VI MEETING ON

DYNAMICS OF SOCIAL
AND ECONOMIC
SYSTEMS
USHUAIA,
ARGENTINA,
OCTOBER 1-4, 2012



1
STEERING COMMITTEE:
Alejandra Figliola (Chair), Araceli N. Proto (UNLA-Argentina), Noem
Olivera (UNLP-Argentina), Eduardo Serrano (UNSAM-Argentina), Osvaldo
Rosso (CONICET-Argentina), Massimo Squillante (Unisannio, Italy), Giulia
Rotundo (Italy)
INTERNATIONAL ADVISORY COMMITTEE
Marcel Ausloos (Blgica), Serge Galam (France), Rosa Gonzales (Spain)
Giulia Rotundo (Italy), Silvana Stefani (Italy), Eugene Stanley (USA), Giulio
Casatti (Italy), Rick Warren (USA), Luciano Pietronero (Italy), Janusz
Kacpryzk (Poland), Aldo Ventre (Italy), Robert G Aykroyd (UK).

ORGANIZING COMMITTEE
Alejandra Figliola (Chair, Argentina), Araceli N. Proto(Argentina), Miguel
Arizmendi (Argentina), Abog. Noem Olivera (Argentina), BiagioSimoneti
(Italy) , Leonel Leonardis (UNLA), Marcela Lacabanne (UNLA).

SUPPORTED BY
CONICET (Argentina), ANPCyT (Argentina), ASFOR (USA), ONRG
(USA).
SPONSORED BY
Facultad de Ciencias Jurdicas y Sociales-UNLP (Argentina), Asociacin
Bonaerense de Cientficos (Argentina)Argentina, Facultad de Ciencias
Econmicas-UNLP (Argentina), Universidad de Gral. Sarmiento(Argentina),
Facolt di Scienze Economiche e Aziendali, Universit degli Studi del Sannio
di Benevento (Italy).





2
Index of works for authors
VI MEETING ON DYNAMICS OF SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC
SYSTEMS
Serge Galam ........................................................................................................................... 4
Rik Warren ............................................................................................................................. 5
S. Gonalves, M.F. Lagunaand J.R. Iglesias .......................................................................... 6
Bernard P. Brooks, David S. Ross .......................................................................................... 8
Hilda A. Cerdeira .................................................................................................................. 10
Facundo Caram, Hernn Merlino, Araceli Proto and Ramon Garcia-Martinez ................... 11
Francisco O. Redelico, Araceli N Proto ............................................................................... 14
Giulia Rotundo, Anna Maria DArcangelis .......................................................................... 15
L. Szybisz, Martn A. Szybisz .............................................................................................. 17
R. Gutirrez, D. Papo, A. Amann, S. Assenza
,
J. Gmez-Gardees, V. Latora and S.
Boccaletti .............................................................................................................................. 18
Osvaldo A. Rosso, Luciano Zunino, Martn Gmez Ravetti................................................ 19
A. Hernando, A. Plastino ...................................................................................................... 21
Anna Maria DArcangelis, Giulia Rotundo .......................................................................... 22
Alejandro Einstoss, Martn A. Szybisz ................................................................................. 24
Karl E. Krten ...................................................................................................................... 25
Bice Cavallo, Gerardo Canfora, Livia D'Apuzzo, Massimo Squillante ............................... 26
Simonetti Biagio, Gonzlez-Rodrguez M Rosario, Daz-Fernndez M Carmen, ............. 29
Simonetti B., Lucadamo A. .................................................................................................. 30
Tiago Colliri and Fernando F. Ferreira ................................................................................. 31
Leandro A. Ferreira, Antonio F. Crepaldi, and Fernando F. Ferreira .................................. 32
zdemir Ali hsanand, Simonetti Biagio ............................................................................. 33
M. P. Sassano and A.N. Proto ............................................................................................ 36




3

SATELLITES CONFERENCES

I WORKSHOP IN MULTIFRACTALAND COMPLEXITY STUDIES
IN ECONOPHYSICS

DErrico Marco, Stefani Silvana, ......................................................................................... 38
Andrs E. Levey and Thomas Lux ..................................................................................... 40
Hernn Javier Ferrari,David Matesanz Gomez, Guillermo J. Ortega, Benno Torgler ......... 43
M. Rosenblatt, E. Serrano and A. Figliola ........................................................................... 44
Alejandra Figliola and Eduardo Serrano ............................................................................. 46

I WORKSHOP IN LEGAL COMPLEXITY
Joela Borghi .......................................................................................................................... 49
Roberto Nelson Bugallo ....................................................................................................... 50
Jos Augusto Fontoura Costa ............................................................................................... 51
Mario S. Gerlero ................................................................................................................... 52
Jos Mara Lezcano, Noem Oliveraand Araceli Proto ........................................................ 55
Ernesto Liceda ...................................................................................................................... 56
Noem Olivera and Araceli Proto ......................................................................................... 57
A.N. Proto and Noemi Olivera ............................................................................................. 59
Claudia Tello ........................................................................................................................ 60






4
To lie or not to lie? That's the question to win a public debate
SergeGalam
Centre de Recherche en pistmologieApplique (CREA), colePolytechnique and CNRS,
Paris, France

Public debates driven by incomplete scientific data where nobody can claim absolute
certainty, due to the current state of scientific knowledge, are studied. To adopt a cautious
balanced attitude based on clear but inconclusive data appears to be a lose- out strategy. In
contrast overstating arguments with incorrect claims which cannot be scientifically refuted
appears to be necessary but not sufficient to eventually win a public debate. The underlying
key mechanisms of these puzzling and unfortunate conclusions are identified using the
Galam sequential probabilistic model of opinion dynamics. It reveals that the existence of
inflexible agents and their respective proportions are the instrumental parameters to
determine the faith of incomplete scientific data in public debates. Acting on ones own
inflexible proportion modifies the topology of the flow diagram, which in turn can make
irrelevant initial supports. On the contrary focusing on open-minded agents may be useless
given some topologies. When the evidence is not as strong as claimed, the inflexibles rather
than the data are found to drive the opinion of the population. The results shed a new but
disturbing light on designing adequate strategies to win a public debate.
References
1. S. Galam, Collective beliefs versus individual inflexibility: The unavoidable
biases of a public debate , Physica A 390 (2011) 3036-3054
2. S. Galam, Public debates driven by incomplete scientific data: The cases of
evolution theory, global warming and H1N1 pandemic influenza , Physica A 389 (2010)
3619-3631




5

Use of Mahalanobis Distance for Detecting Outliers and Outlier Clusters
in Markedly Non-Normal Data: A Vehicular Traffic Example

Rik Warren, PhD
U.S. Air Force Research Laboratory


Modeling the behavior of interacting humans in routine but complex activities has many
challenges, not the least of which is that humans can be both purposive and negligent, and
further can encounter unexpected environmental hazards requiring fast action. The
challenge is to characterize and model the humdrum routine while at the same time
capturing the deviations and anomalies which arise from time to time. Because of the
disruptive impact that anomalies (such as accidents) can have and the importance for
incorporating them in our models, this report focuses on one technique for identifying
anomalies in complex behavior patterns especially when there is no sharp demarcation
between routine and unusual activity.

The technique is that of Mahalanobis distance which is known to be useful for identifying
outliers when data is multivariate normal. But, the data used here for evaluation is
deliberately markedly non-multivariate normal since that is what we confront in complex
human systems. Specifically, the data is one year's (2008) hourly traffic-volume on a major
multi-lane road (I-95) in one location in a major city (New York) with a dense population
and several alternate routes. The traffic data is rich, large, incomplete, and reflects the
effects of bad weather, accidents, routine fluctuations (rush hours versus dead of night), and
one-time social events.

The results show that Mahalanobis distance is a useful technique for identifying both
single-hour outliers and contiguous-time clusters whose component members are not, in
themselves, highly deviant.




6

Why, when, and how fast innovations are adopted
S. Gonalves
1
, M.F. Laguna
2
and J.R. Iglesias
1,3

1
Instituto de Fsica, UFRGS, Caixa Postal 15051, 91501-970 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
2
CONICET Centro Atmico Bariloche, 8400 S.C. de Bariloche, Argentina
3
Programa de Ps-Graduao em Economia Aplicada, UFRGS, and Instituto Nacional de
Cincia e Tecnologia de Sistemas Complexos, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
roberto@if.ufrgs.br
When the full stock of a new product is quickly sold in a few weeks one has the impression
that new technologies develop and conquer the market in a very easy way. This may be true
for some new technologies, like the cell phone, but not for others, the blue-ray for example.
What are the factors that determine the adoption by the society of a new technology? The
diffusion of technology is an old and classic problem. The usual approach is the one of
Everett Rogers [1] and, according to him; people in a society are Gaussian distributed over
the time they take to attach to the novelty. On the left side of the distribution are the
innovators, the very first ones to adopt the new technology even when it has not proven
to be useful or reliable, followed by the early adopters. At the rightmost part of the
distribution are located the laggards, people who accept the innovation reluctantly only
when all the rest has already changed to the innovation. But, what are the mechanisms
behind this empirical description? What are the reasons that lead to adopt a new
technology? In this paper we propose and simulate a simple model for the adoption of an
innovation which depends mainly on three elements: the appeal of the novelty, the inertia
or resistance to adopt it, and the interaction with other agents. Social interactions are taken
into account in two ways: by imitation and by differentiation, i.e., some agents will be
inclined to adopt an innovation if many people do the same, but others will act in the
opposite direction, trying to differentiate from the herd. Thus, we describe an artificial
society where the external factors in favor of the technological innovation (utility,
advertising, price) are reduced to a single parameter that we assume as objective, i.e. the
same for all the agents. This parameter is equivalent in physics to an external field. On the
other hand, the resistance to change to a new paradigm, being because of stubbornness,
price or familiarity with the old technology, is condensed in the idiosyncratic parameter, ui,
which is different for each member i of the society. Finally we introduce a social interaction
term that may act reinforcing the change of technology, or going contrary to it, if the agent
resists following the herd. We discuss the conditions for the new technology to be fully or
partially adopted. On the other hand we look at the critical concentration of anti-herding



7
agents that may block the adoption of a new product. In a nutshell, the present model
reproduces qualitatively the available data on adoption of innovation.
References
1. E. M. Rogers, Diffusion of Innovations, 5th edition, Free Press (2003)




8
A Generalized Rumour Model
Bernard P. Brooks
1
, David S. Ross
2

1
School of Mathematical Sciences, Rochester Institute of Technology, Rochester, NY, USA
2
School of Mathematical Sciences, Rochester Institute of Technology, Rochester, NY, USA

bpbsma@rit.edu
One often hears the expressions contagious rumour or rumour epidemic. This
connection is fortunate in that it allows the mathematics from the more established
epidemic models to be borrowed as a foundation for models of rumour propagation.
In the standard SIR epidemic model of disease the population (save for a few infected
individuals) begins as susceptible to the infection. Similar to a mass-action model in
chemistry a susceptible person becomes infected by a chance encounter with an infected
individual. In the classical SIR model the infected people become recovered at a rate
proportional to their numbers. That scenario is modeled by three autonomous differential
equations:

and

Inspired by the standard SIR equations, we consider believing a rumour akin to being
infected by a contagious disease. Unlike the simple SIR model where people exist in one of
3 states the generalized rumour model has n states of belief. The resulting model is a
system of n differential equations. People in the final nth state do not believe the rumour.
The people in the other n-1 states of belief have varying strengths of belief that the rumour
is true. The rate at which people move from the ith belief state to the jth belief state is
proportional to the number of people in the ith state and proportional to the number of
people in the jth state. People can also wise-up on their own at a rate proportional to their
numbers and directly enter the nth state. This allows a person to consider if the rumour is at
all plausible and decide, on their own, that it must be false. Each state of belief has a birth
and death process to model people entering and leaving the general population.
Because it is algebraically too convoluted we will use topology to shown that an
equilibrium to this generalized system exists. That equilibrium will be shown to be linearly
stable for gentle enough rate constants. This generalized model can be used to explain the
persistence over decades of some damaging corporate rumours despite the concerted efforts
by that corporation to extinguish the obviously false rumour.



9
Other models such as Andrew Noymers "The Transmission and Persistence of`'Urban
Legends': Sociological Application of Age-Structured Epidemic Models" can be shown to
be special cases of the general model.



10
Financial crises: can we foresee them?
Hilda A. Cerdeira
Instituto de Fsica Terica
UNESP - Universidade Estadual Paulista, 01140-070 So Paulo, So Paulo, Brazil

Following the thermodynamic formulation of multifractal measure that was shown to be
capable of detecting large fluctuations at an early stage, here we propose a new index which
permits us to distinguish events like financial crisis in real time. We calculate the partition
function from where we obtain thermodynamic quantities analogous to free energy and
specific heat. The index is defined as the normalized energy variation and it can be used to
study the behavior of stochastic time series, such as financial market daily data. Famous
financial market crashes Black Thursday (1929), Black Monday (1987) and Subprime
crisis (2008) - are identified with clear and robust results. The method is also applied to the
market fluctuations of 2011. From these results it appears as if the apparent crisis of 2011 is
of a different nature from the other three. We also show that the analysis has forecasting
capabilities.




11


Study of Distributed Systems Capacity Using the Ising Model
Facundo Caram
1
, Hernn Merlino
2
, Araceli Proto
1,3
, Ramon Garcia-Martinez
2

1
Complex Systems Laboratory.University of Buenos Aires. Argentine
2
Information Systems Research Group.LanusNational University. Argentine
3
Information Systems Research Group.LanusNational University.Argentine
{aproto, rgarcia}@unla.edu.ar

1. INTRODUCTION
The ability to estimate the life cycle of a grid-computing system, presents the challenge of
having to give an estimate of the resources they use the system, for that reason, our interest
is to find a physical model [1] which be able to serve as an analogy in the specific scenario
of distributed systems based on grid-computing for this purpose.We believe that the Ising
model [2], is particularly suitable as described below. In our model, each site or traditional
spin within Ising model represents a cell or computer within computing grid. Computers
with available resources, are considered as s
i
= -1 (black site), and those computers without
resources or saturated correspond to s
i
= +1 (target site). A situation very close to reality is
to use an Ising lattice of LXL, with all e
ij
= e, = 4 y H = 0. Each value of times average
among requirements (TMER), corresponds to a virtual temperature of the grid.
2. GRID COMPUTING PARAMETER ESTIMATION BASED ON ISING MODEL
If we define
i,j
= (s
i-1,j
+ s
i+1,j
+ s
i,j-1
+ s
i,j+1
)and calculate the conditional probability for a fixed
site at position i, j, we obtain the following:

The parameter estimate is made using a common technique for estimating parameters of
Markov Random Fields [3], which is the maximum likelihood pseudo estimator [4], [5].
Operating algebraically we obtain:

Where notation

s
ij
meanstake the sum of all sites whose neighbors give as sum.The
numbers A, B, and C are quantities that we can calculate from the sample {s
i,j
} and the
estimator ^ may byobtainedby a numerical technique as Myllers optimal method [6].
3. SIMULATIONS AND RESULTS



12
Figures 1 and 2 allows us to observe that there are three
regions:
[a] TMER 0.0001, this situation reflects the case of a
high rate of arrival of requests, so high that the grid cannot
reach on time to process because lack of capacity in
resources and therefore quickly becomes congested, we
call this situation, magnetization due high congestion
(magnetization 2).
[b] 0.0001 TMER 0.01, where the grid is within the
range of operation, we call this area of non-magnetization.
[c] TMER 0.01, the grid in this situation never reaches
high levels of congestion, however this is on average
rather low or zero. This situation is called magnetization
by vacancy (magnetization 1), since the network has
almost all its resources, to process requests that are
presented.
Analyzing the cooperative case, because of its importance,
you can clearly see that for low values of TMER, where
the grid is very congested, the number of lost requests is
very high in both cases, although it is higher in non-
cooperative case. After this analysis, we conclude that the
cooperative scenario is more convenient, because the
number of lost requests is lower than for scenario non-
cooperative as simulation has shown.
Figures 3 and 4 show the behavior of the grid when there
is no predefined neighboring links in the initial state. Here
the links are generated according to the needs of each
computer according to the TMER. We can see the grid
evolution from uncooperative state to cooperative state,
according to the values of TMER. Therefore the links are
generated dynamically by a demand requests and as a
function of the TMER parameter. In the simulation, taking
pictures of the evolution of the grid during the search
process which has been explained , and observing a
sample of different values of TMER, we can determine
how long the transition for each value of TMER.

Fig. 1. as a function of TMER



Fig. 2. Proportions of attended requests
and lost requests in both scenarios.





Fig. 3. Links Distribution. Sample 30
TMER



Fig. 4. Links Distribution. Sample 20
TMER



13
References
1. Rka,.Barabsi, A.,"Statistical mechanics of complex networks", Reviews of
Modern Physics, 4: 47-97, 2002.
2. Huang, K. "Statistical Mechanics", Wiley; 2 edition (April, 1987).
3. Greaeath D., "Introduction to Random Fields", in: Denumerable Markov Chains,
New York: Springer-Verlag, pp. 425-458, 1976.
4. Charles A. Bouman, ICIP .95 Tutorial: Markov Random Fields and Stochastic
Image Models ,1995. [
5. Besag. J. Eficiency of pseudolikelihood estimation for simple Gaussian elds.
Biometrica, 64: 616, 1977.
6. Press, Flannery, W., Teukolsky, B., Vetterling, W. Numerical Recipes in
FORTRAN: The Art of Scienti.c Computing, 2nd ed. Cambridge University Press,
p. 364, 1992.




14
An application of Neural Networks to queuing problems: the case of an
incoming Contact Center
Francisco O. Redelico
1
, Araceli N. Proto
2

1
Instituto Tecnolgico de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
2
GiDyCSI, Universidad Nacional de Lans

redelico@itba.edu.ar
In recent years, due to the appearance of information and communication technologies as
well as the decreasing costs of communications many organized groups specialized in
(customer call) marketing or users support, organized the so-called contact centers. These
centers are usually of two types: of incoming or outgoing calls. In 2008 there were in Latin
America 730, 000 people employed in contact centers, while in the States and Europe there
were 2.7 million and 2.1 million agents, respectively [1]. The proper administration of a
contact center is based on commitment between efficient management of resources and
optimum quality of service and according to the figures above it has a high impact in the
national economy, as well as in the image of those centers which support of customers.
This article shows the use of an artificial neural network (ANN) [2] as a tool for managing
an incoming contact center. Although there are analytical forms for major measures on
waiting times [3]. Among these, we center our attention in the average response rate (ASA)
defined as the time period during which a client is waiting in the system before being seen.
To analyze this problem a Multilayer Perceptron was trained as a model to predict the ASA
of each client according to system parameters in a framework much more complex than the
usual Erlang model [4]. The data used to run the model were obtained from a real contact-
center.
References
1. Zeynep A., Mor A. y Vijay M.(2007) The Modern Call Center A MultiDisciplinary
Perspective on Operations Management Research Production and Operation
Management 16, 665
2. S. Haykin (2008) Neural Networks and Learning Machines (3rd Edition) Prentice
Hall
3. Nelson, B. (2002) Stochastic Modeling: Analysis and Simulation. Dover
Publication
4. Erlang A. (1911) The Theory of Probability and Thelephone Conversations NytTidsskrift
Mat B. 20, 33-39.





15
Mutual funds relationship and risk analysis
Giulia Rotundo
1
, Anna Maria DArcangelis
1,2

1
Department of Economics and Management, Universtity of Tuscia, Viterbo, Italy

giulia.rotundo@gmail.com

The increasing interconnection of markets, their sensitivity to contagions, and the overall
fragility that the financial system has shown most recently, raise some questions on risk due
to the overlap and interlacement of investments.
In this paper we explore the overlap among mutual funds. The target is twofold. First it is
worth understanding whether there is any evidence that funds managers take common
decision on trading, both for benchmark constraints and for style management decisions.
The ultimate aim of the research is the obtaining of a comprehensive picture of portfolio
management techniques and the drawing of some indications about the role of the
benchmark for mutual fund managers.
The interest in relationships among institutional holdings suggests to explore the structure
of both stocks and funds using the methodology of social network analysis, for its aptitude
to visualize the way in which stocks are related to mutual funds and to detect the
implications of the interactions. We are most interested in comparing Italian and Russian
markets. The data set consists in the universe of Russian and Italian mutual funds investing
in domestic stocks sampled in December 31
th
, 2010. For Russia, we analyze 37 funds
investing in 151 stocks; while for Italy 32 equity funds investing in 231 stocks are
considered. The analysis is conducted exclusively on open-end mutual funds investing a
minimum amount of 70% in domestic stocks. For Italian instruments, the stock holdings are
obtained from the Annual Report of each fund, that includes the first 50 stocks -ranked
according to the market value of the holding- and however all the stocks exceeding 0,5% of
mutual funds asset. Russian data are sourced from Bloomberg.
The results evidence a large core group of portfolios that have many stocks in common;
while other funds invest in a wider variety of stocks. These results confirm empirical
findings on US market [Solis] and show that mutual funds holdings are highly
interconnected, suggesting the existence of a small world behavior and the tendency of
mutual funds managers to steadily invest in a restricted number of well-established high
capitalization stocks (blue chips). The result can support the thesis of substantial passive
management of institutional portfolios, realized through the investment in a portfolio of a
limited number of stocks, which are selected by mathematical algorithms in order to
optimize the solution of the index tracking problem. Considering the limitation of stock



16
exchange capitalization in Italy, it is no wonder that the investment in the first ten most
capitalized companies enables to cover more than 75% of the entire capitalization of the
FTSE MIB index.
Furthermore, the form of the distributions seems to support the evidence of herd behavior
in fund managers investment decision that is highly supported by the recent empirical
literature.
References
1. Arnerich, T. et al.: Active versus passive investment management: putting the
debate into perspective, Journal of Financial Research, Spring 2007
2. Caldarelli, G., Catanzaro, M.: The Corporate Boards Networks. Physica A 338, pp.
98 106 (2004)
3. Caparrelli, F., DArcangelis A. M. , Cassuto A., Herding in the Italian stock market:
A Case of Behavior Finance.Journal of Behavioral Finance, 5(4), pp. 222-230 (2004)
4. Fama, E. F., French, K.R.: Luck versus Skill in the Cross-Section of Mutual Fund
Returns. The Journal of Finance, 65, pp. 19151947 (2010)
5. Rotundo, G., DArcangelis, A. M.: Ownership and control in shareholding
networks, Journal of Economic Interaction and Coordination, Vol. 5, Issue 2, pp. 191-219
(2010).
6. Rotundo, G., DArcangelis, A. M.: Network analysis of ownership and control
structure in the Italian Stock market. Advances and Applications in Statistical Sciences Vol.
2, Issue 2, pp. 255-273 (2010)
7. Solis, R.: Visualizing stock-mutual fund relationships through social network
analysis. Global Journal of Finance and Banking Issues, Vol. 3 No. 3, pp.8-22 (2009)
8. Wermers, R.: Mutual fund herding and the impact on stock prices, Journal of
Finance 54, pp. 581-622 (1999)




17
Evolution of fundamentals of an economy in a high-inflationregime
L. Szybisz
1
, Martn A. Szybisz
2

1
Departamento de Fsica, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires,
CONICET, and Laboratorio Tandar CAC-CNEA Buenos Aires, Argentina
2
Departamento de Economa, Facultad de Ciencias Econmicas, Universidad de Buenos Aires,
Argentina

szybisz@tandar.cnea.gov.ar

This contribution aims to extend a model that the authors have already worked in a
framework of a hyperinflation [1-3]. In that model one analyzes the time series of inflation
rate and cumulated price index. Based on fundamental macroeconomics account the
extensions worked out allow predicting the evolution of many of most important variables
in a regime of high-inflation. On the other hand, the model also tries to construct a bridge
of a bobble system to a model including real variables and is still a manageable
representation of a real economy.
An important outcome of this contribution is that if the authority has a sufficient degree of
freedom to manage some of the variables mentioned they could prevent episodes of high
inflation or hyperinflation.
References
1. Finite-time singularity in the evolution of hyperinflation episodes, Martin A.
Szybisz and LeszekSzybisz, in http://arxiv.org/abs/0802.3553v1
2. Finite-time singularities in the dynamics of hyperinflation in an economy, Martin A.
Szybisz and LeszekSzybisz, in Physical Review E 80, 026116 (2009).
3. Peoples collective behavior in a hyperinflation, by Martin A. Szybisz and
LeszekSzybisz, in Advances and Applications in Statistical Sciences 2, 315-331
(2010).





18

Emerging meso- and macro-scales from synchronization of adaptive
networks
R. Gutirrez
1
, D. Papo
1
, A. Amann
2
, S. Assenza
3,
J. Gmez-Gardees
4
,V. Latora
5
, S.
Boccaletti
1

1
Centre for Biomedical Technology, Technical University of Madrid, Pozuelo de
Alarcn, Madrid, Spain
2
School of Mathematical Sciences and Tyndall National Institute, University College
Cork, Cork, Ireland
3
Laboratoire de BiophysiqueStatistique, colePolytechniqueFdrale de Lausanne,
Lausanne, Switzerland
4
Instituto de Biocomputacin y Fsica de Sistemas Complejos, Universidad de
Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
5
Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia, Universit di Catania and IstitutoNazionale di
Fisica Nucleare, Catania, Italy

stefano.boccaletti@gmail.com

Synchronization is a collective phenomenon occurring in systems of interacting units,
and is ubiquitous in nature, society and technology. Recent studies have enlightened
the important role played by the interaction topology on the emergence of
synchronized states. However, most of these studies neglect that real world systems
change their interaction patterns in time. Here, we analyze synchronization features in
networks in which structural and dynamical features co-evolve. The feedback of the
node dynamics on the interaction pattern is ruled by the competition of two
mechanisms: homophily (reinforcing those interactions with other correlated units in
the graph) and homeostasis (preserving the value of the input strength received by
each unit). The competition between these two adaptive principles leads to the
emergence of key structural properties observed in real world networks, such as
modular and scale--free structures, together with a striking enhancement of local
synchronization in systems with no global order.



19
Global Stock Markets: Analysis of complex networks evolution
based on Information Theory quantifiers.
Osvaldo A. Rosso
1,2
, Luciano Zunino
3,4
, Martn Gmez Ravetti
5


1
LaCCAN/CPMAT - Instituto de Computao
Universidade Federal de Alagoas, Macei, AL, Brasil.

2
Laboratrio de Sistemas Complejos, Facultad de Ingeniera,
Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina.

3
Centro de Investigaciones pticas, Gonnet, Argentina.

4
Departamento de Ciencias Bsicas, Facultad de Ingeniera,
Universidad Nacional de La Plata, La Plata, Argentina.

5
Departamento de Engenharia de Produo, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais,
Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil

oarosso@gmail.com
A novel methodology to analyze dynamical changes in complex networks based on
Information Theory quantifiers was proposed recently [L.C.Carpi, O.A.Rosso, P.Saco, M.
Gmez Ravetti, Phys. Lett. A 375 (2011) 801]. In that work, the use of Statistical
Complexity Measure [O.A. Rosso, H.A. Larrondo, M.T. Martin, A. Plastino, M.A. Fuentes,
Phys. Rev.Lett. 99 (2007) 154102] and the square root of the JensenShannon divergence
were proposed as a measure of dissimilarity and also as a measures in order to characterize
the evolution of networks by means of their degree distribution.
In the present contribution we study the global stock market evolution using the above
mentioned network approach and their corresponding quantification based on Information
Theory.
The data employed in this study consists of free float-adjusted market capitalization stock
indices of developed and emerging markets, constructed by Morgan Stanley Capital
International (MSCI). Securities included in the indices are subject to minimum
requirements in terms of market capitalization, free-float, liquidity, availability to foreign
investors and length of trading.
The dataset includes 23 markets classified as developed (Australia, Austria, Belgium,
Canada, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hong Kong, Ireland, Italy, Japan,
Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Portugal, Singapore, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland,



20
United Kingdom and United States) and 23 markets classified as emerging(Argentina,
Brazil, Chile, China, Czech Republic, Colombia, Egypt, Hungary, India, Indonesia, Israel,
Korea, Malaysia, Mexico, Morocco, Peru, Philippines, Poland, Russia, South Africa,
Taiwan, Thailand and Turkey).The time series consist of daily index prices, expressed in
US dollars, between January 1995 and December 2010,corresponding to 4175 observations.
In the event of days where there is a market holiday, the MSCI index construction
methodology simply carries forward the index value from the previous business day.
Each country was considered as a node in the network, and the topology of the network
(that means if to nodes will be connected) was determined using the Spearman correlation
between the time series associated to each node. Then the node degree distribution was
evaluated using temporal windows without overlap of time length of one year.
As we mention previously the data employed in this study covers the period from January
1995 to December 2010. This period witnessed the 1997 Asian currency crisis, the 2000
burst of the dot-com bubble, and the 200809 subprime mortgage crisis. We show that this
crisis are well identified as a strong changes (peaks) in the time evolution of square Jensen-
Shannon divergence for the probability distribution function (PDF) of the network and
those corresponding to a totally random network, suggesting that the present network
methodology and its quantification could be a nice tool for the quantitative analysis of the
global stock markets.





21
Social Thermodynamics

A. Hernando, A. Plastino
Dto. de Fsica, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Universidad de La Plata


We unify different phenomena that involve scale-invariance via the Jaynes' MaxEnt
principle. This requires that adequate dynamical information be suitably incorporated into
the variational process, in the manner that we prescribe here. This allows one to perform a
thermodynamic-like description of social systems, related to that of an ideal gas.



22
Matched asymptotic expansion in the pricing and hedging of digital
options
Anna Maria DArcangelis
1
, Giulia Rotundo
1,2

1
Department of Economics and Management, University of Tuscia, Viterbo, Italy
annamaria.darcangelis@gmail.com
In this article, we propose the methodology of matched asymptotic expansion to the pricing
of digital options and the evaluation of their Greeks.
The method of matched asymptotic expansions is generally used in order to better solve
problems for which the exact solution changes from one domain to another. Such type of
problems contain a small parameter, conventionally denoted by , and solutions are sought
as approaches to 0.
In finance, the methodology can be applied to obtain an analytical solution to the problem
of evaluation of contingent claims. In the case of plain vanilla options valuation the
domain is divided into two subdomains. On the first subdomain (when asset price is far
from the strike price), an outer solution is accurately approximated by an asymptotic
series found by treating the problem as a regular perturbation. On the other subdomain
(referred to as transition layer, when asset price is near the strike price), the approximation
is not accurate due to the fact that the perturbation terms in the problem are not negligible
there. An approximation in the form of asymptotic series is obtained in the transition layer
by treating that part of the domain as a separate perturbation problem and is called the
inner solution. When the validity regions of the outer and inner expansions overlap, the
different asymptotic solutions inside and outside the region of rapid change are matched
together to determine an approximate global solution for the whole domain.
The methodology of matched asymptotic expansion is here applied to a special class of
exotic derivatives, called digital options. Among exotic derivatives, digital options have a
simple payoff (it pays 0 or a fixed sum) that reveal critical pricing functions depending on
the particular sensitivity to both the underlying and its volatility in the proximity of the
strike price.
The price of the digital contract (and its derivatives with respect to the various model
inputs) display some interesting differences compared to the behaviour of plain vanilla
options. Static hedging replication methods show that the digital option is also highly
sensitive to the slope of the implied volatility skew/smile and its vega. As the market
denotes a skew pattern across strikes for volatility, the underlyings log-returns have a non-
normal implied distribution and the Black Scholes assumptions are not appropriate.



23
Basing on this hypothesis, we perform a matched asymptotic expansion of digital options,
analysing the validity of the model for the evaluation of Greeks and for the pricing in the
context of local volatility. The method could be functional to the techniques of sensitivities
monitoring, in a context of volatile market when Greeks change in a rapidly manner.
References
1. Howison S., 2005, Matched asymptotic expansions in financial engineering, J.
Eng. Math. 53, 385406.
2. Howison S. and Steinberg M., 2007, A matched asymptotic expansions approach
to continuity corrections for discretely sampled options. Part 1: Barrier options,
Appl. Math. Fin. 14, 6389.
3. Howison S., 2007, A matched asymptotic expansions approach to continuity
corrections for discretely sampled options. Part 2: Bermudan options. Appl. Math.
Fin. 14, 91104, 2007.
4. Kunitomo, N. and Takahashi, A., 2003, On Validity of the Asymptotic Expansion
Approach in Contingent Claim Analysis, Annals of Applied Probability,Vol.13,
No.3, Aug. 2003.
5. Matsuoka, R., Takahashi, A. and Uchida, Y., 2006, A New Computational Scheme
for Computing Greeks by the Asymptotic Expansion Approach, Asia-Pacific
Financial Markets, Vol. 11, pp. 393-430.
6. Takahashi, A., 1999, An Asymptotic Expansion Approach to Pricing Contingent
Claims, Asia-Pacific Financial Markets, Vol.6, 115-151.
7. Takahashi, A., K. Takehara , 2010, Asymptotic Expansion Approaches in Finance:
Applications to Currency Options" Finance and Banking Developments, pp. 185-
232.




24

Dynamics of long term investment decision process and the expected rate
of return
Alejandro Einstoss
1
, Martn A. Szybisz
1

1
Departamento de Economa, Facultad de Ciencias Econmicas, Universidad de Buenos
Aires, Argentina
mszybisz@econ.uba.ar
The dynamics underlying the investment process with an alternative short-term vs. a long-
term one is exposed in a simple model. In this context we analyze the main variables that
determine the implied time path of capital that arises from this scheme, in which the
structure of rates of return and marginal returns are essential to the existence of the solution
that are proposed. This outline brings nontrivial consequences on the pricing structure of
long-term projects, both in tariff that users pay and revenues of the investor. In particular
there is a restriction over the tariff scheme that can be applied, i.e., the rate of return
method due to an inefficient Capital/Labor combination (Averch-Johnson effect).




25
Binary opinion networks at the edge of instability: a subtle interplay
between opportunists, contrarians and unconvincibles
Karl E. Krten
Faculty of Physics, Vienna University, Boltzmanngasse 5, A-1090 Wien, Austria,
Department of Physics, Loughborough University, LE11 3TU, UK
We present various dynamical binary opinion network models for the emergence of
collective decision making based on generalizations of the majority and the minority
principle introduced decades ago by Serge Galam.
The model networks consist of N interacting agents, whose connectivity structure is
dynamic, controlled by self-organizing rewiring processes specified by the actual opinion
states.
With the aid of various damage spreading techniques - successfully applied earlier in
various Ising models - we show how the dynamical stability with respect to minor
perturbations is largely enhanced by the existence of inconvincibles as well as by self-
organizing feedbacks between the
network topology and the intrinsic network dynamics.
Accordingly "Tie" phenomena stemming from the coexistence of opportunists and
contrarians, reminiscent of various recent hung elections in the US and in Germany, where
the systems turn out to be highly unstable with respect to minor local perturbations, can be
successfully overcome by state dependent rewiring dynamics inspired by Hebb classical
articulation of the concept of correlated self-organization in biological neural networks.
Similarly, two or more independent opinion networks, globally coupled via their mutual
average opinions, can be stabilized by fine-tuning their individual global coupling
strengths.
The models are not intended to give predictions rather than to provide possible explanations
for social behaviour, in particular for the stability and instability of the individual and
global opinion during an electoral campaign.
References
1. S. Galam, Contrarian deterministic effect: The hung elections scenario, Phys. A 333, 453
(2004)
2. K. E. Krten, Dynamical phase transitions in opinion networks: coexistence of opportunists
and contrarians, Int. J. Mod. Phys. B 22, 25/26, 4674-4683 (2008).
3. K. E. Krten, Dynamical Stability of Scale-Free Opinion Networks: Opportunists versus
Contrarians, The International Conference on Econophysics, New Economy and
Complexity, Victor Publishing House, 3, 277-289 (2010).
4. K. E. Krten, Dynamical Rewiring Processes in Binary Decision Networks, Procedia
Computer Science 4 (2011) 1441-1447, International Conference on Computational
Science, ICCS 2011, Singapur
5. K. E. Krten, Competing Interactions in Dynamical Opinion Networks, Invited lecture:
International Conference on New Economy & Complexity, ENEC-2012, Bukarest



26
Innovative approaches for data privacy in socio-economic contexts
Bice Cavallo
1
, Gerardo Canfora
2
, Livia D'Apuzzo
1
, Massimo Squillante
2

1
University Federico II, Naples, Italy
2 University of Sannio, Benevento, Italy

We are in an era in which a huge rate of information of physical, biological, environmental,
social and economic systems is produced. Recording, accessing and disseminating this
information affecting a crucial way the progress of knowledge and the productivity of
economy. The goal of data privacy is to provide efficient and effective solutions for
releasing data, while providing scientific guarantees that the identities and other sensitive
information of the individuals, who are the subjects of the data, are protected.
By means of an integration of decision theory and probabilistic models, we explore and
develop methods for improving data privacy. Our work encompasses disclosure control
tools in statistical databases and privacy requirements prioritization. Several fields in the
social sciences and economics will benefit from the advances in this research area: e-
voting, e-government, e-commerce, e-banking, e-health, and risk management are a few
examples of applications for the findings of this research.
References
1. Adam N.R., Wortmann, J.C.: Security-control methods for statistical databases: A
comparative study. ACM Comput. Surv. 21(4), 515-556 (1989)
2. Barzilai J.: Consistency measures for pairwise comparison matrices. J. Multi Crit.
Decis. Anal. 7, 123-132(1998)
3. Basile L., D'Apuzzo L.: Weak consistency and quasi-linear means imply the actual
ranking. International Journal of Uncertainty, Fuzziness and Knowledge-Based Systems
10(3), 227-239 (2002)
4. Beck L.L.: A security mechanism for statistical databases. ACM Trans. Database
Syst. 5(3), 316-338 (1980)
5. Bijwe A., Mead, and N.R.: Adapting the square process for privacy requirements
engineering. Tech. rep. Software Engineering Institute, Carnegie Mellon University (2010)
6. Blum A., Dwork C., Mcsherry F., Nissim K.: Practical privacy: The sulq
framework. In: Proceedings of the International Conference on Principles of Data Systems
(PODS) (2005)
7. Canfora G., Cavallo B.: A bayesian approach for on-line max and min auditing. In:
Prooceding sof International workshop on Privacy and Anonymity in Information Society
(PAIS), pp. 12-20. ACM DL (2008)



27
8. Canfora G., Cavallo B.: A bayesian approach for on-line max auditing. In:
Proocedings of The Third International Conference on Availability, Reliability and Security
(ARES), pp. 1020-1027. IEEE Computer Society Press (2008)
9. Canfora G., Cavallo B.: Reasoning under uncertainty in on-line auditing. In: Privacy
in Statistical Databases, Lecture Notes in Computer Science, vol. 5262, pp. 257-269.
Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg (2008)
10. Canfora G., Cavallo B.: A bayesian approach for on-line max auditing of dynamic
statistical databases. In:EDBT/ICDT Workshops, pp. 107-116 (2009)
11. Canfora G., Cavallo B.: A bayesian model for disclosure control in statistical
databases. Data Knowl. Eng.68(11), 1187-1205 (2009)
12. Canfora G., Cavallo B.: A probabilistic approach for on-line sum-auditing. In:
ARES, pp. 303-308 (2010)13. Cavallo B.: Metodi, modelli e tecnologie per la data privacy.
ZeroUno (353), 90-93 (2011)
13. Cavallo B., D'Apuzzo L.: A general unified framework for pairwise comparison
matrices in multicriterialmethods. Int. J. Intell. Syst. 24(4), 377-398 (2009)
14. Cavallo B., D'Apuzzo L.: Characterizations of consistent pairwise comparison
matrices over abelian linearly ordered groups. Int. J. Intell. Syst. 25(10), 1035-1059 (2010)
15. Cavallo B., D'Apuzzo L., Squillante M.: Building consistent pairwise comparison
matrices over abelian linearly ordered groups. In: ADT, pp. 237-248 (2009)
16. Cavallo B., D'Apuzzo L., Squillante M.: About a consistency index for pairwise
comparison matrices over adivisible alo-group. International Journal of Intelligent Systems
27(2), 153-175 (2012)
17. Cavallo B., DApuzzo L.: Deriving weights from a pairwise comparison matrix over
an alo-group. Soft Computing - A Fusion of Foundations, Methodologies and Applications
16(2), 353-366 (2012)
18. Cavallo B., DApuzzo L., Marcarelli G.: Pairwise comparison matrices: Some issue
on consistency and a new consistency index. In: S. Greco, R. Marques Pereira, M. Squil-
lante, R. Yager, J. Kacprzyk (eds.) Preferences and Decisions, Studies in Fuzziness and
Soft Computing, vol. 257, pp. 111-122. Springer Berlin / Heidelberg (2010)
19. Cavallo B., Canfora G., D'Apuzzo L., Squillante M.: Reasoning under Uncertainty
and Multi-Criteria Decision Making in Data Privacy. Quality & Quantity (accepted)
20. Chin F.Y.: Security problems on inference control for sum, max, and min queries. J.
ACM 33(3), 451-464(1986)
21. Dalenius T.: A simple procedure for controlled rounding. Statistik Tidskrift 3, 202-
208. (1981)
22. Kenthapadi K., Mishra N., Nissim K.: Simulatable auditing. In: PODS, pp. 118-127
(2005)
23. Kleinberg J., Papadimitriou C., Raghavan P.: Auditing boolean attributes. Journal of
Computer and System Sciences 66(1), 244-253 (2003)



28
24. Malvestuto F.M., Mezzini M., Moscarini M.: Auditing sum-queries to make a statis-
tical database secure. ACM Transactions on Information and System Security 9(1), 31-60
(2006)
25. Pearl J.: Probabilistic reasoning in intelligent systems: networks of plausible
inference. Morgan Kaufmann, San Francisco, CA, USA (1998)
26. Saaty T.L.: A scaling method for priorities in hierarchical structures. J. Math.
Psychology 15, 234-281 (1977)
27. Saaty T.L.: The Analytic Hierarchy Process. McGraw-Hill, New York (1980)
28. Saaty T.L.: Axiomatic foundation of the analytic hierarchy process. Management
Science 32(7), 841-85 (1986)




29
Analysis of ordered categorical data:
An example in clinical investigations
Simonetti Biagio
1
, Gonzlez-Rodrguez M Rosario
2
, Daz-Fernndez M Carmen
2
,
1
University of Sannio (Italy),
2
University of Seville (Spain)

simonetti@unisannio.it and antonio.lucadamo@unisannio.it
In clinical investigations, it is very common to analyze data collected in contingency
matrices with ordered categories. Techniques based on the decomposition of the Pearsons
chi-squared statistics are generally applied in order to study the inner structure of a
contingency table. The correspondence analysis of a two-way contingency table is a
popular statistical tool for graphically identifying the nature of the association between the
ordinal variables that form the table. Unfortunately, such technique does not take into
account the ordinal nature of the variables. To overcome this problem, Beh et al. (2010)
developed a variant of classical Correspondence Analysis that does take into consideration
the structure of an ordered, based on decomposition of Taguchis statistic. In this paper is
presented an application of Cumulative Correspondence Analysis on clinical investigations.
References
1. Beh, E.J., Partitioning Pearsons chi-squared statistic for singly ordered two-way
contingency tables (2001), Aust. N.Z. J. Stat. 43, pp. 327333.
2. Beh, E. J.,D'Ambra, L., Simonetti B. (2010). Correspondence Analysis of
Cumulative Frequencies Using a Decomposition of Taguchi's Statistic, Communication in
Statistics, 40 (9), 1620-1632.
3. DAmbra L., Koksoy O., Simonetti B., (2009). Cumulative Correspondence
Analysis Of Ordered Categorical Data From Industrial Experiments. Journal of Applied
Statistics, 36(12), 1315-1328.
4. Taguchi, G., (1974), A new statistical analysis for clinical data, the accumulating
analysis, in contrast with the chi-square test, Saishin Igaku 29, pp. 806813.
5. Moses LE, Emerson JD, Hosseini H. Analyzing data from ordered categories. N.
Engl. J. Med. 1984 Aug 16;311(7):442448.
6. Simonetti B., Beh E. J., DAmbra L., (2010). The Analysis of Dependence for Three
Ways Contingency Tables with Ordinal Variables: A Case Study of Patient Satisfaction
Data. Journal of Applied Statistics, 37(1), 91-103.
7. Simonetti B., DAmbra L., Amenta P., (2011). New Developments in Ordinal Non
Symmetrical correspondence Analysis. In: Ingrassia S., Rocci R., Vichi M., (eds.) New
Perspective in Statistical modeling and Data Analysis (pp. 497-506). ISBN978-3-642-
11363-5. HEIDELBERG: Springer-Verlag (GERMANY).



30
Non symmetrical correspondence analysis for interval data
Simonetti B., Lucadamo A.
University of Sannio, Department SEGIS, Benevento, Italy

simonetti@unisannio.it; antonio.lucadamo@unisannio.it

Correspondence Analysis (Benzecr, 1973) has the aim to explore the relationships between
the modalities of two qualitative variables by two-dimensional representations.
If we consider multi-valued variables, that are variables which can assume more than a
value or an interval of values, there is uncertainty in the input data that will be reflected in
the two-dimensional representations (Cazes, 1997). In fact, in this case, as showed in
Rodriguez (2007), each modality will be represented with a rectangle instead of a point.
In this kind of analysis the relationships between the variables is symmetric, but sometimes
a structure of dependence may be present. The asymmetry existing in the relation can be
then detected using Non Symmetrical Correspondence Analysis (NSCA, DAmbra &
Lauro, 1989).
The aim of our work is to show how NSCA can be performed when we have interval data.

References
1. Benzecr J.P. (1973). Analyse des donnes. Dunod, Paris, France.
2. Cazes P., Chouakria A., Diday E., Schektman Y. (1997). Extension de lanalyse en
composantes principales des donnes de typeintervalle, Revue de StatistiqueApplique,
XIV, 3, 524
3. DAmbra L., Lauro N.C. (1989). Non symmetrical correspondence analysis for
three-way contingency table. In Coppi R., Bolasco S. (Eds), Multiway Data Analysis.
Elsevier, Amsterdam, pp. 301-315.
4. Rodriguez R.O. (2007). Correspondence analysis for symbolic multi-valued
variables, http://www.oldemarrodriguez.com/yahoo site
admin/assets/docs/SymCACARME2007.229151706.pdf




31

Stock prices assessment: proposal of a new index based on volume
weighted historical prices through the use of computer modelling
Tiago Colliri
1
, Fernando F. Ferreira
1

1
Universidade de So Paulo, Brazil
tcolliri@usp.br, ferfff@gmail.com

The importance of considering the volumes to analyze stock prices movements can be
considered as a well-accepted practice in the financial area. However, when we look at the
scientific production in this field, we still cannot find a unified model that includes volume
and price variations for stock assessment purposes. In this paper we present a computer
model that could fulfill this gap, proposing a new index to evaluate stock prices based on
their historical prices and volumes traded. The aim of the model is to provide a rough
approximation of the current proportions of the total volume of shares distributed according
with their respective prices traded in the past. In order to do so, we made use of dynamic
financial modeling and applied it to real financial data from the Sao Paulo Stock Exchange
(Bovespa). The value of our index varies based on the difference between the current total
amount of shares traded for a price above and below the current price of the stock. Besides
the model can be considered mathematically very simple, it was able to improve
significantly the performance of agents operating with the real market data, which
reinforces its rationale. Based on the results obtained, and also on the very intuitive logic of
our model, we believe that the index proposed here can be very useful to help investors on
the activity of determining ideal price ranges for buying and selling stocks in the financial
market.
Keywords: Agent based simulation, Computer modeling, Complex systems, financial
analysis, Stock market, Stock price, Volume weighted average price, Stock price index.




32

The study of shocks propagation of default in complex networks
Leandro A. Ferreira,
1
Antonio F. Crepaldi,
2
and Fernando F. Ferreira
1

1
EACH-Universidade de So Paulo,
2
Departamento de Engenharia de Produo, Universidade Estadual Paulista,



The present article aims to study the properties of a contagion model proposed here to
address the spreading of shocks as well as the systemic risk measurement at the banking
network systems.
Systemic risk is a phenomenon that starts at one or more institution of the financial system
and through a contagion process, it spreads out on the network and sometimes it is similar
to an avalanche. This process can lead many financial healthy institutions to become
insolvent. This happens because the agents are interconnected through contractual relations
and become very dependent on each other. Both a bankruptcy of a partner as a loss of
confidence on the part of agents can destabilize the system to cause crisis of different
intensities. We investigated this problem in three different network topologies complex:
Erdos-Renyi, scale-free network and an empirical clustered network. The choice of these
topologies is given by the fact that they emulate the real banking system. Each node is a
bank and consists on a balance sheet split as: liabilities (capital, borrowings and deposits)
and assets (lending, bonds and securities). We analyzed the influence of the coefficient of
leverage, of the initial probability of default and of the network connectivity to the
insolvency of affected banks. We also established a relation of these parameters for each
topology studied. We will discuss the dependence structure among these parameters. We
measure systemic risk taking in account the network's parameters and banking structure
(balance sheet).Also, we shown that free scales networks are more robust against the
propagation of defaults described by a contagion process. The relevance of such model is
allowed us to design rules to make them less fragile or less vulnerable against attacks or
bankruptcy of their partners.




33
Determining Critical Success Factors on Business
Performance by Partial Least Square Method
zdemir Ali hsan
2
and Simonetti Biagio
1

1
Abdullah Gl University, Faculty of Administrative Science Business Department and
Epoka University, Tiran, Albania Kayseri, Turkey,
2
Universit degli Studi del Sannio, Benevento, Italy

ali.ozdemir@agu.edu.tr andsimonetti@unisannio.it

In todays world, it is not enough for a company to optimize the functions inside itself to be
successful. The companies which can combine the internal processes with the suppliers in
supply chain and customers are able to gain important competitive advantage (Frohlich and
Westbrook, 2001). Supply Chain Management (SCM) tries to strengthen competitive
advantage and performance by integrating the functions inside the company and associating
these with the suppliers, customers and other chain members facilities effectively. Gain
is obtained with supply chain integration from connections between different supply chain
facilities. The connections between facilities depend on building different supply chain
applications and using these. To be successful in SCM applications which aim to achieve
high supply chain performance, external integration with suppliers and customers in
addition to integration between the inside functions in the company are needed (Kim 2006,
241).
Recently, It is accepted that competition is among supply chains, not between companies
anymore (zdemir and Aslan, 2011). Supply chain issues gain more importance in business
problems. Achieving business excellence via improving performance, integration of supply
chain members and improving competition capabilities through the entire supply chain
system have more importance.
In this study it will be analyzed that critical success factors which are more effect on
business performance by using partial least square method. For this purpose, Integration is
examined in four ways, integration closely 1) within organization 2) with suppliers 3) with
distributers and 4) with customers. And Competion capabilities are analyzed by 4 main
factors, such as, Cost Leadership, Customer Service, Flexibilty and, Quality Indicators.
Cost Leadership includes 2 critical factors such as, Lower price and lower internal cost
than competitors. Customer Service includes 3 critical factors such as, on time delivery,
Promptly handle customer complaints and, After sale service. Flexibility includes 4 critical
factors such as, Developing new product, Ability to change product mix, Ability to change
product volume, and design flexibilty. Lastly, QualityI ndicators includes 3 critical factors
such as, Product quality, reliability and durability.



34
Data are obtained from the survey that applied for Turkish Small and Medium Sized
Enterprises (SMEs) and we examine the critical factors by using Partial Least Squares to
analyze which factors have more effect on Business Performance.

Keywords: Supply Chain Integration, Competion Capability, Business Performance,
Partial Least Square Method

References:

1. Devaraj, S.; L. Krajewski; J.C. Wei (2007). Impact of e-business technologies on
operational performance: The role of production information integration in the supply
chain, Journal of Operations Management, 25, 1199-1216.
2. Fabbe-Costes, N.; M. Jahre (2007). Supply chain integration improves performance:
the Emperors new suit, International Journal of Physical Distribution & Logistics
Management, 37(10), 835-855.
3. Frohlich, M.T.; R. Westbrook (2001). Arcs of integration: An international strategy
of supply chain strategies, Journal of Operations Management, 19, 185-200.
4. Kim, S.W. (2006). Effects of supply chain management practices, integration and
competition capability on performance, Supply Chain Management: An International
Journal, 11(3), 241-248.
5. Koh, S.C.L.; M. Demirbag; E. Bayraktar; E. Tatoglu, S. Zaim (2007). The impact of
supply chain management practices on performance of SMEs, Industrial Management &
Data Systems, 107(1), 103-124.
6. Lee, C.W.; I.G. Kwon; D. Severance (2007). Relationship between supply chain
performance and degree of linkage among supplier, internal integration, and customer,
Supply Chain Management: An International Journal, 12(6), 444-452.
7. zdemir, A.. and, E. Aslan (2011). Supply Chain Integration, Competition
Capability and Business Performance: A Study on Turkish SMEs, Asian Journal of
Business Management, 3(4), 325-332.
8. Rosenzweig, E.D.; A.V. Roth; J.W. Dean (2003). The influence of an integration
strategy on competitive capabilities and business performance: An exploratory study of
consumer products manufacturer, Journal of Operations Management, 21, 437-456.
9. Sezen, B. (2008). Relative effects of design, integration and information sharing on
supply chain performance, Supply Chain Management: An International Journal, 13(3),
233-240.
10. Tracey,M., Vonderenbse, M.A., and Lim, J.S., (1999) Manufacturing Technology
and strategy formulation: keys to enhancing competitiveness and improving performance,
Journal of Operations Management, 17, 411-428.
11. Vickery, S.K., Droge, C, Markland, R.E., (1993) Production competence and
business strategy: do they affect business performance? Decision Science 24(2), 435-455.



35
12. Vickery, S.K., Droge, C, Markland, R.E., (1994) Strategic production competence:
convergent, discriminant and predictive validity Production and Operations Management,
3(4), 308-318.
13. Ward, P.T., Leong, G.K., Boyer, K.K, (1994) Manufacturing pro activeness and
performance decisions Science, 25(3), 337-358.




36
Wavelet entropy in economy: the housing prices in Argentina
M. P. Sassano
1
, A.N. Proto
1,2

1
Laboratorio de Sistemas Complejos, Facultad de Ingeniera, Universidad de Buenos Aires
2
GiDyCSI, Universidad Nacional de Lans
psassano@fi.uba.ar

Wavelet Entropy criteria was applied to analyze the Argentinean historical construction
price index (CPI) series from 1970 to 2011, the General Activity Index (GAI, Argentina),
the Square Meter Price and the Global Food Price Index. High wavelet entropy variations
can be detected in the periods 1974-78, 1985-89, 1990-92, in coincidence with internal or
external political or economic instabilities. These results have been presented in 1) shown
that the S
wt
quantity reveals anomalies in the economy. However, concerning the
construction market, S
wt
do not present important fluctuations during the last 10 years,
although the high increase in the Square Meter Price. Further, the construction market
seems to be not very related to the General Activity Index. Briefly, up to the end of 2011,
this market is more related with external than internal economic conditions. In order to shed
light in this sense here we analyze the local construction market, the dollar price in
Argentina, and the international value of the onza troy. Our analysis shows that external
facts have more incidences in the Square Meter Price, than local conditions.

1. Housing prices wavelet entropy to understand Macroeconomic States, M. P.
Sassano and A.N. Proto, Springer Lecture Notes, A. N. Proto, Massimo Squillante and
Janusz Kacprzyk, Eds. In Press




37







FIRST WORKSHOP ON

MULTIFRACTAL
AND COMPLEXITY STUDIES
IN ECONOPHYSICS

(I MCSE 2012)

USHUAIA, TIERRA DEL FUEGO, ARGENTINA
4 DE OCTUBRE DE 2012




38
Informal ties in organizations: a multiple network approach
Marco DErrico, Silvana Stefani
Universit Milano-Bicocca, Milano
Torriero Anna, Universit Cattolica del S. Cuore, Milano

Multiple and univariate network techniques are applied to a case study. The results show
that using a multivariate approach can help in giving further insight into the analysis of
informal ties in an organization. Special emphasis is given to centrality. The concept of
mutual awareness, both on an individual and a global level, is introduced and illustrated.


References

1. Anklam P. (2002), Knowledge Management: the Collaboration Thread, Bulletin of
the American Society for
2. Information Science and Technology,vol.28, n.6
3. Bonacich, P. (1987), Power and Centrality: a Family of Measures, Am. Journal of
Sociology, 92 ,1170-1182
4. Bonacich, P. (2007), Some Unique Properties of Eigenvector Centrality, Social
Networks, 29, 375-395
5. Cross R. (2004), The hidden power of social networks: understanding how work
gets really done in an organization" Harvard Business School Press
6. De Toni A.F., Nonino F. (2010), The key roles in the informal organization: a
network perspective analysis, vol.10, 17, The Learning Organization, 86-103
7. Grassi R., Stefani S., Torriero A. (2011), Using bipartite graphs to assess power in
organizational networks: A case study, in Dynamics of Socio economic Systems (ed. G.
Rotundo), DYSES Journal ISSN 1852-379X,199-216
8. Grassi R., Stefani S., Torriero A. (2010), Centrality in Organizational Networks,
International Journal of Intelligent Systems, 3, 253-265
9. Krackhardt D. (1992), A caveat on the use of the Quadratic Assignment Procedure,
Journal of Quantitative
10. Anthropology, 3 279-296
11. Krackhardt D. (1987), QAP partialling as a test of spuriousness, Social Networks 9,
171-186
12. Naimzada A.K., Stefani S., Torriero A Eds (2009), Networks, Topology and
Dynamics - Theory and Applications to Economics and Social Systems, (Naimzada A.K,
Stefani S., Torriero A. Eds.), Lecture Notes in Economics and Mathematical Systems, vol.
613, ISBN: 978-3-540-68407-7 Springer, Heidelberg.



39
13. Okada A. (2010), Two dimensional centrality of asymmetric social networks, in
Data Analysis and Classification -Studies in Classification, Data Analysis, and Knowledge
Organization, Palumbo F.et al (eds.), Springer-Verlag, Berlin Heidelberg,93-100.




40

Estimation of Continuous-Time MSM: A first approach
Andrs E. Levey
1
, Thomas Lux
1,2,3


1
Department of Economics, University of Kiel, Kiel 24118, Germany
2
Kiel Institute for the World Economy, Kiel 24105, Germany
3
Department of Economics, University Jaume I, Castelln 12071, Spain

One of the main areas of interest in the fields of financial economics and mathematical
finance is the inherent time-varying nature of volatility present in financial asset prices. In
the last 30 years, stochastic volatility (SV) models have turned out to be one of the most
versatile instruments for capturing the fluctuation of financial assets.
1
Various
developments in the areas of option pricing, portfolio selection, risk management as well as
of analysis of high frequency time series have been based on such models as hypothesized
data generating process (cf. Andersen et al. [1], Shephard [2], and Shephard and Andersen
[3] for a review of the history and applications of SV models).
The Multifractal Model of Asset Returns (MMAR) of Mandelbrot et al. [4] originally
formulated a multifractal diffusion in continuous time to capture the dynamics of financial
price fluctuations. Due to its combinatorial nature, however, early research on multifractals
has been limited to tests based on moment scaling and power variations. The Markov
Switching Multifractal model (MSM) of Calvet and Fisher [5] improves on the MMAR's
combinatorial nature by randomizing news arrival times, guaranteeing a strictly stationary
stochastic process. The continuous-time MSM provides a parsimonious diffusion with
Markov switching volatility and multiple frequencies. When the number of frequencies is
finite, the model fits naturally within the literature on regime-switching and It diffusions
and, as such, can be classified as a special variant of an SV model.
The estimation of MSM and MMAR have traditionally shared the same fate continuous-
time SV models have had in that the standard econometric techniques have been applicable
only after a discretization of the process on a finite grid. This is not surprising, though,
considering the general lack of closed-form solutions for the `capitalized' returns and the
general impossibility of completely recording continuous time fluctuations. The MLE
methodology of Calvet and Fisher [6] or the GMM scheme of Lux [7], for instance, are
based on the existence of a discrete-time MSM process generating the set of observations.
More recently, Levey and Lux [8] have applied a similar GMM-based methodology based

1
The usual criterion for a model to be classified as a SV model is the presence of a second source of
uncertainty in the diffusion element of the price dynamics.



41
on Lux [7] for the estimation and forecasting of a discrete-time cascades related to those
deriving from MMAR.
One may wonder what the benefit of considering a continuous-time model were when the
discrete-time counterpart already provided satisfactory results. One important reason is that
today's availability of high-frequency financial asset prices has allowed to approach a
continuous-time limit quite closely. Even with practically continuous recording of market
activity though, there exists a definite lower bound of the horizon that can be used for
estimation of the parameters of a continuous-time model due to either limited finite
sampling or market microstructure noise (cf. Andersen et al. [1]). Aggregation of returns
from the underlying high frequency asset prices is, therefore, necessary in practice in order
to eliminate the effects from measurement error on volatility estimation (cf. Zhang et
al.[20]).
In the case of continuous-time SV models, some simulation-based estimation methods have
recently proven successful. Then again, such examples in the context of MSM models are
scantily supplied. This paper represents, therefore, the first proposal of a parameter
estimation algorithm for the continuous-time MSM model. In short, we adopt here the
Simulated Method of Moments (SMM) approach to obtain asymptotically efficient
estimators of the continuous-time MSM model. Our algorithm consists of a two-step
procedure: (1) we first apply the GMM scheme from Lux [7] to the discretized version of
the MSM model; despite misspecification, the discrete model provides us with valuable
initial estimates at a very low computational cost, (2) thereafter, we implement an iterative
SMM approach initialized at these initial values and weighting matrix estimates. As in Lux
[7], our procedure accommodates different distributions of the volatility process, among
which the Bernoulli and the Log-normal distributions are the most commonly used.
Following, we investigate first by Monte Carlo simulations and later empirically by how
much the continuous-time model provides improvements upon the previous discrete-time
applications.
References
1. T. G. Andersen, T. Bollerslev, P. F. Christo_ersen, and F. X. Diebold, in Handbook of
Economic Forecasting, edited by G. Elliot, C. Granger, and A. Timmermann, Amsterdam,
2006, volume I, pp. 778-878.
2. N. Shephard, in New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics, edited by S. Durlauf and L.
Blume, Palgrave Macmillan, 2 edition, 2008.
3. N. Shephard and T. G. Andersen, in Handbook of Financial Time Series, edited by T. G.
Andersen, R. Davis, J.-P. Kreiss, and T. Mikosch, Springer, 2009, Forthcoming.
4. L. E. Calvet, A. Fisher, and B. Mandelbrot, A Multifractal Model of Asset Returns,
Discussion Papers 1164-1166, Cowles Foundation, 1997.
5. L. E. Calvet and A. Fisher, J. of Econometrics 105, 27 (2001).



42
6. L. E. Calvet and A. Fisher, J. of Financial Econometrics 2, 49 (2004).
7. T. Lux, J. of Business & Economic Statistics 26, 194 (2008).
8. E. Levey and T. Lux, Parameter estimation and forecasting for multiplicative lognormal
cascades, Kiel Working Papers 1746, Kiel Institute for the World Economy, 2011.
9. L. Zhang, P. A. Mykland, and Y. At-Sahalia, J. of the American Statistical Association
100, 1394 (2005).




43

Synchronization and diversity in business cycles. A network approach
applied to the European union
Hernn Javier Ferrari
1
, David Matesanz Gomez
2
, Guillermo J. Ortega
1
, Benno
Torgler
3


1
Science and Technology Department, Universidad Nac.de Quilmes and CONICET,
Argentina
2
Applied Economics Department, Universidad de Oviedo,
3
The School of Economics and Finance, Australia - CREMA Center for Research in
Economics, Management and the Arts, Switzerland - CESifo, Germany - National Centre
for Econometric Research (NCER), Australia

hferrari@unq.edu.ar

This paper analyses synchronization in business cycles across the European Union (EU)
since 1989. We include both old and new European Union members and countries which
are currently negotiating accession, as well as potential European Union members. Our
methodological approach is based on the correlation matrix and the networks within, which
allows us to summarize the individual interaction and co-movement, while also capturing
the existing heterogeneity of connectivity within the European economic system. The
results indicate that the synchronization of the old EU countries remained stable until the
current financial crisis. Additionally, the synchronization of the new and potential members
has approached to the old EU members although we observe the existence of different
synchronization levels and dynamics in output growth in single countries as well as in
groups of countries. Some countries have achieved an important degree of co-movement
(such as the Baltic Republics, Hungary, Slovenia and Iceland), while others have
experienced reduced synchronization, or even desynchronization (such as Romania,
Bulgaria and even Greece and Ireland).




44
La entropa wavelet leaders puntual y su aplicacin a series de datos
Mariel Rosenblatt
1
, Eduardo Serrano
2
, Alejandra Figliola
1

1
Instituto de Desarrollo Humano, Universidad Nacional de General Sarmiento,
Los Polvorines, Argentina
2
Centro de Matemtica Aplicada, Universidad Nacional de San Martn,
San Martn, Argentina

mrosen@ungs.edu.ar
Las seales provenientes de los mercados financieros siguen leyes de escala y presentan
estructuras autosimilares [2]. Este hecho motiva a desarrollar modelos que se aproximen a
caracterizar estos fenmenos, basndose en el estudio de la transformada wavelet y la teora
del anlisis multifractal.
En este trabajo analizamos la dinmica de las series de datos financieros mediante un nueva
medida de regularidad: la Entropa Wavelet Leaders Puntual, como una alternativa para
detectar las singularidades de una seal. Combinando el concepto de entropa, proveniente
de la teora de la informacin y de la mecnica estadstica, con los coeficientes wavelet
leaders definimos este cuantificador, que resulta una opcin interesante para extraer
informacin sobre la seal y su regularidad local. Para medir la regularidad local de una
funcin se han propuesto diversos cuantificadores. El ms simple es el exponente Hlder
puntual, que se define en cada () donde fes una funcin localmente
acotada como:

{:

)}

La funcin f est en la clase C

(x
0
) si existen C >0 y un polinomio

() de grado menor
que tales que: |()

()| |

en un entorno de x
0
. Cuanto ms cerca de
cero est el valor del exponente ms irregular es el grafico de la funcin en ese punto,
mientras que las porciones suaves estn asociadas a exponentes altos.
Los coeficientes wavelet leaders, introducidos por S. Jaffard, se calculan a partir de los
supremos locales de los coeficientes wavelet de una seal

(), concentrando su
informacin y reorganizando su estructura. Adems, S. Jaffard formula una nueva
caracterizacin del exponente Hlder puntual a travs del estudio del decaimiento de estos
coeficientes [1].
A partir del clculo de los coeficientes wavelet leaders de una serie temporal de 2
N
datos,
definimos en cada x
0
una distribucin de probabilidades discreta

}y
mediante la entropa de Shannon [3], definimos la entropa wavelet leaders en x
0
:
(

) (

45
En [4] probamos que este cuantificador est correlacionado con el exponente Hlder
puntual en forma inversa, es decir que cuanto ms irregular es una seal la entropa wavelet
leaders puntual se aproxima a log
2
(N), el mximo valor que puede tomar la entropa. En
consecuencia, este cuantificador tambin capta las singularidades de una seal donde se
alcanzan esos mximos.
Las series de datos financieros a las que aplicamos esta metodologa son: el ndice burstil
de USA entre los aos 2007-2010, la serie de datos del Dow Jones Industrial Average entre
los aos 1928-2011 y los ndices burstiles de Alemania y Grecia en el perodo 2007-2012.
El anlisis de la evolucin temporal de la entropa wavelet leaderspuntual revela que los
eventos de crisis financieras pueden identificarse en los mximos valores que toma este
cuantificador.


Referencias

1. S. Jaffard, Wavelet techniques in multifractal analysis, in Proc. Sympos. Pure
Math., AMS 72 (2004) 91151.
2. B. Mandelbrot, Fractals and scaling in finance(Springer, 1997).
3. C.E. Shannon, A mathematical theory of communication, in Bell Syst. Technol.
Journal 27 (1948) 379423 and 623656.
4. M. Rosenblatt, E. Serrano y A. Figliola, (en prensa) International Journal on
Wavelet and Multiresolution Processing, World Scientific Press (2012).




46

Estudio de la correlacin cruzada de las bolsas durante la crisis de la
Eurozona
Alejandra Figliola
1
, Eduardo Serrano
2,3

1
Instituto del Desarrollo Humano, Universidad de General Sarmiento, Argentina
2 Centro de Matemtica Aplicada, Univ. de San Martn, Argentina
3
Universidad de Palermo

alejandra.figliola@gmail.com
eduardo.eduser@gmail.com

Desde principios de 2010, la Eurozona han venido padeciendo una crisis de confianza sin
precedentes, con ataques especulativos sobre los bonos pblicos de varios de sus miembros,
turbulencias en sus mercados financieros y burstiles, y una cada del valor cambiario de la
moneda nica, en un contexto de incertidumbre y dificultad por alcanzar un acuerdo
colectivo, que todava persiste.
En los ltimos tiempos los econofsicos se han concentrado en identificar patrones
complejos subyacentes en los procesos sociales y econmicos. Existen numerosas
evidencias sobre la naturaleza multifractal de las series de variabilidad de los mercados
financieros, lo que da cuenta de la existencia de procesos auto-similares, aspecto que fue
desarrollado y expuesto en numerosos artculos cientficos de la ltima dcada.
Este trabajo est orientado a mostrar la relacin entre las economas de pases europeos en
crisis y para ello asume la naturaleza multifractal de las series diarias de la bolsa y utiliza
un adecuado cuantificador de la correlacin cruzada: el Multifractal Cross-Correlation
Analysis (MF-CCR), que fue propuesto en 2008 por Podobnik y Stanley [1] y se basa en la
metodologa del Multifractal Detrended Fluctuation Analysis (MFDFA) [2] para calcular la
correlacin cruzada entre dos series temporales no estacionarias, donde no es posible
utilizar estimadores lineales. El MFDFA es ampliamente usado en el estudio de las
caractersticas multifractales de series financieras, [3].
El objetivo del trabajo es mostrar la evolucin de la correlacin cruzada entre Alemania
(pas lder de la Eurozona) y los pases que muestran mayores dificultades financieras,
llamados PIGS utilizando el acrnimo de las iniciales de sus nombres: Portugal, Italia,
Grecia y Espaa. El estudio se realiz utilizando los valores diarios de los ndices
burstiles promedio de cada uno de estos pases, entre el 5 de marzo de 2004 y el 7 de mayo



47
de 2012, y se dividi el intervalo en dos perodos de igual longitud para comparar la
evolucin de la crisis.
Referencias
1. Podobnik y Stanley Detrended Cross-Correlation Analysis: A new method for
analyzing two no stationary time series, Phys. Rev. Lett. 100, 084102
2. J.W. Kantelhardt, S.A. Zschiegner, E. Koscielny-Bunde, S. Havlin, A. Bunde, H.E.
Stanley, Multifractal detrended fluctuation analysis of nonstationary time series,
PhysicaA316 (2002), 87-114.
3. A. Figliola, L. Zunino, E. Serrano and O. Rosso, Multifractal characterization of
the stock market inefficiency using the Wavelet Leaders method, Adv. & App. in Stat. Sci.
2, Issue 2 (2010), 287-302.




48





FIRST WORKSHOP ON

LEGAL COMPLEXITY




USHUAIA, TIERRA DEL FUEGO, ARGENTINA
4 DE OCTUBRE DE 2012










49
Incentivos que desincentivan: el caso de las licencias no automticas
de importacin
Joela Borghi
Grupo de Estudio de la Complejidad de la Sociedad de la Informacin (GECSI),
Universidad Nacional de La Plata,
Joela.borghi@yahoo.com

Abstract. The analysis of Non-Automatic Import Licenses, that are indiscriminately applied to 17
tariff positions, involving 600 types of goods, allegedly aimed to protect national industry as well as
to import replacement, allows to question, among other not less relevant topics, whether they are
adequate to achieve the intended goal or if they are nothing but a new case of the incentives that
disincentive.


Resumen. Recientemente conocidas por el ciudadano comn, las llamadas licencias no
automticas de importacin invadieron los peridicos hace poco ms de un ao para pasar a ser el
foco de un debate que involucra actores diversos. Miembros de cmaras empresarias, funcionarios
pblicos y representantes de naciones extranjeras vinculadas comercialmente con nuestro pas,
resultan participes activos de una disputa que enfrenta dos bandos claramente polarizados: quienes
reafirman las bondades de estas restricciones y quienes exaltan su nocividad, quienes aplauden su
establecimiento y quienes bregan por su abolicin.
A primera vista, la ria parece centrarse en divergencias ideolgicas, cuestiones polticas no
justiciables que forman parte de la gestin gubernamental. Sin embargo, si quitamos la primera
capa de maquillaje al asunto, podemos advertir que estas medidas restrictivas vienen a encastrarse e
integrarse con un conjunto de normas positivas de superior jerarqua, cuyo desconocimiento puede
hacer incurrir al Estado en responsabilidad de tipo internacional.
Eliminado ese primer ropaje, aparece en escena el telos de la medida, su finalidad alegada o
pretendida. Ocupa el papel protagnico la proteccin de la industria nacional y el anhelado
incentivo a la sustitucin de importaciones Ahora bien, coadyuvan estas medidas al logro de
la finalidad pretendida? Corresponde su aplicacin indiscriminada a 17 posiciones arancelarias
que comprenden ms de 600 tipos de bienes? Qu problemas se generan en relacin a los
productos de tipo tecnolgico y cules son sus consecuencias?
Los objetivos pueden parecer plausibles y las herramientas seleccionadas correctas. Sin embargo,
no es all donde debe acabar el anlisis: el estudio de su impacto, la ponderacin de las
especificidades de cada tipo de industria y las posibilidades de desarrollo de cada sector, resultan
determinantes.
La profundidad del estudio resulta directamente proporcional a la previsibilidad de las
consecuencias. Esta es la forma de evitar que las licencias no automticas para la importacin pasen
a integrar el ms triste de los elencos, el de los incentivos que desincentivan.




50
Ley de Medios: Luces y sombras
Roberto Nelson Bugallo
FCS-UNICEN, FD-UBA, GESI-FCJyS-UNLP

Abstract. Three years have passed since the Audiovisual Communication Services Law was
sanctioned and its concrete implementation has been affected by both internal and external factors.
This paper aims to prospect the effective future of this law in the frame of the standards that rule
freedom of expression and the right to information.

Resumen: A tres aos de sancionada la ley de Servicios de Comunicacin Audiovisual, su
aplicacin concreta se ha visto limitada por factores externos e internos.
Desde la recuperacin de la democracia hasta la aprobacin de la ley, hubo setenta y tres proyectos
para reemplazar la norma dictada por el gobierno de facto, que adquirieron y perdieron estado
parlamentario sin que ninguno pudiera avanzar efectivamente.
El proyecto que finalmente se convertir en ley fue sometido a un arduo debate previo a travs de
audiencias pblicas, sancionndose finalmente el 10 de Octubre de 2009 con el nmero 26.522.
Sin embargo fue objetada judicialmente an antes de su aprobacin parlamentaria, y posteriormente
en artculos referidos a los requisitos exigidos para la titularidad de medios, a la veda a las empresas
de servicios pblicos, a la duracin y prrroga de las licencias, a los contenidos de la programacin,
al rgimen de multiplicidad de licencias, transferencias, conformacin de redes, y a los plazos
dados para la adecuacin a la ley, entre otros tantos artculos sobre los que pesan o han pesado
medidas cautelares que suspende su aplicacin.
Estos han sido factores externos que han demorado, cuando no impedido la aplicacin efectiva de la
ley. A ello han de sumarse desaciertos tcnicos y polticos del mismo poder administrador que
conspiran para la concrecin de los objetivos fijados no solo en la norma, sino en las polticas
comunicacionales definida estatalmente.
El objetivo de la ponencia es tratar de vislumbrar el futuro efectivo de la ley, en el marco de los
estndares que resguardan la libertad de expresin y el derecho a la informacin.





51
The limits of law and quantifiable variables
Jos Augusto Fontoura Costa
Departamento de Direito Internacional e Comparado,
Faculdade de Direito, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Brasil

Traditionally, the academic studies of law focus on some old techniques that remain more
properly literary theory or theology. As a matter of fact, the dogmatic studies of almost
sacred texts and the interpretation and discussion of the issues are the most typical methods
of legal scholars, despite of being related to the classic Roman texts or modern statutory
rules. Even the mainstream theories of the 20th Century bundled under the denomination of
legal positivism or normativism, which most popular example is the Kelsenian pure theory
of law [1] clearly sets the legal theory apart from causal relations and defines the principle
of imputation and the peculiar nature of norms as fundamental features of the subject
matter.
The most common legal approach, therefore, cannot be regarded as a reasonable start to
theoretical approaches that aim to be both empirical and quantitative. Consequently, the
attention to other scientific fields, such as Sociology, Political Science and Economics, did
became the alternative to scholars interested in describe law, instead of use it as a social
technique.
These disciplines, from the moment they abdicate the traditional axioms on, face the
question of establishing the limits of the legal field as a starting point to study the
phenomenon. This first step may go in two diverging directions: a theoretical definition
deriving from the epistemological underpinnings of the discipline or an empirical approach
that seeks to discover the consensual limits agreed by the legal community.
The hereby proposed paper deals with the question of limiting the notion of law as an initial
cut of the subject matter and how it can result in different strategies to set and select
quantifiable variables that can be empirically approached. The socio-legal focus, mainly
through Bourdieus field theory lenses [2], is discussed in more detail.

1. The General Theory of Law and State, Cambridge: Harvard University Press,
1945, is, in many aspects, an early version of the Austrian 1960s Reine
Rechtslehre, namely the pure theory of law.
2. Bordieu, Pierre. (1986) La force du Droit: lments pour une sociologie du champ
juridique, in Actes de la recherche en sciences sociales, v. 64, n. 1. P. 3-19.




52
Inclusin del modelo complejo en la Sociologa Jurdica Reflexiva
Mario S. Gerlero
2

UNLP UBA

Abstract. Given the ongoing changes in the legal area due to the inclusion of new actors (a) and the
development of the Reflexive Sociology of Law (b) suggests analyzing the ongoing social
phenomena as complex systems, from the perspective of the complexity science (c).

Resumen. a. El proceso de transformacin del campo jurdico con el ingreso de nuevos actores
sociales (como fenmeno social relevante) implica la intensificacin, la consolidacin, la
profundizacin y la expansin de derechos entre los cuales se destacan la igualdad plena y la
garanta de las diferencias. Resulta necesario recurrir a una pluralidad de variables, dimensiones,
modelos y metodologas que permitan trabajar los fenmenos desde mltiples dimensiones,
rescatando claro est, la reflexin crtica en el campo jurdico. El modelo estndar a ser utilizado,
entonces, pasa a ser un complejo abordaje de mltiples dimensiones con una orientacin crtica y
cuestionadora del sistema legal vigente (y todas sus instituciones), dejando de lado un paradigma
fragmentario, individualista y objetivista. La situacin de resignificacin de concepciones
epistemologas de conocimiento abre espacios de creacin, permite dejar de lado una
simplificacin terica de la visin de la realidad social para pensar y repensar las situaciones
consideradas oscuras y complejas. Permite por sobre todo recapacitar sobre las relaciones que
ponen a prueba a la institucin jurdica y especular en el imaginar estructuras tericas que
permitan formular preguntas, contener anlisis y conducir los estudios a diferentes respuestas.
La creacin de espacios alternativos en lo acadmico -y en el campo jurdico- originan una
bsqueda de un nuevo sentido comn y una nueva y compleja red de subjetividades, situacin que
pone en crisis la cosmovisin socio-jurdica donde la cohesin social era el eje de estudio y el
lmite emprico de la ciudadana plena.

b. En dicho contexto la Sociologa Jurdica permite rescatar al derecho como un instrumento, una
forma de legitimacin, de estructuracin y a su vez una excusa o un mero enmascaramiento de los

2
Profesor de Grado y Postgrado en la Facultad de Ciencias Jurdicas y Sociales de la Universidad Nacional de La
Plata y en la Facultad de Derecho de la Universidad de Buenos Aires; En la actualidad es: a) Miembro del Instituto
de Cultura Jurdica (UNLP) y del Intitulo Ambrosio L. Gioja (UBA); b) Director del Proyecto UBACyT
Sociologa Jurdica y derechos sexuales: antecedentes, posibilidades, alcances y desafos de la Ley 26.618 como
poltica reparadora de derechos humanos.; c) Investigador Formado en el Programa de Incentivos: "Redes Sociales:
el entramado social en entornos digitales" y El derecho en las manifestaciones culturales argentinas 1910-
1960ambos de la Universidad Nacional de La Plata; y d) Miembro responsable "Acceso a la justicia y marginacin
judicial. Conflictos intrafamiliares y pobreza en los Departamentos Judiciales de La Plata, Mercedes y Junn;
Agencia PICTO-2010-0026; mario_gerlero@yahoo.com.ar






53
intereses y necesidades de los agentes (dotados de capital en el sentido de Bourdieu) con
programas polticos-administrativos explcitos o implcitos referidos a diferentes fenmenos y
problemticas sociales. Esta postura permite ver a la normativa formal como un dispositivo de
control, muchas veces funcional a sectores y colectivos sociales con espacio de poder en el
sistema social.
Por lo tanto la Sociologa Jurdica Reflexiva, desde una concepcin multidimensional, pone en
crisis la idea de instituciones jurdicas identificadas con el sentido comn y la normalidad ya que
cuestiona el imaginario social sobre la vala de las instituciones referidas. Un enfoque
multidimensional (complejo) produce, en el observador, una sensacin colectiva de lo limitadas
que son las instituciones vigentes para tratar temticas o situaciones supuestamente novedosas (y
otras que no lo son tanto). En la percepcin generalizada de la Academia parecera que los
sentidos de algunas de las instituciones llegaron a su fin, de que pueden ser obsoletas en un
contexto de pluralismo de dimensiones. Reparar en un contexto complejo no se circunscribe al
mero hecho de tener en cuenta pluralidades normativas (entrelazamiento de reglas) o dimensiones
sociales, culturales, polticas, econmicas, histricas y/o geogrficas; va ms all: cada una de
estas dimensiones pueden ser un complejo de mltiples, variadas, dispares sub-dimensiones (con
sus respectivos indicadores y referentes) que son tiles para abordar temticas a analizar de
manera terica y/o emprica.

c. Por lo expuesto un anlisis socio-jurdico reflexivo enrolado en los estudios de sistemas
complejos permite abordar un fenmeno social concreto relevante desde una nueva senda, una
interconexin, una combinacin de teoras y mtodos. Dispara preguntas sobre, los orgenes
(causales), las implicancias (efectos) y los posibles nuevos sentidos de instituciones y agentes en
el campo jurdico. La idea de sistema complejo no slo facilita describir una estructura social,
sino que implica introducir las condiciones dentro del cual los actores/sujetos adoptan libremente
sus decisiones (no siempre racionales y conscientes). Permite moldear nexos entre lo micro (el
sujeto y su identidad) y lo macro (la estructura en el enmaraado marco normativo). En el proceso
de reflexin transnormativa, en un sistema complejo, multidimensional, surgen las siguientes
aproximaciones a tener en cuenta en la construccin terica como emprico del estudio de un
fenmeno social concreto relevante: 1) los fenmenos no son lineales, con diferentes matices,
posibilidades, con numerosas fases y procesos adaptativos, manifiestan la diversidad y las formas
peculiares socio-culturales en relacin con poltica jurdica contextualizada por el tiempo y el
espacio; 2) muchas veces las dimensiones a recurrir desafan el sentido comn e invitan a tener
presente la incertidumbre y lo indecible; la combinacin de las descripciones estructurales con la
comprensin del sentido de las acciones de los protagonistas dan por resultados estructuras
dinmicas donde intervienen sentidos, motivos, intereses, necesidades numerosas y 3) los
escenarios multideterminados de anlisis son espacios donde coexisten varios cdigos simblicos
en un mismo colectivo y hasta en un solo sujeto y se suelen ejercitar sobre fracciones de la
poblacin o directamente sobre comunidades ilusorias originando las dificultades para mantener
una conexin estable entre el Estado y la Ciudadana.




54
En ltima instancia, tener presente modelos de complejidad contribuye con la consolidacin de la
poltica de inclusin social; permite la promocin, consolidacin y expansin de una justicia
plural (desde la multiplicidad de hechos e intereses) en la defensa y fomento de las
particularidades y singularidades pero, tambin para garantizarlas, claro est, en un marco de
consenso social, poltico y jurdico. Es de rescatar que el reconocimiento social, cultural y poltico
es posible en el campo jurdico, no slo por explicitar la necesidad del sujeto social, el activismo
de un colectivo y la efectiva participacin de los ciudadanos sino, tambin, por considerar el
proyecto y la gestin de polticas administrativas de las agencias.




55
El rgimen jurdico de la creacin intelectual en la Sociedad de la
Informacin

Jos Mara Lezcano
1
, Noem Olivera
1
, Araceli Proto
1-2

1
GECSI-FCJyS-UNLP
1-2
LSC-FI.UBA; GID y CSI-UNLA

Abstract. If the existing Intellectual Property system was suitable to attend the demands of the
Industrial Society individualistic liberal capitalism-, it is no longer efficient to face the tendencies
of the Information Society collaborative creation and network behavior-. A simple mathematical
model shows that it is not sanctioning the new social behaviors regarding intellectual creation that it
shall be promoted.
Resumen. Los Derechos Intelectuales constituyen sin duda uno de los principales pilares de la
organizacin jurdica de los Estados. La modernidad industrial encontr, en sus principios
individualistas, los fundamentos ideolgicos y soportes tcnicos necesarios para establecer a los
derechos de propiedad intelectual (PI) como elementos estructurales de los complejos sistemas
jurdicos de los Estados en s mismos y los que constituyen el sistema de relacionamiento de los
Estados entre s. Desde fines del siglo XIX, las normas positivas referidas a la PI fueron
construyendo un significativo entramado nacional e internacional que adems de tener incidencia
directa en los sistemas econmicos, aportaron al sistema social y poltico elementos que permitieron
el desarrollo de funciones y dinmicas acordes a los principios liberales-capitalistas del siglo XX,
los que devenidos en feroz neoliberalismo, llevaron luego a la profundizacin del direccionamiento
del sistema de protecciones en favor del mercado, en demrito de los creadores.
Sin embargo, la Sociedad de la Informacin y las formas de integracin de las Tecnologas de la
Informacin y Comunicaciones en los comportamientos sociales (Internet, por ejemplo), ha
permitido que desde el sistema social se generen prcticas y comportamientos, ya no individualistas
y excluyentes, sino colaborativos, de creacin conjunta, sucesiva y, a veces, annima de obras,
nuevas formas de reproduccin y copia que, superando las previsibilidades y posibilidades
normativas actuales, ponen en crisis los paradigmas de la Propiedad Intelectual.
Ante esta realidad, las ms de las veces, la reaccin de los operadores del sistema jurdico se orienta
a sancionar los nuevos comportamientos de los creadores y usuarios, aprobando normas
crecientemente draconianas, que son prolija y sistemticamente eludidas por los usuarios.
Un sencillo modelo matemtico permite exponer cmo las estrategias colaborativas tienden a
ofrecer mejores resultados que las de lisa y llana competicin entre actores. De ello se deriva, no
slo la inutilidad de la persecucin de los comportamientos sociales que se corresponden con el
estado de desarrollo de las tecnologas sino, y sustancialmente, la emergencia de consecuencias
inesperadas y no virtuosas de los regmenes destinados a mantener el status quo.




56

La expresin de la voluntad en la Argentina del Cdigo Unificado
Ernesto Liceda
GECSI FCJyS - UNLP
Abstract. The paper analyses the existing rules regarding signature and prospects complex
scenarios in case the Project of Civil and Commercial Code is approved as it is, since there shall
coexist two regimes, that of the Digital Signature, rigid and not technologically neutral and the
proposed in the project, flexible and neutral.

Resumen. No muchos institutos tienen tal relevancia para el derecho, en todas sus ramas, como la
firma. Esta clsica forma de manifestacin de la voluntad de las personas encuentra tratamiento en
diversas normas, que van desde los cdigos hasta las resoluciones municipales. Ese amplio
tratamiento ha dado lugar a situaciones disvaliosas para el derecho, algunas de las cuales sern
planteadas en este trabajo.
Primeramente debemos decir que la norma principal en lo relativo a la firma es el cdigo civil que
establece tanto qu se va a entender por firma olgrafa como muchas de las consecuencias
derivadas del acto de firmar. Este sistema que fue til y mantuvo la coherencia del sistema durante
casi 150 aos, result insuficiente para dar respuestas a las nuevas situaciones y exigencias de la
Sociedad de la Informacin. Visto ello por diferentes actores, tanto del sector pblico como del
privado, se pens en darle respuesta por medio la creacin de las llamadas firma electrnica y
firma digital a travs de la ley 25.506. Ello gener inmediatamente diversas inconsistencias en el
sistema, lo que se prest y presta a las ms variadas discusiones doctrinarias.
Las discusiones sobre el carcter de pblico o privado de los documentos firmados digitalmente
entre particulares y la creacin del delito de abuso de firma digital en blanco son pruebas de la
extensin y las diversas caractersticas que asumen estas inconsistencias.
Pero ello no obsta a que se generen nuevas y, an ms complejas, situaciones puesto que con la
regulacin de la firma que aparece en el Proyecto de Cdigo Civil y Comercial, sin la previa
derogacin de la ley de firma digital y sus derivados, se generen nuevas y, an ms complejas,
situaciones puesto que con la regulacin de la firma que aparece en el Proyecto (arts. 286 y 288),
sin la previa derogacin de la ley de firma digital y sus derivados, nos encontraremos con que en
los documentos electrnicos, en tanto se utilice un mtodo que asegure razonablemente la autora e
inalterabilidad del instrumento, podr ser entendida como firma casi cualquier forma que permita
acreditar la manifestacin de la voluntad de una persona, salvo que se quiera utilizar la firma digital,
en cuyo caso tendremos que estar a lo dispuesto por la ley 25506. Pero nada se dice de la forma en
que se manifiesta la voluntad o el consentimiento por medios electrnicos donde las personas no
quieran utilizar una firma digital.




57
Monitoring Public Policies and Legal Complexity: the case of media
pluralism
Noem Olivera
1
, Araceli Proto
1-2

1
GECSI-FCJyS-UNLP
1-2
LSC-FI.UBA; GIDyCSI-UNLA

A Public Policy (PP) can be defined as a government action directed to steer some class of
issues in a coherent way. For this purpose, in general, some laws are sanctioned, according
with the constitutional law of each country. Besides, and as a complement, further
regulations are enacted in the frame of those laws spirit. Leading a public policy to a
successful result is a complex process as it involves individuals, government and, in most
cases, companies. As it was extensively analyzed nowadays, PP should be implemented in
and for a new society, the Information Society (IS). For this reason, the interaction among
the actors involved in the PP becomes faster and more intensive, making evident the
complexity of the process. Moreover, a considerable amount of individuals and interest
groups fluctuate between competition and collaboration to influence the actions and
instruments implemented by the policymakers aiming to guide such PP to success.
In the present contribution we describe, using a nonlinear Multi Agent System model
(MAS) different possible scenarios in some generic PP implementation. To do so,
individuals (receptors of the PP), associations, policymakers, companies (if involved),
instruments or regulations, budgets are considered as interacting agents which can be in a
cooperative or competitive (non collaborative) position. Through numerical simulations,
the MAS dynamics gives rise to different final horizons, which could be or could not be
positive. As an extreme final scenario, we can say, just using common sense, that if no
budget is available, the PP shall fail. From this extreme case, several different scenarios
might appear, according with the different degrees of collaboration among actors/agents. If
all the actors/agents are in collaborative position with the same strength, the evolution of
the PP will be successful and smooth. Defections in collaboration of some actors/agents
induce instabilities in the temporal evolution of the PP implementation, and in order to
arrive to a harmonious ending, other actors should increase their collaborative attitude.
Considering Media Pluralism a PP at European level
3
, and the Media Pluralism Monitor
(MPM)
4
developed in the frame of the Independent Study on Indicators for Media

3
See, for instance, Council of Europe, Recommendation Rec (2007)2 on media pluralism and diversity of
media content, 31 January 2007; Council of Europe, Recommendation No. R (99) on measures to promote
media Pluralism, 19 January 1999.
4
Independent Study on Indicators for Media Pluralism in the Member States Towards a Risk-Based
Approach. Prepared for the European Commission Directorate-General Information Society and Media



58
Pluralism in the Member States Towards a Risk-Based Approach an starting point for
our analysis, we have selected some of the risks for MP that that study lists in the described
Basic Domain (fundamental rights and freedoms relevant to media pluralism -freedom of
expression and the right to information-, and effective and independent supervision) so as
to model the evolution of the scenario. Our purpose is to develop a tool that provides ex
ante signs of alert about defections in collaboration in one or more of the agents involved.

SMART 007A 2007-0002 by K.U.Leuven ICRI (lead contractor), Jnkping International Business School
MMTC, Central European University CMCS, Ernst & Young Consultancy Belgium. Final Report,
Contract No.: 30-CE-0154276/00-76, Leuven, July 2009




59
Modeling Legal Complexity
A.N. Proto
1, 2,3
, Noemi Olivera
2

1
Laboratorio de Sistemas Complejos
Facultad de Ingeniera, Universidad de Buenos Aires
2
GECSI-UNLP
3
GIDyCSI-UNLA

aproto@unla.edu.ar/ nolivera@jursoc.unlp.edu.ar

To understand the Information Society (IS) behavior, the use of complexity sciences techniques
is required, as it is clearly recommended by the Global Science Forum OCDE, Applications of
Complexity Science for Public Policy new tools for finding unanticipated consequences and
unrealized opportunitieshttp://www.oecd.org/dataoecd/44/41/43891980.pdf. In the near future,
societal developments will be more and more dependent on having theoretical models able to
describe the decision making mechanisms. The acceptance that the IS works as a complex system
(1-3) is then a crucial point, as well as to develop tools for evaluation and prospecting of the
complex dynamics of the IS in all the areas involved in the development of the societies. The Legal
system is one of the stone corners of a society which is, itself, a complex system, giving rise to the
Legal Complexity notion. The law makers need to find the more adequate instruments to rule the
IS. In this contribution we present three different examples of models that can describe different
social situations related with legal instruments. These models, based on those developed for
mathematical-physics problems should allow to qualify the different scenarios in which the legal
system is involved. We briefly describe classical, quantum and semi-quantum models and its
applications to the Legal Complexity problem which resume our work in this area.

1) Bar-Yam, Y. Dynamics of Complex Systems, Addison Wesley, 1997
2) Noem L. OliveraAraceli N. Proto, and Marcel Ausloos , Modeling the Information Society as a
Complex System, NTTS Conference 18-20 February, 2009, Brussels Belgium, http://www.wbc-
inco.net/object/calendar/15832.html,
3) Noem L. Olivera and Araceli N. Proto Information Society: The problem of LAW in terms of the
'Legal Complexity' notion, IADIS Conference on e-Society, 25-28 February, 2009, Barcelona,
Spain., http://www.gurteen.com/gurteen/gurteen.nsf/id/S963434/
4) Decision making under stress: a Quantum Model approach, C.M. Sarris, A. N. Adv. & Appl. Stat.
Sci. Volume 2, Issue 2, 2010, Pages 359-373 ISSN - 0974-6811
5) Dissipative SU(2) Semiquantum Non-linear Hamiltonian for Decision Making, , C.M. Sarris, A. N.
Proto, Adv. & Appl. Stat. Sci. Vol 6, N6 pags.314-355
6) Quantum decision making, legal complexity and social behavior, Claudia Sarris, NoemOlivera and
Araceli Proto, Multicriteria and Multiagent Decision Making with Applications to Economic and
Social Sciences Eds. A. G. S. Ventre, A. Maturo, S. Hoskova-Mayerova and J. Kacprzyk, Editors,
Springer, In Press




60
Redes y teletrabajo: perspectivas diversas para un proceso en marcha

Claudia Tello
GECSI-FCJyS y Facultad de Trabajo Social, UNLP

Abstract. The paper analyses Telework as a complex phenomenon, in the frame of society of
control that in Argentina has not yet been regulated and explores the kind of rules that are required
to turn it into a socially valuable.

Resumen. En el marco de una era signada por procesos globalizadores, se identifica a partir de
metforas los modos en que se desarrolla la concentracin de capital con la idea de fbrica
globalque permite que las corporaciones utilicen la combinacin ms beneficiosa entre mano de
obra barata, menor presin impositiva, menores estndares nacionales en condiciones de trabajo,
salud y ambiente y acceso a recursos naturales y servicios, y el network financiero global en el que
confluyen lasredes de bancos, los inversionistas y los agentes de bolsa en los procesos de
acumulacin de la industria privada y en relacin a los gobiernos que adoptan las lgicas del sector
financiero o sufren sus presiones.
Estos aspectos impactan en la vida cotidiana de todas las personas del planeta y en todos los pases
de manera diversa y desigual. Algunos asumen roles protagnicos y decisorios y otros sufren las
consecuencias de una organizacin poltica, econmica y social, que tiende a profundizar las
desigualdades entre clases y pases, como espectadores de un montaje ajeno. Podemos visualizar los
procesos operados en trminos de las relaciones Estado-capital-trabajo a travs de lo que Gilles
Deleuze explicita en su descripcin del pasaje hacia una sociedad de control. La relacin entre los
teletrabajadores y la empresa empleadora, el carcter flexible de esta actividad laboral nos lleva a
considerarla un signo de las nuevas pocas, en las cuales: No es necesaria la ciencia ficcin para
concebir un mecanismo de control que seale a cada instante la posicin de un elemento en un lugar
abierto, animal en una reserva, hombre en una empresa (collar electrnico)..." (Deleuze, 1999)
Para que el teletrabajo se posicione como una alternativa socialmente valiosa es necesario, en
primera instancia, prestar especial atencin a las condiciones legales y sociales en que se
desenvuelven las relaciones laborales para los teletrabajadores en relacin de dependencia, tanto
como evaluar que se requiere de acciones educativas planificadas para que los nios y jvenes
alcancen la capacidad de transformar informacin en conocimiento y de polticas pblicas e
instancias colectivas de participacin para promover el acceso mayoritario a los bienes tecnolgicos
y a condiciones de trabajo que respeten derechos adquiridos.
Es elocuente la complejidad y la tendencia de la modalidad laboral "teletrabajo" si tras muchos aos
de desarrollo no se ha conformado an una caracterizacin legal que la enmarque jurdicamente en
nuestro pas y slo se expresa en normativas circunscriptas a algunos convenios colectivos.
Nos interesa la perspectiva del teletrabajador en cuanto a quin puede formar parte de esta
modalidad de trabajo reconocida en la actualidad como flexible, qu condiciones deben cumplirse y
qu barreras deben sortearse para considerarse incluido. En consecuencia, merecen nuestra
atencin las condiciones de existencia de redes entre teletrabajadores de una misma o varias
empresas y de otras redes que, en nuestro pas tienen el propsito de "conformar un mbito propicio
para la cooperacin a nivel nacional y regional en torno al intercambio de aprendizajes,
investigaciones y buenas prcticas en Teletrabajo".