1

POLITEKNIK NILAI NEGERI SEMBILAN

JABATAN KEJURUTERAAN MEKANIKAL

REPORT FINAL PROJECT
JJ 514PROJECT 1 & 2
(GROUP 3)
TITLE OF PROJECT : ZOLLORO HYDRO-ELECTRIC
GROUP MEMBERS MATRIX NO.
a) NOR HAZMIRA BINTI
AMIR

23DKM12F1035
b) NUR MUHAMMAD FITRI
BIN REDZWAN

23DKM12F1017
c) SURESH A/L
GUNASEGRAN

23DKM12F1014
d) MOHAMAD ZUBAIR BIN
ALIAS

23DKM12F1019

LECTURER`S NAME :
EN. MOHD TAUFIK REZZA BIN MOHD FOUDZI
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TABLE OF CONTENTS

Page

CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION
1.1 Introduction 1
1.2 Problem Background 3
1.3 Problem Statement 3
1.4 Objective 3
1.5 Scope of Study 4


CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW
2.12.1 introduction 5
2.2 DC Motor 6
2.3 pelton wheel turbine 12
2.4 perspex sheet 14
2.5 water jet pump 16
2.6 water pump 17
2.7 car battery 18
2.8 PVC 19
2.9 water drum 21
2.10 aquarium 22
2.11 nozzle 23
2.12 PVC glue 24
2.13 rivet 24







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CHAPTER 3 METHODOLOGY

3.1 Introduction
3.2 Methodology Flow Chart JJ514 & JJ614
3.3 Gant chart
3.4 Example of article



CHAPTER 4 DESIGN AND ANALYSIS

4.1 Ideas
4.2 Design Analysis
4.3 Selected Design
4.4 Estimated Cost
4.5 Expected Result


















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CHAPTER 1



INTRODUCTION



Title : Zolloro HydroElectric
1.1 Introduction of project

We choose Zolloro Hydro-Electric as our group big project. We wish to design a
project that is easy and suitable for the generate electric. Electricity is used to power
homes for cooking, heating, lightening, washing, studying and many more daily tasks. It
is used to run all electrical appliances. Washing machines, televisions, heaters, fans,
lights, microwaves, refrigerators, etc. it is used to run machines to manufacture goods.
Thus, it has become a need for our life.
Electricity consumption is one of the causes of the increase of CO2 in addition to
transportation, waste and other developments. Carbon emissions from the production of
electricity and this means less electricity consumed less CO2 released.
There are many reasons why you should save energy.
Increased climate change
Increased price / electricity
Inflation
The economic downturn
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One of the main causes of climate change is a growing human needs for
energy; whether electricity, gas and oil and all of this comes from fossil material.
While many are worried and concerned about rising electricity bills. The reason
is the rising cost of energy generation and profits made by energy suppliers. In reality,
the more critical issue is that we use the limited resources at a rate that rose. Some of
these resources, particularly oil, we use it at a rate higher than the amount that can be
withdrawn and resources are getting depleted.
There is also a large selection of other sources of energy that could theoretically
be used without reducing the natural resources. However, there are other technical
issues that need to be resolved before it can become the dominant source.


Figure 1.1 Permanent Magnet Synchronous Generator (PMSG) driven Wind Turbine
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1.2 PROBLEM BACKGROUND

Environment the system electric generate has a problem in terms of the environment.
For example, the cost of electricity too high and then people are forced to borrow
money to a bank or illegal loan sharks.
Cleanliness / hygiene hygiene is also one of the factor obtained. Example, the water
tank is full when the flow process is working.
Risk / hazard the system electric generate also have a problem in terms of risk. For
example, the service tax that is charged to the cost of electricity rising.
Comfort - if high electricity costs charged, peasants from getting stuck with high
electricity costs.
1.3 PROBLEM STATEMENTS

1) The price of fuel is rising
2) The electricity rate is increase

1.4 OBJECTIVES

1) To produce mini hydro-electric
2) To study Bernoulli principle by related potential energy and kinetic energy in
mini hydro-electric






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1.5 SCOPE OF STUDY

1) To design mini hydro-electric in house.
2) To apply Bernoulli principle in mini hydro-electric of size nozzle and height of
water level in tank.
3) To generate electricity as an alternative power supply for bulb, penda flour
lamp and fan at house


















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CHAPTER 2

LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 INTRODUCTION
Hydroelectricity is electricity generated by hydropower. Hydroelectric power
supplies about 715,000 MWe or 19% of world electricity (16% in 2003), more than 63%
of the total electricity generated from renewable sources in 2005.
In electricity generation, a generator is a device that converts mechanical
energy to electrical energy for use in an external circuit. The source of mechanical
energy may vary widely from a hand crank to an internal combustion engine.
Generators provide nearly all of the power for electric power grids.
The reverse conversion of electrical energy into mechanical energy is done by
an electric motor, and motors and generators have many similarities. Many motors can
be mechanically driven to generate electricity and frequently make acceptable
generators.
Before the connection between magnetism and electricity was discovered,
electrostatic generators were used. They operated on electrostatic principles. Such
generators generated very high voltage and low current. They operated by using
moving electrically charged belts, plates, and disks that carried charge to a high
potential electrode. The charge was generated using either of two mechanisms:
Electrostatic induction and the electric effect. Because of their inefficiency and the
difficulty of insulating machines that produced very high voltages, electrostatic
generators had low power ratings, and were never used for generation of commercially
significant quantities of electric power.
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2.2 DC MOTOR
A DC motor relies on the fact that like magnet poles repel and unlike magnetic
poles attract each other. A coil of wire with a current running through it generates an
electromagnetic field aligned with the center of the coil. By switching the current on or
off in a coil its magnetic field can be switched on or off or by switching the direction of
the current in the coil the direction of the generated magnetic field can be switched
180. A simple DC motor typically has a stationary set of magnets in the stator and an
armature with a series of two or more windings of wire wrapped in insulated stack slots
around iron pole pieces (called stack teeth) with the ends of the wires terminating on a
commutator. The armature includes the mounting bearings that keep it in the center of
the motor and the power shaft of the motor and the commutator connections. The
winding in the armature continues to loop all the way around the armature and uses
either single or parallel conductors (wires), and can circle several times around the
stack teeth. The total amount of current sent to the coil, the coil's size and what it's
wrapped around dictate the strength of the electromagnetic field created. The sequence
of turning a particular coil on or off dictates what direction the effective electromagnetic
fields are pointed. By turning on and off coils in sequence a rotating magnetic field can
be created. These rotating magnetic fields interact with the magnetic fields of the
magnets (permanent or electromagnets) in the stationary part of the motor (stator) to
create a force on the armature which causes it to rotate. In some DC motor designs the
stator fields use electromagnets to create their magnetic fields which allow greater
control over the motor. At high power levels, DC motors are almost always cooled using
forced air.

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The commutator allows each armature coil to be activated in turn. The current in
the coil is typically supplied via two brushes that make moving contact with the
commutator. Now, some brushless DC motors have electronics that switch the DC
current to each coil on and off and have no brushes to wear out or create sparks.
Different number of stator and armature fields as well as how they are
connected provide different inherent speed/torque regulation characteristics. The speed
of a DC motor can be controlled by changing the voltage applied to the armature. The
introduction of variable resistance in the armature circuit or field circuit allowed speed
control. Modern DC motors are often controlled by power electronics systems which
adjust the voltage by "chopping" the DC current into on and off cycles which have an
effective lower voltage.
Since the series-wound DC motor develops its highest torque at low speed, it is
often used in traction applications such as electric locomotives, and trams. The DC
motor was the mainstay of electric traction drives on both electric and diesel-electric
locomotives, street-cars/trams and diesel electric drilling rigs for many years. The
introduction of DC motors and an electrical grid system to run machinery starting in the
1870s started a new second Industrial Revolution. DC motors can operate directly from
rechargeable batteries, providing the motive power for the first electric vehicles and
today's hybrid cars and electric cars as well as driving a host of cordless tools. Today
DC motors are still found in applications as small as toys and disk drives, or in large
sizes to operate steel rolling mills and paper machines.
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If external power is applied to a DC motor it acts as a DC generator, a dynamo.
This feature is used to slow down and recharge batteries on hybrid car and electric cars
or to return electricity back to the electric grid used on a street car or electric powered
train line when they slow down. This process is called regenerative braking on hybrid
and electric cars. In diesel electric locomotives they also use their DC motors as
generators to slow down but dissipate the energy in resistor stacks. Newer designs are
adding large battery packs to recapture some of this energy.
At the most basic level, electric motors exist to convert electrical energy into
mechanical energy. This is done by way of two interacting magnetic fields -- one
stationary, and another attached to a part that can move. A number of types of electric
motors exist, but most BEAM bots use DC motors1 in some form or another. DC motors
have the potential for very high torque capabilities (although this is generally a function
of the physical size of the motor), are easy to miniaturize, and can be "throttled" via
adjusting their supply voltage. DC motors are also not only the simplest, but the oldest
electric motors.
The basic principles of electromagnetic induction were discovered in the early
1800's by Oersted, Gauss, and Faraday. By 1820, Hans Christian Oersted and Andre
Marie Ampere had discovered that an electric current produces a magnetic field. The
next 15 years saw a flurry of cross-Atlantic experimentation and innovation, leading
finally to a simple DC rotary motor. A number of men were involved in the work, so
proper credit for the first DC motor is really a function of just how broadly you choose to
define the word "motor."
Michael Faraday (U.K.)
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Fabled experimenter Michael Faraday decided to confirm or refute a number of
speculations surrounding Oersted's and Ampere's results. Faraday set to work devising
an experiment to demonstrate whether or not a current-carrying wire produced a
circular magnetic field around it, and in October of 1821 succeeded in demonstrating
this.


Faraday took a dish of mercury and placed a fixed magnet in the middle; above this, he
dangled a freely moving wire (the free end of the wire was long enough to dip into the
mercury). When he connected a battery to form a circuit, the current-carrying wire
circled around the magnet. Faraday then reversed the setup, this time with a fixed wire
and a dangling magnet -- again the free part circled around the fixed part. This was the
first demonstration of the conversion of electrical energy into motion, and as a result,
Faraday is often credited with the invention of the electric motor. Bear in mind, though,
that Faraday's electric motor is really just a lab demonstration, as you can't harness it
for useful work. (Michael Faraday (U.K.) 1821)
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Figure 2.2.1 Faraday motor schematic





Joseph Henry (U.S.)
It took ten years, but by the summer of 1831 Joseph Henry had improved on Faraday's
experimental motor. Henry built a simple device whose moving part was a straight
electromagnet rocking on a horizontal axis. Its polarity was reversed automatically by its
motion as pairs of wires projecting from its ends made connections alternately with two
electrochemical cells. Two vertical permanent magnets alternately attracted and
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repelled the ends of the electromagnet, making it rock back and forth at 75 cycles per
minute.
Henry considered his little machine to be merely a "philosophical toy," but
nevertheless believed it was important as the first demonstration of continuous motion
produced by magnetic attraction and repulsion. While being more mechanically useful
than Faraday's motor, and being the first real use of electromagnets in a motor, it was
still by and large a lab experiment.
(J oseph Henry (U.S.) 1831)


Figure 2.1.2 Henry motor schematic


William Sturgeon (U.K.)
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Just a year after Henry's motor was demonstrated, William Sturgeon invented
the commutator, and with it the first rotary electric motor -- in many ways a rotary
analogue of Henry's oscillating motor. Sturgeon's motor, while still simple, was the first
to provide continuous rotary motion and contained essentially all the elements of a
modern DC motor. Note that Sturgeon used horseshoe electromagnets to produce both
the moving and stationary magnetic fields (to be specific, he built a shunt wound DC
motor). (William Sturgeon (U.K.) 1832)

Figure 2.1.3 William Sturgeon motor






2.3 Pelton Wheel Turbine
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The Pelton wheel is a impulse type water turbine. It was invented by Lester
Allan Pelton in the 1870s. The Pelton wheel extracts energy from the impulse of moving
water, as opposed to water's dead weight like the traditional overshot water wheel.
Many variations of impulse turbines existed prior to Pelton's design, but they were less
efficient than Pelton's design. Water leaving those wheels typically still had high speed,
carrying away much of the dynamic energy brought to the wheels. Pelton's paddle
geometry was designed so that when the rim ran at the speed of the water jet, the
water left the wheel with very little speed; thus his design extracted almost all of the
water's impulse energywhich allowed for a very efficient turbine.

Figure 2.3.1
Pelton's original patent (October 1880).
Pelton wheels are the preferred turbine for hydro-power, when the available
water source has relatively high hydraulic head at low flow rates, where the Pelton
wheel is most efficient. Thus, more power can be extracted from a water source with
high-pressure and low-flow than from a source with low-pressure and high-flow, even
when the two flows theoretically contain the same power. Also a comparable amount of
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pipe material is required for each of the two sources, one requiring a long thin pipe, and
the other a short wide pipe. Pelton wheels are made in all sizes. There exist multi-ton
Pelton wheels mounted on vertical oil pad bearings in hydroelectric plants. The largest
units can be up to 200 megawatts. The smallest Pelton wheels are only a few inches
across, and can be used to tap power from mountain streams having flows of a few
gallons per minute. Some of these systems use household plumbing fixtures for water
delivery. These small units are recommended for use with 30 feet (9.1 m) or more of
head, in order to generate significant power levels. Depending on water flow and
design, Pelton wheels operate best with heads from 495,905 feet (14.91,799.8 m),
although there is no theoretical limit. (Lester Allan Pelton, 1870s)











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2.4 Perspex sheet
Poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) is a transparent thermoplastic often used as
a lightweight or shatter-resistant alternative to glass.
Although it is not technically a type of glass, the substance has sometimes
historically been called acrylic glass. Chemically, it is the synthetic polymer of methyl
methacrylate. The material was developed in 1928 in several different laboratories by
many chemists such as William Chalmers, Otto Rhm and Walter Bauer and was first
brought to market in 1933 by the Rohm and Haas Company, under the trademark
Plexiglas. It has since been sold under many different names, including Acrylite, Lucite,
and Perspex.
PMMA is an economical alternative to polycarbonate (PC) when extreme
strength is not necessary. Additionally, PMMA does not contain the potentially harmful
bisphenol-A subunits found in polycarbonate. It is often preferred because of its
moderate properties, easy handling and processing, and low cost. Non-modified PMMA
behaves in a brittle manner when loaded, especially under an impact force, and is more
prone to scratching than conventional inorganic glass, but modified PMMA can achieve
high scratch and impact resistance.
The often-seen spelling poly(methyl 2-methylpropanoate)that is, spelled with
an instead of enis a misspelling of poly(methyl 2-methylpropenoate).
HISTORY
The first acrylic acid was created in 1843. Methacrylic acid, derived from acrylic acid,
was formulated in 1865. The reaction between methacrylic acid and methanol results in
the ester methyl methacrylate. In 1877 the German chemist Wilhelm Rudolph Fittig
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discovered the polymerization process that turns methyl methacrylate into polymethyl
methacrylate. In 1933 the brand name "Plexiglas" was patented and registered by
another German chemist, Otto Rhm. In 1936 ICI Acrylics (now Lucite International)
began the first commercially viable production of acrylic safety glass. During World War
II both Allied and Axis forces used acrylic glass for submarine periscopes and aircraft
windshields, canopies, and gun turrets. Incidentally, airplane pilots whose eyes were
damaged by flying shards of PMMA fared much better than those injured by standard
glass, demonstrating the much increased compatibility between human tissue and
PMMA as compared to glass. (William Chalmers, 1928)

















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2.5 Water jet pump
A pump-jet, hydrojet, or water jet is a marine system that creates a jet of water
for propulsion. The mechanical arrangement may be a ducted propeller with nozzle, or
a centrifugal pump and nozzle.
2.5.1 Invention
The Italian inventor Secondo Campini showed the first functioning man-made
pump-jet engine in Venice in 1931. However, he never applied for a patent, and since
the device suffered from material problems resulting in a short life-span, it never
became a commercial product. The first person to achieve that was New Zealand
inventor Sir William Hamilton in 1954.
A pump-jet works by having an intake (usually at the bottom of the hull) that
allows water to pass underneath the vessel into the engines. Water enters the pump
through this inlet. The pump can be of a centrifugal design for high speeds, an inducer
for low speeds, or an axial flow pump for medium speeds. The water pressure inside
the inlet is increased by the pump and forced backwards through a nozzle. With the use
of a reversing bucket, reverse thrust can also be achieved for faring backwards, quickly
and without the need to change gear or adjust engine thrust. The reversing bucket can
also be used to help slow the ship down when braking. This feature is the main reason
pump jets are so maneuverable.
The nozzle also provides the steering of the pump-jets. Plates, similar to
rudders, can be attached to the nozzle in order to redirect the water flow port and
starboard. In a way, this is similar to the principles of air thrust vectoring, a technique
which has long been used in military jet-powered aircraft. This provides pumpjet-
powered ships with superior agility at sea. Another advantage is that when faring
backwards by using the reversing bucket, steering is not inverted, as opposed to
propeller-powered ships.
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Pump-jet powered watercraft do suffer from the Coand effect, which must be
taken into account when making changes in heading. The heading needs to be
adjusted two degrees further than what would normally be required because of this
effect. (Sir William Hamilton, 1954)


Figure 2.4.1 water jet pump

2.6 Water Pump
A pump is a device that moves fluids (liquids or gases), or sometimes slurries,
by mechanical action. Pumps can be classified into three major groups according to the
method they use to move the fluid: direct lift, displacement, and gravity pumps.
Pumps operate by some mechanism (typically reciprocating or rotary), and
consume energy to perform mechanical work by moving the fluid. Pumps operate via
many energy sources, including manual operation, electricity, engines, or wind power,
come in many sizes, from microscopic for use in medical applications to large industrial
pumps.
Mechanical pumps serve in a wide range of applications such as pumping water
from wells, aquarium filtering, pond filtering and aeration, in the car industry for water-
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cooling and fuel injection, in the energy industry for pumping oil and natural gas or for
operating cooling towers. In the medical industry, pumps are used for biochemical
processes in developing and manufacturing medicine, and as artificial replacements for
body parts, in particular the artificial heart and penile prosthesis.
In biology, many different types of chemical and bio-mechanical pumps have
evolved, and biomimicry is sometimes used in developing new types of mechanical
pumps.
Mechanical pumps may be submerged in the fluid they are pumping or be
placed external to the fluid.
Pumps can be classified by their method of displacement into positive
displacement pumps, impulse pumps, velocity pumps, gravity pumps, steam pumps
and valve less pumps.
(Taccola, c.1450)


2.7 Car Battery
The invention of the battery is believed to date back as far as 250 BC. In 1936,
clay jars dating from this period were discovered in modern day Iraq. The jars contained
copper cylinders along with a corroded iron rod. The corrosion on the rod led
researchers to conclude the jars were a form of battery technology, used for jewelry
production and metal work. Development of the first modern battery is credited to Italian
inventor Alessandro Volta, who introduced the first dry-cell battery in 1800.
An automotive battery is a type of rechargeable battery that supplies electric
energy to an automobile.Usually this refers to an SLI battery (starting, lighting, ignition)
to power the starter motor, the lights, and the ignition system of a vehicle's engine.
Automotive SLI batteries are usually lead-acid type, and are made of six
galvanic cells in series to provide a 12-volt system. Each cell provides 2.1 volts for a
total of 12.6 volts at full charge. Heavy vehicles, such as highway trucks or tractors,
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often equipped with diesel engines, may have two batteries in series for a 24-volt
system or may have parallel strings of batteries.
Lead-acid batteries are made up of plates of lead and separate plates of lead
dioxide, which are submerged into an electrolyte solution of about 38% sulfuric acid and
62% water.[2] This causes a chemical reaction that releases electrons, allowing them to
flow through conductors to produce electricity. As the battery discharges, the acid of the
electrolyte reacts with the materials of the plates, changing their surface to lead sulfate.
When the battery is recharged, the chemical reaction is reversed: the lead sulfate
reforms into lead dioxide and lead. With the plates restored to their original condition,
the process may now be repeated.
Battery recycling of automotive batteries reduces the need for resources
required for manufacture of new batteries, diverts toxic lead from landfills, and prevents
risk of improper disposal. (Alessandro Volta, 1800)


Figure 2.5.1
A typical 12 V, 40 Ah lead-acid car battery

2.8 Poly Vinyl Chloride Pipe
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Poly(vinyl chloride), commonly abbreviated PVC, is the third-most widely
produced polymer, after polyethylene and polypropylene.
PVC comes in two basic forms: rigid (sometimes abbreviated as RPVC) and
flexible. The rigid form of PVC is used in construction for pipe, and in profile
applications such as doors and windows. It is also used for bottles and other non-food
packaging, and cards (such as bank or membership cards). It can be made softer and
more flexible by the addition of plasticizers, the most widely used being phthalates. In
this form, it is also used in plumbing, electrical cable insulation, imitation leather,
signage, inflatable products and many applications where it replaces rubber.
2.7.1 Discovery
PVC was accidentally synthesized at least twice in the 19
th
century, first in 1835 by
French chemist Henri Victor Regnault and then in 1872 by German chemist Eugen
Baumann. On both occasions the polymer appeared as a white solid inside flasks of
vinyl chloride that had been left exposed to sunlight. In the early 20
th
century the
Russian chemist Ivan Ostromislensky and Fritz Klatte of the German chemical company
Griesheim-Elektron both attempted to use PVC in commercial products, but difficulties
in processing the rigid, sometimes brittle polymer blocked their efforts. Waldo Semon
and the B.F. Goodrich Company developed a method in 1926 to plasticize PVC by
blending it with various additives. The result was a more flexible and more easily
processed material that soon achieved widespread commercial use.
2.7.2 Applications
PVC is used extensively in sewage pipe due to its low cost, chemical resistance and
ease of jointing. PVCs relatively low cost, biological and chemical resistance and
workability have resulted in it being used for a wide variety of applications. It is used for
sewerage pipes and other pipe applications where cost or vulnerability to corrosion limit
the use of metal. With the addition of impact modifiers and stabilizers, it has become a
popular material for window and door frames. By adding plasticizers, it can become
flexible enough to be used in cabling applications as a wire insulator. It has been used
in many other applications. PVC demand is likely to increase at an average annual rate
of 3.9% over the next years. (Henri Victor Regnault, 1835)
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.
Figure 2.6.1.1 Poly vinyl chloride pipe fittings
2.9 Water Drum
Water drums are a category of membranophone characterized by the filling of
the drum chamber with some amount of water to create a unique sound. Used in
Iroquois, Navajo, Cherokee, Creek, and Apache music, water drums are common in
Native American music, and also found in African and Southeast Asian music.
They are used today both ceremonially and in traditional Longhouse social
dances and are the traditional drum for the Huron/Wendat/Wyandot and
Iroquois/Haudenosaune tribes.[citation needed] The Ojibwa, Ottawa and Pottawatomii
called them midegwakikoon, with "Mide" referring to Midewiwin.
The water drum is considered the most sacred of all drums, is almost always the
property of religious and ceremonial persons, and has status as a person, not as an
object.[citation needed] They are made always of special wood from certain trees.
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Figure 2.8.1
Throughout history, wood, ceramic and stone have been used as water tanks.
These were all naturally occurring and manmade and some tanks are still in service.
The Indus Valley Civilization (30001500 BC) made use of granaries and water tanks.
Medieval castles needed water tanks for the defenders to withstand a siege. A wooden
water tank found at the Ao Nuevo State Reserve (California) was restored to
functionality after being found completely overgrown with ivy. It had been built in 1884.
Water drums are made either by hollowing out a solid section of a small soft
wood log, or assembled using cedar slats and banded like a wooden keg. Clay drums
are either handmade or an old crock is used. Wyandot and Seneca/Cayuga traditionally
used a groundhog skin (dayh) for the drum covering, though a piece of deer skin
works well. An Iroquoian or Wendat/Wyandot drum stick is carved from a piece of
hardwood with a small rounded tip. Each drum style has a unique way of tightening the
hide to maximize the sound. The drum head must be both tight and saturated with
water for best results.
2.10 Aquarium
An aquarium (plural aquariums or aquaria) is a vivarium consisting of at least
one transparent side in which water-dwelling plants or animals are kept. Fish keepers
use aquaria to keep fish, invertebrates, amphibians, marine mammals, turtles, and
aquatic plants. The term combines the Latin root aqua, meaning water, with the suffix -
arium, meaning "a place for relating to".

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An aquarist owns fish or maintains an aquarium, typically constructed of glass or
high-strength acrylic plastic. Cuboid aquaria are also known as fish tanks or simply
tanks, while bowl-shaped aquaria are also known as fish bowls. Size can range from a
small glass bowl to immense public aquaria. Specialized equipment maintains
appropriate water quality and other characteristics suitable for the aquarium's residents.

Figure 2.9.1 Aquarium


2.11 Nozzle
A nozzle is a device designed to control the direction or characteristics of a fluid
flow (especially to increase velocity) as it exits (or enters) an enclosed chamber or pipe.
A nozzle is often a pipe or tube of varying cross sectional area, and it can be
used to direct or modify the flow of a fluid (liquid or gas). Nozzles are frequently used to
control the rate of flow, speed, direction, mass, shape, and/or the pressure of the
stream that emerges from them. In nozzle velocity of fluid increases on the expense of
its pressure energy.
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Figure 2.10.1 Water Nozzle







2.12 PVC Glue

Pipe glue is a product for creating watertight connections between lengths of
pipe, usually polyvinyl chloride (PVC) piping. Metal pipe is typically joined with soldering
or the use of epoxies rather than glues. Many hardware stores carry pipe glue, often
offering several types for different kinds of projects. People should be careful when
working with this substance, because hazardous fumes may arise while working and
could make people sick, especially in confined areas like crawlspaces under houses.
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When people connect PVC piping, they start with a cleanly cut piece of plastic
and apply a primer to soften the plastic, followed by pipe glue. Then, they can fit two
pieces of pipe together, or attach the pipe to another kind of fitting. The pipe is held in
place to allow the glue to set, and once it completely cures, the connection should be
waterproof. Water or other materials transported in the pipe will not leak out, and
material in the surrounding environment like air will not seep into the plumbing.

2.13 Rivet
A rivet is a permanent mechanical fastener. Before being installed, a rivet
consists of a smooth cylindrical shaft with a head on one end. The end opposite the
head is called the buck-tail. On installation the rivet is placed in a punched or drilled
hole, and the tail is upset, or bucked (i.e., deformed), so that it expands to about 1.5
times the original shaft diameter, holding the rivet in place. To distinguish between the
two ends of the rivet, the original head is called the factory head and the deformed end
is called the shop head or buck-tail.
Because there is effectively a head on each end of an installed rivet, it can support
tension loads (loads parallel to the axis of the shaft); however, it is much more capable
of supporting shear loads (loads perpendicular to the axis of the shaft). Bolts and
screws are better suited for tension applications.
Fastenings used in traditional wooden boat building, such as copper nails and
clinch bolts, work on the same principle as the rivet but were in use long before the term
rivet was introduced and, where they are remembered, are usually classified among
nails and bolts respectively. Source: Photographs of the Empire State Building
under construction. / L. W. Hine.
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Figure 2.13 blind rivet

Blind rivets, commonly referred to as "pop" rivets (POP is the brand name of the
original manufacturer, now owned by Stanley Engineered Fastening, a division of
Stanley Black & Decker) are tubular and are supplied with a mandrel through the
center. The rivet assembly is inserted into a hole drilled through the parts to be joined
and a specially designed tool is used to draw the mandrel into the rivet. This expands
the blind end of the rivet and then the mandrel snaps off. These types of blind rivets
have non-locking mandrels and are sometimes avoided for critical structural joints
because the mandrels may fall out, due to vibration or other reasons, leaving a hollow
rivet that has a lower load-carrying capability than solid rivets. Furthermore, because of
the mandrel they are more prone to failure from corrosion and vibration. Unlike solid
rivets, blind rivets can be inserted and fully installed in a joint from only one side of a
part or structure, "blind" to the opposite side.[3]

Prior to the adoption of blind rivets, installation of a solid rivet typically required access
to both sides of the assembly: a rivet hammer on one side and a bucking bar on the
other side. In 1916 Royal Navy reservist and engineer Hamilton Neil Wylie filed a patent
for an "improved means of closing tubular rivets" (granted May 1917).[4] In 1922 Wylie
joined the British aircraft manufacturer Armstrong-Whitworth Ltd to advise on metal
construction techniques; here he continued to develop his rivet design with a further
31

1927 patent[5] that incorporated the pull through mandrel, and allowed the rivet to be
used blind. By 1928, the George Tucker Eyelet company produced a 'cup' rivet based
on the design. It required a separate GKN mandrel and the rivet body to be hand
assembled prior to use for the building of the Siskin III aircraft. Together with
Armstrong-Whitworth, the Geo. Tucker Co. further modified the rivet design to produce
a one-piece unit incorporating mandrel and rivet.[6] This product was later developed in
aluminium and trademarked as the 'POP' rivet. The United Shoe Machinery Co.
produced the design in the US as inventors such as Carl Cherry and Lou Huck
experimented with other techniques for expanding solid rivets.

Due to this feature, blind rivets are used mainly when access to the joint is available
from only one side. The rivet is placed in a drilled hole and is set by pulling the mandrel
head into the rivet body, expanding the rivet body and causing it to flare against the
reverse side. As the head of the mandrel reaches the face of the blind side material, the
pulling force is resisted, and at a predetermined force, the mandrel snaps at its break
point, also called blind setting. A tight joint formed by the rivet body remains, the head
of the mandrel remains encapsulated at the blind side, although variations of this are
available, and the mandrel stem is ejected.

They are available in flat head, countersunk head, and modified flush head with
standard diameters of 1/8, 5/32 and 3/16 inch. Blind rivets are made from soft aluminum
alloy, steel (including stainless steel), copper, and Monel.







32

CHAPTER 3



METHODOLOGY



3.1 INTRODUCTION

In chapter of methodology, the project are need to be planning as good as much
to follow the term requirement of topic in this subject. In order to make the project
successful in order of time, every step need to be follow carefully and precisely.
This chapter will also show how the best design will choose. Every step or procedure
that will be used in designing hydroelectric is explained with technically and each
designing process is shown with sequence. In the beginning of the procedure, it will
starts with the task clarification phase where a complete requirement list is shown Then
in the next section readers will find a detail explanation about the concept design
phase. The final part of the chapter, the selection has been made choose the best
concept design.
To make the step and planning follow the time precisely according the schedule, we
need:
1. Planning and Task Clarification
2. Conceptual Design Phase
3. Embodiment design phase
4. Detail design phase

33

3.2 FLOW CHART
The flow chart shown in figure 1
















NO






Figure 3.2.1 flow chart for Semester 5
START
IDENTIFY PROBLEM
DETERMINE THE PROBLEM STATEMENT, OBJECTIVE AND SCOPE OF STUDY
LITERATURE REVIEW
ANALYSIS DESIGN
PLEMINARY DESIGN
MATERIAL SELECTION
FINAL DESIGN
REPORT
END
MODIFICATION
ANALYSIS
DATA COLLECTION
DISCUSSION
34

3.2.1 IDENTIFY PROBLEM.

Before start an project student need to carried out an problem that need to be
identify to clearer what is the objective of the project. Identify problem is problem
that student need study and find problem that happening around them that can be
the main point to be an topic to them solve.

3.2.2 DETERMINE THE PROBLEM STATEMENT, OBJECTIVE AND SCOPE OF
STUDY.

The problem statement is a briefly analysis or summary of the problem identified
relating to the project or issue to be addressed by the project. Student need to
carry out the problem that able to be modify or create new things before choosing
a project title.

3.2.3 LITERATURE REVIEW.

A literature review is a text of a scholarly paper, which includes the current
knowledge including substantive findings, as well as theoretical and
methodological contribution to a particular topic. Literature review used secondary
sources, and do not report new or original experiment work.





35


3.2.4 PLEMINARY DESIGN.

The pleminary design is a bridge gap between the design concept and detailed
design phase. In task student need to configure the and define schematic,
diagrams and layout of the project that provided early in project configuration. Also
when during detailed design and optimization, the parameter of the part being
created will change but the pleminary design focuses on creating the general
framework to build the project.

3.2.5 FINAL DESIGN.

The final design is a design concept that chosen and being accepted in the last of
the drawing. Every drawing of schematic, diagrams and layout of the project have
been upgraded and being optimization. In this final design, student need to
detailed and define all the part of their project in precise according to drawing.

3.2.6 ZOLLORO HYDROELECTRIC
This Zolloro hydroelectric is a project that we chose after discuss with all the
group member. It based on to supply electric energy for backup if the blackout
occur in house. Gravity and nozzle are the main part as long the pressure of water
that all combine and connected in one link to rotate the motor for generate
electricity.




36

3.2.7 DECISION MADE.

Decision made when all the group member and supervisor are agreed about the
project and material that need to be used have been identified.

3.2.8 REPORT

A report is any information work made with the specific intention of relaying
information or recounting event. Written report are document which present
focused , salient content to a specific audience. Report are often used to display
the result of an experiment or inquiry. The audience may be public or private an
individual or the public in general.












37

3.3 THE FLOW CHART FOR SEMESTER 6
The flow chart is shown in figure 2




















Figure 3.2.2 flow chart for Semester 6



START
SEARCH MATERIAL
PURCHASE
MATERIAL
SET UP AN
EXPERIMENT
ANALYSIS
PRESENTATION
DEVELOP PRODUCT
PART
38

3.3 Gant Chart


Table 3.3.1 Gant Chart for Semester 5










39


Table 3.3.2 Gant Chart for Semester 6












40

3.4 Example of article
The cost of electricity was rising in 2014.

Figure 3.4.1 article of electric rising

Figure 3.4.2 article of electric rising
41


Figure 3.4.3 article of electric rising

Fact of rising the electric

Figure 3.4.4 article of fact
42


Figure 3.4.5 article of fact














43

CHAPTER 4


DESIGN AND ANALYSIS

4.1 INTRODUCTION DESIGN

The engineering design process is the formulation of a plan to help an engineer
build a product with a specified performance goal. This process involves a number of
steps, and parts of the process may need to be repeated many times before production
of a final product can begin.
component, or process to meet desired needs. It is a decision making process
(often iterative) in which the basic sciences, mathematics, and engineering
sciences are applied to convert resources optimally to meet a stated objective.
Among the fundamental elements of the design process are the establishment
of objectives and criteria, synthesis, analysis, construction, testing and
evaluation.
The engineering design process is a multi-step process including the research,
conceptualization, feasibility assessment, establishing design requirements, preliminary
design, detailed design, production planning and tool design, and finally production. The
sections to follow are not necessarily steps in the engineering design process, for some
tasks are completed at the same time as other tasks. This is just a general summary of
each part of the engineering design process.
4.1.1 Research
A significant amount of time is spent on research, or locating information. Consideration
should be given to the existing applicable literature, problems and successes
associated with existing solutions, costs, and marketplace needs.
The source of information should be relevant, including existing solutions. Reverse
engineering can be an effective technique if other solutions are available on the market.
44

Other sources of information include the Internet, local libraries, available government
documents, personal organizations, trade journals, vendor catalogs and individual
experts available.


4.1.2 Conceptualization
Once an engineering issue is defined, solutions must be identified. These solutions can
be found by using ideation, or the mental process by which ideas are generated. The
following are the most widely used techniques:
Trigger word - a word or phrase associated with the issue at hand is stated, and
subsequent words and phrases are evoked. For example, to move something
from one place to another may evoke run, swim, roll, etc.

Morphological chart - independent design characteristics are listed in a chart,
and different engineering solutions are proposed for each solution. Normally, a
preliminary sketch and short report accompany the morphological chart.
Synectics - the engineer imagines him or herself as the item and asks, "What
would I do if I were the system?" This unconventional method of thinking may
find a solution to the problem at hand.the vital aspects of the conceptualization
step is synthesis. Synthesis is the process of taking the element of the concept
and arranging them in the proper way. Synthesis creative process is present in
every design.

Brainstorming - this popular method involves thinking of different ideas, typically
as part of a small group, and adopting these ideas in some form as a solution to
the problem

4.1.3 Feasibility assessment
The purpose of a feasibility assessment is to determine whether the engineer's project
can proceed into the design phase. This is based on two criteria: the project needs to
45

be based on an achievable idea, and it needs to be within cost constraints. It is
important to have an engineer with experience and good judgment to be involved in this
portion of the feasibility study.
4.1.4 Establishing the design requirements
Establishing design requirements is one of the most important elements in the design
process, and this task is normally performed at the same time as and the feasibility
analysis. The design requirements control the design of the project throughout the
engineering design process. Some design requirements include hardware and software
parameters, maintainability, availability, and testability.

















46

4.2.1 MORPHOLOGY







47


48


49


50




51

4. 2.2 PUGH METHOD
Function Marks
Design 1 Design 2 Design 3 Design 4
Design 0 0 1 1
Body -1 1 0 1
Material 0 1 0 1
Base shape
(stability)
-1 0 1 1
Transmission 0 0 -1 1
Efficiency 0 1 1 1
Safety 0 1 1 1
TOTAL -2 4 3 7

Table 4.1.2.1 Pugh table
Scale Description
-1 Good
0 Medium
1 Not good

Table 4.1.2.2 scale






52

4.3.3 BIL OF MATERIAL




















53


4.4 COST ESTIMATED
Component Material Size Unit price
(RM)
Quantity Price (RM)
DC Motor Aluminium 200.00 1 200.00
Pelton wheel
turbine
PVC
(Homemade)
50.00 1 50.00
Perspex sheet Glass 25.00 1 25.00
Water jet
pump
Plastic 150.00 1 150.00
Water drum Plastic 55.00 2 110.00
Car battery Plastic 62.00 1 62.00
PVC Plastic 3.00 PER m 4 m 12.00
Aquarium Plastic 30.00 2 60.00
Nozzle Iron 30.00 4 120.00
PVC Glue Glue 2.50 1 2.50
Rivet Aluminium 2.00 100 2.00
White tape Plastic 1.50 3 4.50
Total RM 786.00

Table 4.4.1 cost estimated





54


4.5 EXPECTED RESULT




Figure 4.5.1 final design project


55



Figure 4.5.2 final design project





56


Figure 4.5.1 final design of Zolloro Hydro-electric
We choose Zolloro Hydro-Electric as our group big project. We wish to design a
project that is easy and suitable for the generate electric.
At the end of experiment, we hope to produce mini hydro-electric and study Bernoulli`s
principle by related potential energy and kinetic energy in mini hydro-electric.
Our scope study is to design mini hydro-electric in house by apply Bernoulli principle in
mini hydro-electric of size nozzle and height of water level in tank for generate
electricity as an alternative power supply for bulb, penda flour lamp and fan at house.







57

4.3 SELECTED DESIGN
4.3.1 EXPLODED DRAWING




DC MOTOR
PVC PIPE
90 degree PVC PIPE
WATER DRUM COVER
PELTON TURBINE
WATER PUMP
WATER DRUM
PVC T-JOINT PIPE