Fsaas

Release 6: Revision 0
SACS
Seastate
Seastate
RELEASE 6
USERS MANUAL
ENGINEERING DYNAMICS, INC.
2113 38TH STREET
KENNER, LOUISIANA 70065
U.S.A.
No part of this document may be
reproduced in any form, in an
electronic retrieval system or
otherwise, without the prior
written permission of the publisher.
Copyright 2005 by
ENGINEERING DYNAMICS, INC.
Printed in U.S.A.
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
1.0 INTRODUCTION 1-1 .......................................................................................................................
1.1 OVERVIEW 1-1 .........................................................................................................................
1.2 PROGRAM FEATURES 1-1 ......................................................................................................
1.3 MEMBER LOADS CREATED BY SEASTATE 1-3 ................................................................
2.0 GENERAL SEASTATE DATA 2-1 .................................................................................................
2.1 SEASTATE OPTIONS 2-1 .........................................................................................................
2.1.1 Physical Parameters 2-1 .....................................................................................................
2.1.2 Analysis Function 2-1 ........................................................................................................
2.1.3 Output Reports 2-1 ............................................................................................................
2.1.4 Hydrostatic Check 2-2 .......................................................................................................
2.1.5 Miscellaneous 2-2 ..............................................................................................................
2.2 USING A SEPARATE SEASTATE INPUT FILE 2-2 ..............................................................
2.2.1 Location oI Loading 2-2 ....................................................................................................
2.2.2 Selecting Load Cases 2-2 ...................................................................................................
2.2.3 Factoring Load Cases 2-3 ..................................................................................................
2.2.4 Allowable Stress/Material Factor 2-4 ................................................................................
2.2.5 Load Combinations 2-4 .....................................................................................................
2.3 PROPERTY OVERRIDES 2-4 ...................................................................................................
2.3.1 Overriding Beam Element Properties 2-4 ..........................................................................
2.3.1.1 Marine Growth and Reynold`s Number 2-5 ............................................................
2.3.1.2 Flood Condition 2-5 .................................................................................................
2.3.1.3 Weight and Buoyancy 2-5 ........................................................................................
2.3.1.4 Dimensions Ior Force 2-6 .........................................................................................
2.3.1.5 Drag and Mass CoeIIicients 2-6 ...............................................................................
2.3.2 Overriding Plate Element Properties 2-6 ...........................................................................
2.3.2.1 Weight 2-7 ................................................................................................................
2.4 WIND AREAS 2-7 ......................................................................................................................
2.5 WIND SHIELD ZONES 2-8 .......................................................................................................
2.6 SUBMERGED BODIES 2-9 ......................................................................................................
2.7 NON-STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS 2-10 ....................................................................................
2.7.1 Dummy Sub-Structures 2-10 ...............................................................................................
2.7.2 Appurtenance Structures 2-11 .............................................................................................
2.7.3 Alternate Method 2-11 .........................................................................................................
2.8 ELEMENT LOAD REPORTS 2-11 .............................................................................................
2.9 STRUCTURAL LOADING 2-12 .................................................................................................
2.9.1 Structural Masses 2-12 ........................................................................................................
2.9.1.1 Inertial Weight 2-12 ...................................................................................................
2.9.1.2 Weight Vertical Location 2-13 ...................................................................................
2.9.1.3 SurIace Weight 2-13 ...................................................................................................
2.9.1.4 Structural Weight Footprint 2-14 ...............................................................................
2.9.1.5 Joint Weight 2-15 .......................................................................................................
2.9.1.6 Member Weight 2-16 .................................................................................................
2.9.1.7 Non-Structural Weight 2-17 .......................................................................................
2.9.1.8 Weight Combinations 2-17 ........................................................................................
2.9.1.9 Dynamic Mass Selection 2-18 ....................................................................................
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2.9.2 Direct Load Determination 2-18 ..........................................................................................
2.9.2.1 Weight Inclusion In Loading 2-18 .............................................................................
2.9.2.2 Inertia Load Center Location 2-19 .............................................................................
2.9.2.3 Applied Structure Acceleration 2-19 ..........................................................................
2.9.2.4 Response Amplitude Operators 2-20 .........................................................................
2.9.2.5 Space Forces and Moments 2-21 ...............................................................................
2.9.2.6 Moving Load 2-21 ......................................................................................................
3.0 HYDRO STATIC/DYNAMIC DATA 3-1 ........................................................................................
3.1 FLOOD CONDITION 3-1 ..........................................................................................................
3.1.1 DeIault Flood Condition 3-1 ..............................................................................................
3.1.2 SpeciIying Flood Condition in the Model 3-1 ...................................................................
3.1.3 Overriding Flood Condition 3-1 ........................................................................................
3.2 MARINE GROWTH 3-2 ............................................................................................................
3.2.1 DeIining Marine Growth 3-2 .............................................................................................
3.2.2 Applying Marine Growth to a Member 3-2 .......................................................................
3.3 DRAG AND MASS COEFFICIENTS 3-3 .................................................................................
3.3.1 DeIining DeIault CoeIIicients 3-3 .....................................................................................
3.3.2 Reynold`s Number Dependent Cd 3-4 ..............................................................................
3.3.3 Overriding CoeIIicients 3-4 ...............................................................................................
3.4 HYDRODYNAMIC MODELING 3-5 .......................................................................................
4.0 CREATING ENVIRONMENTAL LOADS 4-1 ...............................................................................
4.1 MEMBER LOAD AXIS 4-1 .......................................................................................................
4.2 ENVIRONMENTAL LOAD FACTORS 4-1 .............................................................................
4.3 WAVE LOAD 4-1 ......................................................................................................................
4.3.1 Wave Theory 4-1 ...............................................................................................................
4.3.1.1 User DeIined Waves 4-2 ..........................................................................................
4.3.2 Wave Characteristics 4-3 ...................................................................................................
4.3.3 Critical Crest Position 4-3 .................................................................................................
4.3.4 Overriding Water Depth and Mudline Elevation 4-4 ........................................................
4.3.5 Wave Kinematics or Spreading Factor 4-4 ........................................................................
4.3.6 Member Distributed Load Segments 4-4 ...........................................................................
4.3.7 Wave Output Print Option 4-5 ...........................................................................................
4.4 CURRENT LOAD 4-5 ................................................................................................................
4.4.1 Current Velocity ProIile 4-6 ..............................................................................................
4.4.2 Current ProIile Stretching/Compressing 4-6 .....................................................................
4.4.3 Current Blockage Factor 4-7 .............................................................................................
4.4.4 Apparent Wave Period 4-7 ................................................................................................
4.4.5 Overriding Mudline Elevation 4-8 .....................................................................................
4.4.6 Minimum In-line Current 4-8 ............................................................................................
4.5 GRAVITY AND BUOYANCY LOAD 4-8 ...............................................................................
4.5.1 Overriding Buoyancy Parameters 4-9 ................................................................................
4.6 WIND LOAD 4-10 ........................................................................................................................
4.6.1 Wind Characteristics 4-10 ...................................................................................................
4.6.2 Wind Height Variation 4-11 ................................................................................................
4.6.3 Overriding Water Depth 4-12 ..............................................................................................
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4.6.4 Loading Wind Areas 4-12 ...................................................................................................
4.7 SUBMERGED BODY DRAG LOAD 4-12 .................................................................................
4.8 MUD FLOW LOAD 4-13 .............................................................................................................
4.9 REPEATING A LOAD CASE 4-14 .............................................................................................
4.10 API RP2A-WSD 20TH EDITION CONSIDERATIONS 4-14 ..................................................
5.0 GENERATING TRANSFER FUNCTION LOADS 5-1 ..................................................................
5.1 SPECIFYING TRANSFER FUNCTION WAVE DATA 5-1 ....................................................
5.1.1 Critical Wave Crest Positions 5-1 ......................................................................................
5.1.1.1 Dynamic Analysis 5-2 ..............................................................................................
5.1.1.2 Static Analysis 5-2 ...................................................................................................
5.1.2 Creating Global TransIer Function Plots 5-2 .....................................................................
5.1.2.1 Dynamic Analysis 5-2 ..............................................................................................
5.1.2.2 Static Analysis 5-3 ...................................................................................................
6.0 SEASTATE INPUT FILE 6-1 ...........................................................................................................
6.1 INPUT FILE SETUP 6-1 ............................................................................................................
6.2 USER DEFINED WAVE INPUT 6-143 ........................................................................................
7.0 COMMENTARY 7-1 ........................................................................................................................
7.1 WAVE GENERATION 7-1 ........................................................................................................
7.2 AIRY WAVE THEORY 7-3 .......................................................................................................
7.3 STOKES` WAVE THEORY 7-4 ................................................................................................
7.4 STREAM FUNCTION THEORY 7-4 ........................................................................................
7.5 CNOIDAL AND SOLITARY WAVE THEORIES 7-6 .............................................................
7.6 MEMBER FORCES FROM WAVES AND CURRENT 7-6 ....................................................
7.7 BUOYANCY 7-9 ........................................................................................................................
7.8 FORCES DUE TO MUD FLOW 7-11 .........................................................................................
7.9 API RP2A-WSD 20TH EDITION WAVE DETERMINATION 7-12 .........................................
7.9.1 Apparent Wave Period 7-12 ................................................................................................
7.9.2 Current Blockage 7-12 .........................................................................................................
7.9.3 Current ProIile Stretching or Compressing 7-12 .................................................................
7.9.4 CoeIIicient oI Drag and Mass 7-13 ......................................................................................
8.0 SAMPLE PROBLEMS 8-1 ...............................................................................................................
8.1 SAMPLE PROBLEM 1 8-2 ........................................................................................................
8.2 SAMPLE PROBLEM 2 8-11 ........................................................................................................
8.3 SAMPLE PROBLEM 3 8-19 ........................................................................................................
8.4 SAMPLE PROBLEM 4 8-21 ........................................................................................................
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SECTION 1
INTRODUCTION
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Seastate
1-1
1.0 INTRODUCTION
1.1 OVERVIEW
Seastate is an automatic environmental load generating program within the SACS suite
of programs. With it the user can generate environmental loads on the structure resulting
from wind, waves, current, mud flow, gravity, and buoyancy.
1.2 PROGRAM FEATURES
Seastate is designed to produce input data for SACS IV for static analysis, Dynpac for
dynamic characteristic analysis or Dynamic Response and Wave Response for dynamic
analysis.
Seastate input may be specified in a file containing only Seastate data or may be
specified in the model file directly.
Some of the main features and capabilities of Seastate are:
1. Wave velocity and acceleration fields can be generated based on either Airy,
Stokes Fifth Order, Stream Function, Cnoidal, or Solitary wave theories.
2. The velocities and accelerations are generated at points of an automatically
generated grid which is more closely spaced near the surface than near the
mudline. Thus greater accuracy is assured where the water particle motions are
greatest, while computer usage is minimized by avoiding undue refinement
where the motion is not significant.
3. The user may input velocities and accelerations at his own grid points. This may
be useful for, among other reasons, determining structural loads from empirically
determined wave data.
4. The user may input drag and inertia pressure data on a grid in lieu of
corresponding velocities and accelerations.
5. Current may be included in a direction different from that of the wave.
6. Current, by default is included in the Stream Function wave generation, and not
simply superposed on a generated velocity field. The user may however remove
current from the wave generation and superimpose it on the generated velocity
field.
7. Wind may be specified in a direction different from that of the wave or current
and may be uniform or vary with height according to American Bureau of
Shipping, API or Australian AS1170 recommendations.
8. The effects of waves and current on submerged bodies other that structural
elements can be included.
9. The effects of marine growth fouling of structural members can be automatically
included.
10. GRUP and MEMBER override options are available which, among other things,
offer the user great flexibility for modeling the behavior of conductors in the
flow field, excluding piles from receiving wave and current loads, and excluding
wishbones from all loads.
11. Drag and inertia coefficients may be specified as variable with diameter and with
Reynolds number.
12. Structural loads due to gravity and buoyancy may be included.
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13. Gravity can act in an arbitrary direction.
14. Buoyancy may be included based on the marine method where a submerged
member weight is calculated or the rational method founded on first principles
of mechanics.
15. Structural loads due to mud flow may be included either in isolation or
conjunction with the other environmental loads. The direction of the mud flow
can be different from that of the wave.
16. The mud flow can have a vertical component for modeling down-hill or up-hill
flow.
17. Loads are generated on the structure for incremental positions as the wave passes
through the structure. The loads corresponding to one particular wave position
for static analysis or various wave positions for steady state analysis are than
passed to SACS IV. The user may specify the criteria for critical wave position
as that which produces the maximum or minimum value of overturning moment,
base shear, or vertical force.
18. Nonlinearly varying distributed loads may be accurately modeled. The program
automatically divides the member into the minimum number of segments
required for a piecewise linear representation to fit the load curve within a small
tolerance.
19. For a given load case the loads produced by the effects of waves, wind, current,
dead weight, buoyancy, and mud flow are combined, thus minimizing the size of
the structural data file.
20. Load cases can be combined and passed to SACS IV as a single basic load case.
21. Allows specification of elevations to be wind loaded or elevations not to be wind
loaded.
22. Base shear and overturning moment transfer function plots can be generated
automatically within Seastate.
23. Non-structural elements, or elements that receive environmental loading but do
not contribute to the stiffness of the structure (i.e. boat landings, risers etc.) can
be modeled.
24. Complete API RP2A-WSD 20th Edition design load generation capability,
including the following features:
a. Wave Kinematics or directional spreading factor.
b. Automatic apparent wave period determination or specified by user.
c. Stream Function solutions for up to 21st order.
d. Current blocking factor determined automatically or user specified.
e. Automatic current profile stretching feature including linear and nonlinear
stretching and constant current in crest.
f. Minimum incline current can be specified.
g. Simplified constant C
d
and C
m
or values calculated by the program based on
surface roughness and wake encounter effects.
h. User specified shielding factor for conductor arrays.
25. When specifying Seastate data in a Seastate input file, program can use loading
specified in the Seastate input file, the model file or in both files.
26. Allows generation of wind loads based on member properties and/or wind areas.
Also includes the ability to specify that wind load is to be generated for wind
areas only.
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Seastate
1-3
1.3 MEMBER LOADS CREATED BY SEASTATE
The Seastate program generates distributed loads on members from wave, current, wind,
dead weight, buoyancy, and mudflow loading conditions. These loads are output from
the program in the format used by the SACS IV program Member Distributed Loads
Input Line and Joint Loads Input Line.
Since the SACS IV program only accepts distributed member loads in the form of linear
load variation along the member length, the Seastate Program has the task of
representing environmental loads which have a curved or nonlinear distribution by a
series of linear varying load segments. The curve fitting used by Seastate is
accomplished as follows:
a. Velocity and acceleration values are calculated for each end of the member
and a linear variation is assumed between the ends.
b. The velocity and acceleration values at the member center are calculated and
compared to the values predicted by the linear variation from step (a). If
either is more than 5.0% different from the linear distribution then the
member is segmented to include the center point of the member. The
member would now have two linear load segments, one from the left end to
the center of the member and one from the center to the right end of the
member.
c. The program will then check the center points of each new segment to
determine if the linear variation represents the true condition within the
tolerance of 5%. This procedure will continue to segment the member until
the 5% criterion is met or until the maximum number of segments specified
by the user is reached (maximum allowed is 10 which is also the default
value).
d. If the midpoint velocity or acceleration differs from the linear variation
values by 0.3, feet per second or feet per sec
2
respectively, the member will
not be segmented even though the variation might by more than 5%.
e. All distributed load values less than .0001 kips per feet are discarded as
insignificant.
The main advantage of this technique is the program will segment each member
according to its load distribution. The load segments are not constrained to be equal in
length and each member is segmented differently for each load condition.
For the special case of segmented members, members whose cross sectional properties
change along the length of the member, the load segments are initially divided into
lengths corresponding to each segment of the segmented member. Then the procedures
described above are used for each segment.
After distributed loads are generated by Seastate for wind, wave, current, dead weight,
buoyancy, and mudflow the program collects and combines the various loads
components so that the number of load input lines produced by Seastate is reduced to a
minimum. This reduces the size of the output file and saves processing time in
subsequent analyses.
In addition to the above curve fitting techniques each member is categorized for each
load case with respect to its location as follows:
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1. Below the permanent mudline - only dead load is considered with no
buoyancy.
2. Above the permanent mudline and below the top of the mudflow, if any,
dead load and mudflow forces are considered with no buoyancy.
3. Above the mudline (permanent or mudflow) and below the mean water line
but not in the wave trough - ALL loads are considered with exception of
wind.
4. Above the mudline, below the mean water line, and in the wave trough -
Wind loads and dead loads are considered including the weight of any
entrapped fluid for flooded members. This assumes that any flooded member
will not have time to drain while in the wave trough.
5. Above the mean water line and in the wave crest - Wave, current, and dead
loads are calculated where the current velocity is assumed to be equal to the
mean water line value throughout the wave crest. Buoyancy is calculated
using non-flooded conditions with the assumption that even if the member is
designated as flooded, there is insufficient time during which the member is
in the crest to actually flood the member.
6. Above the mean water line and not in the wave crest - Wind and dead loads
only are calculated.
If members lie within more than one of the above categories, the program will segment
those members for load generation to correspond with the categories in which they lie.
For instance, if members lie partially in the wave crest (Category 5) and partially above
the water surface (Category 6), the members will be segmented initially before load
generation so that the water surface relative to the members is represented accurately.
Then the above procedure for curve fitting will be used for each category segment of
those members.
Note: Average Joint Thickness is used to modify Seastate generated
loads, but does not modify user input loads.
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Seastate
SECTION 2
GENERAL SEASTATE DATA
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2-1
2.0 GENERAL SEASTATE DATA
2.1 SEASTATE OPTIONS
Seastate options are specified on the LDOPT line. The LDOPT line should be the first
line of the Seastate input file or the first line of the model file if Seastate input is
specified directly in the model.
2.1.1 Physical Parameters
The physical parameters such as the vertical coordinate, density of water, default
material density, mudline elevation and water depth are entered in columns 15-16, 17-24,
25-32, 33-40 and 41-48, respectively.
Units are specified as EN for English, MN for metric kilonewton force or ME for
metric kilogram force in columns 53-54.
The following designates +Z vertical coordinate, English units, mudline elevation -100
and water depth of 100. Default values are used for all other parameters.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
12345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890
LDOPT +Z -100. 100. EN
2.1.2 Analysis Function
By default, the Seastate program generates loading for a static analysis with all loading
summed. The program however, may be used for various functions. The analysis
function is designated in columns 56-58 as follows:
blank - Generate loading and hydrostatic properties for static analysis.
DYM - Generate hydrodynamic properties for Dynpac modal extraction.
DYN - Generate hydrodynamic properties and dynamic loading data used by
Wave Response (excludes any static load data).
DYW - Generate hydrodynamic properties and dynamic loading data used by
Wave Response in addition to generating any static loading.
WIN - Generate data for spectral wind analysis.
SUM - Sum user defined loading.
NSM - Sum only Seastate generated loading.
TRN - Generate static base shear and overturing moment transfer function
plots.
TRL - Generate static base shear and overturing moment transfer function plots
and loading.
2.1.3 Output Reports
By default, a copy of the model file is included in the listing file along with all Seastate
operating data. Enter NP in columns 71-72 and columns 73-74, respectively, to
eliminate these reports.
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Enter IN in columns 9-10 to echo the input data. If the generated output structural data
file is to be included in the output listing file, enter OP in columns 11-12. A member
data summary report may be requested by MPT in columns 68-67.
Enter K in column 79 to eliminate submerged area warning messages from the output
reports.
The following designates that the model file and operating data are not to be included in
the output listing.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
12345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890
LDOPT +Z -100. 100. EN NPNP
2.1.4 Hydrostatic Check
Enter HYD in columns 59-61 if a full hydrostatic check is to be performed by the Post
program. The Post program will provide actual member stresses due to axial forces,
bending and hoop loading.
2.1.5 Miscellaneous
When load combinations are specified, the program can convert combinations into basic
load cases in the output structural data file. Enter CMB in columns 65-67 to pass
combinations as basic load cases.
Enter SF in columns 7-8 if an output structural data file is to be generated even if errors
occur.
2.2 USING A SEPARATE SEASTATE INPUT FILE
Seastate input may be specified within the SACS model file or in a separate input file.
When specifying Seastate input information in a separate file, the FILE input line must
be specified in the Seastate input file.
2.2.1 Location of Loading
Loading information may be used from the Seastate input file, the model file or from
both files by specifying S, J or B, respectively in column 6 on the FILE line. For
example, the following specifies that only loading specified in the Seastate input file is to
be considered.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
12345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890
LDOPT +Z -100. 100. EN
FILE S
2.2.2 Selecting Load Cases
When specifying Seastate data using a separate input file, load case selection data may
be specified in the Seastate input file using the LCSEL line.
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For a particular analysis type, results only for load cases specified for that type are
reported.
Specify load cases in columns 17-75 and the analysis type to which the list of load cases
pertain in columns 7-8 as follows:
ST - Standard static analysis and/or PSI analysis
DY- Convert to mass for Dynpac analysis
PD - Designates gravity load used to determine P-Delta effects for second order
analysis and/or moment magnifiers for concrete elements in first order
analysis.
Leave function blank if the load cases listed are to be used for standard ST and
dynamic DY functions.
For example, the following lines designate that load cases GRAV, ST01 and ST02
are to be used for standard analyses, while load cases BOAT and MISC are to be
converted to mass when running Dynpac.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
12345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890
LCSEL ST GRAV ST01 ST02
LCSEL DY MISC BOAT
FILE B
Note: The LCSEL line must appear prior to the FILE line. Also, more than
one LCSEL line may be used. If no LCSEL line is specified, all
load cases are used for standard analysis.
2.2.3 Factoring Load Cases
Load cases may be factored for particular types of analyses using the LCFAC line.
Specify load cases in columns 17-75, the factor to be applied in columns 11-16 and the
analysis type to which the load factor pertains in columns 7-8 as follows:
ST - Standard static analysis and/or PSI analysis
DY- Convert to mass for Dynpac analysis
Leave function blank if the load cases listed are to be used for standard ST and
dynamic DY functions.
For example, the following lines designate that load cases BOAT and MISC are to be
factored by 0.5 when converted to mass for Dynpac.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
12345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890
LCSEL DY MISC BOAT
LCAFC DY 0.5 MISC BOAT
FILE B
Note: The LCFAC line must appear prior to the FILE line. Also, more than
one LCFAC line may be used. When load case factors are specified,
the load case is factored before being applied to any load
combinations.
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2.2.4 Allowable Stress/Material Factor
For API/AISC working stress analysis, the calculated allowable stresses for a load case
(or load combination) can be modified by specifying the load case name and the
appropriate allowable stress factor on the AMOD line.
For NPD analysis, the material factor used for all load cases is specified using the
AMOD line. Only one material factor may be specified and it must be designated for
load case 1, although it will be used for all load cases.
Note: The AMOD line must appear prior to the FILE line.
2.2.5 Load Combinations
Load combinations may be defined in the Seastate input file using the LCOMB line.
Load combinations must appear after all basic load cases are defined.
Enter the load combination name in columns 7-10. For each load case coponent of the
combination, enter the load case name and the factor.
The following defines combination S180 consisting of 110% of load case DEAD and
100% of load case MISC and 100% of W180:
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
12345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890
LCOMB
LCOMB S180 DEAD 1.1 MISC 1.0 W180 1.0
Note: When using a separate input file for Seastate data, only load
combinations defined in the Seastate input file are used. Any
combinations specified in the model file are ignored.
2.3 PROPERTY OVERRIDES
A number of options are available for modifying the properties of a member, group of
members or group of plates for the purpose of generating loads and hydrodynamic
properties without changing its structural properties.
The override feature offer the user the ability to model the structure more accurately. For
example, by default, environmental loads are generated on piles located inside of
ungrouted jacket legs. However, by using hydrodynamic overrides, the user can change
the hydrodynamic properties such that the loads created on the piles inside of the legs
will be negligible.
2.3.1 Overriding Beam Element Properties
The MEMOV input line is used to override properties of an individual member while the
GRPOV input line may be used to override all members assigned to the property group
specified. When specifying group overrides for a segmented group, a group override
input line for each segment must be specified while one member override input line
overrides each segment of a segmented element. If member overrides are needed for
more than one segment of a member, then multiple MEMOV input lines must be
specified. In general the last MEMOV input line supplies the member overrides for all
remaining segments of the member. For example, if a member has three segments and
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one MEMOV input line is given, this input line overrides the properties for all three
segments. If the same member has two MEMOV input lines given, the second member
override supplies the overrides for segments two and three.
Member and group overrides may be applied globally to all load cases by specifying
override information prior to the LOAD header input line, or locally to a specific load
case by specifying the input line within the load case data of the desired load condition.
The following is the hierarchy when multiple override features apply to a beam element:
1. Member override data specified for the current load case transcends:
2. Group override data specified for the current load case, which transcends:
3. Member override data specified for all load cases, which transcends:
4. Group override data specified for all load cases.
The following override capabilities may be applied to a particular member on the
MEMOV input line, or to groups of members on the GRPOV input line.
Note: A blank in any override field is interpreted as no override. When
a zero is entered for any hydrodynamic parameter, the program
interprets it as a blank, which causes the parameter to default to
the original value.
2.3.1.1 Marine Growth and Reynolds Number
Marine growth and Reynolds number dependency may be modified in column 19 as
follows:
N No marine growth
R No Reynolds number dependence
B No marine growth or Reynolds number dependence
G Apply marine growth and Reynolds number dependence
A Apply marine growth and use alternate Reynolds table
2.3.1.2 Flood Condition
Flood condition may be overridden by specifying either N or F in column 20.
2.3.1.3 Weight and Buoyancy
The material weight density override is designated in columns 21-26.
The cross section area used to calculate weight and buoyancy of the material may be
overridden in columns 27-33. Displaced area used to calculate buoyancy of non-flooded
members may be overridden in columns 34-40.
The following designates that the cross section area of member 101-102 and group PL1
is 0.001.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
12345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890
GRPOV PL1 0.001
MEMOV 101 102 0.001
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2.3.1.4 Dimensions for Force
By default the actual member dimension is used when generating force. The diameter or
depth dimension used to calculate environmental forces in the member local Y and Z
directions may be modified in columns 41-46 and 47-52, respectively.
The following override sets the dimension for force to 0.001 for member 101-102 and
group PL1 so that they receive no environmental loading.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
12345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890
GRPOV PL1 0.001 0.001
MEMOV 101 102 F 0.001 0.001
Note: Because member dimension overrides are used only when generating
loading and are not passed to SACS IV or other programs, the
structural properties of the element(s) are unaffected.
2.3.1.5 Drag and Mass Coefficients
The normal and tangential coefficients of drag and/or mass used to calculate force in the
member local Y and Z directions may be overridden in columns 53-76. The coefficient
specified is applied to the member/group regardless of whether it is clean or fouled.
Note: When C
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overrides are specified on the MEMOV and/or GRPOV
input line, the values of C
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are set to the specified
values regardless of the values determined by the program. On the
other hand, the values calculated by Seastate can be factored by
the value specified by selecting the factored option in column 77
on the MEMOV and/or GRPOV input line.
2.3.2 Overriding Plate Element Properties
The PGROV input line is used to override properties of all plates assigned to the
property group specified.
Plate group overrides may be applied globally to all load cases by specifying override
information prior to the LOAD header input line, or locally to a specific load case by
specifying the input line within the load case data of the desired load condition.
The following is the hierarchy when multiple override features apply to a plate element:
1. Plate group override data specified for the current load case, which
transcends:
2. Plate group override data specified for all load cases.
The following override capabilities may be applied to groups of plates on the PGROV
input line.
Note: A blank in any override field is interpreted as no override. When
a zero is entered for any hydrodynamic parameter, the program
interprets it as a blank, which causes the parameter to default to
the original value.
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2.3.2.1 Weight
The material weight density override is designated in columns 20-27. The thickness used
to calculate the weight of the plate may be overridden in columns 12-19.
Note: This thickness is also used as the effective or smeared thickness
for stiffened plates.
The following designates that the effective thickness for plate group TTT is 0.75.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
12345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890
PGROV
PGROV TTT 0.75
2.4 WIND AREAS
Wind areas or wind blocks are defined to account for the wind loading on unmodeled
items such as derricks, buildings, mechanical equipment, flare booms, etc. A wind area is
designated by a two character name and consists of one or more surfaces defined using
AREA input lines.
A wind surface is defined using the AREA input line. The wind area name is specified in
columns 5-6. The surface shape may be designated as flat or round by specifying F or
R in column 79, respectively. The orientation of the surface is specified either by
entering the projections of it on planes normal to the global axis or by specifying the area
along with the azimuth and elevation angles in columns 7-24. When specifying azimuth
and elevation angles for a flat surface, the area option in column 79 is A. It is
recommended that if an object has projected areas in two or three planes that two
separate wind areas be defined rather than specifying two projections. Two or three wind
areas may be specified on the same AREA line by specifying B in column 79.
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The wind force components are calculated by multiplying the calculated wind pressure
by the shape factor input in columns 46-50 and the projected areas. The wind force is
assumed to act at the centroid of the surface designated in columns 25-45.
Note: Only wind surfaces whose centroid lies above the water surface
elevation are loaded.
For example, the wind block for a building has a projection of 10.0 in X direction and
25.0 in the Y direction. The centroid of the building is at 34, 10, 25. Area BX was used
to define the X projection and area BY used to define the Y projection.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
12345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890
AREA
AREABX 10.0 34.0 10.0 25.0 1.0 625 626 635 676 F
AREABY 25.0 34.0 10.0 25.0 1.0 625 626 635 676 F
Up to seven structure joints at which the force is to be reacted is specified in columns 51-
78.
For example, in the above input, wind areas BX and BY transmit load into joints 625,
626, 635 and 676.
If only one joint is specified to react the wind force, then the forces and moments on that
joint are generated as those that are statically equivalent to the applied wind force.
If more than one joint is specified, the program assumes that these joints are connected to
a rigid body to which the wind force is applied. The rigid body is supported at each joint
by three translational and three rotational springs. The stiffness of the translational
springs is unity while that of the rotational springs is 0.01 in the unit system the problem
is defined. Since a rigid body has six degrees of freedom, all of the displacements and
rotations at the joints are expressible in terms of rigid body displacements. The joint
forces and moments are simply the displacements and rotations multiplied by the
corresponding stiffness. The six equilibrium equations are then solved for the required
joint loads.
2.5 WIND SHIELD ZONES
By default, members located above the water surface receive wind loading. The program
allows the specification of wind shield zones where members do not receive wind
loading using the WINSHL line.
Wind shield zones are defined by specifying the bottom and top elevation of the zone.
Elevations are defined using global z elevation. The zones themselves are defined in
order of increasing elevation.
For example, members between the cellar deck, elevation +40, and the main deck,
elevation +58.0 are not to receive any wind loading.
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1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
12345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890
WINSHL 40.0 58.0
2.6 SUBMERGED BODIES
The user may define unmodeled submerged bodies to be loaded by waves and/or current.
Such bodies are designated by a two character identifier and may consist of drag areas
and/or inertia volumes.
The drag areas and/or inertia volumes of a submerged body are defined using the AREA
input line. The submerged body name is designated in columns 5-6. The type, either D
(drag area) or I (inertia volume), is designated in column 80 along with either the drag
or inertia coefficient in columns 46-50.
The projected areas/volumes are input in columns 7-24 and the coordinates of the
centroid in columns 25-45. For drag areas, the area type may be designated by F, R or
A corresponding to flat, round or flat defined in spherical coordinates, in column 79.
Note: Only areas/volumes whose centroid lies below the water surface are
loaded.
The forces on a submerged area/volume are calculated using Morisons equation. These
forces are then distributed to up to 7 joints specified in columns 51-78. The forces on
these joints are calculated using the same procedure described previously for wind areas.
The following illustrates a submerged volume named Q1 represented by volume
projections of 16.5, 28.3 and 28.4, respectively. The centroid is -8.1, 7.3 and -12.0 with
all forces acting on the volume distributed to joints 213 and 230.
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12345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890
AREA
AREAQ1 16.5 28.3 28.4 -8.1 7.3 -12.0 213 220
2.7 NON-STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS
Seastate has the capability to use elements to generate environmental loading and then
exclude these elements from the stiffness analysis. These elements, referred to as non-
structural elements, can be especially useful when considering the effects of
appurtenances, such as risers, access platforms and boat landings, that receive substantial
environmental loading but whose stiffness contribution may be considered negligible.
In general, there are two methods of incorporating non-structural elements into the
model, dummy structures that are connected to the primary structure at boundary joints,
and appurtenance structures that are not connected to the primary structure model.
Note: Hydrostatic and hydrodynamic properties of dummy and appurtenance
structures may be modified using member and/or group override
features. This allows the user to simulate non-structural
appurtenances with simplified models if desired.
2.7.1 Dummy Sub-Structures
A dummy sub-structure is a structure consisting entirely of non-structural elements that
is connected to the main structure, such as a boat landing or an access deck in the wave
zone.
The name of the dummy structure is specified on the DUMMY input line in columns 7-
14. The joints of the primary structure to which the dummy structure connects are called
boundary or keep joints and are designated on the KEEP input line. Joints that are unique
to the dummy structure (i.e. not connected to the primary structure) are designated on the
DELETE input lines.
Loading incurred by the dummy structure is distributed to the boundary joints assuming
that the dummy structure is rigid body. All elements attached to a delete joint are
removed from the model along with all joints designated as delete joints.
Up to 10 separate dummy structures may be designated.
The following defines a dummy structure named BOATLAND. The boundary joints or
structural joints to which the dummy structure is attached are 803, 807, 903 and 907. The
delete joints or the joint on the dummy structure are 1803, 1807, 1903 and 1907.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
12345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890
DUMMY BOATLANDDummy Sructure Data Oper
KEEP 803 903 807 907
DELETE 1803 1903 1807 1907
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2.7.2 Appurtenance Structures
Appurtenance structures are structures consisting entirely of non-structural elements that
are not connected to the primary structure model. Applications of appurtenance
structures include risers, anodes or any item that induces a concentrated load on a
member in the primary structure.
The members of the appurtenance structure are removed from the model by specifying
the members or groups to which the members are assigned on the DELMEM or
DELGRP input lines respectively. Loading on deleted members are transferred to the end
joints of that member. The joints of the appurtenance structure are indicated on the
DELJNT input line along with the member in the primary structure to which the joint
load is to be transferred. The joint is removed from the model and the load on the
appurtenance joints is transferred to the designated member in the form of a member
concentrated load.
As an example, a riser is modeled next to a jacket leg but is not connected to the leg.
Each joint of the riser element (1101, 1201, 1301 and 1401) corresponds to a point at
which the riser will be clamped to the leg. The riser member loads are distributed to its
end joints and the riser members are deleted by using the DELGRP input line and
specifying group RS1. The riser joints are deleted and the riser joint loads are
transferred to members of the primary structure as designated on the DELJNT input line.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
12345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890
DELGRP RS1
DELJNT 1101 101 201 1201 201 301 1301 301 401 1401 401 501
Note: Appurtenance structures may be used for static analysis only.
2.7.3 Alternate Method
Sub-structures or appurtenances such as boat landings and risers included in the model
for loading purposes only may also be negated for stiffness purposes by assigning a small
modulus of elasticity on the appropriate GRUP input line or small stiffness properties on
the SECTION input line if applicable.
Joints attached to elements with reduced stiffness, must be also connected to members of
sufficient stiffness such that the joint is supported for all six degrees of freedom. The
user should also verify the analysis to ensure that the results are of sufficient accuracy by
checking the number of significant digits lost.
When using this procedure for dynamic analysis, no DOFs of joints connected to
reduced stiffness elements should be retained.
2.8 ELEMENT LOAD REPORTS
Special environmental load reports for selected members or groups of members may be
created. The report contains the environmental loading and summation for the elements
specified on the REPMEM or groups specified on the REPGRP input lines. The
REPORT header input line is required to invoke this feature.
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Each report desired is labeled using the REPLBL input line by specifying an unique
report name in columns 8-15 and an optional description in columns 16-80. The members
to be included are indicated on the REPMEM input line. Members assigned to groups
specified on the REPGRP input line are also included.
The following requests a loading report for members 101-102 and 102-103 along with
members in group LG1. The report name is LEG A1.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
12345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890
REPORT
REPLBL LEG A1
REPGRP LG1
REPMEM 101 102 102 103
Note: A member or member property group may be included in a report and
may not be including in other reports.
2.9 STRUCTURAL LOADING
Structural loading by external weights or masses due to structural acceleration may be
created in the model file. This loading is used for modeling attached masses or structures
whose stiffness does not contribute to the overall stiffness of the structure. For example,
a generator on a movable skid will supply inertial loading to the structure, but would not
contribute to the structural stiffness.
2.9.1 Structural Masses
Structural masses are defined in weight groups. A weight group may contain dead
(inertial) weight footprints, single joint or multi-joint distributed weight or member
concentrated or distributed weight. Structural masses are defined prior to defining load
conditions in the model.
2.9.1.1 Inertial Weight
The basic structural weight line supplies the user with the method for supplying inertial
(dead) weight to the structure. Like the DEAD line, the WTSTR line specification
calculates the dead weight (mass) for all structural elements. When the WTSTR line is
used within a weight group to calculate the weight (mass) of the structure, any marine
growth dry weight will also be included. Unlike the DEAD line, buoyancy effects, the
mass of entrapped water and added mass of water are ignored. The WTSTR line
specifies the inertial weight group identifier in columns 7-10.
The structural weight specified on the WTSTR line is most typically used to pass
dynamic weight to the DYNPAC program via the DYNMAS line. The WTCMB line
provides the method for supplying a contingency factor for the weight specified in the
WTSTR line.
In the following example, inertial weight is specified as weight group 1. A contingency
factor of 1.10 is supplied to weight group 1 in the definition of weight group 2 via the
WTCMB line. Weight group 2 is to be included in subsequent dynamic analysis via the
DYNMAS line.
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1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
12345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890
WTSTR 1
WTCMB 2 1 1.10
DYNMAS 2
Note: For offshore structures the WTSTR line is not recommended for
use within weight group(s) and/or weight combination(s) to
calculate dead loads. Instead, specifying the DEAD load line
within load conditions will cause buoyancy effects to be properly
considered.
2.9.1.2 Weight Vertical Location
The vertical location of a weight within a structure may be specified with an ELEV
line. This line simplifies the placement of weight within a structure especially if weights
are located similarly in horizontal position, but differ in vertical location. Multiple
elevation identifiers and elevations may be specified on an ELEV line; the first
identifier is given in columns 7-10 with the vertical elevation specified in columns 11-20.
The next identifier occupies the next fourteen columns, and so on.
The following example specifies two elevation identifiers, E1 and E2, with vertical
coordinates of 55.0 and 105.0, respectively.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
12345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890
ELEV E1 55.0 E2 105.0
2.9.1.3 Surface Weight
The surface weight lines supply the user with a method for entering weight distributed
over an irregular plane area. The surface weight lines are introduced with the SURFID
line. The surface identifier is supplied in columns 8-14 of this line, with the load
distribution type specified in columns 16-17. The choices for columns 16-17 are: 1)
LX, denoting loading in the surface local X direction, and 2) LY, denoting loading in
the surface local Y direction. The surface local coordinate system is defined via three
joint names supplied in columns 19-22, 24-27, and 29-32. The first joint (columns 19-22)
supplies the origin of the surface local coordinate system. The second joint (columns
24-27) supplies the direction of the positive X axis with respect to the origin. The third
joint (columns 29-32) supplies the direction of the positive Y axis with respect to the
origin, which is constructed perpendicular to the surface local X axis. The out-of-plane
tolerance for choosing members within the surface is defined in columns 34-40. The
surface weight is distributed to members whose endpoints lie within plus or minus this
tolerance in the vertical direction.
Following the SURFID line is the SURFDR line which supplies boundary joint
names for the surface. The boundary of the surface is specified by supplying up to
fourteen joints. The edge of the surface is defined as running from joint 1 (columns 8-11)
to joint 2 (columns 13-16) to joint 3 (columns 18-21) and so on. The final joint specified
on the SURFDR line is then connected to the first joint on the SURFDR line to form
the closed boundary.
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The SURFWT line which follows the surface definition(s) defines the loading on the
surface(s). The weight group identifier is entered in columns 7-10 of the SURFWT
line. The load pressure is supplied in columns 11-17 and the weight ID is given in
columns 18-25 for reporting purposes. If necessary, the density for buoyancy or added
mass calculations is supplied in columns 26-32. Weight application factors in the three
principal directions are specified in columns 33-44; if not specified, the default value for
each factor is 1.0. One or more surface identifiers defined via SURFID lines are
specified in columns 45-79. Five separate surfaces may be referenced by a single
SURFWT line.
In the following example, surface SCRANE2 is defined with its X axis from joint 2
positive to joint 3, its Y axis positive from joint 2 toward joint 4, and the Z axis
determined by the right-hand rule. All members within 0.5 feet (the default) distance
from the surface XY plane within the surface boundary will have loads transmitted to
them. The surface boundary goes from joint 2 to joint 3 to joint 5 to joint 4 back to joint
2. The weight group 2 has a pressure of 250 defined with the weight ID LIFTWT1. All
weight application factors are 1.0, their default values, and the weight is applied only
within surface SCRANE2.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
12345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890
SURFID SCRANE2 LX 2 3 4
SURFDR 2 3 5 4
SURFWT2 250.00LIFTWT1 SCRANE2
2.9.1.4 Structural Weight Footprint
The footprint of a structural weight is the area in which the weight is supported. For
example, if a skid is to be supported by deck beams, the skid footprint is the length and
width of the skid in contact with the deck. By modeling the skid as a footprint, the
positioning of the skid on the deck and its effect on beam loading can be easily resolved.
The structural weight footprint lines are the WGTFP and the WGTFP2 lines. In the
WGTFP line, the weight group identifier is given in columns 7-10 and the weight itself
is given in columns 11-17. A weight ID is given in columns 18-25 for reporting purposes.
In columns 26-29, an optional elevation ID from an ELEV line is given. The use of an
elevation ID facilitates moving weights to different vertical planes. The global (X,Y,Z)
footprint center coordinates are given in columns 30-47. The (X,Y,Z) location of the
center of gravity of the weight itself is input in columns 49-66. The CG of the weight
may be located in global coordinates by entering G in column 48; it may be entered in
coordinates relative to the footprint center location by entering R in column 48. The
length and width of the footprint are input in columns 67-76. The number of skid beams
supporting the weight parallel to the footprint length is given in columns 77-78; the
number of skid beams supporting the weight parallel to the footprint width is given in
columns 79-80.
In the WGTFP2 line, additional data is given to describe the weight footprint. Weight
application factors in the three principal directions may be specified in columns 11-22. If
not specified, the default value for each factor is 1.0. The vertical tolerance for selecting
applicable members to support the weight is given in columns 23-26. Specifying a value
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of 1.0 means that all members which cross the skid beams will have load applied
provided the endpoints of the members lie within plus or minus 1.0 unit in the vertical
direction. The WGTFP2 line provides for input of rotary inertia data for the weight in
the form of radii of gyration around three axes. The axes are either the global axes (G)
or local axes (L) input in column 27. Local coordinates are defined with X parallel to
the length of the skid, Y parallel to the width of the skid, and Z vertical. The radii of
gyration themselves are input in columns 28-42. For the purposes of buoyancy
calculations, a weight density may be supplied. The final input is the angle the skid
length direction makes with respect to the global X axis. This is supplied in columns
49-54.
In the following example, a skid of weight 120 with name SKID1 is added to weight
group 2. The global coordinates of the skid are X=20, Y=10, and Z=0 with the elevation
from elevation ID E1 added to the vertical coordinate. The skid mass is located at a
position of Y=2 and Z=5 relative to the position of the skid. The skid length and width is
24. There are 3 skid beams along the length axis of the skid. Structural loading will be
multiplied by 1 when computing skid loading (the default). The vertical tolerance for
out-of-plane members is 0.5. The radii of gyration in the global X, Y, and Z directions
are 10, 3, and 11, respectively. No density is supplied for buoyancy calculations, and the
orientation of the length axis is 90 degrees from the global X axis.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
12345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890
WGTFP 2 120.00SKID1 E1 20. 10. 0.R 2. 5. 24. 24. 3 0
WGTFP2 0.5G 10. 3. 11. 90.
In specific design instances there may be smaller diagonal or cross-tie members which lie
within a weight footprint. Without further entry, these members would have the footprint
weight distributed to them in a design analysis. The EXCGRP line is used to prevent
this from occurring. For a particular footprint weight group identified in columns 7-10,
the specified member groups are excluded from weight loading. Up to 17 member groups
are specified in columns 12-78 of the EXCGRP line.
In the following example, footprint weight group FP1 is specified to not include
member groups XBM and DIA when the footprint loading is distributed.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
12345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890
EXCGRPFP1 XBM DIA
2.9.1.5 Joint Weight
Structural weight loading may be applied directly to individual joints by means of the
WGTJT line. The weight group identifier is specified in columns 7-10 and the weight
itself in columns 11-17 of the line. A weight ID is given in columns 18-25 for reporting
purposes. The joint name to which the weight loading is applied is supplied in columns
26-29. For the purposes of buoyancy or added mass calculations, a weight density may
be supplied in columns 30-36. The global axis radii of gyration of the weight are input in
columns 37-54 and any weight application factors are input in columns 55-69. The
default values of the weight application factors in X, Y or Z directions are 1.0.
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In the following example, a weight of 160 with name OUTRIG which is applied to joint
1 is added to weight group 3. The weight has no density supplied and its radii of gyration
are 10.2 about the X axis, 10.2 about the Y axis, and 3.1 about the Z axis. Load
application factors in the X and Y directions are 1.0 (the default value), whereas the load
application factor in the Z direction is 0.5.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
12345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890
WGTJT 3 160.00OUTRIG 1 10.2 10.2 3.1 0.5
2.9.1.6 Member Weight
Structural weight loading is applied to individual members by means of the WGTMEM
line. Structural weight loading may be applied to members in two ways, as concentrated
weight loading or as distributed weight loading. For both concentrated or distributed
weight loading, the weight group identifier is supplied in columns 7-10 with the member
end joints supplied in columns 11-14 (joint A) and columns 15-18 (joint B). Load
application factors in the X, Y or Z directions are supplied in columns 47-58. The
coordinate system for the weight is supplied in columns 59-62 and is specified as
GLOB (global) or MEMB (member local). The coordinate system expresses the
directions for use of the load application factors. Enter the density for buoyancy
calculations in columns 67-72 and the optional weight ID in columns 73-80.
For concentrated weight loading, the WGTMEM line has the label CONC supplied in
columns 63-66. The concentrated weight is supplied in columns 26-32 and the distance
from joint A toward joint B at which the weight lies is supplied in columns 19-25. For
distributed weight loading, the WGTMEM line has the label UNIF supplied in
columns 63-66. The distance from joint A toward joint B at which the distributed loading
starts is specified in columns 19-25. The beginning value of distributed weight is
supplied in columns 26-32. The units for the distributed weight are units of force divided
by units of length. The distance over which the distributed weight acts is supplied in
columns 33-39; if left blank, the load is applied from the starting point to the end of the
member (joint B). The final value of distributed weight is supplied in columns 40-46.
In the following example, a concentrated weight named BOAT of 90 is applied to
member 2-3 and a distributed weight named TIEDOWN of 10 is applied to member
4-5. In both cases there is no density supplied with the weight and the load application
factors in the X, Y or Z directions are their default values of 1.0. The concentrated
weight is applied 2.3 length units from joint 2. The distributed weight is a uniform load
of 10 applied beginning 1.2 length units from joint 4 to the end joint 5. Both weights are
part of weight group 3.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
12345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890
WGTMEM3 2 3 2.3 90. GLOBCONC BOAT
WGTMEM3 4 5 1.2 10. 10. GLOBUNIF TIEDOWN
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2.9.1.7 Non-Structural Weight
The non-structural weight lines allow the distribution of non-structural weight to up to
eight joints. In this way non-supportive structure may have its weight distributed to
multiple attachment points. The first non-structural weight line is labeled WGTNS. The
weight group identifier is input in columns 7-10 and the weight itself is input in columns
11-17. A weight ID is given in columns 18-25 for reporting purposes. The coordinates of
the weight are supplied in two manners. The default method is to enter coordinates
relative to the position of the first joint to which the loads are distributed (R in column
30). Alternatively, one may enter the absolute global position of the weight (A in
column 30). The coordinates themselves, either relative or absolute, are supplied in
columns 31-48. As an added feature, the vertical coordinate of the non-structural weight
may be adjusted by supplying an elevation ID in columns 26-29. The elevation supplied
here adds to the vertical coordinate supplied in columns 31-48. The joints to which the
weight is distributed are supplied in columns 49-80, four columns per joint.
The second non-structural weight line is labeled WGTNS2. This line supplies
application factors for the weight, radii of gyration for the weight, and density for
buoyancy calculations. The weight application factors in the X, Y or Z directions are
supplied in columns 11-22. The radii of gyration of the weight are supplied in columns
31-45. The radii of gyration may be supplied in global (G in column 30) or local (L in
column 30) coordinates. The local coordinate system is created from the first three joints
supplied. The first joint is the origin of local coordinates, the second joint is the direction
of the positive local X, the third joint is oriented toward positive Y, and the Z axis is
determined via the right-hand rule. If applicable, the density for buoyancy calculations is
supplied in columns 23-29.
In the following example, a non-structural weight 70 with name RISER1 is added to
weight group 4. The riser mass is located at a position of X=2 and Z=3 relative to the
position of joint 4, with the elevation from elevation ID E2 added to the vertical
coordinate. Structural loading will be multiplied by 1 when computing joint loading (the
default). The radii of gyration in the local X, Y, and Z directions are 8.2, 2.1, and 8.2,
respectively. Positive local X is from joint 4 toward joint 5. Positive local Y is
perpendicular to local X toward joint 6. Local Z is determined by the right-hand rule.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
12345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890
WGTNS 4 70.00RISER1 E2R 2. 3. 4 5 6 7
WGTNS2 L 8.2 2.1 8.2
2.9.1.8 Weight Combinations
Weight groups may be combined via the WTCMB line. The WTCMB line allows the
linear combination of up to forty eight weight groups or weight group combinations. The
combination weight group identifier is specified in columns 7-10. Up to six weight
groups may be combined on a single WTCMB line. If more are needed, the WTCMB
line is repeated with the same combination weight group identifier specified. The first
weight group to be combined is specified in columns 12-15; the combination factor for
this group is supplied in columns 16-21. Subsequent weight groups are supplied in
twelve column fields along the line.
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In the following example, weight group 8 is defined as a combination of 1.05 of weight
group 3, 1.10 of weight group 4, and 0.80 of weight group 5.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
12345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890
WTCMB 8 3 1.054 1.105 0.80
2.9.1.9 Dynamic Mass Selection
Weight groups may be included in dynamic analysis in Dynpac via the DYNMAS line.
The first weight group for dynamic analysis is specified in columns 9-12. Other weight
group identifiers are specified in adjacent columns. Up to 16 weight group identifiers
may be supplied in columns 9-72. Columns 73-76 provide for the entry of an added mass
coefficient for submerged weights; its default value is 1.0.
In the following example, weight groups 1, 3 and 4 will be used in dynamic analysis with
unity added mass (the default).
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
12345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890
DYNMAS 1 3 4
Note: All weight groups specified on the DYNMAS line must be defined
via WTSTR, SURFWT, WGTFP, WGTJT, WGTMEM, WGTNS or
WTCMB lines.
2.9.2 Direct Load Determination
The structural loading defined to this point is general in that it may be applied to any
load condition in the input file. Weight group identifiers are global identifiers for a
model. Unless otherwise noted, the following lines describe local entries which are
specific to individual load conditions.
2.9.2.1 Weight Inclusion In Loading
The inclusion of weight group identifiers in individual load cases is accomplished with
the INCWGT line. Up to 18 weight group identifiers are supplied in columns 9-80 of
the INCWGT line. In the following example, weight groups 9, 10 and 11 are applied to
dead weight in load condition 2.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
12345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890
LOADCN 2
INCWGT 9 10 11
DEAD
DEAD -Z M
Note: The INCWGT line will only produce loading if the load condition
in which it lies also has DEAD loading, has ACCEL loading, has
MOTION loading, or has INCRAO loading. If none of these
loadings is supplied, the weight groups specified will not have an
acceleration component and hence will supply no loading.
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2.9.2.2 Inertia Load Center Location
The center of inertia loading is specified with the CENTER line. The CENTER line
appears before the loading in the model file. This line provides the center of rotational
motion to Seastate. As such, subsequent ACCEL or MOTION lines will use the
defined center in order to distribute the inertia loading to the structure. The identifier for
the center is supplied in columns 9-12 of the CENTER line; the (X,Y,Z) coordinates of
the center are specified in columns 13-19, 20-26, and 27-33, respectively.
The following example specifies a center of inertia loading (roll center) located at
X=10.5, Y=9.6 and Z=0.0. The roll center is named C1 .
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
12345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890
CENTER C1 -10.500 9.600 0.000
Note: The center identifier in columns 9-12 is space sensitive; center
C1 is not the same as center C1.
2.9.2.3 Applied Structure Acceleration
Structural loading due to acceleration is provided via the ACCEL or MOTION lines.
The ACCEL line supplies translational and rotational components of acceleration; the
MOTION line supplies the same, except with data supplied as amplitude/period of
motion. Both lines rely on the definition of a center ID, which is specified in columns
77-80. They both have the option to exclude structural weight, which is accomplished by
inputting an N in column 75.
The ACCEL line specifies the translational accelerations in global coordinates in
columns 10-30, the rotational accelerations in global coordinates in columns 31-51, and
the rotational velocities in global coordinates in columns 52-72. The rotational velocities
are necessary to compute centripetal acceleration terms. The MOTION line specifies
angle/period data for roll (columns 11-24), pitch (columns 25-38), and yaw (columns
39-52). Translational acceleration (surge, sway, heave) is specified in columns 53-73.
Enter G in column 74 if gravity acceleration is to be added to the other accelerations
when computing the total load; enter L in column 74 if the effects of gravity are to be
included in lateral forces only.
In the following example, load condition 1 has weight groups 1, 2 and 3 applied with
structural motion of 2.5 degrees pitch with period 22 seconds. Gravity will be included
when computing the loading due to the acceleration, but the structural weight will not be
added to the weight supplied in the weight groups. The structural pitch motion will be
centered about the center CEN1.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
12345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890
LOADCN 1
INCWGT 1 2 3
MOTION 2.5 22. GN CEN1
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2.9.2.4 Response Amplitude Operators
Specifying a response amplitude operator for wave loading is accomplished with three
lines: 1) the RAO header line, 2) the RAO line, and 3) the include RAO line. The RAO
header line and the RAO line are specified globally; the include RAO line is specified
per load case. The RAO header line (RAO HEAD) has the following syntax: 1) the
transfer function direction, which corresponds with the wave direction, is specified in
columns 9-15; 2) the velocity is specified in columns 16-22 for velocity-dependent
RAOs; 3) the plane of symmetry (XZ, YZ, or none) is specified in columns 24-25; 4)
the velocity unit (FPS for feet per second, none for knots or meters per second) is
specified in columns 27-29; 5) the RAO origin in global coordinates is specified in
columns 30-56; and 6) the RAO identifier is specified in columns 57-60.
The RAO line specifies the specific response amplitude operator for a given frequency
or period. The RAO type (displacement D, velocity V, or acceleration A) is
specified in column 5. The default is D. The choice of frequency (blank) or period (P)
is given in column 6. The frequency or period is supplied in columns 7-12. To supply a
full set of RAO characteristics for many frequency values, the RAO lines should be input
with frequency values in increasing order. Likewise, to supply a full set of RAO
characteristics for many period values, the RAO lines should be input with period values
in decreasing order. Each RAO line contains amplitude/phase information for surge
(columns 13-23), sway (columns 24-34), heave (columns 35-45), roll (columns 46-56),
pitch (columns 57-67), and yaw (columns 68-78). Again, the RAO HEAD and RAO
lines are specified before any loads are specified.
In the following example, an RAO is specified with the identifier TIDE. The RAO
lines following the header are oriented at 45 degrees and have a velocity of 4. The RAO
is symmetric about the XZ plane and the origin for the RAO lines is X=10, Y=10 and
Z=0. The RAO lines specify the RAO amplitude is displacement and the units are
frequency. All six accelerations are supplied, with amplitude/phase information supplied.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
12345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890
RAO HEAD 45. 4. XZ 10. 10. 0.TIDE
RAO DF 0.06 .93 47.5 .91 19.0 .92 .2 .31 87.6 .26267.9 .46189.5
RAO DF 0.07 .81 47.1 .80 18.9 .89 .3 .40 87.8 .29267.6 .46185.2
RAO DF 0.08 .69 46.2 .70 19.2 .83 .5 .61 90.2 .34266.9 .48179.0
RAO DF 0.09 .62 45.5 .66 20.8 .79 .5 .86 96.0 .37266.3 .50173.7
RAO DF 0.10 .55 44.2 .62 31.4 .71 .1 1.50102.1 .40265.1 .59167.2
RAO DF 0.12 .36 37.3 .25 16.1 .44354.6 .33164.7 .43258.5 .51169.9
RAO DF 0.16 .09 6.6 .05 52.6 .17268.5 .13 87.0 .22225.8 .33131.2
RAO DF 0.20 .00 8.7 .01271.2 .01 64.0 .02152.8 .03352.2 .06231.8
The INCRAO line includes RAO information in load conditions. The velocity is
specified in columns 8-14. If the velocity is not the same as that provided on an RAO
line, interpolation or extrapolation will determine the RAO. Velocity units by default are
in knots in the English system or meters per second in the metric system. If English units
are specified and velocity is expressed in feet per second, enter FPS in columns 15-17.
Structural weight may be excluded from the force computation based on the included
RAO if N is specified in column 18.
In the following example, a previously defined RAO is included in load condition 4. The
velocity for the RAO is 3.5 (knots if the units are English, meters per second if the units
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2-21
are metric). Structural weight is not to be included in the RAO loading, meaning that
weight groups must be included to generate loads. The weight groups specified on the
INCWGT line are weight groups 1, 3 and 6. The WAVE line specifies a Stokes fifth
order wave of crest-to-trough height of 28. The wave period is 12.8 seconds and the
wave angle is 67.5 degrees. If an RAO is not specified for this wave angle, existing
RAOs will be interpolated or extrapolated to obtain the values.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
12345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890
LOADCN 4
INCRAO 3.5 N
INCWGT 1 3 6
WAVE STOK 28.0 12.80 67.50 D 18MM 0
2.9.2.5 Space Forces and Moments
The SFRC and SMOM lines allow forces or moments at a point in space to be
distributed among joints of a structure. On both lines, up to eight distribution joints are
specified in columns 45-76. The (X,Y,Z) point about which the force or moment acts is
specified in columns 27-44. The coordinates are specified either as absolute A or
relative R in column 26. Coordinates specified as relative are taken with respect to the
first distribution joint specified. In the SFRC line, the global force is input in columns
5-25; in the SMOM line, the global moment is input in columns 5-25. Both lines allow
input of a load identifier in columns 77-80.
In the following example, a space moment of 8.2 about the X axis, 5.1 about the Y axis,
and -6.3 about the Z axis is specified for load condition 6. The origin of this moment lies
at X=5, Y=0, and Z=-2 with respect to joint 2. The moment will be distributed to joints
2, 3, 4, 11, 12 and 13. The load identifier is CMOM.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
12345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890
LOADCN 6
SMOM 8.2 5.1 -6.3R 5. 0. -2. 2 3 4 11 12 13 CMOM
Note: Do not convert space moments to mass. This will yield unrealistic
values or directions.
2.9.2.6 Moving Load
Moving loads may be applied as a particular load condition in Seastate. A moving load is
specified with three lines. The MOVLOD line specifies a moving load identifier and
the load cases which will be moved. The load cases to be moved must consist entirely
of joint loads. The MOVGRP line specifies the member groups to which the moving
loads will be distributed. Any number of member groups may be specified by repeating
the MOVGRP line within a load condition with the same moving load identifier. If the
MOVGRP line is absent, all member groups will have the specified loads distributed to
them. The MOVSTP line specifies the number of steps to take in moving the load, the
direction in which to step the load, and the length of a single step.
Initially the moving load will reproduce the joint loads specified in the load cases
specified on the MOVLOD line. Each subsequent step will move the load a specified
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2-22
distance in a specified direction. This load gets distributed to member groups specified in
the MOVGRP line. A single moving load within a load condition is separable into two
parts, the load cases as part of the MOVLOD line and the load sequences comprised of
MOVGRP/MOVSTP pairs. A MOVGRP/MOVSTP pair may contain several load steps
as specified on the MOVSTP line.
In the following example load condition 5 consists of a moving load with the joint
loading found in load cases 1 through 4. The moving load TOPSIDE consist of four
load sequences of 12 steps each. Members in member groups BM1 and BT2 will have
the moving loads applied to them. Initially the loading is situated at the joints specified
in load cases 1 through 4. The load sequences consist of the following: 1) 13 load steps
taken in the positive X direction (the original load case plus 12 load steps); 2) 12 load
steps taken in the positive Y direction; 3) 12 load steps taken in the negative X direction;
and 4) 12 load steps taken in the negative Y direction. Being as each load step in each
sequence has length 6.25, the path taken by the moving loads in this example is a square.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
12345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890
LOADCN 1
LOAD 10 -10.000 GLOB JOIN MOVLD1
LOADCN 2
LOADCN 3
LOADCN 4
LOADCN 5
MOVLOD TOPSIDE 1 2 3 4
MOVGRP TOPSIDE BM1 BT2
MOVSTP TOPSIDE 12 6.25 1.0 0.0 0.0
MOVSTP TOPSIDE 12 6.25 0.0 1.0 0.0
MOVSTP TOPSIDE 12 6.25 -1.0 0.0 0.0
MOVSTP TOPSIDE 12 6.25 0.0 -1.0 0.0
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SECTION 3
HYDRO STATIC/DYNAMIC DATA
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3-1
3.0 HYDRO STATIC/DYNAMIC DATA
Seastate may be used to generate environmental loading and/or hydrodynamic data for
dynamic analysis. The following sections detail the specification of data required for
generating environmental loading and/or generating hydrodynamic properties for
dynamic analysis.
3.1 FLOOD CONDITION
3.1.1 Default Flood Condition
By default, tubular elements are considered non-flooded or buoyant for purposes of
calculating buoyancy and entrapped water mass. For static analysis, the default flood
condition for tubulars may be changed to flooded by specifying FL or non-flooded by
NF in columns 13-14 on the LDOPT input line.
Note: The value specified on the LDOPT line is used only for members
with no flood condition specified on the MEMBER, GRUP, MEMOV or
GRPOV lines.
3.1.2 Specifying Flood Condition in the Model
The flood condition may be designated in the model by specifying an F (flooded) or
N (non-flooded) in column 46 of the MEMBER input line or in column 70 on the
GRUP input line of the property group to which it is assigned.
Note: If specified, the flood condition on the MEMBER input line
presides over the flood condition specified on the GRUP input
line.
3.1.3 Overriding Flood Condition
The flood condition specified on the LDOPT, MEMBER and/or GRUP input line may be
overridden by designating the flood condition in column 20 on the MEMOV or GRPOV
input line.
The following example shows the flood condition for member 101-102 and group PL1
set to flooded using the member and group override lines.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
12345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890
GRPOV PL1 F
MEMOV 101 102 F
Note: For a particular member, the flood condition input on the MEMOV
input line overrides all other flood conditions specified. The
flood condition specified on the GRPOV input line overrides all
other flood conditions specified except for those specified on
MEMOV input lines.
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3-2
3.2 MARINE GROWTH
Marine growth is accounted for by increasing the member effective outside dimension by
double the marine growth thickness specified on the MGROV input line for the
appropriate member elevation.
3.2.1 Defining Marine Growth
Marine growth is specified in up to 15 zones defined with respect to the mudline. Each
zone is defined on a separate MGROV input line with zones defined from the mudline
up. The distance from the mudline to the zone bottom and top are specified in columns 9-
16 and 17-24 respectively. The marine growth thickness corresponding to that zone is
indicated in columns 25-32.
Note: Marine growth thickness is assumed constant through the zone when
both bottom and top elevations are designated. Thickness may be
varied linearly between two elevations by specifying each
elevation as the bottom elevation on separate MGROV input lines.
For dynamic analysis, the added mass marine growth diameter is
calculated only for the portion of the member which is under
water.
By default, marine growth is assumed to be neutrally buoyant. Marine growth weight
/buoyancy is calculated automatically if a density is entered in columns 49-56.
The surface roughness of the zone, used to calculate coefficients of drag and mass per
API 20th Edition, is entered in columns 41-48.
The following specifies linearly varying marine growth from 0 to 2.0 on radius from the
mudline to 100 above the mudline. From 100 to 150, the marine growth is constant at 2.0
on radius.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
12345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890
MGROV
MGROV 0.0 0.0
MGROV 100.0 2.0
MGROV 100.0 150.0 2.0
3.2.2 Applying Marine Growth to a Member
By default, marine growth is applied to all parts of a beam element residing in an
elevation for which marine growth is defined.
Marine growth may be eliminated for a member using the GRPOV or MEMOV lines.
Specify either N, B or A in column 19 to eliminate marine growth from the member.
Leave blank or enter R or G to have marine growth applied.
The following designates that marine growth is to be eliminated for member 101-102 and
group PL1.
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3-3
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
12345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890
GRPOV PL1NF
MEMOV 101 102 NF
3.3 DRAG AND MASS COEFFICIENTS
3.3.1 Defining Default Coefficients
By default, the following diameter vs. drag and inertia coefficient table is used for clean
members (members with out marine growth) and fouled members (members with marine
growth) for loads generated in both the local Y and Z directions.
Coefficient of Drag Coefficient of Inertia
Diam(inch) Normal Tangential Normal Tangential
12.0 0.610 0.0 1.39 0.0
24.0 0.665 0.0 1.40 0.0
48.0 0.720 0.0 1.45 0.0
72.0 0.756 0.0 1.67 0.0
96.0 0.781 0.0 1.67 0.0
120.0 0.799 0.0 1.71 0.0
Values for other diameters are determined through linear interpolation.
Drag and inertia coefficient information may be input using CDM input lines. The user
may set up a table of member diameters vs. coefficient values, select the API default
table or select the wake encounter effects option.
Up to 20 CDM input lines may be used when specifying a table of C
d
and C
m
coefficients
as a function of diameter. The default table field in columns 5-6 should be blank when
specifying a table.
The following designates coefficient of drag of 0.8 and coefficient of mass of 1.2 fro all
members.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
12345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890
CDM
CDM 1.0 0.8 1.2 0.8 1.2
CDM 999.0 0.8 1.2 0.8 1.2
Note: The tangential drag and inertia coefficients are zero in the above
sample.
The API 20th Edition defaults may be used by specifying AP in columns 5-6 of the first
and only non-header CDM input line as follows:
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Seastate
3-4
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
12345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890
CDM
CDM AP
Drag and inertia coefficients can also be determined automatically by the program based
on the relative surface roughness, wake encounter effects and orientation of the member.
Specifying WE in columns 5-6 on the CDM input line immediately following the CDM
header input line invokes this feature. The surface roughness should be specified on the
MGROV input line.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
12345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890
CDM
CDM WE
Note: Wake encounter effects are considered for members within fifteen
degrees of vertical. Froude-Krylov forces are considered
negligible for these members and are only considered for members
that are not within fifteen degrees of vertical.
3.3.2 Reynolds Number Dependent C
d
The coefficient of drag used to calculate force normal to the member, may be factored
based on the Reynolds number. The default Reynolds number/C
d
factor table may be
used by specifying a REYFAC HEAD input line with STD specified in columns 15-17.
No REYFAC input lines are required.
A user defined table may be specified using the REYFAC HEAD input line followed by
up to 20 REYFAC input lines. The kinematic viscosity may be specified in columns 21-
30 of the REYFAC HEAD input line. The drag coefficient factor and corresponding
Reynolds number pairs are input on the REYFAC input lines following. Data points
should be entered in ascending order of Reynolds number.
An alternate table, used only by members designated with A in column 19 on its
corresponding MEMOV or GRPOV input line, may also be defined by specifying ALT
in columns 15-17 on the REYFAC HEAD input line.
3.3.3 Overriding Coefficients
Coefficients of drag and mass for members or groups may be overridden in columns 53-
77 on the MEMOV or GRPOV input line.
Separate values may be entered for use when generating loading in the local Y and Z
directions.
The following example shows member 101-102 and group PL1 overridden such that the
coefficient of mass for both directions of 1.4 while the normal drag coefficient is set to
0.8 for local Y and 1.1 for local Z.
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3-5
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
12345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890
GRPOV PL1 F 0.8 1.1 1.4 1.4
MEMOV 101 102 F 0.8 1.1 1.4 1.4
3.4 HYDRODYNAMIC MODELING
Seastate amends the structural member input to account for hydrodynamic properties that
affect a structures dynamic characteristics. Seastate creates an output structural data file
with updated MEMBER input lines reflecting the hydrodynamic properties of the
member.
The effective member diameter for added mass due to marine growth and/or local Y and
Z force dimension overrides is determined and updated in columns 73-78 on the
MEMBER input line.
The member density is also updated to reflect the effective density based on the presence
of marine growth and/or any density and/or cross-section area overrides. The flood
condition on the MEMBER input line is also updated based on any flood condition
overrides specified.
To generate the hydrodynamic properties, select one of the dynamic functions in
columns 56-58 on the LDOPT input line.
Note: Dynpac can read the hydrodynamic properties (i.e. effective
diameter and density) directly from the MEMBER input line in order
to calculate the mass and added mass of the member. This feature
eliminates the need to define the hydrodynamic properties in the
Dynpac input file.
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Seastate
SECTION 4
CREATING ENVIRONMENTAL LOADS
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4-1
4.0 CREATING ENVIRONMENTAL LOADS
The Seastate program can be used to generate environmental loading due to wave,
current, wind, gravity, buoyancy and mud-flow and/or model hydrostatic and/or
hydrodynamic properties. The program creates an output structural data (OCI) file
containing the model, including updates to account for hydrostatic or hydrodynamic
properties, user defined loading and loading generated by Seastate.
4.1 MEMBER LOAD AXIS
By default, the program generates all member loads with respect to the global coordinate
system. Seastate can generate member loads in global coordinates or member local
coordinates by specifying either GLOB or MEMB in columns 49-52 on the LDOPT
line.
4.2 ENVIRONMENTAL LOAD FACTORS
Seastate data used to generate environmental loading is specified after the LOADCN line
defining the load case. Components of the load condition generated by Seastate may be
factored by ratios input on the LOADCN line.
An overall factor to which all loading contained is multiplied by may be specified in
columns 12-18. A dead load factor applied to dead loads generated by the DEAD line
may be designated in columns 19-25 while wave, wind and current loading may be
factored by specifying a value in columns 26-32. Specify the user defined load factor in
columns 33-39.
By default, buoyancy loading is factored by the dead load factor in columns 19-25. If a
different factor is to be applied to buoyancy loads, specify the factor in columns 40-46.
For example, the following stipulates that dead loading in load case MISC is to be
factored by 1.15 while all other loading is not factored.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
12345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890
LOAD
LOADCNMISC 1.15 1.0
Note: Since the buoyancy factor was not the same as the dead load
factor, it was specified in columns 40-46.
4.3 WAVE LOAD
Seastate can be used to generate loading due to fluid velocities and acceleration resulting
from surface gravity waves. To generate wave loading, a WAVE input line must be
specified within the appropriate load case. The wave theory to be used, wave height,
approach direction and period or length must be specified along with the wave position
parameters.
4.3.1 Wave Theory
Seastate can develop wave loading automatically based on the wave theory specified in
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4-2
columns 9-12 on the WAVE input line. The five theories from which loading for a wave
of given amplitude and period in a fluid of known depth may be derived are:
1. AIRY Airy (or linear) wave theory
2. AIRC Classic Airy theory (no crest or trough)
3. STOK Stokes Fifth Order Theory
4. STRE Stream Function theory including current effects
5. STRN Stream Function Theory excluding current effects
6. CNOI Cnoidal Theory
7. SOLI Solitary Wave Theory
Note: For situations when the water depth is greater than 1.25gT
2
/ ,
deep water wave theory is automatically used by the program.
The figures below have been suggested by Dean (1970) and Le Mhaut (1979) for
selecting limits of validity of various wave theories. In general the higher order theories
are applicable in and beyond the range of validity for the lower order theories. Thus in
Seastate, a high order stream function theory is applicable anywhere the Stokes or Airy
theories are and in ranges where they are not, but the simpler theories generally run
somewhat faster.
See the section Commentary on Environmental Loads for a more detailed discussion on
the wave theories used by Seastate.
4.3.1.1 User Defined Waves
Seastate will also accept a user defined wave and calculate the resulting member forces.
The user must specify LINE as the wave type in columns 9-12 on the WAVE input line
and input velocity and acceleration data (or drag pressure and inertia pressure) at user
specified grid points on a rectangular grid. The grid may be defined at up to 50
horizontal and 50 vertical locations. The spacing is arbitrary.
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4-3
4.3.2 Wave Characteristics
The wave characteristics including wave height, either wave period or wave length, and
approach direction are specified in columns 13-18, 25-30 or 31-38 and 39-44,
respectively.
Note: Either wave period or wave length are designated on the WAVE input
line. If both are specified, the wave period is ignored, the wave
period is calculated from the wave height and length specified.
The wave approach direction is
measured about the global Z axis using
the right hand rule with the positive X
axis corresponding to a 0 degree
approach direction and the positive Y
axis corresponding to a 90 degree
approach direction.
The following illustrates a Stream
Function wave along the global X axis
(0 degree) with a height of 10.0 and a period of 12.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
12345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890
WAVE
WAVE STRE 10.0 12.0 0.0
4.3.3 Critical Crest Position
Typically, a wave is stepped through the structure so that wave loading is calculated at
various crest positions. The load case is created for a critical crest position based on the
wave crest position parameters designated in columns 51-70.
Wave crest position information may be specified in terms of length L, time T or
angle of the wave cycle D, as designated in column 51. Wave crest position parameters
required include, the initial crest position (columns 52-58), position step size (columns
59-64), number of steps for static analysis (columns 67-68), number of steps for dynamic
analysis (columns 65-66) and criteria for determining the critical crest position (columns
69-70).
Note: For dynamic analysis, if a value is entered in columns 65-66, the
wave is stepped through using degrees. The step size is
automatically changed so that one wave cycle is used.
Wave loading is generated for the crest position that is critical based on one of the
following criteria:
MM maximum overturning moment
MS maximum base shear
MU maximum upward force
MD maximum downward force
NM minimum overturning moment
NS minimum base shear
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For example, the following WAVE input line creates an AIRY wave with an approach
angle of 0 degrees, height of 25.0 and a period of 10.0 seconds. The wave is stepped
through the structure using 12 crest positions defined using length units. The initial crest
position is -50.0, the crest position step size is 5.0 and the critical position is that which
creates maximum base shear.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
12345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890
WAVE
WAVE AIRY 25.00 10.0 0.0 L -50.0 5.0 12MS10 1 1 7
Wave load can be created for all crest positions by designating the critical postion as
AL in columns 69-70.
Note: When specifying AL, a separate load case for each wave crest
position is created. This feature is only supported for static
waves and should not be used when specifying waves to be created
by the WAVE RESPONSE program.
4.3.4 Overriding Water Depth and Mudline Elevation
By default, the water depth and mudline elevation specified on the LDOPT input line are
used when generating wave forces. However, the water depth or mudline elevation to be
used for a particular wave may be specified directly on the WAVE input line in columns
19-24 and 45-50, respectively.
For example, if the still water depth is specified on the LDOPT input line, the water
depth for a storm wave may be modified on the WAVE input line to include the storm
tide. The following specifies a water depth override of 150.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
12345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890
WAVE
WAVE AIRY 25.00 150.0 10.0 0.0 L -50.0 5.0 12MS10 1 1 7
4.3.5 Wave Kinematics or Spreading Factor
The reduction in wave force due to directional spreading or irregularity in wave profile is
accounted for by the program automatically by factoring the horizontal velocity and
acceleration by the spreading factor specified in columns 5-8 on the WAVE input line.
The following designates a spreading factor of 0.85.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
12345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890
WAVE
WAVE0.85AIRY 25.00 150.0 10.0 0.0 L -50.0 5.0 12MS10 1 1 7
4.3.6 Member Distributed Load Segments
In general, loading on a member due to wave forces will be nonlinear distributed loads.
The Seastate program generates a piecewise linear function defined over variable
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4-5
Figure 2 Figure 3
segment lengths to represent the wave loading. By default, a maximum of 10 distributed
load segments are used to define the wave loading along a member. The minimum
number of load segments is 1. The maximum and minimum number of distributed load
segments allowed may be indicated in columns 71-72 and 73-74, respectively.
4.3.7 Wave Output Print Option
The output print level is specified in column 76 on the WAVE input line. The default,
option 0, is minimum print which includes crest location and magnitude for each of the
crest position selection criteria and critical data for the selected crest position. Print
option 1 includes overturning moment and base shear for each wave crest step in
addition to information included in the default option. The summation of forces about the
mudline for each crest step may be included by specifying option 2. Wave particle
velocity and acceleration at output grid points may be printed by selecting option 3.
Note: Seastate generates the fluid particle velocities and accelerations
at 740 points (37 stations along the wave and 20 elevations from
the surface to the mudline). The horizontal locations are equally
spaced from the crest to the trough. The vertical grid points are
closely spaced near the surface, the spacing increasing
arithmetically with depth. At every horizontal location the
vertical grid is defined by 20 points from the wave surface to the
mudline - this defines a curvilinear grid as can be seen in Figure
2 for a simplified grid of five horizontal and four vertical grid
stations. If the user requests grid velocity and acceleration data
to be printed, it is not printed at these grid points, but on a
straight line grid defined by 19 equally spaced horizontal
locations and the 20 vertical locations defined above at the wave
crest. Figures 2 and 3 on the following page, show the actual
curvilinear grid and the output grid points for a simplified case.
4.4 CURRENT LOAD
Typically, current is defined in conjunction with wave forces. A set of CURR input lines
are used to specify current from any direction to be included in the resultant particle
velocity field generation. For an Airy or Stokes wave, the fluid velocity at any point is
the vector sum of the velocity due to the wave and that due to the current. For the stream
function theory however, the component of the current velocity in the direction of the
wave is by default incorporated as an integral part of the velocity field generation. After
the velocity field in the plane of the wave is generated (including in-plane current
effects) the out-of-plane current component is vectorially added to the generated
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4-6
velocities.
4.4.1 Current Velocity Profile
CURR input lines are used to include the effect of a steady horizontal current on the
structure. For a particular load case, current velocities may be input at up to 20
elevations from the mudline to the mean water surface. A separate CURR input line is
specified for each elevation at which current is defined.
Note: When multiple CURR input lines are used to define the current
profile, only elevation, velocity and direction are read from the
additional CURR input lines.
The current profile direction is specified in columns 25-32 CURR input line and may be
different from the wave direction. Elevations are defined in terms of height above the
mudline or percent of water depth in columns 9-16 and must be specified in order of
increasing elevation. When specifying elevation as percent of water depth, WDP is
required in columns 67-69 of the first non-header CURR input line. The corresponding
velocity at the designated elevation, is defined in columns 17-24. The velocity units,
when using English units, may be specified in columns 63-65 of the first non-header
CURR input line.
The following defines a current along the global X axis (0 degree) that is constant from
the mudline to 30 above the mudline. For elevations between 30 and 50 above the
mudline, the current varies linearly from 0.25 to 0.75.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
12345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890
CURR
CURR 0.000 0.250 0.000
CURR 30.000 0.250
CURR 50.000 0.750
Note: The first input line of the CURR set must be a header input line
containing only the input line name (CURR) in columns 1-4.
4.4.2 Current Profile Stretching/Compressing
Typically the current profile is specified with respect to the mean water level. By default,
the current velocity from the wave crest to the mean water surface is assumed constant.
The current profile in the trough (below the mean water surface) is truncated at the wave
surface so that there are no current effects above the surface of the wave.
The current profile may also be stretched or compressed to the actual wave surface
elevation by using linear or nonlinear stretching/compressing. The stretching technique,
LN for linear, NL for nonlinear or CN for constant, is designated on the first non-
header CURR input line in columns 60-61.
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4-7
The lines below specify that nonlinear stretching is to be used to determine the current
profile from the mean water surface to the crest elevation.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
12345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890
CURR
CURR 0.000 0.250 0.000 NL
4.4.3 Current Blockage Factor
The current blockage factor reduces the specified free-stream velocity to account for the
presence of the structure.
The blockage factor can be specified directly in columns 41-48, or can be calculated by
the program based on the cross-section area of the structure at the elevation specified in
columns 49-56 by specifying the BC option in columns 57-58 on the first non-header
CURR line.
The following designates that the blocking factor is to be calculated automatically based
on the relative density of the structure at elevation -10.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
12345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890
CURR
CURR 0.000 0.250 0.000 -10.0 BC
CURR 30.000 0.250
CURR 50.000 0.750
4.4.4 Apparent Wave Period
The component of the current velocity in the wave direction will stretch or shorten the
wave length which in turn increases or decreases the actual wave period. The apparent
wave period is the wave period observed when moving at the speed of the effective in-
line current and should be used when generating design loads per API 20th Edition.
The apparent wave period may be specified on the WAVE input line or may be
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4-8
determined by the program based on the actual wave period and the current velocity
automatically by specifying the actual wave period on the WAVE input line and the
AWP (Apparent Wave Period) option in columns 71-73 on the CURR input line. The
actual wave period refers to the wave period seen by a stationary observer.
The input below specifies that the apparent wave period is to be determined
automatically.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
12345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890
CURR
CURR 0.000 0.250 0.000 AWP
CURR 30.000 0.250
CURR 50.000 0.750
Note: The apparent wave period function should not be used when using
Stream Function including the effects of current (STRE wave
theory option) because this theory already includes the effects of
current on the wave period. If the STRE wave theory option is
specified and the apparent wave theory function is designated, the
Stream Function wave theory excluding the effects of current
(STRN wave theory option) is used to avoid accounting for the
effects of current twice.
4.4.5 Overriding Mudline Elevation
By default the mudline elevation specified on the LDOPT input line is used when
generating current forces. However, the mudline elevation to be used for any specific
current may be redefined in columns 33-40 on the first non-header CURR input line of
the set.
4.4.6 Minimum In-line Current
A minimum value the current component that acts in-line with the wave may be specified
in columns 5-8 on the CURR input line.
4.5 GRAVITY AND BUOYANCY LOAD
The dead weight and buoyancy of the structure can be included among the forces acting
on the structure for specific load cases by using the DEAD input line.
The DEAD load input line set includes the option to specify the direction gravity acts in
columns 11-12. This feature allows the structure weight to be generated in any direction.
Loads due to buoyancy may be accounted for by either the marine method or the
rational method.
1. The marine method is a widely used but approximate method of accounting for
buoyancy. It is the method used by most marine applications involving flotation
and rigid body motion of submerged bodies. In this method structural loads are
calculated on the basis of a submerged weight which is the member weight
reduced by the weight of the displaced fluid. This then is applied to the member
as a distributed load acting vertically.
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4-9
2. Seastate also includes an option for including buoyancy in a more rational way.
It recognizes that the effect of the pressure distribution on the structure results in
a system of structural loads consisting of distributed loads along the members
and concentrated loads at the joints. The member loads are perpendicular to the
member axis and in the vertical plane containing the member. The joint loads
consist of forces acting in the directions of all of the members meeting at the
joint. These joint forces act in a direction that would tend to compress the
corresponding members if they acted directly on them.
Figure 5 below displays pictorially the differences between the marine and rational
methods. For a more detailed discussion, see the section Commentary on Environmental
Loads.
By default the marine method is used. The buoyancy method to be used may be specified
in column 45 by inputting M for marine or R for rational. By default, the buoyancy
for elements below the mudline is included. Enter BML in columns 47-49 to exclude
buoyancy below the mudline.
The following specifies that gravity acts in the -Z direction and the marine method is to
be used to calculate buoyancy. The buoyancy for elements below the mudline is ignored.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
12345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890
DEAD
DEAD -Z M BML
4.5.1 Overriding Buoyancy Parameters
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4-10
2
0.00338
h s
p V C C
sin F pA
Parameters such as water depth, mudline elevation and water density are obtained from
the LDOPT line. These values may be overridden for the purposes of calculating
buoyancy in columns 21-44.
By default, the flood condition specified for each element is used. Enter FLD if all
members are to be flooded or NFL if all members are to be non-flooded for purpose of
calculating buoyancy.
4.6 WIND LOAD
Seastate can generate loads on the structure resulting from wind data specified on the
WIND input line. Wind load is generated on all members above the water surface as well
as any wind areas designated. Seastate calculates pressures on members and wind areas
using the equation:
where p = pressure (lbs/sq.ft.) V = Velocity (knots)
C
h
= height coefficient C
s
= shape coefficient
As recommended by API and A.B.S., C
s
is taken as 0.5 for tubular members and 1.5 for
other members and flat surfaces. The wind force on members and surfaces is normal to
the member or surface and is calculated as recommended by DNV and API by:
where: A = projected area of the surface or member normal to the force.
= angle between the direction of the wind and the axis of the member (or
the plane of the surface).
Note: Surfaces can also be specified as round in which case C
s
is taken
as 0.5 and the force is in the direction of the wind.
4.6.1 Wind Characteristics
Either the wind velocity or pressure is specified in
columns 9-16 or 17-24, respectively, on the WIND
input line. When API 21st edition wind specifications
are used, columns 17-24 specify the wind duration in
hours.
Note: When using English units, the velocity
may be specified in knots, miles/hour
or feet/second by entering a blank, M
or F in column 8.
The wind approach direction is designated in columns
25-32 and measured counterclockwise from the global
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4-11
1
xx
z r
r
z
V V
z
_

,
X axis as shown in the figure to the right.
The following defines a wind along the global X axis (0 degree) with a velocity of 120
miles per hour.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
12345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890
WIND
WIND M120.0
4.6.2 Wind Height Variation
The user also has the option of accounting for the variation of wind with height utilizing
A.B.S., API or Australian AS1107 recommendations. The wind height variation option is
specified in columns 41-44.
APxx should be specified for API formulas where xx is a value from 07 to 13
corresponding to the denominator of the exponent as follows:
If the recommendations of API 21st edition are to be used, 21AP should be specified in
columns 41-44.
Enter ASxx for Australian AS1170 variation where xx is a value from 01 to 04
corresponding to the wind category.
RH01 and RH02 corresponding to RH001 cyclonic and non-cyclonic wind formulas
may be specified.
If ABS wind variation is to be used, either ABS or ABS2 is specified in columns
41-44. If ABS is specified, the values of the height coefficient, C
h
, as recommended by
A.B.S. are shown in the table below, where a number of zones are defined within each of
which a value of C
h
is given. If ABS2 is specified, the recommendations of A.B.S.
Guide for Building and Classing Floating Production Installations, June 2000 are
followed.
Elev above mean
water (feet)
C
h
Elev above mean
water (feet)
C
h
0- 50 1.00 450-500 1.60
50-100 1.10 500-550 1.63
100-150 1.20 550-600 1.67
150-200 1.30 600-650 1.70
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200-250 1.37 650-700 1.72
250-300 1.43 700-750 1.75
300-350 1.48 750-800 1.77
350-400 1.52 800-850 1.79
400-450 1.56 850+ 1.80
4.6.3 Overriding Water Depth
By default, wind load is generated as distributed loads on members above the water
surface elevation as designated on the LDOPT input line. The water surface elevation
may be overridden for the purpose of generating wind load by specifying the water
surface elevation override in columns 33-40 on the WIND input line.
The following overrides the default water depth for the purpose of wind load generation.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
12345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890
WIND
WIND M120.0 150.0
4.6.4 Loading Wind Areas
Up to 18 wind areas or wind blocks that are to be considered when generating the wind
loading may be specified in columns 45-80 on the WIND input line.
If only wind areas are to be loaded (no beam elements loaded), enter I in column 7.
The following designates that wind load is to be generated for wind areas AA and AB.
No wind loads are to be generated for elements.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
12345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890
WIND
WIND IM120.0 150.0 AAAB
4.7 SUBMERGED BODY DRAG LOAD
Submerged bodies defined using the AREA input line can be loaded using the DRAG
line within the load case.
Enter the two character identifier of submerged bodies to be loaded by wave and/or
current forces in columns 45-80. Up to 18 submerged bodies may be specified.
The following designates that submerged bodies named S1, S2 and S3 are to be included
when generating wave and current loading.
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1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
12345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890
DRAG
DRAG S1S2S3
A detailed report of loading generated on each submerged body may be generated by
specifying 1 in column 5.
4.8 MUD FLOW LOAD
Seastate offers the user the ability to model mudflow loads on the structure in a simple
way based on the latest geotechnical methods. MFLO input lines are used to specify the
parameters that characterize the overall properties of the mud flow and the variation of
mud flow forces with depth.
The user may specify the relevant input at up to 12 levels through the mudflow. The flow
is treated as a mass of soil above the mudline moving past the structure and causing the
members to be loaded by pressures normal to the member axes and skin frictions acting
axially. For convenience these components are referred to as normal pressure and
tangential pressure respectively. The user enters the value of normal pressure that
would act on a member oriented normal to the flow and the tangential pressure that
would act on a member oriented with its axis along the flow. Factors are calculated by
the program by which these pressures are multiplied for members oriented arbitrarily
with respect to the flow.
The elevation of the mudflow is measured from the global origin and is entered in
columns 9-16. The direction is specified with respect to the X axis and the vertical axis
and is designated in columns 17-32. Critical incidence angles alpha and beta are input in
columns 33-40 and 41-48, respectively, while the normal load plateau is designated in
columns 49-56.
The following illustrates a mudflow with a top elevation of 13 from the origin. The flow
is downhill and makes an angle of 27 degrees with the X axis and 7 degrees with the
horizontal. The values of alpha and beta are 8 and 4 degrees, respectively and the normal
load plateau is 0.85.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
12345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890
MFLO
MFLO 13.0 27.0 -7.0 8.0 4.0 0.85
The load profile is defined on the subsequent MFLO2 lines with normal and tangential
components of the load defined at various depths below the mud surface.
The following shows normal and tangential load intensities 0.0, 3.0 and 6.0 feet below
the mudflow surface:
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
12345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890
MFLO
MFLO 13.0 27.0 -7.0 8.0 4.0 0.85
MFLO2 0.0 0.0 0.0 3.0 350. 35.0 6.0 750. 75.0
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Seastate
4-14
4.9 REPEATING A LOAD CASE
Load cases consisting entirely of environmental loading with the same wind, current
and/or wave approach directions may be repeated for another approach direction by
specifying the LOADRP input line in the subsequent load case. The LOADRP input line
with the new direction specified in columns 11-16 eliminates the need to respecify the
WAVE, WIND and/or CURR input lines. Enter the load case to be repeated or copied in
columns 17-20 and the name of the new load case in columns 21-24.
This feature is only applicable if all environmental load characteristics are the exact
same except for the approach direction. For example, load case S000 with loading in the
0 degree direction is repeated for load case S045. The load direction is changed to 45
degrees.
Note: No other load data can be specified in the load case to be created
by the load repeat function.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
12345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890
LOADCNS000 1.000 1.100 1.350 1.000
WIND
WIND 20.00 0.0 AP13
CURR
CURR 0.000 0.250 0.000 -10.000BC NL AWP
CURR 30.000 0.250
CURR 50.000 0.750
DEAD
DEAD -Z M
WAVE
WAVE1.00AIRY 10.00 13.00 0.00 L -20.00 2.00 15MS10 1 0 7
LOADCNS045 1.000 1.100 1.350 1.000
LOADRPPREV 45.0
4.10 API RP2A-WSD 20TH EDITION CONSIDERATIONS
The following outlines the requirements for generation of environmental design loads in
accordance with API RP2A-WSD 20th Edition guidelines.
Apparent Wave Period - The apparent wave period may be entered as the wave period on
the WAVE input line or may be determined by the program automatically by specifying
AWP in columns 71-73 of the CURR input line. See Section 4.4.4.
Wave Kinematics/Spreading factor - The wave spreading factor is entered directly on the
WAVE input line in columns 5-8. See Section 4.3.5.
Current Blockage factor - The current blockage factor may be specified in columns 41-48
on the CURR input line or may be calculated by the program by specifying BC in
columns 57-58 and the reference elevation in columns 49-56. See Section 4.4.3.
Current Stretching/Compressing - Constant, linear or nonlinear current profile stretching
may be specified by entering CN, LN or NL in columns 60-61 on the CURR input
line. See Section 4.4.2.
Coefficients of Drag and Inertia - The API default simplified coefficients may be
designated by selecting AP in columns 5-6 of the CDM input line. Drag and Inertia
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Seastate
4-15
coefficients can be calculated automatically including wake encounter effects by
specifying WE in columns 5-6. See Section 2.3.1.5.
Wave Shielding - Wave shielding due to closely spaced members can be accounted for
by factoring the coefficients of drag and mass for a member or group of members on the
MEMOV or GRPOV input lines, respectively. See Sections 2.3.1.4 and 2.3.1.5.
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4-16
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Seastate
SECTION 5
GENERATING TRANSFER FUNCTION
LOADS
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Seastate
5-1
5.0 GENERATING TRANSFER FUNCTION LOADS
Seastate may be used to create wave loading used to develop wave transfer functions
used in static or dynamic spectral fatigue analyses.
5.1 SPECIFYING TRANSFER FUNCTION WAVE DATA
Loads used to develop transfer functions are generated for a set of waves designated by
the user. The user inputs sets of waves of equal period spacing and constant steepness
using the GNTRF line.
The number of waves to be generated is entered in columns 11-13 while the wave
steepness (height/length), direction, wave type and maximum allowable wave height are
entered in columns 14-20, 46-51, 55-58 and 64-69, respectively. The maximum
allowable wave height used is the minimum of the value specified in columns 64-69 and
the value computed by the program. Wave height computed by the program is
proportional to the product of the period squared and the wave steepness. If the
maximum allowable wave height field is left empty then the value computed by the
program is used.
The period of the first wave to be generated and the period step size are input in columns
21-26 and 27-32, respectively.
For each wave period, the wave is stepped through the structure changing the crest
position. Enter the number of crest position steps in columns 52-54.
The water depth and mudline may be overridden in columns 33-39 and 40-45,
respectively.
The self weight and buoyancy can optionally be included in each of the load cases
generated by entering D in column 61. Enter M or R in column 62 to use the marine
or rational buoyancy method, respectively. Enter B in column 63 to exclude buoyancy
or elements below the mudline.
The following specifies a total of twenty Airy waves from the 45 degree direction using
three sets of GNTRF lines. For each wave, 18 crest positions are to be used, the wave
steepness is 1/20 and the maximum allowable wave height is computed by the program.
The first GNTRF line defines 5 waves beginning with period 12 through 8 seconds using
1.0 second period increment. The second defines 6 waves beginning with period of 7.5
using 0.5 second increment. The last set of 9 waves begins at 4.5 seconds through 2.5
seconds using a 0.25 second period increment.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
12345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890
LOADCN
GNTRF 5 0.05 12.0 1.0 45.0 18AIRY
GNTRF 6 0.05 7.5 0.5 45.0 18AIRY
GNTRF 9 0.05 4.5 0.25 45.0 18AIRY
5.1.1 Critical Wave Crest Positions
Numerous techniques can be used to determine the stress range due to a particular wave.
In general, however, a load case will be created for each crest position.
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Seastate
5-2
5.1.1.1 Dynamic Analysis
The number of load cases created and the critical position is controlled by the stress
range option designated in the Wave Response input file.
For example, the following Wave Response input file, indicates that an equivalent static
load case is to be created for each wave crest position (ALL in columns 15-18). Each
load case corresponds to one of the eighteen crest position steps designated.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
12345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890
WROPT ALL ES
The following Wave Response input file, indicates that eight equivalent static load cases
are to be created for each wave. Four load cases corresponding to the four crest positions
resulting in the highest base shear and four load cases corresponding to the crest
positions resulting in the four lowest base shears (MM4S in columns 15-18 and ES in
columns 19-20).
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
12345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890
WROPT MM4SES
5.1.1.2 Static Analysis
The number of load cases created and the critical position is controlled by the static
option designated in columns 9-10 on the GNTRF line.
By default, a load case will be created for each wave crest position (AL option). The
position of maximum base shear or overturning moment can be saved by specifying BS
or OM.
For example, the following indicates that an equivalent static load case is to be created
for each wave crest position (AL in columns 9-10). Each load case corresponds to one
of the eighteen crest position steps designated.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
12345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890
LOADCN
GNTRF AL 5 0.05 12.0 1.0 45.0 18AIRY
GNTRF AL 6 0.05 7.5 0.5 45.0 18AIRY
GNTRF AL 9 0.05 4.5 0.25 45.0 18AIRY
5.1.2 Creating Global Transfer Function Plots
Global base shear or overturning moment transfer function plots may be generated
automatically by Seastate or Wave Response.
5.1.2.1 Dynamic Analysis
General transfer function plot parameters are specified in the Wave Response input file
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Seastate
5-3
using the PLTTF and TFLCAS lines.
For example the following request overturning moment and base shear global transfer
function plots. The plots are generated using wave number 1 through wave number 20.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
12345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890
WROPT MM4SES
PLTTF OM BS
TFLCAS 1 20
5.1.2.2 Static Analysis
For static analysis, all waves defined by the GNTRF lines are used to create the plots.
Global base shear and overturning moment plots are generated by specifying TRN for
plots only or TRL for plots and loading in columns 56-58 on the LDOPT line. Plot
parameters determining whether plotted versus period PR, FQ or both may be
specified in columns 59-60 on the GNTRF line.
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5-4
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Seastate
SECTION 6
SEASTATE INPUT FILE
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Seastate
6-1
6.0 SEASTATE INPUT FILE
6.1 INPUT FILE SETUP
Seastate input may be specified within the SACS model file or in a Seastate input file.
When specifying Seastate input information in a separate file, the FILE input line must
be specified in the Seastate input file.
The table below shows the standard input data for Seastate.
INPUT LINE DESCRIPTION
LDOPT Basic Seastate analysis and print options
LCSEL Load case selection criteria
LCFAC Load case factors
AMOD Allowable stress modifiers/material factors
FILE Model data is found in another file
AREA Wind area
AREA Submerged area or volume
CDM Global coefficient of drag and inertia diameter variation
REYFAC HEAD Reynolds number dependent drag coefficient header
REYFAC Reynolds number dependent drag and inertia coefficient data
GRPOV Global hydrodynamic group override
MEMOV Global hydrodynamic member override
PGROV Global plate property override
MGROV Global marine growth override
WINSHL Wind shield zones
DUMMY Non-structural elements to be loaded
KEEP Boundary joints for non-structural elements
DELETE Other joints of the non-structural elements
DELGRP Group to be loaded then deleted
DELMEM Member to be loaded then deleted
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Seastate
6-2
DELJNT Joints to be loaded then deleted
REPORT Special report option
REPLBL Title of special report
REPGRP Groups to be included in special report
REPMEM Members to be included in special report
*CENTER Center of specified structural accelerations
*DYNMAS Weight groups applied to dynamic analysis
*ELEV Elevation identifiers for weight groups
*RAO HEAD Header for RAO data
*RAO Response amplitude operator data
*EXCGRP Member groups to exclude from weight footprints
*WTSTR Inertial weight definition
*SURFID Weight surface definition
*SURFDR Weight surface boundary definition
*SURFWT Weight surface loading
*WGTFP Footprint weight data
*WGTFP2 Additional footprint weight data
*WGTJT Weight data applied to one joint
*WGTMEM CONC Concentrated member weight data
*WGTMEM UNIF Distributed member weight data
*WGTNS Non-structural weight data
*WGTNS2 Additional non-structural weight data
*WTCMB Weight combination definition
LOADCN Load case header input line
LOADLB Load condition description
MOVLOD Moving load case identification
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Seastate
6-3
MOVGRP Moving load case member group selection
MOVSTP Moving load case step size creation
INCWGT Weight groups included in load condition
INCRAO RAOs included in load condition
ACCEL Global structural acceleration definition
MOTION Structural motion definition
SFRC Isolated force applied to structure
SMOM Isolated moment applied to structure
**GNTRF Transfer function data for designated waves
GRPOV Load case dependent hydrodynamic group override
MEMOV Load case dependent hydrodynamic member override
PGROV Load case dependent plate property override
WIND Wind parameters and affected wind groups
DRAG Submerged areas to be included
MFLO2 Mud load profile definition
MFLO Mud flow definition parameters
WAVE Wave load generation input line
CURR Current speed, direction and elevation
DEAD Dead load and buoyancy
Repeat the load section input line set for each additional load
case
LOADRP Same loads generated but with new direction
LCOMB Load combination name and contents
END End of file input line
Notice that global override input lines are inserted prior to the load case input and load
case dependent override input lines are inserted within that load case input line set.
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Seastate
6-4
Note: (*) In the case of dynamic analysis, Seastate structural loading
lines (masses/weights) are passed on to Dynpac/Dynamic Response
for analysis. In the case of static analysis, Seastate structural
loading lines are converted to structural forces.
Note: (**) The GNTRF input line is an exclusive input line with respect
to wave generation. When generating a transfer function, no other
load generation data should be used in the load case.
The following section illustrates the formats of the input lines for Seastate. The user
should be familiar with the basic guidelines for specifying input data. These guidelines are
located in the Introduction Manual.
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6-5
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6-6
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1
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1
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4
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1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
1
0
1
1
1
2
1
3
1
4
1
5
1
6
1
7
1
8
1
9
2
0
2
1
2
2
2
3
2
4
2
5
2
6
2
7
2
8
2
9
3
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3
1
3
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3
3
4
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5
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6
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3
3
3
4
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4
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5
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6
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7
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8
4
9
5
0
5
1
5
2
5
3
5
4
5
5
5
6
5
7
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8
5
9
6
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2
6
3
6
4
6
5
6
6
6
7
6
8
6
9
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1
7
2
7
3
7
4
7
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7
6
7
7
7
8
7
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6-14
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
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1
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1
2
1
3
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4
1
5
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6
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2
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4
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6
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SACS
Seastate
6-30
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
1
0
1
1
1
2
1
3
1
4
1
5
1
6
1
7
1
8
1
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2
0
2
1
2
2
2
3
2
4
2
5
2
6
2
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2
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.

G
L
O
B
A
L

G
R
O
U
P

O
V
E
R
R
I
D
E
S

A
R
E

O
V
E
R
R
I
D
D
E
N

B
Y
;

2
.

G
L
O
B
A
L

M
E
M
B
E
R

O
V
E
R
R
I
D
E
S

W
H
I
C
H

A
R
E

O
V
E
R
R
I
D
D
E
N

B
Y
;

3
.

M
A
R
I
N
E

G
R
O
W
T
H

O
V
E
R
R
I
D
E
S

W
H
I
C
H

A
R
E

O
V
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R
R
I
D
D
E
N

B
Y
;

4
.

L
O
C
A
L

G
R
O
U
P

O
V
E
R
R
I
D
E
S

W
H
I
C
H

A
R
E

O
V
E
R
R
I
D
D
E
N

B
Y
;

5
.

L
O
C
A
L

M
E
M
B
E
R

O
V
E
R
R
I
D
E
S
.

(
N
O
T
E

T
H
A
T

A

L
O
C
A
L

G
R
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U
P

O
R

M
E
M
B
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D
I
M
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N
S
I
O
N

O
V
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R
R
I
D
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C
A
N
C
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L
S

A
N
Y

G
L
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B
A
L

M
A
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N
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G
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T
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C
A
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)
.

M
A
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N
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G
R
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T
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I
S

A

G
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O
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R
R
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D
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O
N
L
Y
;

I
T

M
A
Y

N
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T

B
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S
P
E
C
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D

A
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D
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F
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T

F
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I
N
D
I
V
I
D
U
A
L

L
O
A
D

C
A
S
E
S
.
(

1
-

5
)

E
N
T
E
R

M
G
R
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O
N

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C
H

L
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S
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T
.

T
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A

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D
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A
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L
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T
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S

E
N
T
R
Y
.
C
O
L
U
M
N
S
C
O
M
M
E
N
T
A
R
Y
(

9
-
1
6
)

E
N
T
E
R

T
H
E

E
L
E
V
A
T
I
O
N

A
B
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M
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O
F

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B
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G
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Z
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.

E
A
C
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L
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R
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Z
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,
Z
O
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N
P
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D
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N
.

U
P

T
O

1
5
Z
O
N
E
S

M
A
Y

B
E

I
N
P
U
T
.
(
1
7
-
2
4
)

E
N
T
E
R

T
H
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E
L
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A
T
I
O
N

O
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M
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.

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(
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5
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2
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T
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.

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D
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.

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D
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D
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N

0
.
0
2

I
N
C
H
E
S

(
0
.
0
5

C
M
)

N
O

M
A
R
I
N
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G
R
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T
H
I
S

A
D
D
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D

T
O

T
H
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S

D
I
M
E
N
S
I
O
N
.
(
3
3
-
4
0
)

E
N
T
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R

T
H
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M
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D
L
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E
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.

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T
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.
(
4
1
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4
8
)

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S
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0
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0
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1

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N
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.
(
4
9
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5
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)

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.
(
6
5
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7
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)

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G
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SACS
Seastate
6-34
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
1
0
1
1
1
2
1
3
1
4
1
5
1
6
1
7
1
8
1
9
2
0
2
1
2
2
2
3
2
4
2
5
2
6
2
7
2
8
2
9
3
0
3
1
3
2
3
3
3
4
3
5
3
6
3
7
3
8
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0
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S
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L
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.
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5
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.
0
4
1
4
2
4
3
4
4
4
5
4
6
4
7
4
8
4
9
5
0
5
1
5
2
5
3
5
4
5
5
5
6
5
7
5
8
5
9
6
0
6
1
6
2
6
3
6
4
6
5
6
6
6
7
6
8
6
9
7
0
7
1
7
2
7
3
7
4
7
5
7
6
7
7
7
8
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L
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M
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L
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B
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1
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H
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L
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1

6
1
1
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1
8
1
9
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6
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3
4
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(
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T
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N
.
(
1
9
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2
6
)

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(
2
7
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(
4
3
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5
8
)

E
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.
(
5
9
-
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1
2
3
4
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6-64
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3
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4
1
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1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
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1
1
2
1
3
1
4
1
5
1
6
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7
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2
2
2
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4
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5
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6
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1
2
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4
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1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
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1
1
2
1
3
1
4
1
5
1
6
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7
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8
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2
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4
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4
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5
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SACS
Seastate
6-118
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
1
0
1
1
1
2
1
3
1
4
1
5
1
6
1
7
1
8
1
9
2
0
2
1
2
2
2
3
2
4
2
5
2
6
2
7
2
8
2
9
3
0
3
1
3
2
3
3
3
4
3
5
3
6
3
7
3
8
3
9
4
0
M
E
M
O
V
M
E
M
O
V
2
0
3
3
0
3
N
N
4
1
4
2
4
3
4
4
4
5
4
6
4
7
4
8
4
9
5
0
5
1
5
2
5
3
5
4
5
5
5
6
5
7
5
8
5
9
6
0
6
1
6
2
6
3
6
4
6
5
6
6
6
7
6
8
6
9
7
0
7
1
7
2
7
3
7
4
7
5
7
6
7
7
7
8
7
9
8
0
1
.
1
1
.
1
1
.
7
1
.
7
M
E
M
B
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2
0
3
-

3
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3

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A
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M
A
R
I
N
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G
R
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W
T
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(
C
O
L

1
9
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,

A
N
D

W
I
L
L

B
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A
S
S
I
G
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D

A
C
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F
F
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1
.
1

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7
-
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L
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A
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C
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k
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D
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D
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w
w
w
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cu-trac
k
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SACS
Seastate
6-140
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
1
0
1
1
1
2
1
3
1
4
1
5
1
6
1
7
1
8
1
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2
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2
1
2
2
2
3
2
4
2
5
2
6
2
7
2
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3
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4
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6
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2
4
3
4
4
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5
2
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3
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4
5
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5
6
5
7
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6
1
6
2
6
3
6
4
6
5
6
6
6
7
6
8
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7
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4
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SACS
Seastate
6-141
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SACS
Seastate
6-142
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SACS
Seastate
6-143
6.2 USER DEFINED WAVE INPUT
The following section shows the data input for Seastates user defined wave capabilities.
Typically these lines are used to generate loads from empirically defined velocities and
accelerations, or pressures.
This diagram shows the definition of the grid stations and levels.
C
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k
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w
w
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SACS
Seastate
6-144
The table below shows the user defined wave input data for Seastate.
INPUT LINE DESCRIPTION
WAVE HEAD Overall parameters 1
WAVE XLOC Grid station lines 2
WAVE YLOC Grid level lines 3
WAVE SURF Wave surface lines 4
WAVE SURD Surface horizontal velocity 5
WAVE SURD Surface horizontal drag pressure 6
WAVE SURI Surface horizontal acceleration 7
WAVE SURI Surface horizontal inertia pressure 8
WAVE SURD Surface vertical velocity 9
WAVE SURD Surface vertical drag pressure 10
WAVE SURI Surface vertical acceleration 11
WAVE SURI Surface vertical inertia pressure 12
WAVE DRAG Horizontal velocity 13
WAVE DRAG Horizontal drag pressure 14
WAVE INER Horizontal acceleration 15
WAVE INER Horizontal inertia pressure 16
WAVE DRAG Vertical velocity 17
WAVE DRAG Vertical drag pressure 18
WAVE INER Vertical acceleration 19
WAVE INER Vertical inertia pressure 20
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w
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SACS
Seastate
6-145
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w
w
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SACS
Seastate
6-146
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
1
0
1
1
1
2
1
3
1
4
1
5
1
6
1
7
1
8
1
9
2
0
2
1
2
2
2
3
2
4
2
5
2
6
2
7
2
8
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3
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3
1
3
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3
3
3
4
3
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3
7
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4
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9
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4
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3
4
4
4
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4
6
4
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4
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5
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5
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4
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3
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4
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6
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SACS
Seastate
6-147
L
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SECTION 7
COMMENTARY
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7-1
7.0 COMMENTARY
7.1 WAVE GENERATION
Seastate can be used to generate fluid velocities and accelerations resulting from surface
gravity waves. The methods used to derive these motions for a wave of given amplitude
and period in a fluid of known depth are based on any of five theories at the users
options. These are the Airy (or linear) wave theory, Stokes Fifth Order Theory, the
Stream Function Theory, Cnoidal Theory, and Solitary Wave Theory. Each of these
theories gives an approximate solution to the equations governing the fluid motion, and
each provides good results over a range of values of wave amplitude, period and water
depth.
Figure 6 defines the parameters and coordinates used in the following brief discussion of
the theoretical basis for Seastates wave generation routines.
Wave Parameters
Figure 6
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7-2
0 V
(1)
0 V
(2)
V (3)
2
0 (4)
2 2
2 2
0
x z

+

(5)
0 at z d
z
(6)
It is shown in standard references on fluid mechanics that the velocity field,
, for an ideal fluid must satisfy a continuity equation: V(x,y,z,t)
and an irrationality condition:
It is easily seen that the second equation is satisfied if one can find a scalar function, ,
called a velocity potential, such that:
The continuity equation can then be written in terms of , resulting in:
Thus it is seen that the potential function satisfies Laplaces equation. Any problem
concerning motion of an ideal fluid will therefore be solved if we can find a function, ,
that satisfies Laplaces equation and whatever boundary and initial conditions pertain to
that problem.
For a plane wave Laplaces equation becomes:
with the boundary conditions:
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0 at z
t x x z

+

(7)
2 2
1
0 at
2
g z
t x z
1

_ _
+ + +
1

, ,
1
]
(8)
( , , ) ( , ) x y z x ct z (9)
cosh 2
sin 2
2
sinh 2
z d
L HL x t
d T L T
L
+ 1 _

1
1 _ ,
]

1
_
, ]

,
(10)
and a propagation condition
which requires the wave to maintain its form as it propagates.
This condition serves instead of an initial condition.
Equation (6) demands that the vertical component of velocity be zero at the mudline.
Equation (7) states that the vertical component of velocity at the free surface equals the
vertical velocity of the free surface itself. Equation 8 requires the pressure at the free
surface to be zero.
Two difficulties arise in attempting to solve the system of equations (5) through (9). First
equations (7) and (8) are nonlinear and second, those equations are prescribed at the free
surface, z= , which is unknown. Consequently various approximate solutions have been
developed.
7.2 AIRY WAVE THEORY
This is the simplest of the theories, it is also called the linear wave theory because it
linearizes the nonlinear boundary conditions, equations 7 and 8. The theory is based on
the assumption that the wave height is much smaller than both the wave length and the
still water depth. In this case it can be shown that the nonlinear terms in equations (7)
and (8) are small and that only a small error is introduced if the conditions are applied at
z = 0 instead of at z = .
The resulting solution for is:
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7-4
2
tanh 2
L
T
d
gX
L
_

,
(11)
2 5
1
cosh 2 sin 2
2
n
n
L z d x t
n n
T L L T
+ 1 1
_ _
+
1 1
, ,
] ]
(12)
2 4
1 2
2
tanh 2 1
L
T
d
gX C C
L
_
1 + +

]
,
(13)
w= - u
z x

with the relation
The resulting velocities and accelerations, as well as other wave properties can be
calculated.
7.3 STOKES WAVE THEORY
The linear wave theory provides a first order approximation to the wave motion. By a
perturbation procedure higher order approximations can be obtained, which more nearly
satisfy the nonlinear boundary conditions.
In the Stokes Fifth Order Theory the velocity potential, , takes the form:
with the relation,
The constants,
n
, , C
1
and C
2
are known (but complicated) functions of H, L, and d.
7.4 STREAM FUNCTION THEORY
The stream function theory is so called because instead of solving for the velocity
potential function the stream function is found. It is shown in standard references on
fluid mechanics that for two dimensional motion of an ideal fluid a stream function,
(x,z,t), exists such that:
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7-5
2 2
2 2
0
x z

+

(14)
0 at z d
x
(15)
0 at w u z
x
(16)
2 2
1
( ) at
2
u w Q z
g
+ + (17)
1
( , ) sinh( ( )) cos( )
N
n
n
x z Cz x nk z d nkx
+ +
(18)
1
sinh( ( )) cos( )
N
n
n
C x nk d nkx A
+ +
(19)
where u and w are the velocity components in the x and z directions respectively.
By choosing a coordinate system that moves with the wave the stream function is
independent of t, that is the problem is reduced to one of steady flow. The stream
function, (x,z,t), is shown to satisfy Laplaces equation:
with boundary conditions:
where Q is a constant.
A stream function is assumed in the form:
where N is the order of the stream function and k is the wave number.
An advantage of the stream function formulation is that on the free surface the stream
function is a constant, say A. Thus evaluating equation (18) at z= gives a equation
(within a constant) for (x):
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0 1 m
Equations (14), (15) and (16) are satisfied identically. By a process of successive
approximation the unknown parameters are chosen to approximately satisfy equation
(17). The approach used is to minimize the mean square error in the fit with that
boundary condition. This process is carried out numerically in Seastate and stream
functions up to the 22nd order may be found.
The stream function approach can also accommodate current with the wave. Seastate
includes the capability of generating a stream function wave in the presence of current.
This approach gives more accurate results than the usual technique of simply adding
current velocities to a wave generated without current.
7.5 CNOIDAL AND SOLITARY WAVE THEORIES
The Cnoidal theory is so called because of the appearance of the Jacobean elliptic
function, cn (x,m), in the expression for the wave profile. It is found to provide good
results for shallow water where the other theories are less reliable. As for Stokes and
Stream Function waves, approximations of various orders may be derived. Seastate
includes the Cnoidal theory to the fifth order. It has been demonstrated elsewhere that
higher order approximations produce results no more reliable than the fifth order theory.
The solitary wave theory is a limiting case of the Cnoidal theory.
Equations for calculating velocities, accelerations, and wave profile can be found in the
reference below, these expressions are too lengthy to be included here. The various
components of velocity, acceleration and wave profile involve series of Jacobean elliptic
functions. These functions depend on a parameter, m, which can assume values:
When m=1 the wave is a solitary wave. This is a wave having infinite wave length. It can
be thought of as a localized mound of water propagating over the undistributed water.
Reference:
Fenton, J. D. 1979 A High Order Cnoidal Wave Theory. Journal of Fluid Mechanics.
Vol. 94 pp 129-161
7.6 MEMBER FORCES FROM WAVES AND CURRENT
The resultant force distribution on members due to fluid particle motion is calculated
using Morisons equation. This is in accordance with API, DNV, and NPD
recommendations and produces reliable results for members whose cross sectional
dimensions are small with respect to both the wave length and the characteristic distance
between members. These are the conditions that usually prevail for typical offshore
jacket structures.
The resultant force per unit length on a cylinder, F, in general has a component normal to
the cylinder, F
n
, and a component along the axis of the cylinder (a tangential component),
F
t
.
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7-7
n t
F F F +
n Dn In
F F F +
1
2
Dn Dn n n
F C D V V
2
1
4
In Mn n
F C D V
&
t Dt
F F
1
2
t Dt t t
F C D V V
Each of these components can be expressed as functions of the fluid particle motions by
using Morisons equation. In the normal direction this equation is:
where F
Dn
and F
In
are the drag and inertia forces respectively and are given by:
where C
Cn
= Drag coefficient for flow normal to the member
C
Mn
= Inertia coefficient for flow normal to the member
D = Member diameter
= Fluid mass density
V
n
= Fluid particle relative velocity normal component
Only a skin friction drag term and no inertial component acts in the axial (tangential)
direction unless an axial inertia coefficient is specified. If no axial inertia coefficient is
specified, the equation in this direction is:
where the terms are defined as above with the stipulation that the subscript, t, refers to
the member tangential (axial) direction.
These various forces are collected and expressed in the member local coordinates as
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2
1 1
2 4
y Dn n y Mn y
F C D V V C D V +
&
1
2
x Dt t t
F C D V V
2
1 1
2 4
z Dn n z Mn z
F C D V V C D V +
&
1
( )
4
x Dt y z t t
F C D D V V +
2
1 1
2 4
y Dy y n y My y y
F C D V V C D V +
&
2
1 1
2 4
z Dz z n z Mz z z
F C D V V C D V +
&
where x, y, and z are the member local coordinates (x is always in the axial direction)
For non-cylindrical members these equations are modified to account for the fact that the
member may have different hydrodynamic behavior in the local y and z directions. The
equations for the components of force in the member local coordinates are:
where C
Dy
,C
Dz
= Drag coefficients for flow in the local y and z directions.
D
y
,D
z
= Effective member depth for flow in the local y and z directions.
A great deal of experimental evidence indicates that the drag and inertia coefficients are
not truly constant by depend on the member diameter and on Reynolds number. This
behavior is incorporated into Seastate.
The user may specify a table of drag and inertia coefficients versus diameter, or if he
prefers, the program defaults to the standard table indicated on the input line description
for the CDM input line set. Also the user can include a table of drag coefficient versus
Reynolds number or use the built-in table indicated on the input line description for the
REYFAC input line set.
The effect of marine growth on the hydrodynamic behavior of members is included in
the program. Such growth increases the member diameter and also makes the member
much rougher than a clean one. Both of these effects cause increases in the load that the
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7-9
2
1
cos
4
w D
P Ad
member is subject to. The user may specify drag and inertia coefficients for fouled as
well as clean members on the CDM input line set and he can specify the thickness of
marine growth as a function of depth on the MEMOV input line set. Marine growth is
approximately neutrally buoyant thus its dead weight and buoyancy nearly cancel and in
combination contribute only negligibly to the forces on the structure, the program
ignores this contribution.
Note: The inclusion of marine growth in the Seastate input file does not
automatically account for increased diameter and mass in
subsequent dynamic analyses using DYNPAC unless DYN is specified
on the LDOPT input line. The user can also override both the
member diameter and material density in the DYNPAC input file.
7.7 BUOYANCY
Loads due to buoyancy may be accounted for by either the marine method or the
rational method.
The marine method is an approximate method used by most marine applications
involving flotation and rigid body motion of submerged bodies. Structural loads are
calculated on the basis of a submerged weight which is the member weight reduced by
the weight of the displaced fluid. This then is applied to the member as a distributed load
acting vertically.
Unlike gravity which is a true body force acting on every particle of a body, buoyancy is
the resultant of fluid pressure acting on the surface of the body. These pressures can only
act normal to the surface, thus for a non-segmented member they cannot produce an axial
distributed load.
The rational technique recognizes that the effect of the pressure distribution on the
structure, results in a system of loads consisting of distributed loads along the members
and concentrated loads at the joints. The loads on the members are perpendicular to the
member axis and in the vertical plane containing the member. The magnitude of this
distributed load is:
where D = member diameter
= fluid weight density
= angle between the member and its projection on a horizontal plane
The joint loads consist of forces acting in the directions of all of the members meeting at
the joint. These joint forces act in a direction that would compress the corresponding
members if they acted directly on them, and have magnitude of :
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7-10
2 2
2 1.0 A B v A B + +
( 0.5 )
a b h h
x x
y hc
f f f f
A SF B SF
F F
+

2
0.5
1.0
0.5
x ha h
aa ha ha
f F f
F F F
1
+
1
]
1.0 1.0
x h
x x
xc hc
f f
SF SF
F F

0.5
x a b h
f f f f + +
where = fluid weight density
A = displaced area i.e. the material area for flooded members, the
enclosed area for non-flooded members.
d = water depth at the end of the member being considered.
If the rational method is used, it should be indicated by R in column 20 of the HYDRO
line so that the corresponding API code check can be made for axial force interaction
with hydrostatic collapse. In the SACS IV program if the marine method is indicated the
following formulas from API-RP2A are checked:
for tension-collapse interaction (Eq. 2.5.4-6)
with
and for compression-collapse interaction (Eq. 2.5.4-7,8,9)
and
with
where the terms in these expressions are defined in RP2A.
When the rational method is used to produce the loads on the structure, API permits a
modification of these expressions, such that the term 0.5 f
h
is eliminated from the
equations for A and f
x
.
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7-11
7.8 FORCES DUE TO MUD FLOW
Mud flow is treated as a mass of soil above the mudline moving past the structure and
causing the members to be loaded by pressures normal to the member axes and skin
frictions acting axially. For convenience these components are referred to as normal
pressure and tangential pressure respectively. The user enters the value of normal
pressure that would act on a member oriented normal to the flow and the tangential
pressure that would act on a member oriented with its axis along the flow. Factors are
calculated by the program by which these pressures are multiplied for members oriented
arbitrarily with respect to the flow. The form of the curve of these factors (normalized
pressures) as a function of incidence angle of the flow over the member is shown in the
figure below. It is seen from these curves that the tangential pressure remains constant
until a critical angle is reached, after which it drops off to zero when the flow is
normal to the member. This is characteristic of a force that is essentially the result of
friction.
The behavior of the normal pressure, however, is somewhat more complicated. Recent
geotechnical work on the subject indicates that a normal pressure variation as shown in
the figure gives a good approximation for forces generated for a variety of soil
conditions. The user specifies the parameters, , and plateau to define the curves.
Member forces are calculated from these pressures as follows:
1. Normal forces per unit length are calculated by multiplying the normal pressure by
the dimension of the member in the plane perpendicular to the flow.
2. The axial force per unit length is calculated by multiplying the tangential pressure by
the circumference for cylindrical members or the perimeter of the enclosing
rectangle for non-cylindrical members.
Both horizontal and vertical components of mud flow can be accounted for. When
mudflow is specified, the program automatically adjusts the water depth and mudline
elevation so that a wave generated in that load case will be for a water depth from the top
of the mudflow to the still water surface. No current or buoyancy loads are generated
below the top of the mudflow.
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7-12
( )
2
2
tanh 2 /
I app
app
V T
T T g d
+
( )
0
4 / 4 ( )
( ) cosh
sinh 4 /
I c
d
z d
V U z dz
d

+
1
1
]
1
( )
1
4
d i
C D
W
1
+
1
]
( )
( ) ( )
z z
z d d
V V
z d d
+

+ +
7.9 API RP2A-WSD 20TH EDITION WAVE DETERMINATION
7.9.1 Apparent Wave Period
The apparent wave period, T
app
, is the wave period relative to the effective in-line
current. For a wave propagating on an arbitrary current profile, determination of the
apparent wave period requires solving the following simultaneous equations:
where, is the wave length, d is the storm water depth, U
c
(z) is the steady state current
profile component in the wave direction at elevation z, g is the acceleration of gravity, V
I
is the effective in-line current velocity and T is the wave period relative to a stationary
object.
7.9.2 Current Blockage
The current blockage factor calculated by Seastate is based on the actuator disk model
and is taken as:
where (C
d
D)
i
is the summation of the drag diameters of all members cut by the
specified horizontal plane and W is the overall width of the platform normal to the
current at that level.
7.9.3 Current Profile Stretching or Compressing
Because current profile is usually specified to the mean water level, the current profile
must be stretched or compressed to the actual wave surface.
For current profiles where linear stretching is an acceptable approximation, the current
V
z
at a distance z above the mean water level, can be calculated from the current profile
specified at elevation z' using the following relationship:
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7-13
sinh(2 ( ) / )
sinh(2 / )
n
z z
n
z d z
V V
z d
1 + +

1
]
where V
z
' is the specified current at elevation z', d is the storm water depth and is the
distance between the wave surface and the mean water level (where and z are positive
above the mean water level and negative below).
Studies have shown that a nonlinearly stretched current profile may be most appropriate
when combined with Doppler-shifted wave kinematics. Nonlinear stretching computes
the stretched current V
z
for a particle instantaneously at elevation z, based on the speed
V
z
' specified in the current profile at elevation z' as follows:
where
n
is the wave length determined for a height of H and period T
app
.
7.9.4 Coefficient of Drag and Mass
For a complete discussion on the calculation of C
d
and/or C
m
based on surface roughness,
wake encounter effects and member orientation, refer to the section, Commentary on
Wave Forces, in the API RP2A-WSD 20th Edition.
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Seastate
7-14
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Seastate
SECTION 8
SAMPLE PROBLEMS
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Seastate
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SACS
Seastate
8-1
8.0 SAMPLE PROBLEMS
The structure shown in Figure 9 is used to illustrate the various capabilities of the
Seastate program. Four separate runs are illustrated:
1. The first sample problem is a typical environmental load generation run where
Seastate input lines are located in the SACS model file. This sample is fairly
comprehensive and utilizes most Seastate input lines required for standard
environmental load generation including waves, wind, current, gravity and buoyancy.
2. Sample Problem 2 is the similar to Sample Problem 1 except that the Seastate input
lines are located in a separate file from the SACS model. In addition, this sample
illustrates the capabilities available to specify non-structural elements that are used
to generate environmental loads but are not included in the stiffness of the structure
(i.e. risers, caissons, boatlandings etc.).
3. Sample Problem 3 illustrates the transfer function plot generation feature.
4. Sample Problem 4 generates wave loading using empirical wave velocities and
accelerations defined by the user.
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SACS
Seastate
8-2
Figure 9
8.1 SAMPLE PROBLEM 1
The following is an example of a Seastate execution where the input lines were included
in the SACS model file. This example illustrates most of the input lines associated with a
standard Seastate execution. The structure shown in Figure 9 stands in 82.02 feet of
water. The model contains one user defined load condition (LC1), which represents a
100 psf live load on the deck. Load condition 2 containing environmental loading and
load combination 3 are generated by Seastate. Load combination 3 is the only load case
passed to SACS IV for analysis.
Load condition 2 contains loading due to wind, wave, current, gravity and buoyancy.
Wind area, submerged area, marine growth, coefficient of drag and mass overrides, and
member and group overrides, are specified.
The following is a portion of the Seastate input file. A detailed description of each input
line ensues.
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SACS
Seastate
8-3
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
12345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890
A LDOPT NF+Z 64.20 490.00 -82.02 82.02 CMB NP K
SEASTATE SAMPLE PROBLEM 1
B LCSEL 3
FILE
AREA
C AREAS 516.7 -9.84 -29.53 26.25 1.50 461 462 463 472 401 403 0
AREAS 193.7 19.69 -29.53 24.61 1.50 463 464 465 403 0 0 0
AREAE 290.6 29.53 -14.76 24.61 1.50 464 465 466 405 403 463 0
AREAE 387.5 29.53 14.76 26.25 1.50 465 466 467 468 405 403 0
AREAB 43.1 86.1 -16.40 1.64 0.70 301 303 0 0 0 0 0 D
AREAB 10.8 21.5 6.56 -16.40 4.92 0.70 301 303 0 0 0 0 0 D
AREAB 141.3 282.5 -16.40 1.64 2.00 301 303 0 0 0 0 0 I
AREAB 35.3 70.6 6.56 -16.40 4.92 2.00 301 303 0 0 0 0 0 I
D CDM
CDM 11.81 1.000 1.400 1.200 1.400
CDM 23.62 1.000 1.500 1.200 1.500
CDM 47.24 1.000 1.600 1.200 1.600
CDM 70.87 1.000 1.700 1.200 1.700
E MGROV
MGROV 26.247
MGROV 26.247 52.493 1.000
MGROV 52.493 82.021 2.000
GRPOV
F GRPOV LG1 F
GRPOV LG2 F
GRPOV PL1 F 0.001 0.001
GRPOV PL2 F 0.001 0.001
GRPOV PL3 F
GRPOV DK1 0.001 0.001
GRPOV DK2 0.001 0.001
GRPOV WSB F 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001
LOAD
G LOADCN 2 1.40 1.70
WIND
H WIND 63.5 10.0 AP13S
DRAG
I DRAG B
WAVE
J WAVE AIRY 18.00 8.0 0.0 D 20.00 18MS10 1 1 7
CURR
K CURR 0.0 3.0 25.0
CURR 10.0 4.0
CURR 25.0 8.0
L DEAD
DEAD -Z M
LCOMB
M LCOMB 3 1 1.275 2 0.75
END
The following is a detailed description of the Seastate input for Sample Problem 1.
A. The LDOPT input line specifies Seastate options, namely:
a. All members non-flooded unless overridden.
b. Vertical coordinate designated as +Z.
c. Water and structure weight density are 64.2 and 490.0 respectively.
d. Mudline elevation is -82.02 feet.
e. Water depth is 82.02 feet.
f. Pass combined load cases to SACS IV as basic load cases.
g. Suppress SACS model data print.
h. Suppress area warning messages print.
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SACS
Seastate
8-4
B. The LCSEL input line specifies that only load case 3 is to be passed to SACS IV for
analysis.
C. The AREA input lines specify wind and submerged surface areas to be loaded. More
specifically:
a. The first set of AREA input lines designate an area group S with a projected
Y area of 516.7 sq ft to be distributed to joints 461 462 463 472 401 and 403
and 193.7 sq ft to distributed to joints 463 464 465 and 403.
b. The second and third set of area input lines designate area groups E and B
respectively.
D. The coefficient of drag and inertia are specified on the CDM input lines. The input
lines specify diameter, C
D
and C
M
for clean and fouled members. Linear interpolation
is used to determine coefficients for diameters not specified.
E. The marine growth overrides are specified on the MGROV input lines. There is no
marine growth above elevation 26.25. From elevation 26.25 to 52.49 there is 1 inch
and below elevation 52.49 there is 2 inches of marine growth.
F. The GRPOV input lines specify group overrides. This set of input lines specify the
following:
a. Groups LG1 and LG2 are to be flooded.
b. Groups PL1, PL2, PL3 are to be flooded, and assigned drag and mass
coefficients of 0.001.
c. Groups DK1 and DK2 are assigned drag and mass coefficients of 0.001.
d. Group WSB is to be flooded, assigned drag and mass coefficients of 0.001
and assigned 0.001 cross-section area and displacement.
G. The LOADCN input line for load condition 2 specifies load factors to be applied as
follows:
a. Factor dead and buoyancy loads by 1.4.
b. Factor wind, wave and current loads by 1.7.
H. The WIND input lines specify a 63.5 knot wind approaching at 10 degrees acting on
area group S. The API formula is applicable and the n exponent used for wind
velocity variation is 13.
I. The DRAG input line set specifies that submerged drag area group B is to be
included in load case 2.
J. The WAVE input line specifies the following wave:
a. 18 foot Airy wave with 8 second period.
b. Wave approaching from 0 degree direction.
c. Investigate 18 wave locations, using a 20 degree increment.
d. Save loading at position of maximum base shear only but print overturning
moment and base shear for each step.
K. A current approaching from the 20 degree direction having variable velocity is
specified by the CURRENT input lines. The velocity profile is as follows:
a. The mudline velocity is 3.0 knots.
b. The velocity 10.0 feet above is 4.0 knots.
c. At 25.0 feet above the mudline, the current velocity is 8.0 knots.
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SACS
Seastate
8-5
L. The DEAD input line specifies that gravity loads are applied in the -Z direction and
the marine method is be used to represent buoyancy.
M. The LCOMB input line set generates load combination case 3 consisting of load case
1 factored by 1.275 and load case 2 factored by 0.75.
The following pages contain a portion of the output file created from Sample Problem 1.
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Seastate
8-6

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P
D
F
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C
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k
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!
P
D
F
-XCHAN
G
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w
w
w
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cu-trac
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SACS
Seastate
8-10

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lic
k
t
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b
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N
O
W
!
P
D
F
-XCHAN
G
E
w
w
w
.d
o
cu-trac
k
.c
o
m
C
lic
k
t
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b
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N
O
W
!
P
D
F
-XCHAN
G
E
w
w
w
.d
o
cu-trac
k
.c
o
m
SACS
Seastate
8-11
Sample Problem 2 is the same as the previous sample except that some non-structural
elements were added to the model. Namely, a riser running up one leg from the mudline
to the deck was modeled as a string of members not physically connected to the
structure. A boatlanding was also added to the model in the form of a dummy structure
connected to the jacket structure at the top elevation. The members and joints of these
non-structural elements will be used for environmental loading purposes and will have
no effect on the overall stiffness of the structure.
Note: These dummy members and joints will be deleted from the model by
Seastate and the loading associated with them transferred to
members and joints of the permanent structure designated by the
user.
The following figures show the non-structural elements used to represent the riser and
the boatlanding and the structure.
Note: The riser has no common joints with the structure. The boatlanding
is attached to the structure at joints 303 and 305.
C
lic
k
t
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b
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y
N
O
W
!
P
D
F
-XCHAN
G
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w
w
w
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cu-trac
k
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C
lic
k
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N
O
W
!
P
D
F
-XCHAN
G
E
w
w
w
.d
o
cu-trac
k
.c
o
m
SACS
Seastate
8-12
Boat Landing Idealization Riser Idealization
The following are the input lines added to the SACS model to account for the riser and
boatlanding:
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
12345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890
GRUP BL1 12.750 0.500 29.0011.6036.00 1 1.001.00 0.50 490.00
GRUP RS1 12.750 0.375 29.0111.6035.00 1 1.001.00 0.50
MEMBER011011201 RS1
MEMBER012011301 RS1
MEMBER013011401 RS1
MEMBER020012002 BL1
MEMBER020022004 BL1
MEMBER020042003 BL1
MEMBER020032001 BL1
MEMBER0 3032001 BL1
MEMBER0 3052002 BL1
MEMBER0 3032003 BL1
MEMBER0 3052004 BL1
JOINT 1101 -20. -20. -81. -8.220 -8.220 -6.000
JOINT 1201 -15. -15. -39. -4.244 -4.244
JOINT 1301 -10. -10. -3.-10.11 -10.11
JOINT 1401 -10. -10. 19.-10.11 -10.11
JOINT 2001 12. -7. -2. 10.110-10.110 -3.370
JOINT 2002 12. 7. -2. 10.110 10.110 -3.370
JOINT 2003 12. -7. -6. 10.110-10.110 -3.370
JOINT 2004 12. 7. -6. 10.110 10.110 -3.370
The following is the Seastate input file. The reader should refer to Sample Problem 1 for
discussion of input lines not covered in this section.
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SACS
Seastate
8-13
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
12345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890
LDOPT NF+Z 64.20 490.00 -82.02 82.02 NP K
A FILE
AREA
AREAS 516.7 -9.84 -29.53 26.25 1.50 461 462 463 472 401 403 0
AREAS 193.7 19.69 -29.53 24.61 1.50 463 464 465 403 0 0 0
AREAE 290.6 29.53 -14.76 24.61 1.50 464 465 466 405 403 463 0
AREAE 387.5 29.53 14.76 26.25 1.50 465 466 467 468 405 403 0
AREAB 43.1 86.1 -16.40 1.64 0.70 301 303 0 0 0 0 0 D
AREAB 10.8 21.5 6.56 -16.40 4.92 0.70 301 303 0 0 0 0 0 D
AREAB 141.3 282.5 -16.40 1.64 2.00 301 303 0 0 0 0 0 I
AREAB 35.3 70.6 6.56 -16.40 4.92 2.00 301 303 0 0 0 0 0 I
CDM
CDM 11.81 1.000 1.400 1.200 1.400
CDM 23.62 1.000 1.500 1.200 1.500
CDM 47.24 1.000 1.600 1.200 1.600
CDM 70.87 1.000 1.700 1.200 1.700
MGROV
MGROV 26.247
MGROV 26.247 52.493 0.984
MGROV 52.493 82.021 1.969
GRPOV
GRPOV LG1 F
GRPOV LG1 F
GRPOV LG2 F
GRPOV PL1 F 0.001 0.001
GRPOV PL2 F 0.001 0.001
GRPOV PL3 F
GRPOV DK1 0.001 0.001
GRPOV DK2 0.001 0.001
GRPOV WSB F 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001
B DUMMY BOAT LANDING MODEL
C KEEP 303 305
D DELETE 2001 2002 2003 2004
E DELGRP RS1
F DELJNT 1101 101 201 1201 201 301 1301 301 401 1401 301 401
G REPORT
H REPLBL RISER LOADING REPORT
I REPGRP RS1
REPORT
REPLBL BOAT LANDING LOADING REPORT
REPGRP BL1
LOAD
LOADCN 1 1.40 1.70
WIND
WIND 63.5 10.0 AP13S
DRAG
DRAG B
WAVE
WAVE AIRY 18.00 8.0 0.0 D 20.00 18MS10 1 1 7
CURR
CURR 0.0 3.0 25.0
CURR 10.0 4.0
CURR 25.0 8.0
DEAD
DEAD -Z M
END
The following is a detailed discussion of the input lines specific to this sample problem.
For a detailed discussion on the other input lines used in this example, refer to Sample
Problem 1. A partial listing of the output file is also included.
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SACS
Seastate
8-14
A. The FILE input line signals that the SACS IV model input lines are located in a
separate file. The name of the file is specified in the run file.
B. The DUMMY input line allows the specification of non-structural elements. In this
sample the dummy structure is a boat landing. The description is placed in cols. 7 -
80.
C. The KEEP input line is used to designate the boundary joints between the dummy
structure (boat landing) and the jacket structure. Joints 303 and 305 are designated as
boundary joints. All loads on dummy structure elements will be distributed to these
joints for analysis purposes.
D. All temporary joints of the dummy structure, i.e. joints that will not be passed to
SACS IV for the stiffness analysis, are designated on the DELETE input line. Joints
2001, 2002, 2003 and 2004 are deleted from the model.
E. The DELGRP input line is used delete group RS1 (the riser members) from the
model. All loads generated on riser members, are distributed to the joints at the riser
member ends.
F. The DELJNT input line deletes riser joints 1101, 1201, 1301 and 1401 from the
model. The loads at these joints are transferred to the nearest point of the jacket
structure member designated on this input line. For example, all loads on joint 1101
are transferred to member 101-201.
G. The REPORT input line designates that a special load report be generated for the
specified members, groups or joints.
H. The REPLBL input line is used to label the special report. The first special report is
titled RISER LOADING REPORT.
I. The REPGRP input line designates that all members assigned group RS1 be included
in loading report number 1.
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SACS
Seastate
8-15

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SACS
Seastate
8-16

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SACS
Seastate
8-17

S
U
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L
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SACS
Seastate
8-18

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SACS
Seastate
8-19
This sample problem generates a global base shear transfer function for the structure
utilizing the GNTRF input line. The input file is the same used in Sample Problem 2
except that load case 1 contains only the GNTRF input line.
The following is the Seastate input file used to generate the base shear transfer function.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
12345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890
LDOPT NF+Z 64.20 490.00 -82.02 82.02 NP K
FILE
AREA
AREAS 516.7 -9.84 -29.53 26.25 1.50 461 462 463 472 401 403 0
AREAS 193.7 19.69 -29.53 24.61 1.50 463 464 465 403 0 0 0
AREAE 290.6 29.53 -14.76 24.61 1.50 464 465 466 405 403 463 0
AREAE 387.5 29.53 14.76 26.25 1.50 465 466 467 468 405 403 0
AREAB 43.1 86.1 -16.40 1.64 0.70 301 303 0 0 0 0 0 D
AREAB 10.8 21.5 6.56 -16.40 4.92 0.70 301 303 0 0 0 0 0 D
AREAB 141.3 282.5 -16.40 1.64 2.00 301 303 0 0 0 0 0 I
AREAB 35.3 70.6 6.56 -16.40 4.92 2.00 301 303 0 0 0 0 0 I
CDM
CDM 11.81 1.000 1.400 1.200 1.400
CDM 23.62 1.000 1.500 1.200 1.500
CDM 47.24 1.000 1.600 1.200 1.600
CDM 70.87 1.000 1.700 1.200 1.700
MGROV
MGROV 26.247
MGROV 26.247 52.493 0.984
MGROV 52.493 82.021 1.969
GRPOV
GRPOV LG1 F
GRPOV LG1 F
GRPOV LG2 F
GRPOV PL1 F 0.001 0.001
GRPOV PL2 F 0.001 0.001
GRPOV PL3 F
GRPOV DK1 0.001 0.001
GRPOV DK2 0.001 0.001
GRPOV WSB F 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001
LOAD
LOADCN 1 1.40 1.70
A GNTRF 19 0.05 10.0 0.5 0.0
END
The area, member and group override, coefficient of drag and mass, wind, current and
dead input lines are explained in Sample Problems 1 and 2. In this sample the WAVE
input line has been replaced with the GNTRF input line.
The GNTRF input line specifies the following:
A. Cols 12-13 contain the number of points on the transfer function which is 19 in
this sample.
B. Wave steepness of 1/20 is specified in cols 14-20.
C. The beginning wave period is 10.0 seconds, cols 21-26.
D. The period step size is 0.5 seconds, cols 27-32.
E. The wave direction of 0 degrees is input in cols 46-51.
Below is the neutral picture plot of the base shear transfer function created by Seastate.
C
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P
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-XCHAN
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SACS
Seastate
8-20
C
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!
P
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SACS
Seastate
8-21
This sample problem illustrates the use of Seastates user defined wave capabilities.
Typically these input lines are used when the user desires to load the structure with
forces resulting from empirically defined velocities and accelerations, or pressures.
This sample also utilizes separate files for the environmental input lines and the SACS
IV model. The following is the Seastate input file used to generate the environmental
loading. The model is the same model used in Sample Problems 1, 2 and 3.
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SACS
Seastate
8-22
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
12345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890
LDOPT NF+Z 64.20 490.00 -82.02 82.02 CMB NP K
A FILE
CDM
CDM 12.00 1.000 1.400 1.200 1.400
CDM 70.00 1.000 1.400 1.200 1.400
MGROV
MGROV 82.02 2.0
GRPOV
GRPOV PL1 F 0.001 0.001
GRPOV PL2 F 0.001 0.001
GRPOV PL3 F
GRPOV WSB F 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001
LOAD
LOADCN 1 1.40 1.70
WAVE
B WAVE LINE 0.0 L-70.0 10.0 9MS10 1 1 7
C WAVE V HEADHALF 10 10
D WAVE XLOC0.0 20.0 40.0 60.0 80.0 100. 120. 140. 160. 180.
E WAVE YLOC0.0 21.0 41.0 59.0 74.0 84.0 92.0 97.0 99.0 100.
F WAVE SURF100. 99.3 97.3 94.0 87.0 77.0 70.0 66.7 64.7 64.0
G WAVE DRAG8.0 10.0 12.0 15.0 18.0 20.5 21.8 23.0 24.0 24.5
WAVE DRAG7.0 9.0 11.0 14.0 17.0 19.5 20.8 21.0 22.0
WAVE DRAG2.0 3.0 6.0 9.0 11.0 14.5 15.8 17.0
WAVE DRAG1.0 2.0 4.0 6.0 8.0 9.5 10.8
WAVE DRAG-0.5 -1.0 -2.0 -3.0 -4.5 -6.8
WAVE DRAG-1.5 -2.0 -3.0 -5.4 -7.2
WAVE DRAG-2.5 -3.7 -6.0 -9.4
WAVE DRAG-3.0 -4.9 -7.5 -10.8
WAVE DRAG-4.7 -6.9 -9.5 -13.8
WAVE DRAG-6.7 -8.9 -14.5 -17.8
H WAVE INER0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
WAVE INER1.5 3.0 5.0 7.0 8.0 8.6 9.1 9.4 9.7
WAVE INER3.0 5.0 8.0 10.5 12.5 14.0 15.0 15.5
WAVE INER4.0 5.5 9.0 11.5 13.3 15.1 17.0
WAVE INER5.0 7.0 10.5 12.5 15.3 18.1
WAVE INER4.0 5.5 9.0 11.5 14.3
WAVE INER3.0 5.5 8.0 10.0
WAVE INER1.0 3.0 5.0 7.0
WAVE INER0.5 2.0 3.5 4.5
WAVE INER0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
I WAVE DRAG0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
WAVE DRAG0.0 1.5 2.5 3.5 4.0 4.3 4.5 4.7 4.8
WAVE DRAG0.0 2.0 4.0 5.2 6.2 7.0 7.5 6.8
WAVE DRAG0.0 2.7 4.5 5.8 6.7 7.6 8.5
WAVE DRAG0.0 3.4 5.7 6.3 7.7 9.1
WAVE DRAG0.0 2.8 4.5 6.8 7.2
WAVE DRAG0.0 2.7 4.0 5.0
WAVE DRAG0.0 1.5 2.5 3.5
WAVE DRAG0.0 1.0 1.8 2.2
WAVE DRAG0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
J WAVE INER 0.0 -2.5 -3.0 -3.6 -4.5 -5.2 -5.5 -5.7 -6.0 -6.2
WAVE INER 0.0 -2.3 -2.7 -3.5 -4.2 -4.9 -5.2 -5.5 -5.7
WAVE INER 0.0 -1.5 -2.0 -2.7 -3.0 -3.3 -3.5 -3.6
WAVE INER 0.0 -0.5 -1.0 -1.3 -1.8 -2.0 -2.1
WAVE INER 0.0 -0.2 -0.3 -0.5 -0.7 -1.0
WAVE INER 0.0 0.8 1.0 1.3 1.8
C
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SACS
Seastate
8-23
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
12345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890
WAVE INER 0.0 1.1 1.7 2.4
WAVE INER 0.0 1.5 2.5 3.5
WAVE INER 0.0 2.1 2.9 4.4
WAVE INER 0.0 3.0 4.1 5.4
CURR
CURR 0.0 3.0 25.0
CURR 10.0 4.0
CURR 25.0 8.0
DEAD
DEAD -Z R
END
The following is a detailed discussion of the input lines specific to this sample problem.
For a detailed discussion on the other input lines used in this example, refer to Sample
Problem 1.
A. The FILE input line signals that the SACS IV model input lines are located in a
separate file. The name of the file is specified in the run file.
B. The first WAVE input line specifies the following:
a. User defined wave, LINE in cols. 9-12.
b. Wave direction is 0 degrees cols 39-44.
c. Initial crest position is -70.0 cols 52-58.
d. Wave steps are by length and are 10 feet, col 51 and cols 59-64.
e. Calculate for 9 steps, col 59.
f. Save loading for position of maximum base shear.
C. The WAVE input line labeled HEAD specifies the following:
a. Vertical components of velocity and acceleration are included, V in col 9.
b. Half of one wave period is to be input, HALF in cols 15-18.
c. 10 vertical levels and 10 horizontal grid stations will be specified, cols 19-22
& 23-26 respectively.
D. The WAVE input line labeled XLOC specifies the grid station locations. This
example specifies grid locations at 0, 20, 40, 60, 80, 100, 120, 140, 160 and 180 feet.
E. The WAVE input line labeled YLOC specifies the vertical levels of the grid points.
This example specifies levels at 0, 21, 41, 59, 74, 84, 92, 97, 99, and 100 feet.
F. The WAVE input line labeled SURF specifies the wave surface elevation at each
grid station.
G. The first set of WAVE DRAG input lines specify the fluid particle horizontal
velocities at each grid point. Each input line represents one horizontal grid station.
No data is entered for grid points above the wave surface elevation.
H. The first set of WAVE INER input lines specify the fluid particle horizontal
accelerations at each grid point. Each input line represents one horizontal grid
station. No data is entered for points above the surface elevation.
C
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SACS
Seastate
8-24
I. The second set of WAVE DRAG input lines specify the fluid particle vertical
velocities at each grid point. Each input line represents one horizontal grid station.
J. The second set of WAVE INER input lines specify the fluid particle vertical
acceleration at each grid point. Each input line represents one horizontal grid station.
The following is selected output generated from this sample problem.
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SACS
Seastate
8-25

S
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SACS
Seastate
8-26

M
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1
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D
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1
4
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-
1
9
9
2

T
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1
4
:
1
3
:
3
2

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1
3

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3
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C
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S
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=

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(
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8

K
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(
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2
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1
3
4

K
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1

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0
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U
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I
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0
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B
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S
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L
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C
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F
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F
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F
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M
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M
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M
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D
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L
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B
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(
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(
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(
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(
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C
lic
k
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N
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!
P
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F
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G
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P
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Fsaas

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