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Arandi, Anna Karenina M.

3BIO5
Tracking technology
(a) The GPS (Global Positioning System) is a "constellation" of 24 wells!aced satellites that or"it the
#arth and $a%e it !ossi"le for !eo!le with &ro'nd recei(ers to !in!oint their &eo&ra!hic location. The
location acc'rac) is an)where fro$ *++ to *+ $eters for $ost e,'i!$ent. Acc'rac) can "e !in!ointed
to within one (*) $eter with s!ecial $ilitar)a!!ro(ed e,'i!$ent. -./ e,'i!$ent is widel) 'sed in
science and has now "eco$e s'fficientl) lowcost so that al$ost an)one can own a -./ recei(er. The
-./ is "ein& 'sed in science to !ro(ide data that has ne(er "een a(aila"le "efore in the ,'antit) and
de&ree of acc'rac) that the -./ $a%es !ossi"le. /cientists are 'sin& the -./ to $eas're the $o(e$ent
of the arctic ice sheets, the #arth0s tectonic !lates, and (olcanic acti(it).
-./ recei(ers are "eco$in& cons'$er !rod'cts. In addition to their o'tdoor 'se (hi%in&, crossco'ntr)
s%iin&, "alloonin&, fl)in&, and sailin&), recei(ers can "e 'sed in cars to relate the dri(er0s location with
traffic and weather infor$ation.
(") Cell tower triangulation is si$ilar to -./ trac%in& in $an) wa)s. M'lti!le towers are 'sed to
trac% the !hone1s location ") $eas'rin& the ti$e dela) that a si&nal ta%es to ret'rn "ac% to the towers
fro$ the !hone. This dela) is then calc'lated into distance and &i(es a fairl) acc'rate location of the
!hone. 2etectin& which antenna of the tower the si&nal "o'nced off of can f'rther refine the location.
This &i(es a $ore s!ecific location when 'sed con&r'entl) with $'lti!le towers calc'lated ") $'lti!le
dishes on each tower. 3ell !hone co$!anies do this for a (ariet) of reasons incl'din& enhancin& the
a"ilit) of the #4** s)ste$. This s)ste$ was !'t in !lace for 4** o!erators to &et a location of where a
call fro$ a cell !hone is $ade fro$ so that if co$$'nication is lost, the o!erator wo'ld %now where to
dis!atch hel!. 3ell tower trian&'lation is also 'sed to !ro(ide the !hone with the "est ser(ice ") notin&
which tower it is closest to and 'sin& the$ to !ro(ide ser(ice. 3ell tower trian&'lation !ro(ides the
a"ilit) to trac% the historic location of the cell !hone1s !resence. It will then identif) where the cell
!hone was when recei(in&5$a%in& calls, te6tin&, e$ailin&, etc.
(c) Wi-Fi Positioning System (WPS) is a ter$ !ioneered ") /%)hoo% 7ireless to descri"e its 7i8i
"ased location s)ste$. It is now widel) ac%nowled&ed, howe(er, that -oo&le, A!!le, and (ario's
!hone $a%ers and carriers ha(e co$!iled their own (er) e6tensi(e data"ases of 7i8i access !oint
locations ") correlatin& 7i8i access !oints with -./ locations of cell !hone, s$art!hone, and in so$e
cases, ta"let co$!'ter 'sers. Anon)$o'sl) deter$inin& 'sers0 location in this wa) is !art of (irt'all)
e(er) cell !hone ter$sofser(ice a&ree$ent, tho'&h $ost !hones allow the 'ser to t'rn off location
ser(ices.
7./ $a) "e co$"ined with cell !hone tower trian&'lation and -./ to !ro(ide relia"le and acc'rate
!osition data 'nder a wide ran&e of conditions, incl'din& a$on& tall "'ildin&s and indoors, when -./
si&nals $a) "e wea% or inter$ittent.
9i$itations: 7./ does not wor% when o't of ran&e of 7i8i si&nals, and the 7i8i hots!ots data"ase
$'st "e constantl) '!dated to %ee! '! with 7i8i hots!ot chan&es.
/o'rces:
htt!:55search$o"ileco$!'tin&.techtar&et.co$5definition5-lo"al.ositionin&/)ste$
htt!:55www.iiiwe".net5forensicser(ices5cell!honetowertrian&'lation5
htt!:55&!s.a"o't.co$5od5&lossar)5&5wifi;!osition.ht$

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