s ξ
function lie on the ½ plane, which also need be proved according to Prof. Calvin
Clawson(Ref).
So the conjunctures proved are 1)the trivial root of Riemann ξ function is at ½ and
2) the non-trivial roots are all on the ½ plane.
Proof

I start where Riemann left his hypothesis without the proof.

n
As said earlier Li(x) = ∫ dx/Ln(x)
2

Riemann conjured that the function ξ = ∫ 1/ln(x) has the real part of the root at ½
when s=2
We start with the time series expansion of Log function which is,
((x-1)/(x-2))+1/3((x-3)/(x-4))+1/5((x-5)/(x-6))+……..= Ln(x)
Now let this be reduced to the differential equation,
f”(x)+f’(x)+c= Ln(x)
Note:
Applying Taylor series to the time series whose 3rd and 2nd term forms the first two terms
of the differential equation and the rest of the terms forming c we have,
2. f “(x)/2!+ 1. f’(x)+c.
Here we see a = 1 and b =1 making the log function an Eleptical function so the roots
must be Imaginary or Complex roots, which means the Integral of it’s reciprocal also
must be Eliptical and so with complex roots

Inverting the above differential equation,

1/f”(x)+1/f’(x)+1/c= 1/Ln(x)
Integrating,
∫1/f”(x)+ ∫ 1/f’(x)+∫1/c= ∫1/ln(x)--------------(1)
Now, f(x)=ln(x),
F’(x)=1/x and f”(x)= -1/x2-------------------------------(2)
Substituting (2) in (1)
∫-x2+∫x+∫1/c=∫1/ln(x)
[-x3/3+x2/2+x/c=∫1/ln(x)------------------------(3)
(Heidelbrand(Ref,))
Here we see that c = 0.546 when x=2
Also c=0.546=ln√3 for 1.
.
Now for x=1 equation(3) become,
-13/3+12/2+1/0.546=2
for x=2, equation (3) becomes
-8/3+4/2+2/0.546=3,
And for x= 0.5 equation (3) becomes
-0.53+0.52+(0.5/0.546)=1
This shows that there is 1 prime number which is 0 before 0.5 and 3 prime numbers
before 2 which are 0.1 and 2.
We also know that there are 2 prime numbers before 1 which is 0 and 1 itself.
Now Riemann’s conjuncture that.
0.5
∫ 1/ln(x)=0=(2-1)-(3-2) integrating by taking intermediate limit 1, between 0.5 and 2
2
Thus the area under the Riemann ξ function between 0.5 and 2 is 0.

Note: It is interesting to note that we get the value of the area directly without using the
Cauchy-Riemann Integration.

Which proves Riemann’s conjuncture.

Now for numbers beyond 2 we simplify equation (3) as follows

[-x3/3+x2/2+ (x/ln(x))√φ – [-x3/3+x2/2] where c = ln(x)/√φ and φ is the Fibionacci
Number 1.61 which is (√5+1)/2

The above equation can be written as,

F”(x)+f’(x)+c =∫1/ln(x), since f(x) is taken to be ln(x) and so f”x= -1/x and f’(x)=1/x.
and c=(x/ln(x))√φ -----------------------------(4)

Also, Equation (3) can be equated to (x/ln(x))√φ

Ie; -x3/3+x2/2+x/c= (x/ln(x))√φ =∫ 1/ln(x)------------------(5)
Simplifying the above equation we get
(-2x3c+3x2c+6x) / 6c = (x/ln(x))√φ
And, x/c= ((x√φ / ln(x)) / lna(x)) + ((2x3 – 3x2)/6)
= (6x√φ + (2x3- 3x2)ln(x)) / 6ln(x)
There for,
c= (6x.ln(x)) / (6x.√φ + (2x3 – 3x2)ln(x))
If we use this c in Equation (3) we see that the results in the Table follows beyond 2.

The Table is the values of Riemann Li(x) calculated from above equation(4) along
with actual values of ξ function found from inspection from numbers selected
randomly
between 0.5 and 90.

X Actual Primes Riemann Li(x) calculated

0.5 1
1 2
2 3
5 5 4.14
10 6 5.666
20 9 8.6175
30 10 11.3522
80 22 23.4523
90 27 25.6904

The numbers come very close. To actual numbers 1 is added to include 1 as a Prime
which some may not agree. If that is subtracted too the numbers remain close. The
numbers between .5 and 2 is used to calculate the area between them
Riemann Li(x) for 0.5, 1 and 2 is calculated using Equation(3) and for others
Equation(4) for easier proof though even if we use equation Equation (4) for the
above too we will get closer results.

Now the Riemann Hypothesis Proof.

We can see that the differential equation,
d2y/dx2+dy/dx+(x/ln(x)√φ=∫1/ln(x) between limits 2 and n---------------(4) is Equation
(1) without loss of generality, where φ=1.61 which is the Fibionacci Number.
Even equation(1) can give the same meaning since that is also a differential equation
of the eleptical form.
Since here a=1 and b =1 in the differential equation(4) the roots will be (b+/-√b2-
4ac)/2a.
So it is (1+/-√1-4c)/2= 1/2 +/- √1-4c/2 where we see that the roots are complex and if
we vary c from 1 to infinity and changing ‘a’ and ‘b’ proportionately we get infinite
number of complex roots with real part at ½. ½ is seen to be remaining constant for
all roots only complex part varying. So all the roots of Riemann ξ function lie on the
complex plane at ½ from a small value to infinity. We already proved that ½ is a
root of Riemann ξ function and the differential equation supplements it and also
proves the Hypothesis with the Eliptical function and hence Homogeneous
differential equation . The fact is Eleptical functions will have it’s roots in Complex
form.The equal constants of the differential equation shows that the Riemann Zeta
function is an Eleptical function and so as described above all it’s trivial roots must
be ½ and all non-trivial roots lie on ½ plane up to infinity. Thus proved Riemann
Hypothesis.
Conclusion
Riemann’s conjuncture was that the real part of the root is ½ when s=2 which
remain proved and the Zeta function gives the number of Primes before the value x
used for ascertaining it at any time which we proved for 0.5,1 and2 to be 1,2 and 3.
We also prove the Riemann Hypothesis that all complex roots of Riemannξ function
lie on the complex plane at 1/2

Ref: “God Created Integers” Prof. Stephen Hawkings PP 618

“Mysteries of Mathematics” Prof. Calvin Clawson
“Theory of Higher Functions”, Prof. Heidelbrand, Prentice Hall

Mathew Cherian B.E, MBA(Western Michigan University)

3-B Tranquil Residency
Kochin 682021
India.
Email:mathewcherian@inbox.com